英语中的就近原则

英语中就近一致的原则 【就近原则】   也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”(Proximity），即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。   1.由下列词语连接的并列主语："there be＋句型; or ; either …or；nor; neither…nor；whether…or；not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g.   ①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。   ②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。   ③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。   ④Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。   2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.   ①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。   ②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 【就远原则】   谓语动词与前面主语一致   代词汇：as well as；（together/along）with；rather than；except；besides；but；including；in addition to；apart from;like   E.G：He rather than I is right.   Nobody but two students is in the classroom. The teacher with his students is working in the fields. They have kept working for several hours. Nobody made them work for so long. 主谓一致 1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important. 注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 典型例题 The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。 与后接名词或代词保持一致 1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由 more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。 英语中,什么是就近原则?就近原则什么时候用? 就近一致原则（1） 连词not only...but also/ neither...nor/ or/ either...or/ not...but Neither he nor they are wholly right. 他和他们，谁都不是完全对的。 Either he or I am right. 或者他对，或者我对。 就近一致原则（2） 副词here/ there Here comes the bus. 瞧，公共汽车来了。 主谓一致：and and的两边分别是不同的可数名词。 John and Mary are my friends. 约翰和玛丽都是我的朋友。 and的两边分别是不同的不可数名词。 Both rice and wheat are grown in China. 中国有种水稻也有种小麦。 and的两边的单词构成一个统一的概念。 Fish and chips is a popular supper here. 炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。（鱼和土豆片作为整体） The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了。（同一个人既是诗人又是作家) I.在正式文体中： 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语："or ; either …or；nor; neither…or；whether…or；not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g. ①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。 ②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。 ③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。 英语句子中，主语的“人称”和“数”要限制，决定谓语动词的形式变化，这就叫“主谓一致”关系。 它通常依据三项原则：1）语法一致； 2）意义一致； 3）就近一致。 【语法一致原则】 I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g. ①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。 ②Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗？ Is your mother a worker ?(正)（主语your mother 是单数第三人称） II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。 1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）”或“从句”等作主语，用单数谓语形式。e.g. ①The work is important . 这项工作重要。 ②To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。 ③How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。 2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g. ①The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。 ②They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。 II. 以“and ”或“both… and”连接的并列主语： 1.通常作复数用 。e.g. ①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。 ②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。 ③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。 2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人（事、物、抽象概念），作单数用。e.g. ①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。 ②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。 ③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。 3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时，仍作单数用。e.g.  ①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here. 这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。 ②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity . 没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。 Ⅳ. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时： 1. a）“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语：“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g. ①Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。 ②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。 b）"a / an + 单名+ or two " 大多接单数谓语： "one or two + 复名"接复数谓语。e.g. ①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。 ②One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。 c）"a / an + 单名+ and a half"常接单数谓语；“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g. ①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。 ②One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。 d） "more than one + 单名"大多接单数谓语。e.g. ①More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。 "more + 复名+ than one "接复数谓语。e.g. ②More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。 "more than two (three,…)+复名 " 接复数谓语。 e.g.  ③More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。 2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用：“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g. ①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗？ ②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。 3. 下列不定代词作复数用：“（a）few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g. ①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个（客人）是我们熟识的。 ②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。 4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数： 1）“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g. ①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁？ ②Who are League Members .哪些是团员？ 2）"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g. ①All (of the students ) are working hard .（所有的学生）都在用功。 ②All (of the paint ) is fine .（这些油漆）都很好。 3）"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的）"，等。e.g. ①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。 ②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。 Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时： 1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g. Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。 2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g. ①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴，弹指一挥间。 ②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。 3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g. ①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。 ②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。 4. "a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) "+复数名词，常作复数用。e.g. ①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。 ②There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。 但是，“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词，作单数。e.g. ①The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。 ②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。 ④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。 2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g. ①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。 ②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 II. 非正式文体中： 有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g. Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。（非正式） Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（译文同上句）（正式） 但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g. No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上，“No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。