英文段落

英文段落 写好英文段落的三个; 首先一个段落必须有一个中心及主思想。该中心有主题句特别是其 中的题旨来达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就是段落的统一性(unity).其次，一个段落必须有若干推 展句。使主题思想得得充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就 是完整性(completeness or adequateess).再者，一个段落不是杂乱无 章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子 到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth)，这就是连贯性(coherence)。 1:统一性 一个段落内的各个句子必须从属与一个中心，任何游离于中心思想以 外的句子都是不可取的。例子; Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico. Joe and I decided to take the long trip we’d always wanted to across the country.We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie.We stared out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country.We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise.we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico. My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby. My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby. 从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更 严重 2、完整性 正像我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。 Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work ---- you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression. 3、连贯性(coherence) 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。 连贯性 1)、意连 段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。 A( 按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement) We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours ----- it must have been close to noon ---- the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgment ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day. B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如: From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land. C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement) a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance) b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement) c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement) 连贯性 2)、形连 行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。 请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语: Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies --- in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal. Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies --- in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal. Task Compare the following two writings, point out the better one and explain it. Writing A: Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences( Writing B: Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences. 4、有损连贯性的几种情况: 在写作中经常出现下面几种错误: 1、不必要的改变时态，比如: In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway. 2、不必要的改变单复数，比如: Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships. ,、不必要的改变人称，比如: Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge. , 1(表示原因 1)There are three reasons for this( 2)The reasons for this are as follows( 3)The reason for this is obvious( 4)The reason for this is not far to seek( 5)The reason for this is that((( 6)We have good reason to believe that((( 例如: There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life(Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved(Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like(Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life( 2(表示好处 1)It has the following advantages( 2)It does us a lot of good( 3)It benefits us quite a lot( 4)It is beneficial to us( 5)It is of great benefit to us( 例如: Books are like friends(They can help us know the world better， and they can open our minds and widen our horizons(Therefore， reading extensively is of great benefit to us( 3(表示坏处 1)It has more disadvantages than advantages( 2)It does us much harm( 3)It is harmful to us( 例如: However，everything divides into two(Television can also be harmful to us(It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television( 4(表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient， possible) for sb(to do sth( 2)We think it necessary to do sth( 3)It plays an important role in our life( 例如: Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business(Soon， computers will be found in every home，too(We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age( 5(表示 1)We should take some effective measures( 2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties( 3)We should do our utmost in doing sth( 4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced) with( 例如: The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious(Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve 6(表示变化 1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years( 2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications( 3)The computer has brought about many changes in education( 例如: Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years(The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek(Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins( , 7(表示事实、现状 1)We cannot ignore the fact that((( 2)No one can deny the fact that((( 3)There is no denying the fact that((( 4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in( 5)However，that’s not the case( 例如: We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution(To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution(The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment( , 8(表示比较 1)Compared with A，B((( 2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV( 3)There is a striking contrast between them( 例如: Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable(Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum(Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem(Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise( , 9(表示数量 1)It has increased(decreased)from(((to((( 2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000( 3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15, compared with that of January( 例如: With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased( 再如: From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000( 10(表示看法 1)People have(take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth( 2)People have different opinions on this problem( 3)People take different views of(on)the question( 4)Some people believe that(((Others argue that((( , 例如: People have different attitudes towards failure(Some believe that failure leads to success( Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor(However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers( 再如: Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck,Different people have different views on it( 注:一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，应掌握这一写作方法。 , 11(表示结论 1)In short，it can be said that ((( 2)It may be briefly summed up as follows( 3)From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ((( 例如: From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved( 注:例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句;例句3则多用文章 结论段的第一句。 12(套语 1)It’s well known to us that ((( 2)As is known to us，((( 3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about( 4)From the graph(table，chart)listed above，it can be seen that ((( 5)As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way( , 例如: As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus( The reason for this is obvious(Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory towerAs college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus(Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate( 再如: Does it pay to be honest,This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it(