高考文言文18个文言虚词的意思用法
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高考文言文18个文言虚词的意思用法高考文言文18个文言虚词的意思用法
一、而
【本义】像人们面部下垂的胡须——胡须。
【假借义】
1(面部的胡须往往连接在一起——连词，表示前后两个语法单位(词、短语等)之间的各种关系。
?表示并列关系，可不译。
【成语举例】公而忘私——存而不论——避而不谈【成语例释】合而为一:把散乱的事物合在一起。不一而足:足，充足。指同类的事物不只一个而是很多，无法列举齐全。
【经典文言】永州之野产异蛇，黑质而白章——剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开——蟹六跪而二螯——故其国富而兵强——北救赵而西却秦，此五霸之伐也——此人喜...
高考文言文18个文言虚词的意思用法
一、而
【本义】像人们面部下垂的胡须——胡须。
【假借义】
1(面部的胡须往往连接在一起——连词，表示前后两个语法单位(词、短语等)之间的各种关系。
?表示并列关系，可不译。
【成语举例】公而忘私——存而不论——避而不谈【成语例释】合而为一:把散乱的事物合在一起。不一而足:足，充足。指同类的事物不只一个而是很多，无法列举齐全。
【经典文言】永州之野产异蛇，黑质而白章——剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开——蟹六跪而二螯——故其国富而兵强——北救赵而西却秦，此五霸之伐也——此人喜嘉善，而乐人攻己短余——是以记之，盖叹郦元之简，而笑李渤之陋也——彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也——夫夷以众，则游者众——其所谓忠者不忠，而所谓贤者不贤——温故而知新，可以为师矣
?表示承接关系，可译为“才”“就”“接着”“就在这时”“原来已经”。
【成语举例】废书而叹——鸡鸣而起——鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已——不言而喻
【成语例释】得而复失:复:又，再。刚得到又失去了。 尽欢而散:尽情欢乐之后，才分别离开。多指聚会、宴饮或游乐。不教而诛:教:教育;诛:处罚，杀死。不警告就处死。指事先不教育人，一犯错误就加以惩罚。
【经典文言】先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐——置之地，拔剑撞而破之——人非生而知之者，孰能无惑——掠泗、楚而溃——故舍汝而旅食京师，以求斗斛之禄——余方心动欲还，而大声发于水上，噌吰如钟鼓不绝——公使阳处父追之，及诸河，则在舟中矣——徐而察之，则山下皆石穴罅(此两处则用法与而同)——宁赴常流而葬乎江鱼腹中耳——使秦复爱六国之人，则递三世可至万世而为君，谁得而族灭也,
?表示递进关系，可以翻译为“并且”或“而且”。
【成语例释】久而久之:经过了相当长的时间。
【经典文言】君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。——以其求思之深而无不在也——楚怀王贪而信张仪，遂绝齐——学而时习之，不亦说乎
?表示转折关系，连接语意转折的词语、句子，相当于现代汉语的“可是”“但是”等。
【成语举例】华而不实——不约而同——不谋而合——不翼而飞——不劳而获
【成语例释】大而无当:当，底。虽然大，却无底。原指大得无边际。后多用作表示大得不切合实际、不合用。犯而不校:犯，触犯;校，计较。受到别人的触犯或无礼也不计较。
【经典文言】青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝——有如此之势，而为秦人积威之所劫——予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖——心恚愤而无如何——何前是
而今非也?——汝之纯明而不克蒙其泽乎——位尊而无功，奉厚而无劳——民不足而可治者，自古及今，未之闻也
?表示修饰关系，把表示动作行为方式、手段、时间等的状语跟中心词连接起来，现代汉语中没有相应的词语，可以不用翻译。
【成语举例】拂袖而去——冲口而出——垂手而得——背道而驰——半途而废——乘虚而人——蜂拥而来——从天而降
【成语例释】及锋而试:及:乘;锋:锋利，比喻士气高昂;试:试用。趁锋利的时候用它。原指乘士气高涨的时候使用军队，后比喻乘有利的时机行动。侧目而视:侧:斜着。斜着眼睛看人。形容憎恨或又怕又愤恨。
垂拱而治:垂拱:垂衣拱手，形容毫不费力;治:平安。古时比喻统治者不做什么使天下太平。多用作称颂帝王无为而治。
【经典文言】吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也。——吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也——吾恂恂而起 ——项王按剑而跽曰:“客何为者,”——吾恂恂而起——于是秦人拱手而取西河之外——填然鼓之，兵刃既接，弃甲曳兵而走——喟然而叹——视成所蓄，掩口胡卢而笑(看到成名养的那只蟋蟀，就捂着嘴吃吃地笑了起来)——河曲智叟笑而止之曰——潭西南而望——呱呱而泣
?表示因果关系，连接有因果关系的词语或句子，相当于“因而”。
【成语例释】淡而无味:淡，薄，与“浓”相对。菜肴因盐少而没有味道。亦泛指清淡无味。亦形容说话、写文章平淡，无趣味。
【经典文言】不得已而为之——积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。——余亦悔其随之而不得极夫游之乐也——表恶其能而不用也——遏其生气，以求重价，而江浙之梅皆病——有如此之势，而为秦人积威之所劫，日削月割，以趋于亡——孤违蹇叔，以辱二三子，孤之罪也(此两处以都表因果)——赂秦而力亏，破灭之道也。
?表示假设关系，连接主语和谓语，可以翻译为“如果”“假如”。
【成语例释】过而能改，善莫大焉:犯了过错如果能够改正，就是最好的优点。
【经典文言】 诸君而有意，瞻予马首可也——子产而死，谁其嗣之(继承他)?——人而无信，不知其可也——秦以城求璧，而赵不许，曲在赵——吾攻赵，旦暮且下，而诸侯敢救者，已拔赵，必移兵先击之。——死而有知，其几何离——夫设教而犯，君之劣也
(8) 表示目的关系，目的是，来，用来。
缦立远视，而望幸焉——籍吏民，封府库，而待将军——君臣固守，以吞周室——宁许以负秦曲——作师说以贻之——还军霸上，以待大王来——前辟四窗，垣墙周庭，以当南日(这几处的以与而用法同)
2(胡须往往成为人的面部特征之一，故可以用来指代人——代词，第二人称，相当于现代汉语的“你”、“你的”。
【经典文言】余知而无罪也——而翁归，自与汝复算耳——某所，而母立于兹。
3，人的画像如果须发俱备则栩栩如生——动词，相当于“像”、“如同”。如:军惊而坏都舍。
【固定词组】
[然而]在古汉语中，一般是指示代词“然”和连词“而”的连用，“虽然如此，但是”的意思。
夫环而攻之，必有得天时者矣;然而不胜者，是天时不如地利也。
【而已】放在句末，表示限止的语气助词，相当于“罢了”。
?未几而摇头顿足者，得数十人而已(《虎丘记》)?闻道有先后，术业有专攻，如是而已
?我决起而飞，枪榆枋而止，时则不至，而控于地而已矣(《逍遥游》)
【而后】才，方才。
?臣鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。 ?三月而后成。
【而况】即“何况”，用反问的语气表示更进一层的意思。
?今以钟磬置水中，虽大风浪不能鸣也。而况石乎～ ?技经肯綮之未尝，而况大軱乎～
臣虽下愚，知其不可，而况于明哲乎(《谏太宗十思疏》)
【既而】不久，一会儿。
?既而以吴民之乱请于朝，按诛五人(《五人墓碑记》)?既而得其尸于井，因而化怒为悲，抢呼欲绝(《促织》)?既而将诉于舅姑，舅姑爱其子，不能御(《柳毅传》)
过关训练:
1、选出每组加点虚词意思和用法相同的一项( )
A、不赂者以赂者丧，盖失强援，不能独完 / 孤违蹇叔，以辱二三子，孤之罪也。
B、遏其生气，以求重价，而江浙之梅皆病 / 不得已而为盗耳
C、君子博学而日参省乎己，则智明而行无过矣 / 臣所以去亲戚而事君者，徒慕君之高义也
D、时天下无事，世人并以文义为业，而悫独任气好武 / 未几而雨
2、选出每组加点虚词意思和用法相同的一项( )
A、积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。/ 余方心动欲还，而大声发于水上，噌吰如钟鼓不绝。
B、余是以记之，盖叹郦元之简，而笑李渤之陋也。/ 宗道请面论事而上奏通进司，遂为故事
C、怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云 / 任性而作 / 摇尾而乞食 / 盖文王拘而演周易
D、赂秦而力亏，破灭之道也 / 幔立远视，而望幸焉 / 臣以供养无主，辞不赴命
3、选出每组加点虚词意思和用法不相同的一项( )
A、敢以太后事谏者杀之 / 久之，能以足音辨人 / 及晁错已诛，盎以太常使吴
B、凡四方之士无有不过而拜且泣者 / 有闻而传之者 / 拥火以入
C、闻而审，则为福矣 / 三人行，则必有我师 / 天下云集而响应，嬴粮而景从
D、民不足而可治者，自古及今，未之尝闻 / 及今而不图之，祸将及二君 /吾攻赵，旦暮且下，而诸侯敢救者，必移兵先击之
翻译 1、及死之日，天下知与不知，皆为尽哀。
2 、且臣结发而与匈奴战，今乃一得当单于，臣愿居前，先死单于
3 、吾闻汉购我头千金，邑万户，吾为若德。
4、其母为言曰:“今遣少子，未必能生中子也，而先空亡长男，柰何,”
5、齐使以为奇，窃载与之齐。
6、君不若引兵疾走大梁，据其街路，冲其方虚，彼必释赵而自救。是我一举解赵之围而收弊于魏也。
7、乃弃其步军，与其轻锐倍日并行逐之。
8、信乃令军毋斩广武君，有生得之者，购千金。
二、何
(一)用作疑问代词。
1(单独作谓语，后面常有语气助词"哉""也"，可译为"为什么""什么原因"。
?何者,严大国之威以修敬也。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?予尝求古仁人之心，或异二者之为，何哉,(《岳阳楼记》)?齐人未尝赂秦，终继五国迁灭，何哉,(《六国论》)
2(作动词或介词的宾语，可译为"哪里""什么"。译时，"何"要后置。
?豫州今欲何至, ?大王来何操, ?一旦山陵崩，长安君何以自托于赵,(《触龙说赵太后》)
3(作定语，可译为"什么""哪"。
?其间旦暮闻何物，杜鹃啼血猿哀鸣。?然则何时而乐耶,?孤之过也，大夫何罪,
(二)用作疑问副词。
1(用在句首或动词前，常表示反问，可译为"为什么""怎么"。
何不按兵束甲，北面而事之,——徐公何能及君也,——而山不加增，何苦而不平——肉食者谋之，又何间焉——长夜沾湿何由彻——先生饮一斗而醉，恶(怎么、如何)能饮一石哉～
2(用在形容词前，表示程度深，可译为"怎么""多么""怎么这样"。
?至于誓天断发，泣下沾襟，何其衰也～(《伶官传序》)?新妇车在后，隐隐何甸甸
(三)何:通“呵”，喝问。
?信臣精卒陈利兵而谁何。(谁何:呵问他是谁何。意思是检查盘问。)(《过秦论》)
【固定词组】
[何若]【何如】【奈何】【若何】表示疑问或反问，译为“怎么样”“怎么办”“为什么”。
?以五十步笑百步，则何如(《季氏将伐颛臾》)?其辱人贱行，视五人之死，轻重固何如哉(《五人墓碑记》)?沛公大惊，曰:"为之奈何?" ?奈何取之尽锱铢，用之如泥沙
【何以】即“以何”，介宾短语，用于疑问句中作状语，根据"以"的不同用法，分别相当于"拿什么""凭什么"等。
?一旦山陵崩，长安君何以自托于赵 ?不为者与不能者之形何以异 ?吾王庶几无疾病与，何以能鼓乐也 (4)君何以知燕王? (5)何以伐为? (6)何以知之,
【无何】译为“不久”“没多久”。
?抚军不忘所自，无何，宰以卓异闻，宰悦，免成役(《促织》)
【何乃】译为“怎能”
?阿母谓府吏:何乃太区区(《孔雀东南飞》)
[何异、何异于]有什么不同 。 例:何异以孤羊投狼群?
[何其]多么。例:至于誓天断发，泣下沾襟，何其衰也!
[何则]为什么(用于自问自答)。例:百仞之山，任负载登焉。何则?陵迟故也。
[何„„为] 还(做某件事)干什么呢。 例:如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉，何辞为? /匈奴未灭，何以家为 /秦不哀吾丧而伐吾同姓，秦则无礼，何施之为,
[如„„何、奈„„何]将„„怎么办呢。例:虞兮虞兮奈若何?
虚词训练:1、选出虚词意思和用法相同的一项( )
A徐而察之，则山下皆石穴罅， /余方心动欲还，而大声发于水上
B敛资财以送其行/太守富宗果以侈从被诛
C铸以为金人，以弱天下之民十二/德不厚而思国之安，臣虽下愚，知其不可
D苟如君言，刘豫州何不遂事之乎,/即谋单于，何以复加,宜皆降之。
三、以
【本义】古代的一种农具，形状类似现在的锄头——耜、锄。
【引伸义】
1((1)动词:古代人们使用锄头在田野劳作——用、使用、任用。例:忠不必用兮，贤不必以——长子顷襄王立，以其弟子兰为令尹
(2)使用工具可以提高劳动效率是人们的普遍认识——认为、以为
例:习以为常——物以稀为贵 ? 信以为真:相信他是真的。指把假的当作真的。?皆以美于徐公彼以我为能成事，故先我死;今我不报，是以我事为不成。
(3)让。例:既自以心为形役，奚惆怅而独悲
2(词义虚化成为介词，表示词语间的各种语法关系。
?介词，表示方式、凭借或手段，可以视情况翻译为“用”“拿”“凭借”“依靠”“按照”等。
【成语举例】以礼相待——以德报怨——动之以情，晓之以理——持之以恒
【成语例释】嗤之以鼻:嗤，讥笑。用鼻子吭声冷笑。表示轻蔑。? 以身殉职:殉:为实现某一目标而献出生命。为忠于本职工作而献出生命。
【经典文言】?用:愿以十五城请易璧——以子之矛陷子之盾，何如?——人又谁能以身之察察，受物之汶汶者乎——请以战喻——谨庠序之教，申之以孝
悌之义，颁白者不负戴于道路矣——虽董之以严刑——窦太后乃竟中都以汉法——矫以君命——以小易大，彼恶知之——则遣从事以一少牢告庙——饰以篆文山龟鸟兽之形——窦太后闻之，怒，以危法中都，都免归家——窦太后乃竟(最后)中都以汉法。
?按照:余船以次俱进——斧斤以时入山林
?凭、凭借、靠:以郎事孝文帝——以资政殿学士行——少以父任(年轻时候凭借父亲的职位而做官)——以中郎将使持节送匈奴使留在汉者——是时以大中丞抚吴者为魏之私人——皆好辞而以赋见称——可以无饥矣——以勇气闻于诸侯——以文学为太常掌故——公子为人，仁而下士，士无贤不肖，皆谦而礼交之，不敢以其富贵骄士——何以知之,——夫以秦王之威，而相如廷叱之，辱其群臣。相如虽驽，独畏廉将军哉,——以其辩得幸太子——蔺相如徒以口舌为劳——久之，能以足音辩人——及晁错已诛，盎以太常使吴——猥以微贱，当侍东宫，非臣陨首所能上报
?介词，表示目的或原因，相当于“因为”“由于”。
【成语例释】以辞害意:因拘泥于辞义而误会或曲解作者的原意。?不以人废言:废，废弃。不因为这个人有不足的地方而不采纳他的正确意见。
【经典文言】赵王岂以一璧之故欺秦耶?——世混浊而我独清，众人皆醉而我独醒，是以见放——臣修身洁行数十年，终不以监门困故而受公子财——臣以险衅，夙遭闵凶——仆以口语遇糟此祸_____神仙诡诞之说，谓颜太师以兵解，文少保亦以悟大光明法蝉脱____时操军兼以饥疫，死者太半——后勋以不轨诛，交关者皆获罪，而芝以见称(译文:后来刘勋因为图谋不轨被诛杀，与刘勋交往并有关联的人全都获罪，而司马芝却因为不徇私情而被人们称道)——向之所欣，俯仰之间， 已为陈迹， 犹不能以之兴怀——洎牧以谗诛，邯郸为郡，惜其用武而不终也。
?介词，引进动作行为发生的时间和处所，用法同“于”，可译为“在”“从”。
【经典文言】余以乾隆三十九年十二月，自京师乘风雪——请数公子行日，以至晋鄙军之日，北乡自刭，以送公子——今以长沙豫章往，水道多绝，难行。(《汉书?西南夷传》)从你
?介词，起提宾作用，可译为“把”。
【经典文言】秦亦不以城予赵，赵亦终不予秦璧——韩厥具以实告——王尝语庄子以好乐，有诸,——今以钟磬置水中，虽大风浪大能鸣也——臣具以表闻，辞不就职——引以为(把它作为)流觞曲水——背绳墨以追曲兮，竞周容以为度。
?介词，表示带领，率领。表示动作、行为的对象，用法同“与”，可译为“和”“跟”;有时可译为“率领”“带领”。例:欲以客往赴秦军，与赵俱死——盖以十舰最著前——天下有变，王割汉中以楚和
3(连词，表示目的，相当于现代汉语的“来”“用来”“以便”。
【经典文言】故为之说，以俟夫观人风者得焉——屈平正道直行，竭忠尽智，以事其君，谗人间之，可谓穷矣——秦伏兵绝其后，因留怀王，以求割地——严大国之威以修敬也——及至於景公而贾为司寇，将作难，乃治灵公之贼以致赵盾——武愿苦筋骨以报子至死，而子忍去我死乎——将在外，主令有所不受，以便国家——还军霸上，以待大王来
4(连词，相当于“而”，但不用于转折关系。
【经典文言】一旦振罪，或脱身以逃(承接)——遂自投汩罗以死?夫夷以近，则游者众;险以远，则至者少。(并列)?木欣欣以向荣(修饰)—— 终
日而思——谈笑以死?黔无驴，有好事者船载以人——若潜师以来，国可得也——拥火以入(用作连词。用法和“而”有较多的相同点，只是不能用于转折关系。表示承接关系，“以”前的动作行为，往往是后一动作行为的手段或方式。可译为“而”或省去。)——仆以口语遇遭此祸，重为乡党戮笑，以(而且，递进)污辱先人，亦何面目复上父母之丘墓乎,
5、连词，表示因果。吾所以为此者，以先国家之急而后私仇也——怀王以不知忠臣之分，故内惑于郑袖，外欺于张仪，疏屈平而信上官大夫、令尹子兰，兵挫地削，亡其六郡，身客死于秦，为天下笑，此不知人之祸也——既罢，归国，以相如功大，拜为上卿，位在廉颇之右——顾吾念之，强秦之所以不加兵于赵者，徒以吾两人在也——吾所以为此者，以先国家之急而后私仇也——当是时，诸侯以公子贤，多客，不敢加兵谋魏十余年——胜所以自附为婚姻者，以公子之高义，为能急人之困——且人不能早自裁绳墨之外，已稍陵迟
【固定词组】
以是、是以:因此，引出事理发展或推断的结果。例:以是人多以书假余。
以为: 1(认为 。例:或以死，或以亡。2(使„„成为。 例: 鞣以为轮。 3(把„„当作 例:赵王以为贤大夫。
无以(以，用。用来):没有什么可以拿来。例:故不积跬步，无以至千里;不积小流，无以成江海。
何以:不然，籍何以至此 (以:凭)
四、乃
【本义】呼气不顺畅——呼气困难。
【假借义】
1(代词，相当于第二人称代词“你”“你的”。
【经典文言 1今欲发之，乃肯从我乎? 2王师北定中原日，家祭无忘告乃翁3尔其无忘乃父之志!
2(代词，相当于指示代词“这样”“如此”。
【经典文言】夫我乃行之，反而求之，不得吾心。(《孟子?齐桓晋文之事》)
3(判断词，相当于现代汉语“是„‘就是”。
【成语例释】胜败乃兵家常事:胜利或失败是带兵作战的人常遇到的事情。意思是不要把偶然一次的胜利或失败看得太重。
【经典文言】当立者乃公子扶苏——若事之不济，此乃天也——嬴乃夷门抱关者也——无伤也，是乃仁术也，见牛未见羊也——巨是凡人——此则岳阳楼这达观也(是、乃、则等皆可表判断)
4(副词，相当于“才”“这才”“就”等，表示前后两事在情理上的顺承或时间上的紧接
【经典文言】断其喉，尽其肉，乃去——必以长安君为质，兵乃出——设九宾于廷，臣乃敢上璧——悉使蠃兵负草填之，骑乃得过——度我至军中，公乃入——必以长安君为质，兵乃出——断其喉，尽其肉，乃去——侯生视公子色终不变，乃谢客就车
5(副词，相当于“却”“竟然”"反而"等，强调某一行为出乎意料或违背常理
【经典文言】今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤?——蒙冲斗舰乃(乃至、甚至)以千数——问今是何世，乃不知不汉——今其智乃反不能及——而陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之——夫赵强而燕弱，而君幸于赵王，故燕王欲结于君。今君乃亡赵走燕——然赵氏真孤乃反(反而)在
6(副词，相当于"只""仅" “仅仅”“只是”，可表示对事物范围的一种限制
【经典文言】至东城，乃有二十八骑。
7(助词，无实义。【经典文言】乃文乃武。 (《尚书》)
【固定词组】
乃尔:如此、这样。臣不意永昌风俗敦直(淳朴厚道)乃尔——府吏再拜还，长叹空房中，作计乃尔立
【成语例释】何其相似乃尔:二者多么相像，竟然到了这样的地步。形容十分相像。
若夫:发语词
【无乃】表猜测，译为“恐怕„„”。?今君王既栖于会稽之上，然后乃求谋臣，无乃后乎(《勾践灭吴》)?无乃尔是过与(《季氏将伐颛臾》)?今少卿乃教以推贤进士，无乃与仆私心剌谬乎(《报任安书》)
五、乎
【本义】话语说完之后余音未消的样子——句末声音上扬的样子。
【假借义】
1(在句子末尾人们要表示出说话的语气——语气助词，表达话语的多种语气。
?用于句尾，表示疑问或反诘的语气，相当于现代汉语的“吗”或“呢”。
【成语例释】不亦乐乎:乎，文言中用为疑问或反问的语气助词，这里相当于“吗”。用来表示极度、非常、淋漓尽致的意思。
【经典文言】
?反问:王侯将相宁有种乎? ——今以秦之强而先割十五都予赵，赵岂敢留璧而得罪于大王乎,——入险而脱，又不能谋，能无败乎,——布衣之交尚不相欺，况在国乎,——吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎,——然豫州新败之后，安能抗此难乎,——若事之不济，此乃天也，安能复为之下乎!——杀臣不亦枉乎,
?疑问:娘以指叩门扉曰:“儿寒乎,欲食乎,”——可乎,——技盖至此乎,——欲安所归乎,——丈夫亦爱怜其少子乎,(男子汉也疼爱她的小儿子吗,)
?用于句尾，表示感叹或祈使的语气，相当于现代汉语的“啊”“呀”。
【经典文言】:
感叹:呜呼!孰知赋敛之毒有甚是蛇者乎!————宜乎百姓之谓我爱也——悔相道之不察兮，延伫乎吾将反——西望夏口，东望武昌，山川相缪，郁乎苍苍(《赤壁赋》)——长铗归来乎～出无车(《冯谖客孟尝君》)——嗟乎，燕雀安知鸿鹄之志哉～
?用于句尾，表示揣度的语气，可以翻译为“吧”。
【经典文言】远主备之，无乃不可乎?——王之好乐甚，则齐国其庶几乎?——圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎,——日食饮得无衰乎——今亡亦死，举大计亦死，等死，死国可乎,——无以，则王乎,
2(用于句中，介词，介引时间、处所等，相当于“在”“对于”“于”。
【成语例释】异乎寻常:异，不同;乎:于;寻常，平常。跟平常的情况很不一样。?情见乎辞:心意在言辞中显露出来。
【经典文言】
(1)相当于“于”。表时间、地点、范围:在，在。。。时候，在。。。。方面
今虽死乎此，比吾乡邻之死则已后矣。(《捕蛇者说》)(乎:在)——醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之间也。——生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾，吾从而师之。(注意:此处两个乎用法有所不同，一个是在的意思，一个是比的意思)——叫嚣乎东西，隳突乎南北
(2)表比较，比。如其闻道也固先乎吾——以吾一日长乎尔——盖进乎技矣。(比)
(3)表动作对象，对、对于。如吾又何怨乎今之人——吾尝疑乎是——君子博学而日参省乎己——亦无怪乎其私之也(乎:对于)
3(形容词词尾，表示性状，可以翻译为“„„的样子”。
【经典文言】1以无厚人有间，恢恢乎其于游刃必有余地矣! 2 浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止„„
六、其
【本义】像一个簸箕的样子——簸箕。
【假借义】
1(用作代词。
?表示领属，相当于现代汉语第三人称“他(们)”“他(们)的”。
【成语例释】投其所好:投，迎合;其，代词，他，他的;好，爱好。迎合别人的喜好。
人之将死，其言也善:人到临死，他说的话是真心话，是善意的。
【经典文言】
兼词，他:余嘉其能行占道，作《师说》以贻之——秦王恐其破璧，乃辞谢——出其不意。注意比较:其闻道也固先乎吾。此处其为主语，他。
定语，他的:其妻献疑日——臣从其计，大王亦幸赦臣____秦有余力而制其弊——择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之
主语:其志洁，故其称物芳
它的:虽世殊事异，所以兴怀， 其致一也。
?表示领属，活用为第一人称或第二人称。译为“我的”“我(自己)”或者“你的”“你”。
【经典文言】意义比较
我的:今肃迎操，操当以肃还付乡党，品其名位，犹不失下曹从事。
自己，我。而余亦悔其随之而不得极夫游之乐也______是以肠一日而九回，居则忽忽若有所亡(失)，出则不知其所往。
你的:老臣以媪为长安君计短也，故以为其爱不若燕后(《触龙说赵太后》)
?表示指代，相当于现代汉语的“这”“那”“那个”“其中的”“那些”。
指示代词，表示远指。可译为"那""那个""那些""那里"。?及其出，则或咎其欲出者——臣窃以为其人勇士，有智谋。?今操得荆州，奄有其地。(《赤壁之战》)?不嫁义郎体，其往欲何云,(《孔雀东南飞》)?不厌其烦——乐在其中——莫名其妙——不乏其人——不计其数?.众人皆醉，何不餔其糟而啜其醨——仆诚(果真)以著此书，藏之名山，传之其人(那些)
指示代词，表示近指，相当于“这”“这个”“这些”。?有蒋氏者，专其利三世矣。(《捕蛇者说》)?今存其本不忍废。(其:这)
指示代词，表示"其中的"，后面多为数词。?于乱石间择其一二扣之。(《石钟山记》)
【成语例释】洞烛其奸:洞，透彻;烛，照见;奸，奸诈。对别人的阴谋诡计看得很清楚。
名副其实:名卢或名义和实际相符。
2(用作副词，表示揣测、反问、期望、命令等语气。
(1)加强祈使语气，相当于“可”、“还是”。
【经典文言】?寡人欲以五百里之地易安陵， 安陵君其许寡人～(其:可要)?攻之不克，围之不继，吾其还也。(《烛之武退秦师》)?与尔三矢，尔其无忘乃父之志～(命令)(《伶官传序》)?汝其勿悲(表婉商)?今臣生十二岁於兹矣，君其(还是)试臣，何遽(匆忙)叱乎,
(2)加强揣测语气，相当于“恐怕”、“或许”、“大概”、“可能”。
【经典文言】圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎,(《师说》)?王之好乐甚，则齐国其庶几乎,(《庄暴见孟子》)?意者，堂下其有憎臣者乎,(译文:推测起来，大概是堂下诸人中有怀恨我的吧～)?大业之后在晋绝祀者，其赵氏乎,
(3)加强反问语气，相当于“难道”、“怎么” 。?以残年余力，曾不能毁山之一毛，其如土石何,(《愚公移山》)?尽吾志也而不能至者 ，可以无悔矣，其孰能讥之乎,(《游褒禅山记》)
?且行千里，其谁不知 ?【成语例释】舍我其谁:舍，除了。除了我还有哪一个?形容人敢于担当，遇有该做的事，决不退让。欲加之罪，其无辞乎?(反问)
3(用作副词，表示动作发生在将来，相当于“将要”。
【经典文言】1其如土石何?
4(用作连词，可以放在句首，或者表示假设，可以翻译为“如果”;或者表示选择，可以翻译为“还是”。
(1)表示选择关系，相当于“是„„还是„„” 。
【经典文言】?其真无马邪,其真不知马也,(《马说》)?呜呼～其信然邪,其梦邪,其传之非其真邪,(《祭十二郎文》)
(2)表示假设关系，相当于“如果”。
【经典文言】?其业有不精，德有不成者，非天质之卑，则心不若余之专耳。?沛然下雨，则苗浡然兴之矣。其若是，孰能御之,(《孟子见梁襄王》)?其有能去之(害虫)者，有功于物也。(表假设)(柳宗元《柳河东集》)
5(用作语助词，没有实际意义，起调节音节的作用，不用翻译。
【经典文言】?路曼曼其修远兮，吾将上下而求索(《离骚》)?佩缤纷其繁饰兮，芳菲菲其弥章(《离骚》)?霰雪纷其无埙兮，云霏靠其承宇。(屈原《涉江》)?予之及于死者，不知其几矣。(文天祥《〈指南录〉后序》)——突如其来
【何其】译为“多么”。?至于誓天断发，泣下沾襟，何其衰也!(《伶官传序》)
七、且
【本义】像放置物品的几案——案板、几案。
【假借义】
1(借用作连词，连接前面的话语。
?表示并列关系，可以翻译为“并且”“又„„又”“一面„„一面”“一边„„一边”。
【经典文言】?且立石于其墓之门(《五人墓碑记》)——肃宣权旨，论天下事势，致殷勤之意，且问备曰。?不义而富且贵，于我如浮云。(《论语?述而》)——河水清且涟漪——上且怒且喜——示赵弱且怯也——命如南山石，四体康且直——又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者——凡四方之士无有不过而拜且泣者——莫听穿林打叶声，何妨吟啸且徐行——已而笑，拊手且歌
?表示层进关系，可以翻译为“而且”“况且”“再说”。
【经典文言】?且壮士不死即已，死即举大名耳(《陈涉世家》)?且将军大势可以拒操者，长江也?且燕赵处秦革灭殆尽之际。?彼所将中国人不过十五六万，且己久疲。?曹操之众，远来疲弊，且北方之人，不习水战。
?表转折，却。例:穷且益坚，不坠青云之志——古者富贵而名摩灭，不可胜记
2(用作副词，表示多种关系。
?相当于现代汉语的“尚且”“还”。表示让步关系，
【经典文言】?臣死且不避，卮酒安足辞～(《鸿门宴》)?故之圣人，其出人也远矣，犹且从师而问焉(《师说》)?君之惠，不以累臣衅鼓，使归就戮于秦，寡君之以为戮，死且不朽。
?相当于现代汉语的“姑且”“暂且”。
【成语例释】得过且过:且，暂且。只要能够过得去，就这样过下去。形容胸无大志。
苟且偷生:苟且，得过且过;偷生，苟且地活着。得过且过，勉强活着。
【经典文言】?存者且偷生，死者长已矣～(《石壕吏》)?誓不相隔卿，且暂还家去。(《孔雀东南飞》)?故且从俗沉浮——烹羊宰牛且为乐
?相当于现代汉语的“将”“将要”。
【经典文言】?有怠而欲出者，曰:“不出，火且尽”(《游褒禅山记》)?且为之奈何(《鸿门宴》)?若属皆且为所虏(《鸿门宴》)?今吾且死，而侯生曾无一言半辞送我
?吾攻赵，旦暮且下。(司马迁《史记?信陵君窃符救赵》)?年且九十
【固定词组】
【且夫】句首助词，表示下文是更进一步的议论，“况且”，“再说”。
【经典文言】?且夫天下非小弱也，雍州之地，殽函之固，自若也(《过秦论》)?且夫天地之间，物各有主(《赤壁赋》)?且夫臧获婢妾，犹能引决，况仆之不得已乎(《报任安书》)
【且如】就像。【经典文言】?且如今年冬，未休关西卒(《兵车行》)
八、若
(一)动词，像，好像。
【经典文言】?视之，形若土狗，梅花翅，方首，长胫，意似良(《促织》)?吾不忍其觳觫，若无罪而就死地(《齐桓晋文之事》)?其若是，孰有御之。(《孟子见梁襄王》)
(二)用作代词。
1. 表对称，相当于"你""你们";作定语时则译为"你的"。
【经典文言】?若入前为寿 ，寿毕，请以剑舞(《鸿门宴》)?不者，若属皆且为所虏(《鸿门宴》若属:你们这些)?更若役，复若赋„„(《捕蛇者说》你的)
2(表近指，相当于"这""这样""如此"。
【经典文言】?以若所为求若所欲，犹缘木而求鱼也(《齐桓晋文之事》)
(三)用作连词。
1(表假设，相当于"如果""假设"等。
【经典文言】?若据而有之，此帝王之资也。?若备与彼协心，上下齐同，则宜抚安，与结盟好。?若不能，何不按兵束甲，北面而事之～
2(表选择，相当于"或""或者"。
【经典文言】?以万人若一郡降者，封万户。(《汉书?高帝纪》)
3(至，至于。
【经典文言】?若民，则无恒产，因无恒心。(《齐桓晋文之事》)
【固定词组】
【若夫】是用在一段话的开头、引起论述的词。近似“要说那”“像那”“至于说到”的意思。
【经典文言】?若夫霪雨霏霏，连月不开。(《岳阳楼记》)?若夫乘天地之正，而御六气之辩，以游无穷者，彼且恶乎待哉(《逍遥游》)
【若定】心中有数，从容不迫。
【经典文言】?指挥若定。(《赤壁之战》)
【若何】怎么样。
【经典文言】?以闲敝邑，若何,(《崤之战》)
【若干】约计之词，相当于“几许”、“多少”。
【经典文言】?车后若干递送夫。
[若辈、若属、若曹] 相当于“你们”。
【经典文言】不者，若属皆且为所虏! (司马迁《史记?鸿门宴》)
[若„„何] 对待„„怎么样、拿„„怎么办。
【经典文言】寇深矣，若之何? (《左传?僖公十五年》)
九、所
【本义】用斧头伐木的声音——伐木声。
【假借义】
1(用作名词，“处所”“地方”“应有的归宿”。
【成语例释】不得其所:原指未得善终，后指没有得到适当的安顿。也指不能达到目的。
【经典文言】?又间令吴广之次所旁丛祠中。(《陈涉世家》)?成反复自念，得无教我猎虫所耶,(《促织》)?某所，而母立于兹。(《项脊轩志》)
2(用作助词，放在动词的前面，组成名词性的“所”字结构短语，表示“所„„的人”“所„„的事物”“所„„的情况”。
【成语举例】不知所措——人心所向——千夫所指——若有所失——投其所好——所作所为
【成语例释】祸兮福所倚，福兮祸所伏:比喻坏事可以引出好的结果，好事也可以引出坏的结果。英雄所见略同:所见，所见到的，指见解;略，大略，大致。英雄人物的见解基本相同。这是对意见相同的双方表示赞美的话。
注意:此处用法区分又分两种:看所字结构在句中位置，判断作何成分——宾语还是定语
(1)所字结构做宾语的用法:
【经典文言】
问女何所思?问女何所忆?女亦无所思，女亦无所忆(《乐府诗集?木兰诗》)——具言所苦——《诗》三百篇，大抵圣贤发愤之所为作也。(司马迁《报任安书》)——较秦之所得与战胜而得者，其实百倍;诸侯之所亡与战败而亡者，其实亦百倍。则秦之所大欲，诸侯之所大患，固不在战矣——会征促织，成不敢敛户口，而又无所赔偿(《促织》)
——道之所存，师之所存也。———过蒙拔擢，宠命优渥，岂敢盘桓，有所希冀(《陈情表》)
(2)所字结构做定语的用法:“所”和动词结合，后面再有名词性结构，则所字结构起定语的作用。
【经典文言】?夜则以兵围所寓舍。(《〈指南录〉后序》)?臣所过屠者朱亥(《信陵君窃符救赵》)?和氏壁，天下所共传宝也(司马迂《史记?廉颇蔺相如列传》)
3(用作助词，放在介词前面，组成介词结构短语，合起来作状语，说明动作行为发生的处所、凭借的方法手段、产生的原因及其有关人物。
【成语例释】所向披靡:所向，指力所到达的地方;披靡，溃败。比喻力量所达到的地方，一切障碍全被扫除。无所适从:适，归向;从，跟从。不知听从哪一个好。指不知怎么办才好。
【经典文言】?见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。(陶渊明《桃花源记》)?抚军不忘所自。(蒲松龄《聊斋志异?促织》)是吾剑之所从坠。 (《吕氏春秋?察今》)
4(用作助词，与“为”合用，表示被动。
【经典文言】?嬴闻如姬父为人所杀。(《信陵君窃符救赵》)?仆以口语遇遭此祸，重为乡党所笑，以污辱先人(《报任安书》)?为国者无使为积威之
所劫哉!(苏洵《六国论》)?今不速往，恐为曹所先。(司马光《资治通鉴?赤壁之战》)
5(用在数量词后面，表示大概的数目，通“许”。
【经典文言】父去里所，复还。(司马迁《史记?留侯世家》)
6(量词，房屋一栋、一处称一所。
【经典文言】离宫别馆，三十六所。(班固《西都赋》)
【固定词组】
[所以]
1(表示原因。相当于“„„的原因(缘故)”。
【经典文言】?臣所以去亲 戚而事君者，徒慕君之高义也。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?吾所以为此者，以先国家之急而后私仇也。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?所以遣将守关者，备他盗之出入与非常也。(《鸿门宴》)
2(表示行为所凭借的方式、方法或依据，相当于“用来„„的方法” “是用来„„的”"等。
【经典文言】?吾所以待侯生者备矣，天下莫不闻(《信陵君窃符救赵》)?师者，所以传道受业解惑也。(《师说》)?夫仁义辩智，非所以持国也。(《韩非子?五蠹》)
【所谓】所说的。
【经典文言】?此所谓战胜于朝廷。?非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。
【所在】
1.到处。
【经典文言】?石之铿然有声音者，所在皆是也。
2.所在之处，处所。
【经典文言】?原来有这等一个所在，且回衙去(《闺塾》)
?急趋之，折过墙隅，迷其所在。(《促织》)
十、为 wéi wèi
【本义】古代的人们驱赶大象帮助劳作——劳作、制作、做。
【成语举例】若要人不知，除非己莫为——不得已而为之——见义勇为——胡作非为
【成语例释】巧妇难为无米之炊:即使是聪明能干的妇女，没米也做不出饭来。比喻做事缺少必要条件，很难做成。
【经典文言】天下事有难易乎?为之，则难者亦易矣。(彭端淑《为学》)
木直中绳，鞣以为轮，其曲中规。 (《荀子?劝学》)
【引申义】
1(运用智力管理国家也是一种劳作——治理(国家)
【成语例释】各自为政:为政:管理政事，泛指行事。各自按自己的主张办事，不互相配合。比喻不考虑全局，各搞一套。
【经典文言】为国者无使为积威之所劫哉! (苏洵《六国论》)
2(运用大象等畜力可以做人力无法做到的重任——动词，可译为“充当、担任、作为、成为”
【成语举例】并为一谈——转危为安——反客为主——宁为玉碎，不为瓦全
【成语例释】不足为训:足，够得上;训，法则，典范。不值得作为效法的准则或榜样。
化险为夷:险，险阻;夷，平坦。化危险为平安。比喻转危为安。
【经典文言】霓为衣兮风为马，云之君兮纷纷而来下。 (李白《梦游天姥吟留别》)
注意:为有“做”“作为”“充当”“变成”“成为”等义，翻译比较灵活。
【经典文言】?斩木为(充当)兵，揭竿为旗。(《过秦论》)?然后以六合为(作为)家，崤函为宫。(《过秦论》)?卒相与欢，为(成为)刎颈之交。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?冰，水为(形成)之，而寒于水。(《劝学》)?赵王窃闻秦王善为(演奏)秦声。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?今日嬴之为(帮助)公子亦足矣(《信陵君窃符救赵》)?南取百越之地，以为(划为)桂林、象郡。(《过秦论》)
3(只有勤奋劳作的人才有——作为、作用
【成语例释】大有作为:作为:做出成绩。能够极大地发挥作用，作一番贡献。
【经典文言】昔人云:“将以有为也。” (文天祥《(指南录)后序》)
4(大家都认为勤奋的人才能有作为——认为、是、算作
【成语举例】互为表里——互为因果——何足为奇——不以为奇——不以为然
【成语例释】人为刀俎，我为鱼肉:俎:刀和刀砧板，宰割的工具。比喻生杀的权掌握在别人手里，自己处在被宰割的地位。
【经典文言】此为长江之险已与我共之矣。
(1)判断词，是。
【经典文言】 ?如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?非为织作迟，群家妇难为。《孔雀东南飞》
(2)以为，认为。
【经典文言】?此亡秦之续耳。窃为大王不取也(《鸿门宴》)?两小儿笑曰:“孰为汝多知乎～”(《两小儿辩日》)?窃为大王不取也! (司马迁《史记?项羽本纪》)?孰为汝多知乎? (《列子?汤问》)
【假借义】
1(用作介词，表示被动，有时跟"所"结合，构成"为所"或"为„„所"，译为“被”。
【经典文言】?吾属今为之虏矣。(《鸿门宴》)?遂为猾胥报充里正役。(《促织》)?身死国灭，为天下笑，(《过秦论》)?不者，若属皆且为所虏。(《鸿门宴》)?羸兵为人马所蹈藉，陷泥中死者甚众。(《赤壁之战》)
2(句末语气助词，表示疑问或反诘，用于句子末尾译为“呢”
【经典文言】?如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉，何辞为(《鸿门宴》)?是社稷之臣也。何以伐为,(《季氏将伐颛臾》)?何故怀瑾握瑜而自令见放为,(《屈原列传》)?匈奴未灭，何以家为? (班固《汉书-霍去病传》)?秦不哀吾丧而伐吾同姓，秦则无礼，何施之为,
3(用作介词，介引对象、原因、目的等语义成分(以下义项读音为wei)。
?引进对象，可以翻译为“替”“给”。
【成语例释】为渊驱鱼，为丛驱雀:把鱼赶到深水里去，把鸟儿感到丛林里去。比喻统治者施行暴政，使自己的人们投到别的国家去。
父为子隐:父亲为儿子隐藏劣迹。
【经典文言】?于是秦王不怿，为一击缶。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?请以赵十五城为秦王寿。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?臣请为王言乐。(《庄暴见孟子》)?谁为大王为此计者? (司马迁《史记?鸿门宴》)?吾日三省吾身，为人谋而不忠乎? (《论语?学而》)?庖丁为文惠君解牛。 (《庄子?养生主?庖丁解牛》) ?旦日飨士卒，为击破沛公军～?此人一一为具言所闻(译为:这个人给桃花源的人详细地说出所听说的事情)?秦王为赵王击缶?于是为长安君约车百乘，质于齐
?引进目的，可以翻译为“为了”。
【成语例释】舍己为人:舍弃自己的利益去帮助别人。
【经典文言】天下熙熙，皆为利来;天下攘攘，皆为利往(《史记?货殖列传》)——慎勿为归死，贵贱轻何薄(《孔雀东南飞》)——为宫室之美，妻妾之奉，所识穷乏者得我欤(《庄暴见孟子》)——未报秦施而伐其师，其为死君乎,
?引进原因，可以翻译为“因为”。
【成语例释】不为五斗米折腰:五斗米:晋代县令的俸禄，后指微薄的俸禄;折腰:弯腰行礼，指屈身于人。比喻为人清高，有骨气，不为利禄所动。
【经典文言】天行有常，不为尧存，不为桀亡(《荀子?天论》)——百姓之不见保，为不用恩焉——盘庚不为怨者故改其度——为从者之淹，居则具一日之积，行则备一夕之卫。
?引进方位或方向，可以翻译为“向”“对”。
【经典文言】不足为外人道也。 (陶渊明《桃花源记》)————如姬为公子泣，公子使客斩其仇头，敬进如姬。 (《史记?信陵君窃符救赵》)——为之奈何,(《鸿门宴》)——媪之送燕后也，持其踵为之泣
?表示动作、行为的时间。可译为"当""等到"”当”等。
【经典文言】?为其来也，臣请缚一人过王而行。(《晏子使楚》)?为吾子之将行也，郑之有原圃，犹秦之有具囿也，吾子取其麋鹿，以闲敝邑，若何, 十一、焉
【本义】像一种鸟儿的形状——焉鸟，产于江淮。
【假借义】
1(代词，相当于“之”。
【成语例释】?心不在焉:心思不在这里。指思想不集中。?语焉不详:指虽然提到了，但说得不详细。
【经典文言】?惟俟夫观人风者得焉(《捕蛇者说》)?犹且从师而问焉(《师说》)?去今之墓而葬焉，其为时止十有一月耳。(《五人墓碑记》)?人之所罕至焉。(王安石《游褒禅山记》)
2(代词，表示疑问，可以翻译为“哪里”“什么”“怎么”。
【成语例释】?皮之不存，毛将焉附:焉:哪儿;附:依附。皮都没有了，毛往哪里依附呢?比喻事物失去了借以生存的基础，就不能存在。?不入虎穴，焉得虎子:焉:怎么。不进老虎窝，怎能捉到小老虎。比喻不亲历险境就不能获得成功。
【经典文言】?未知生，焉知死(《论语》)?割鸡焉用牛刀(《论语》)?焉有仁人在位，罔民而可为也,(《齐桓晋文之事》)译为:哪里，怎么?且焉置土石? (《列子?汤问?愚公移山》)
?食其禄，焉避其难? (陈寿《三国志?魏书?王修传》)
3(兼词。
(1)兼有介词“于”和代词“是”或“之”的含义，相当于“于是”或“于之”“于此”、“于彼”。
【成语例释】习焉不察:习:习惯;焉:兼词，有“于此”的意思;察:觉察。指经常接触某种事物，反而觉察不到其中存在的问题。
【经典文言】?三人行，必有我师焉(在其中)。(《论语》)?积土成山，风雨兴焉(从这里)(《劝学》)?五人者，盖当蓼洲周公子被逮，激于义而死焉(在这件事情上)者也(《五人墓碑记》)?微波入焉?必死是间，余收尔骨焉。 (2)相当于“于何”。译为“在哪里”“从哪里”等。
【经典文言】?且焉置土石,(《愚公移山》)?非再至，焉知其若此, 4(助词，用于句中表示停顿，用于句末表示肯定或陈述。句末语气词，译为了，啊，呢。
【经典文言】
?至丹以荆卿为计，始速祸焉。(《六国论》)?一羽之不举，为不用力焉。(《齐桓晋文之事》)?则牛羊何择焉,(《齐桓晋文之事》)?寒暑易节，始一反焉。(《列子?汤问?愚公移山》) ?夫子言之，于我心有戚戚焉
作句中语气词，表示停顿，相当于“也”。
【经典文言】?句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或否焉，而大遗(《师说》)?少焉，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之间(《赤壁赋》)
5(助词，做形容词或副词词尾，相当于“然”“地”。
【经典文言】
?盘盘焉，困困焉，蜂房水涡，矗不知其几千万落。 ?(杜牧《阿房宫赋》) 少焉，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之问。 (苏轼《赤壁赋》)?于乱石间择其一二扣之，硿硿焉(《石钟山记》)
6(助词，表示疑问，用于句末，相当于“乎”。
【经典文言】
王若隐其无罪而就死地，则牛羊何择焉?(《孟子?齐桓晋文之事》)
十二、也
1(句末语气词，表示多种语气。
?表示判断或肯定。
【成语例释】?来而不往非礼也:表示对别人施加于自己的行动将作出反应。?空空如也:空空:诚恳，虚心。原形容诚恳、虚心的样子。现形容一无所有。 (1)表示判断语气。
【经典文言】?城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)?张良曰:“沛公之参乘樊哙者也”(《鸿门宴》)?廉颇者，赵之良将也。(司马迁《史记?廉颇蔺相如列传》)?君子生非异也，善假于物也。(《荀子?劝学》?今言“华”如“华实”之“华”者，盖音谬也。 (王安石《游褒禅山记》)
(2)句末语气词，表示陈述或解释语气。
例:?即不忍其觳觫，若无罪而就死地，故以羊易之也(《齐桓晋文之事》) ?雷霆乍惊，宫车过也。(《阿房宫赋》)
?用在句末，表示疑问或反诘，相当于“呢”，单独使用或与“何”连用。 【经典文言】?公子畏死邪,何泣也,(《信陵君窃符救赵》)?吾王庶几无疾病与，何以能鼓乐也,(《庄暴见孟子》)?使秦复爱六国之人，则递三世可至万世而为君，谁得而族灭也,?若为佣耕，何富贵也? (司马迁《史记?陈涉世家》)?寡人之民不加多，何也? (《孟子?梁惠王上》)
?用在句中或句末，表示感叹的语气，相当于“啊”或“呀”。
【成语例释】何其毒也:也，文言助语，置于词尾，与“何”相配合，构成感叹语气。多么狠毒呀!
【经典文言】
?鸣呼～灭六国者六国也，非秦也。族秦者秦也，非天下也。(《过秦论》)?至于誓天断发，泣下沾襟，何其衰也!(《伶官传序》)?古之人不余欺也(《石钟山记》)?吾王之好田猎，夫何使我至于此极也! (《孟子?庄暴见孟子》)
?用在句末，表示祈使的语气，可译为“啊”。
【经典文言】?攻之不克，围之不继，吾其还也。(《崤之战》)?当相与共谋之，勿令姊有穷途之虑也(《杜十娘怒沉百宝箱》)?毋从俱死也! (司马迁《史记?鸿门宴》)
?表示已然，即某种动作已经发生，相当于“了”。
【经典文言】
如此，则民顺治而国安也。 (《礼记》)
2(句中语气词，表示语气停顿，以引起下文。
【成语例释】人之将死，其言也善:人到临死，他说的话是真心话，是善意的。 成也萧何，败也萧何:萧何，汉高祖刘邦的丞相。成事由于萧何，败事也由于萧何。比喻事情的成功和失败都是由这一个人造成的。
【经典文言】?是说也，人常疑之。(《石钟山记》)?其闻道也亦先乎吾。(《师说》)
?师道之不传也久矣!欲人之无惑也难矣! (韩愈《师说》)
【固定词组】
【……之谓也】【其……之谓也】【其……之谓乎】意思是“说的就是……啊”“。。。。吗”
【经典文言】?诗云:“他人有心，予忖度之。”——夫子之谓也(《齐桓晋文之事》)
【也哉】语气助词连用，为加强语气，多有感叹或反诘之意。
【经典文言】?岂非计久长，有子孙相继为王也哉,(《触龙说赵太后》)?穷予生之光阴以疗梅也哉～(《病梅馆记》)?岂独伶人也哉～(《伶官传序》)
十三、因
【本义】人躺在草席上休息——草席、垫子。
1、 躺在席子上有所——依靠、凭借(介词)。
【成语举例】因人成事——因利乘便
【成语例释】因地制宜:因:依据;制:制定;宜:适当的措施。根据各地的具体情况，制定适宜的办法。
【经典文言】
?因利乘便，宰割天下，分裂山河(《过秦论》)?因人之力而敝之，不仁(《烛之武退秦师》)?又因厚币用事者臣靳尚。(《屈原列传》?)高祖因之以成帝业。(诸葛亮《隆中对》)?践华为城，因河为池。(贾谊《过秦论》)?公等录录，所谓因人成事者也。
2(依靠多了形成惯例——因袭、沿用、依照
【成语举例】因循守旧——陈陈相因
因材施教:因，根据;材，资质;施，施加;教，教育。指针对学习的人的志趣、能力等具体情况进行不同的教育。
因陋就简:原意是因循原来的简陋，不求改进。后指就着原来简陋的条件办事。 【经典文言】
依照，根据。?罔不因势象形，各具情态。(魏学洢《核舟记》)?变法者因时而化。?善战者因其势而利导之。?蒙故业，因遗策。(贾谊《过秦论》) 3(介词，引进动作行为的依据、条件、时机等，相当于现代汉语的“通过”“经由”“趁着”。
【成语例释】因势利导:因:顺着;势:趋势;利导:引导。顺着事情发展的趋势，加以引导。
(1)趁着，趁此。
【经典文言】?不如因而厚遇之。(《鸿门宴》)?请以剑舞，因击沛公于坐。(《鸿门宴》)?因厚赂单于，答其善意(译文:顺便送给单于很丰厚的礼物，来答谢他的好意)?单于使使晓(告知)武，会论(一起审讯)虞常，欲因此时
降武?于是相如前进缶，因跪请秦王?还，因上便宜事，以《书》称说?居匈奴中，益宽，蹇因与其所属亡向月氏
(2)通过，经由。
【经典文言】?因宾客至蔺相如门谢罪。(《鸿门宴》)?振声激扬，伺者因此觉知?君因我降，与君为兄弟?余有所疑，愿因先生决之?衡乃拟班固《两都》，作《二京赋》，因以(通过它)讽谏。?景公因韩厥之众以胁诸将而 见赵孤。
4(介词，表示原因，相当于“由于”“因为”“因此”。
【成语举例】因祸得福——因小失大
【成语例释】因噎废食:原意是说，因为有人吃饭噎死了，就想让天下人都不吃饭，这太荒谬了。比喻要做的事情由于出了点小毛病或怕出问题就索性不去干。 【经典文言】?因造玉清宫，伐山取材，方有人见之。?恩所加则思无因喜以谬赏。(《谏太宗十思书》)?以是人多以书假余，余因得遍观群书。(宋濂《送东阳马生序》)?因得观所谓石钟者。
5(名词，可以译为“原因、机会”“机缘”。
【成语举例】前因后果——事出有因——因果报应
【成语例释】互为因果:原因和结果相互联系，相互转化。
【经典文言】
于今无会因。(《乐府诗集?孔雀东南飞》)
6(副词，于是，就。
【经典文言】?因拔刀斫前奏案。(《赤壁之战》)?王授璧，相如因持璧却立(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
?项王即日因留沛公饮。?上官大夫见而欲夺之，屈平不与，因馋之。?府史闻此变，因求假暂归
7、动词
(1)(根据。例:?故事因于世，而备适于事(《五蠹》)
(2)(沿袭，继续。例:?蒙故业，因遗策。(《过秦论》)?加之以师旅，因之以饥馑。
十四、于
【本义】语气舒缓的样子——语气舒展。
【假借义】
1(用作介词
?引进动作行为发生的时间、处所，可译为“在”“从”“到”。
【成语举例】无敌于天下——立于不败之地——不安于位——一年之际在于春
【成语例释】安于一隅:隅，角落。安心在某一个角落。形容苟安一角，不求进取。
【经典文言】?乃设九宾礼于庭。(在)《廉颇蔺相如列传》?缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。?青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝。(前一个“于”:从)——齐桓公闻管子于鲍叔(《劝学》)?从径道亡，归璧于赵。(到)《廉颇蔺相如列传》?繁启蕃长于春夏，蓄积收藏于秋冬。(《荀子?天论》) ?引进动作行为发生的方向，可译为“向”。
【经典文言】?请奉命求救于孙将军(《赤壁之战》)?鲁肃闻刘表卒，言于孙权曰(《赤壁之战》)?天下之欲疾其君者，皆欲赴愬于王
?引进动作行为的趋向或所从，可译为“从”“到”。
【经典文言】
青，取之于蓝…… (《荀子?劝学》)
积于今六十岁矣。 (柳宗元《捕蛇者说》)
?引进动作行为的对象，可译为“对”“对于”“给”等。【成语例释】取信于民:取得人民的信任。
迁怒于人:受甲的气向乙发泄或自己不如意时拿别人出气。
【经典文言】客之美我者，欲有求于我也。(《战国策?邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)——沛公居山东时，贪于财货，好美姬。(司马迁《史记?鸿门宴》)——于其身也，则耻师焉。(韩愈《师说》)——寡人之于国也，尽心焉耳矣。(《孟子?寡人之于国也》)
?用在形容词之后，表示比较，可译为“比”
【成语举例】急于星火——冰寒于水——重于泰山
【成语例释】轻于鸿毛:鸿毛:大雁的毛。比大雁的毛还轻。比喻毫无价值。
哀莫大于心死:指最可悲哀的事，莫过于悲观绝望，麻木不仁。
【经典文言】
霜叶红于二月花。 (杜牧《山行》)
苛政猛于虎也。 (柳宗元《捕蛇者说》)
?引进动作行为的主动者，放在动词之后，可译为“被”。
【成语例释】见弃于人:见，被。弃，遗弃，抛弃。被别人抛弃。
【经典文言】
臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵——吾不能举全吴之地，十万之众，受制于人——君幸于赵王——故内惑于郑袖，外欺于张仪。
?引进动作行为的原因，可译为“由于”。
【经典文言】业精于勤，荒于嬉。 (韩愈《进学解》)
贫生于不足，不足生于不农。 (晁错《论贵粟疏》)
?“在……方面”“从……中”
【经典文言】?荆国有余地而不足于民。?于人为可讥，而在己为悔。(《游褒禅山记》)
?与，跟，同。
【经典文言】?身长八尺，每自比于管仲、乐毅。?燕王欲结 于君。《廉颇蔺相如列传》
?莫若遣腹心自结于东，以共济世业。《赤壁之战》?室西连于中闺
2(助词，用于句中，无实际意义。
【经典文言】
之子于归，宜其室家。 (《诗经?桃夭》)
【固定词组】
【于是】
1( 相当于“于+此”，在这时，在这种情况下，对此，从此，因此。
例:?于是宾客无不变色离席。(在这时)?吾祖死于是，吾父死于是。(在这种情况下)(《捕蛇者说》)?于是余有叹焉。(因此)(《游褒禅山记》)?遂墨以葬文公，晋于是始墨。(从此)
2( 连词，表前后句的承接或因果关系，与现代汉语“于是”相同。
例:
?于是秦王不怿，为一击缻。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?吴之民方痛心焉，于是乘其厉声以呵，则噪而相逐。(《五人墓碑记》)?于是为长安君约车百乘，质于齐。(《触龙说赵太后》)
【见……于】表示被动。
例:?吾长见笑于大方之家(《秋水》)?今是溪独见辱于愚，何哉(《愚溪诗序》)
十五、与
【本义】动词，赐予别人一勺饭食——赐予、给予。
【成语举例】多许少与——与人方便
【成语例释】将欲取之，必先与之:要想夺取些什么，得暂且先给些什么。指先付出代价以诱使对方放忪警惕，然后找机会夺取。
【经典文言】?玉斗一双，欲与亚父。?则与一生彘肩(《鸿门宴》)?与尔三矢，尔其无忘乃父之志。(《伶官传序》)
【引申义】
1(给予别人东西是为了和别人——结交、亲附
【成语例释】虚与委蛇:虚，假;委蛇，随便应顺。指对人虚情假意，敷衍应酬。
【经典文言】与赢而不助五国也——因人之力而敝之，不仁;失其所与，不知——合纵缔交，相与为一
2(与之亲近则容易赞成他的观点——赞成、赞许、援助
【经典文言】暴虎冯河，死而无悔者，吾不与也。(《论语》)——以致天下之士，合从缔交，相与为一。(贾谊《过秦论》)——吾与点也——朝过夕改，君子与之。
3、对付。?庞煖易与耳。
【假借义】
1、 介词。
(1)比，和„„比较。
【经典文言】?吾孰与徐公美(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)?较秦之所得，与战胜而得者，其实百倍
(2)给，替。
【经典文言】?陈涉少时，尝与人佣耕。(《陈涉世家》)
(3)介词。和，跟，同。
【经典文言】?沛公军霸上，未得与项羽相见(《鸿门宴》)?而翁归，自与汝复算耳(《促织》)?竖子不足与(之)谋——吾与汝毕力平险 ? 问其与饮食者，尽富贵?也苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下?郦元之所见闻，殆与余同
1( 连词，相当于“和”“同”“跟”。
注意:此用法与介词用法要分清，义同而在句中所做成分不同，所以用法不同。
【成语举例】不足与谋——与虎谋皮
【成语例释】事与愿违:事实与愿望相反。指原来打算做的事没能做到。休戚与共:忧喜、福祸彼此共同承担。形容关系密切，利害相同。 (
【经典文言】?然谋臣与爪牙之士，不可不养而择也 ?勾践载稻与脂于舟以行。(《勾践灭吴》)?故遣将守关者，备他盗出入与非常也。
3(句末语气词，表示反问、疑问或感叹，后作“欤”，此义项读音为yú。
【经典文言】反问:子非三间大夫与?——无乃尔是过与,
疑问:王之所大欲，可得闻与,——不知周之梦为胡蝶与?胡蝶之梦为周与?(《庄子?齐物论》)——虎兕出于柙，龟玉毁于椟中，是谁之过与(《《季氏将伐颛臾》》)——然则废衅钟与(《齐桓晋文之事》)
4(动词，可译为“参加、参与”，此义项读音为yù。
【经典文言】蹇叔之子与师。(《左传?殽之战》)
【固定词组】
【孰与】【与„„孰】表示比较与选择，译为:“跟„„比较，哪一个„„”
例:?谓其妻曰:"我孰与城北徐公美(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)?沛公曰:“孰与君少长,”?公之视廉将军孰与秦王,?吾与徐公孰美(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)
【孰若】【与其„„孰若】表示选择(舍前取后)，译为:“哪如”“与其„„哪如„„”
例:?与其坐而待亡，孰若起而拯之(《冯婉贞》)?与其杀是童，孰若卖之(《童区寄传》)
十六、则
【本义】古代以贝类和刀形金属作为货币——货币。
【引申义】
1(货币的轻重各有等差，需要制定法则加以衡量——法则、准则
【成语例释】以身作则:则，准则，榜样。以自己的行动做出榜样。
【经典文言】愿依彭成之遗则。(屈原《离骚》)
指分项或自成段落的文字的条数。?《论语》六则。
动词。效法。?遵后稷、公刘之业，则古公、公季之法。
2(法则就是规定必须遵守的是非——副词，是、就是。
【成语举例】偏信则暗——成则为王，败则为寇——穷则思变——闻过则喜
【成语例释】不平则鸣:鸣，发出声音，指有所抒发或表示。指受到委曲和压迫就要发出不满和反抗的呼声。
凡事预则立，不预则废:预:预先，指事先作好或准备;立:成就;废:败坏。不论做什么事，事先有准备，就能得到成功，不然就会失败。
【经典文言】此则岳阳楼之大观也。用在判断句中，起强调和确认作用，可译作"是""就是"
3(副词，就、立即。
【经典文言】沛公则置车骑。
【假借义】
1(用作连词，表示多种语法关系。
?连接前后相承接的语句，相当于现代汉语的“就”“便”“那么”。表示承接关系。译为"就""便"，或译为"原来是""已经是"。
【经典文言】?项王曰:"壮士～赐之卮酒。"则与斗卮酒。?故木受绳则直，金就砺则利。?徐而察之，则山下皆石穴罅。?临视，则虫集冠上(《促织》)?唇亡则齿寒。 (桓宽《盐铁论?诛秦》)?贾人夏则资皮，冬则资絺?三人行，则必有我师
?连接转折关系的语句，相当于现代汉语的“却”“但”。表示转折、让步关系。表示转折时，用在后一分句，译为"可是""却";表示让步时，用在前一分句，译为"虽然""倒是"。
【经典文言】?于其身也，则耻师焉，惑矣。?手裁举，则双超忽而跃(《促织》)?其室则迩，其人甚远。(《诗经》)?北虽貌敬，实则愤怒。(文天祥《(指南录)后序》)?臣欲奉诏奔驰，则刘病日笃欲;苟顺私情，则告诉不许
?表示假设关系，相当于“那么”。表示条件、假设关系。译为“假使”“如果”“要是„„就”“那么”“就”“便”。
【经典文言】?入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。(《生于忧患，死于安乐》)?向吾不为斯役，则久已病矣。(《捕蛇者说》)
?表示并列关系，不用翻译。表示并列关系。这种用法都是两个或两个以上的"则"连用，每个"则"字都用在意思相对、结构相似的一个分句里，表示分句之间是并列关系。可译为"就"，或不译。
【经典文言】
?位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。?入则孝，出则弟。(《论语?学而》)?小则获邑，大则得城。?位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。
?表对已然或发现的强调。可译为“已经”“原来”“原来已经”。
【经典文言】阳处父追之，及诸河，则在舟中矣。 (《左传?殽之战》)
?表示选择关系。常和“非”“不”呼应着用，译为“就是”“不是„„就是”。
【经典文言】?非死则徙尔(《捕蛇者说》)?非其身之所种则不食(《勾践灭吴》)
2(助词，无实际意义。
【经典文言】
匪鸡则鸣，苍蝇之声。 (《诗经》)
【固定词组】
[然则]指示代词“然”和连词“则”的连用，意思是“既然如此，那么”。
如:„„然则今有美尧、舜、汤、武、禹之道于当今之世者，必为新圣笑矣。 (《韩非子?五蠹》)
【则是】只当是。?与窦娥烧一陌儿，则是看你死的孩儿面上。(《窦娥冤》)
【则则】赞叹的声音。?连呼则则。
十七、者
【本义】从鼻子中喘气帮助说话——分辨事物的言辞。
【假借义】
1(表示称代，加在动词、形容词(或动词性、形容词性短语)后，使之具有名词性质，可译为“的”“„„的人(东西、事情)”。
【成语举例】当局者迷，旁观者清——观者如云——来者不善——来者不拒
【成语例释】窃钩者诛，窃国者侯:窃钩的要处死，篡夺政权的人反倒成为诸侯。旧时用以讽刺法律的虚伪和不合理。
言者无罪，闻者足戒:提意见的人只要是善意的，即使提得不正确，也是无罪的。听取意见的人即使没有对方所提的缺点错误，也值得引以为戒。
始作俑者:俑，古代殉葬用的木制或陶制的俑人。开始制作俑的人。比喻首先做某件坏事的人。
【经典文言】?有复言令长 安君为质者，老妇必唾其面～(《触龙说赵太后》)?秦自缪公以来二十余君，未尝有坚明约束者也(《廉颇蔺相如列传》?)存者且偷生，死者长已矣! ?不为者与不能者之形，何以异(。。。。。的情况)?期年之后，虽欲言，无可进者?不赂者以赂者丧?为之，则难者亦易矣，不为，则易者亦难矣
2(用在名词后，组成名词性词组，相当于“这个人”。注意两种用法
放在主语后面，引出判断，可不必译出。例:陈胜者，阳城人也。(司马迁《史记?陈涉世家》)
放在主语后面，引出对象:邑有成名者(蒲松龄《聊斋志异?促织》)
3用在“今”“昔”等时间词后，组成名词性词组，表示语气停顿。可不必译出
【经典文言】?近者奉辞伐罪。?古者以天下为主，君为客。?远者数世，近者及身。
?今者项庄拔剑舞，其意常在沛公也。
4(用在数词之后，相当于“种”“样”“„„个方面”“„„样东西”“„„件事情”。
【经典文言】?此数者用兵之患也，而曹皆冒行之。?或异于二者之为，何哉,(《岳阳楼记》)
5(指代某种情况，可视上下文翻译。
【经典文言】今吾嗣为之十二年，几死者数矣。(柳宗元《捕蛇者说》)
6(表示指代，跟在总体名词后的限定性词语后面，指代总体中的某一部分、个体。
【成语例释】太公钓鱼，愿者上钩:公:指周初的吕尚，即姜子牙。比喻心甘情愿地上当。
定语后置标志。
【经典文言】例:?求人可使报秦者，未得。?顷之，烟炎张天，人马烧溺死者甚众?诸将吏敢复有言当迎曹者，与此案同!?楚人有涉江者，其剑自舟中坠于水。(《吕氏春秋?察今》)?太子及宾客知其事者，皆自衣冠以送之。?群臣侍殿上者，不得持尺兵，诸郎中执兵皆陈(于)殿下。?石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也?马之千里者，一食或尽粟一石。?缙绅而能不易其志者，四海之大，有几人欤?
7(助词，用作“若”“似”“如”的宾语，用在句子末尾，相当于现代汉语“„„的样子”“似的”。
【经典文言】?言之，貌若甚戚者(《捕蛇者说》)?然往来视之，觉无异能者(《黔之驴》)
8(助词，表示停顿，用在名词、分句后面或句子中间，表示“者”字后面有所解释，或者叙述、说明原因。
注意: 放在分句的句末，引出原因。
例:?然操遂能克绍，以弱为强者，非惟天时，抑亦人谋也。?臣所以去亲戚而事君者，徒慕君之高义也。(?吾妻之美我者，私我也。(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)放在分句的句末，引出原因。
9(助词，放在疑问句的句末，用在疑问句后，表示疑问。
【经典文言】?何者,严大国之威以修敬也(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
?谁为大王为此计者,(《鸿门宴》)?安见方六七十如五六十而非邦也者? (《论语》)
【固定词组】
[„„者，„„也]判断句的一般，也可以省略“者”或“也”，如:南冥者，天池也。 (《庄子?逍遥游》)
十八、之
【本义】像人的脚趾站在地上，即将出发——到„„去、往(动词)
【经典文言】?胡为乎遑遑欲何之,(《归去来兮辞》)?奚以之九万里而南为,(《逍遥游》)
?有牵牛而过堂下者，王见之，曰:“牛何之?”(《齐桓晋文之事》)?卒之东郭墦间，之祭者，乞其余;不足，又顾而之他。(《齐人有一妻一妾章》)?辍耕之垄上。(司马迁《史记?陈涉世家》)?项伯乃夜驰之沛公军。
【假借义】
1(第三人称代词，相当于第三人称“他(们)、她(们)、它(们)。
【成语例释】藏之名山，传之其人:把著作藏在名山，传给志趣相投的人。
【经典文言】?太后盛气而揖之。(《触龙说赵太后》)?然语之，又恐汝日日为吾担忧。(之:你)(《与妻书》)?项王则受璧，置之坐上。?未之有也
2(指示代词，这、此。
【成语例释】操之过急:操:做，从事。处理事情，解决问题过于急躁。
【经典文言】?夫子欲之，吾二臣者皆不欲也。?君子疾夫舍曰欲之而必为之辞(前一个“之”，这样。后一个“之”，它。)(《季氏将伐颛臾》)?之二虫又何知。(《逍遥游》)?均之二策，宁许之以负秦曲。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)?巫医、乐师、百工之人，不耻相师?郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子
3(代词，相当于“我”“自己”。
【经典文言】不知将军宽之至此也——君将哀而生之乎?(柳宗元《捕蛇者说》)——臣乃市井鼓刀屠者，而公子数存之——且公子纵轻胜，弃之降秦，独不怜公子姊邪,(之:我)
4(比较作定语的标志的两种不同用法。
(1)助词，相当于“的”，定语的标志，用在定语和中心语之间。
【成语举例】不经之谈——不惑之年——伯仲之间——布衣之交——城下之盟——乘人之危——出头之日——侧隐之心
【成语例释】不刊之论:刊:削除，古代把字写在竹简上，有错误就削去。指正确的、不可修改的言论。
不虞之誉:虞:料想;誉:称赞。没有意料到的赞扬。
【经典文言】作定语:?虎兕出于柙，龟玉毁于椟中，是谁之过与,(《季氏将伐颛臾》)?子而思报父母之仇，臣而思报君之仇。(《勾践灭吴》)?古之人不余欺也。?道之所存，师之所存也。
(2)特别注意:定语后置的标志。放在倒置的定语与中心语之间，作为定语后置的标志。结构式:1中心词+之+定语+者 2中心词+之+定语
【经典文言】
蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强——人又谁能以身之察察，受物之汶汶者乎-——石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也——马之千里者，一食或尽粟一石——居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君_____仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛_____凌万顷之茫然______高余冠之岌岌兮，长余佩之陆离——苟以天下之大，而从六国破亡之故事，是又在六国下矣————居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君。
5(助词，变主谓结构为偏正结构，取消句子的独立性。
【经典文言】?臣之壮也，犹不如人;今老矣，无能为也已。(《烛之武退秦师》)?客之美我者，欲有求于我也。(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)?不患其众之不足也，而患其志行之少耻也。(《勾践灭吴》)?王无异于百姓之以王为爱也。?孤之有孔明，犹鱼之有水也。(《三国志?蜀志?诸葛亮传》)?五人者，盖当寥洲周公之被逮„„(张溥《五人墓碑记》)?欲勿予，即患秦兵之来?愿夫子之幸存寡人?为从者之淹，居则具一日之积，行则备一夕之卫?为吾子之将行也，郑之有原圃，犹秦之有具囿也?若事之不济，此乃天也
?宜乎百姓之谓我爱也——臣之进退，实为狼狈——夫人之相与，俯仰一世——曾不知老之将至——长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰——怨灵修之浩荡兮，终不察夫民心——固时俗之工巧兮，偭规矩而改错————鸷鸟之不群兮，自前世而固然——悔相道之不察兮，延伫乎吾将反——微君之疾，群臣固且请立赵后——应侯之用於秦也，孰与文信侯专,
6(助词，构成动宾倒装句式。放在倒置的动(介)宾短语之间，作为宾语提前的标志。
【经典文言】?句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不焉。?譬若以肉投馁虎，何功之有哉,?诗云:“他人有心，予忖度之。”——夫子之谓也。(《齐桓晋文之事》)?何功之有哉?
7(助词，用在时间词或动词(多为不及物动词)后面，凑足音节，没有实在意义。
【经典文言】?填然鼓之，兵刃既接，弃甲曳兵而走。(《寡人之于国也》)?余扃牖而居，久之，能以足音辨人。(《项脊轩志》)?顷之，烟炎张天。(《赤壁之战》)?三寸之舌
8(助词，用在方位名词(如“前”“后”等)和它们的修饰语间，表示对方位、时间、范围等的限制。
【经典文言】自此，冀之南，汉之阴，无垄断焉。 (《列子?汤问?愚公移山》)
9(补语的标志，可译为“得”。
【经典文言】以其求思之深，而无不在也——君侯何不快之甚也,(你为什么这样不愉快呢)
【固定词组】
[唯„„之、唯„„是]表示宾语前置的格式，如成语“唯利是图”“惟命是从”，文言例句有:
父母唯其疾之忧。 (《论语?为政》)
[此之谓、斯之谓、是之谓]可译为“这就叫做”，文言例句有:
语日“唇亡则齿寒”，其斯之谓与? (《谷梁传?僖公二年》)
已
1. 天下已定，皇始之心，自以为关中之固，金城千里，子孙帝王万世之业也。(《过秦论》)
2.故不战而强弱胜负已判矣。(《六国论》)
3.牛困人饥日已高。(《卖炭翁》)
[例解]用作副词。表动作行为、事情的完成或时间的过去，相当于“已经”。 4.有间而身寒，已热如火，至今不可以见寒。(《史记.扁鹊仓公列传》) 5.已而相如出，望见廉颇，相如引车避匿。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》) 6.已而得舟，避渚洲，出北海„„(《〈指南录〉后序》)
[例解]表两件事之间相隔时间短暂，常用“已而”，相当于“不久”“一会儿”。 7.夫十月一月之中，凡富贵之子，慷慨得志徒，其疾病而死，死而湮没不足道者，亦已众矣„„(《五人墓碑记》)
[例解]表程度很高或过分，常放在形容词之前，相当于“太”。 8.自董卓已来，豪杰并起，跨州连郡者不可胜数。(《隆中对》) 9.五代时始印五经，已后典籍皆为板本(《活版》)
[例解]用作连词，“已”同“以”，和“来”“后”“东”“西”“上”“下”等结合，表示对时间、范围等的限定。
10.是善恶之分也已。(《荀子.恶性》)
11.虽以史迁之善传游侠，亦不能为五百人立传，滋可痛已。(《〈黄花冈七十二烈士事略〉》)
[例解]用作助词。“已”放在句末表示动作行为的既成状态，表示明确的肯定或否定语气，相当于“了”;有时“也已”连用，加强语气。有时也表感叹，相当于“啊”。
惟 唯 维
1、天下健者，惟有足下。(《谭嗣同》)
2.东船西舫悄无言，唯见江心秋月白。(《琵琶行》)
[例解]用作副词。表示限于某个范围，相当于“只”。
3.今数雄已灭，惟孤尚存。(《赤壁之战》)
4.原其理，当是为谷中大水冲激，沙土尽去，唯巨石岿然挺立耳。(《梦溪笔谈》)——惟有饮者留其名
[例解]表示限于某个范围，相当于“只有”“只是”。
5.唯大王与群臣孰计议之。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
[例解]表示祈使或命令，相当于“希望”或“请”。
6.吾子淹久于敝邑，唯是脯资饩牵竭矣。(《殽之战》)
[例解] 表示动作行为的根据与缘由，相当于“正因为”“只因为”。 7.其以义理相咨访，孜孜焉唯进修是急，未之多见也，况流俗乎,(《问说》) [例解]用作助词，常与“是”搭配成固定结构“唯„„是„„”。“惟”“唯”“维”作为虚词使用时，古时可以通用。
虽
1.今虽死乎此，比吾乡邻之死则已后矣„„(《捕蛇者说》) 2.虽乘奔御风，不以疾也。(《三峡》)
[例解]“虽”作连词，在文言中有两种用法。用在假设关系的句子里，作用是先承认一种假设，然后转入正意，可译为“即使”。
3.豫州军虽败于长坂，今战士还者及关羽水军精甲万人(《赤壁之战》)——虽才高于世，而无骄尚
之情。常从容淡静，不好交接俗人。——亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔——虽体解吾犹未变兮，岂余心之可惩。
[例解]用在转折关系的句子里，作用是先承认一事实，下面再转入正意。可译为“虽然”。
4.虽然，受地于先王，愿终守之，弗敢易～(《唐雎不辱使命》) [例解] “虽然”，现在汉语用“虽然”的地方，文言只用一个“虽”字。文言的“虽然”，“虽”是转折连词，“然”是指示代词，结合在一起，有承上转下的作用，相当于“虽然如此”或“话纵然这么讲”。
5、虽(只要或者如果)一龙发机，而七首不动，寻其方面，乃知震之所在。
(英文版 )
Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen
party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations
repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth
Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department
The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political
Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision
of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and
to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on
a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a
total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule >
real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and
responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years
implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses.
Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline,
exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should
be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective
convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of
10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts
of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application
of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation
made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give
expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence
Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental
organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post
processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in
the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority
Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in
the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management
of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives,
around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given
Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one
size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are
relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions <
new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly
Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform
comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation
of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150
about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily
blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement
And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres
should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection
with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits.
Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace
with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of
the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline
must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline
characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be
held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision
responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.
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