虚拟语气的用法

虚拟语气的用法 虚拟语气示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通 过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。下面分别介绍虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法。 1. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句 注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人称,would可用于任何人称,同时也可根据意思用情 态动词could, might等代替should, would。 1)表示与现在事实相反: If I were you, I should stay at home. If the peasants could farm the land themselves, food production would be much higher. If fewer cash crops were grown, more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation. 2)表示与过去事实相反: If you had come yesterday, you would have met him. If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there would have been many deaths. 3)表示与将来事实相反:If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. If it were to/should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. If it should rain, the crops would be saved. 4)当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要 根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如:If you had followed the doctor's advice, you would be quite all right now. (从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.) 5)以上句型可以转换成下列形式:?从句省略if,用倒装句式"were, had, should+主语"。例 如:Were I in school again, I would work harder. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.?用介词短语代替条件状语从句。例 如:Without air, there would be no living things. I would not have succeeded but for your help. 2.虚拟语气用于宾语从句 1)"wish+宾语从句"表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为"可惜„„"、"„„就好了"、"悔不 该„„"、"但愿„„"等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能 1 实现的愿望,用"would(could)+动词原形";表示过去不能实现的愿望,用"had+过去分词"或 "(could)would + have + 过去分词"。例如: I wish we could go to the seaside today. I wish you told me earlier. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. 2)虚拟语气在动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest 等后面的宾语从句中,用"(should)+动词原形"。例如: I suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. They demanded that the black people should be treated as well as white people. 注意:insist作"力言"、"强调"解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当insist作"坚持(应该)" 解时,宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如: Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. I insisted that you give me my money back. 3.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句做advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request 等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构 "(should)+动词原形"。例如: We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should)go to Beijing for sightseeing. My idea is that he (should) do exercises first. 4.虚拟语气用于以as if(as though)引导的表语从句或状语从句 如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用 "had+过去分词";表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用"would(might, could )+动词原形"。例如: He looked at me as if I were mad. He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England. It looks as if it might rain. 2 但as if(as though)后的从句也常用陈述语气,这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的。例如: It looks as if our side is going to win. 5.虚拟语气用于主语从句 在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用"should+动词原形"的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如: It is necessary (important, natural, desirable, advisable, strange, etc.) that we should clean the room every day. It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should be so careless. It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 在上述三种主语从句中,should意为"应该"、"竟然",可以省去,但不可换用would。主句所用动词的时态不限。 注意:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇,that从句也可用陈述语气。例如: It is strange that he did not come yesterday. It is a pity that you can't swim. Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气(一) -- Used in “if” clause 语气(Mood)分三种:直陈语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气. 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议。 “if” 引导的条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句两种。 1. 真实条件句所表示的假设 1) 不随时间而改变的自然法则和客观真理 2) 可能发生或实现的:if后面的从句用一般现在时，主句用祈使语气或情态动词. 3 2. 非真实条件句所表示的假设是不可能发生或不大可能实现的:时态共分两种情况。 If引导的从句 主句 A.与现在事实相反 If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式一律用were) 主语+would+动词 原形 B.与将来事实相反 If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式一律用were) 主语+would+动词 原形 C.与过去事实相反 If +主语+ had+动词过去分词 主语+would+have+过去分词 Exercises: 1. 与现在或将来相反 If you … you would … were Chairman Hu were Bush could choose a place for your house won a lottery of 5 million your child were addicted to computer games came across a blackout in a lift 2. 与过去相反 Write conditionals based on the following facts. 1) She didn’t take the medicine, so she felt carsick. 2) Because the sun was in the right direction, the photos came out very well. 3) The shop didn’t pack the goods properly, so they got damaged. 4) The government raised taxes, so they were very unpopular. 5) He wasn’t able to answer all the questions, so he didn’t pass the examination. 4 6) He didn’t pass the examination, so he didn’t go to the university. 7) We didn’t get there on time, so we found the doors locked in our faces. 8) She didn’t see Curse of the Golden Flower, so she didn’t understand what I said. 3. Multiple choices 1. What will we do if it _____ tomorrow? A. snow B. would snow C. snows D. will snow 2. You _____ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice. A. may not make B. might not make C. wouldn’t have made D. might have made 3. _____ to see the doctor right away, he might have been alive. A. If he went B. If he gone C. If he has gone D. If he had gone 4. If you were older, I _____ you to go there yesterday. A. will allow B. should allow C. would have allowed D. had allowed 5. If we _____ here ten minutes earlier, we _____ the bus. A. arrived/would catch B. arrived/would have caught C. had arrived/had caught D. had arrived/would have caught 6. If I _____ more time, I would have gone with him. A. had B. had had C. have had D. would have 7. Don't touch the sleeping tiger. If he woke up, he _____ you. A. would come B. would come at C. would have come D. will come at 8. If it _____ tomorrow, what would we do? A. rains B. were to rain C. would rain D. rain 5 9. If he _____ to the teacher attentively, he _____ the answer to the problem. A. had listened, would have known B. listened, would know C. listened, would have known D. had listened, would know 10. ---- I thought you would come back tomorrow. ---- I would if I _____ to attend a meeting. A. don’t have B. didn’t have C. will not have D. would not have 11. If I had hurried, I _____ the train. A. would catch B. could catch C. would have caught D. had caught 12. If I had known that, I _____ so. A. wouldn’t do B. wouldn’t have done C. won’t do D. have not done 13. If I _____ you, I wouldn’t call back. A. be B. am C. was D. were 14. If the doctor had been available, the child _____. A. would not die B. would not have died C. could not die D. could die 15. You are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier, you _____ him. A. came/ would meet B. had come/ would have met C. come/ will meet D. had come/ would met 16. If you had told me in advance, I _____ him at the airport. A. would meet B. would had meet C. would have met D. would have meet 17. If it _____ another ten minutes, the game would have been cancelled. A. had rained B. would had rained C. have seen D. did see 6 18. You _____ the train if you _____ a little earlier. A. could take/ started B. would have taken/ had started C. could take/ had started D. would have took / started 19. The Bakers arrived last night, if they’d only let us know earlier, _____ at the station. A. we’d meet them B. we’ll meet them C. we’d have met them D. we’ve met them 20. If I _____ you, I _____ more attention to English idioms and phrases. A. was/ shall pay B. am/ will pay C. would be/ would pay D. were/ would pay 21. We might have failed if you _____ us a helping hand. A. have not given B. would not give C. had not given D. did not give 22. If I _____ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car. A. possessed B. owned C. had D. had had 23. If her husband had not liked the dress _____. A.she would be delighted B. he would get mad C. she would have returned it D. she would take it back to the store 24. If I _____ you, I _____ worry. A. were/ wouldn’t B. was/ wouldn’t C. been/ would have D. be/ would 25. We _____ delighted if the report _____ true. A. were/ were B. will be/ were C. may be/ were D. were/ would be Keys: 7 CCDCD/BBBAB/CBDBB/CABCD/CDCAB Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气(二) 1. 一些要求用“过去式或过去完成式”来表示虚拟的固定句式. 过去式表示与现在事实相反;过去完成式表示与过去事实相反.它们有: (1)wish + 从句 (2)主 + would rather + sb + V . (3)It’s ( high ) time that „(只用过去时) (4)If only +从句 2(用(should )+(原形)来表示虚拟的情况 虚拟语气在动词suggest, desire, require, command, propose, order, insist, request, 等表示“请求,建议,命令,要求”后面的宾语从句中用“should +动词原形”, should可以省略。 Note: suggest表示“表明”时不用虚拟语气. All the evidence suggested that he stole the money. 3. 表示祝愿 1) wish + adj./n. 2) may+动词原形, 此时may只能放于句首. 8 Note: I wish that„不是表示祝愿, 但动词原形可表示祝愿. Exercises: 1(The teacher demanded that the exam ___________ before eleven. A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished 2(She made the suggestion that I __________ my homework first before watching TV. A. did B. do C. shall do D. have done 3(If only I ________ as young as you are! A. being B. am C. be D. were 4(The secretary suggested that they ____ the men in at once. A. had brought B. should have brought C. brought D. bring 5(I wish I ____ able to tell him all about it last night. A. was B. were C. had been D. should be 6(The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King _____ right away. A. would be arrested B. must be arrested C. be arrested D. had to be arrested 7(Mr. Brown would rather that his son _________ in the royal(皇家的)air force last year. 9 A. served B. had served C. could serve D. has served 8(Jane's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel any longer. A. not staying B. not to stay C. that he not stay D. staying not 9(?Oh! It’s ten o’clock. ?It’s time you ________ to bed, little Frank. A. to B. will C. went D. gone 10(How I wish I ____ to repair the watch! I only made it worse. A. had tried B. hadn't tried C. have tried D. didn't try 11. He demanded that the laboratory report ___ immediately after the experiment was done. A. was written B. be written C. must be written D. would be written 12. It’s high time that we ___ to school. A. would to B. went C. go D. will go 13. I’d rather you ___ right away. A. leave B. left C. will leave D. to leave 14. He insisted that he ___ me before. 10 A. see B. should see C. had seen D. saw 15. He wishes ___ mistakes. A. he doesn’t always make B. he isn’t always making C. he didn’t always make D. he wouldn’t always make 16. I wish I ___ what to do. A. knew B. have known C. know D. would know 17. It is high time we ___ off. A. are B. were C. be D. will be 18. Jane’s pale face suggested that she ______ ill, and her parents suggested that she ______ a medical examination. A. be, should have B. was, have C. should be, had D. was, has 19. James wishes he ___ the football game instead of the film. A. saw B. see C. had been seen D. had seen 20. The doctor suggested that she ___. A. will not smoke B. not smoke C. would not smoke D. did not smoke 11 key:CBDDC/CBCCB/BBBAC/ABBDB 四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer(希望)也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或"对过去做的事的懊悔"。 (1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today. (2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. (3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die. (4).I would rather you go tomorrow. (5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past. (6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office(经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。 (7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case(坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。 (8).You don't have to be in such a hurry(I would rather you went on business first(你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。 (9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being(我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。 (10).Frankly speaking ，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being(坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。 (11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early,为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢, (12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday(我真希望你昨天把这本还了。 注:?若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形 I would rather stay at home today( ?would rather(((than(((中用动词原形 I would rather stay at home than go out today( 五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。 I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。 虚拟语气的用法 本次课主要讲述虚拟语气的用法，需要大家重点掌握的有: 1( 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法 12 2( 条件从句和结果主句所表的时间不一致的情况 3( 含蓄条件句的虚拟语气用法 4( 不用if引导的非真实条件从句 5( 用在wish后面的虚拟语气 第一部分:语法讲解 虚拟语气用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 如:I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.我希望 今天早上能多睡一会，但是我得起来去上课。(表示愿望) 1( 虚拟语气的基本形式 1)动词原形，用于一切人称和数 如:God bless you.愿上帝保佑你。 2)动词过去式，用于一切人称和数，be的过去式是were。 如:If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这，一些都没有问题。 3)had+过去分词，用于一切人称和数。 如:If you had left a little earlier, you would have caught the train.如果你早点动身，你就能 赶上火车了。 4)should +动词原形，用于一切人称和数。 如:They suggested that we should set off straightway.他们建议我们马上动身。 5)should+ have done，用于一切人称和数。 如:They should have come by this time.他们现在该到了。 6)should/would/could+动词原形 如:If I had time, I should/would/could come.如果我有时间，我一定来。(没有来) 7)should/would/could have done 如:If they hadn’t helped, you should/would/could have done nothing.要不是他们帮了你， 你现在肯定一事无成。 2( 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法 条件从句 结果主句 与现在事实相反 If sb.+过去式(be的过去式是were) sb.+should, would, could+动词原形 与过去事实相反 If sb.+had done sb.+should,could, would+have done 与将来事实相反 If sb.+过去式/were to do/should+动词原形 sb.+should, would, could +动词原形 13 与现在事实相反: 如:If I were you, I would apply for the job.如果我是你，我就会申请那份工作。 Even if I had money, I wouldn’t buy it.即是我有钱，我也不会买它的。 与过去事实相反: 如:If I had taken your advice, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.如果当时听了你的话，我就不会犯这样的错误了。 If it had not been for your help, I wouldn’t have finished the work so easily.要不是你的帮忙，我的工作不会这么容易完成。 与将来事实相反: 如:If it rained/were to rain/should rain tomorrow, I should stay at home.如果明天下雨，我就呆在家里。 If the teacher knew it, she would be angry.万一老师知道了这件事情，她会生气的。 注:在非真实条件句中，可以将谓语中的were, had, should放在主语之前，省略if. 如:If you were in my position, what would you do? 如果你处在我的位置，你会怎么做, 省略if: Were you in my position, what would you do? If facts had been collected one week earlier, we should have had more time to study them.假使早一个星期收集事实，我们就有更多的时间研究它们了。 省略if. Had facts been collected one week earlier, we should have had more time to study them. If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed.万一明天下雨，会议就会延期。 省略if. Should it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed. 3.条件从句和结果主句所表的时间不一致的情况 当条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应该作相应的调整。 如:If you were in better health, we would have asked you to come.如果你身体好些，我们早就请你来了。 If we had consulted him on the question yesterday, we should know what to do now.假使昨天我们向他请教了这个问题，现在就知道怎么办了。 条件从句中用if I were, 结果主句则可以用任何时间的虚拟形式。 如:If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就会去的。(were表示过去) If I were not busy, I would come. 假如我不忙，我就会去的。(were表示现在) 4(含蓄条件句的虚拟语气用法 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时候不表达出来，只是暗含在上下文中。 如:We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。(暗含条件otherwise) Without your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much.没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。(暗含条件without your help) But for your help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment.如果没有你的帮助，我的实验就不会成功。(暗含条件But for your help) Given the opportunity, he might have become a famous singer.如果给他提供机会的话，他很 14 可能已经成为著名歌唱家了。(暗含条件Given the opportunity) 5(省去结果主句的非真实条件句 非真实条件句如省去结果主句，则常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用if only来引导。 如:If only I could see him once.我只要在见到他一次就好了。 If only he were here.如果她在这就好了。 If only I hadn’t done that .我要是没有做那件事就好了。 虚拟语气的用法 宁波光华学校 肖慧群 虚拟语气，顾名思义就是假设一种不可能发生的事情，或想象中的事情，常含有与事实不符的意思。 I. If引导的虚拟语气 时间 从句 结果主句 Would/could /should /might+ 与现在事一般过去时(were/did) 实相反 动词原形 Would/could /should /might + have+与过去事过去完成时 实相反 (had+been/done) 动词过去分词 与将来事Were to/should+动词原形 Would /could /should/might+动词原实相反 形 Eg : 1.If were a fish, I could swim in the river freely. 2.If I had studied harder, I would have been admitted to a better university 3.If I were to be given another chance, I would study harder. 类似的用法有1.由某些连词如suppose, supposing(假设)=if , lest(惟恐，免得),in case(以防) ,for fear that(恐怕) 15 Eg: supposing white were black, you would be right 2由并列连词but, otherwise ,or 连接的并列句，表转折。 I am busy ,otherwise I would go 3。由某些介词with (有), without(如果没有) ,but for(若无) ,under(要是 在)引出的介词短语，有意味，句子用虚拟。 Eg: We could’t have finished the work on time without your help. 注意:?当在虚拟条件句中，将系动词were或助动词had, should, could 置于从句之首时，可省略if， Eg : If I were you, I would go there. =Were I you, I would go there If I had come earlier, I would not have missed this scene in the film. =Had I come earlier, I would not have missed this scene in the film. ?在否定句中，否定词应放在主语之后，不可提前，也不可缩写。 If he had not seen his brother, he would not have known the news =Had he not seen his brother, he would not have known the news. II.Wish引导的虚拟宾语从句 如果与现在事实相反，宾语从句用一般过去时。 Eg: I wish she were with me now 如果与过去事实相反，宾语从句用过去完成时。 Eg: I wish I had bought that house last year . 如果与将来事实相反，宾语从句用+动词原形 Eg:I wish I would hold a birthday party next month. 16 类似的用法有1。由would rather(宁愿), would sooner(宁愿) ,if only(要是。。。该多好啊)引导的宾语从语 Eg: 1.I would rather you were here now 2. If only I knew that! 2。由as if , as thought引导的方式状语从句谈论不可能或不真实的情形时，使用虚拟语气。 Eg: 1.she loved the little child as if she were his mother. 2.After that, he acted as if nothing had happened. 3.They look worried, as if something would happen . 注意:当谈论可能或真实的事或情形时不用虚拟语气。 Eg: It looks as if I’m going to be busy. =I’m probably going to be busy. III.由某些表主张，建议，要求，命令等词引出的名类名词性从句，一律用动词原形或should+动词原形， 动词 名词 动词过分或形容词 insistance Insisted Insist(坚持) suggestion Suggested Suggest(建议) advice advised Advise(建议) proposal Proposed Propose(建议) order Ordered Order(命令) requirement required Require(要求) demand demanded Demand(要求) 17 recommendation recommended Recommend(推荐) request requested request(要求) Eg :1. he suggests that she should do it again(宾语从句) 2.His suggestion was that she should do it again(表语从句) 3.It is suggested that she should do it again(主语从语) 4.What do you think of his suggestion that she should do it again?(同位 语从句) 类似的用法: 1。某些表示必须，必要，重要，适当等形容词如necessary ,imperative, important, essential , vital ,proper 作表语，，后接的主语从句同样用 虚拟语气should+动词原形或动词原形 Eg: It is necessary that he (should )be here tomorrow 2。某些表惊奇，失望，婉惜等感情的词sorry, surprised, disappointed, strange ,a pity, a shame ,no wonder作表语时有竟然的意味，后接的两 种从句(主语从句或状语从句)，从句同样用虚拟语气，即should+ 动词原形或动词原形. Eg: I’m sorry that she should fail in the exam. It’s strange that she should fail in the exam. 注意:当insist表坚持要某人做某事时用虚拟语气，而当表坚持说， 坚持认为，表一种客观事实时用陈述语气。 Eg:?I insist that a doctor should be sent for immediately ?I insisted that I hadn’t broken the glass. 18 当suggest表建议用虚拟语气，当表暗示时用陈述语气 ?I suggest that we should set off at once. ?His pale face suggested that he was ill. IV.由it is/was about/high time that …引导的从句须用一般过去时或 should+动词原形。 Eg: it is high time that we got up /should get up now. V.有的条件句，主、从句动作时间不一致，叫错综时间条件句 Eg : If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. 如果现在一切都没准备好，明天情况就糟了。据此，要根据句子意思 来调整主句的谓语动词. Exercises: 虚拟语气专项练习题 一(选出最佳。 (1). If I you, I would go by plane. Flying is much faster. A. be B. was C. were D. am (2). I do not think those people are really English. If they were, they speak with French accents. A. don't B. will not C. mustn't D. wouldn't (3). If Jane tomorrow, what would you do? A. were not to come B. will not come C. would not come D. had not come 19 (4)--- "Where have you been?" --- "I got caught in traffic; otherwise _____ sooner." A. I would be here B. I have been here C. I had been here D. I would have been here (5). “She didn't ask me, so I didn't help her?” “You mean to say , you would have helped her ?” A. if she asked you B. if she were to ask you C. if she had asked you C. were she to ask you (6). They took the injured straight to the hospital. Otherwise some of them . A. might have died B. might die C. would die D. could die (7). If they had known him, to him? A. would they have talked B. would they talk C. had they talked D. they would talk (8). I would have gone to the concert, if I time. A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had (9) What _______you do if you won the lottery? A. will B. would C. shall D. should (10). “Why didn't you help him?” “I would have I didn't have the money.” 20 A. still B. but C. otherwise D. or (11). “Who should go to see Li Ying? He is ill today.” “I suggest Wang Hong .” A. goes B. would go C. go D. went (12). Her pale face suggested that she____ ill. A. should be B. be C. were D .was (13). The housemaster was strict. He requested that we television on week nights. A. not watch B. must not to watch C. not be watching D. have not watch (14). I can't speak Japanese, but I do wish I . A. can B. could C. had D. speak (15). “Are you enjoying your stay here?’ “Yes, very much. I wish I have to leave so soon.” A. won't B. don't C. mustn't D. didn't (16). “What will you do during the summer holidays?” “I don't know, but it's about time on something.” A. I'm deciding B. I'll decide C. I decide D. I'd decided (17). I'd rather you anything about it for the time being. A. say B. didn't say C. don't say D. not say (18). “Why do you have to be there at six?” “The teacher demands that everyone in his seat at six.” 21 A. would be B. can be C. be D. will be (19). Henry talks to his dog as if it him. A. understands B. understood C. understand D. would understand (20). Jeff looked as if he a ghost. A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. would see (21).When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _____. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken (22). There was a suggestion by the teachers that the meeting postponed for a week. A. had been B. would be C. was D. should be (23). The teacher insisted that we all back by two o'clock. A. be B. to be C. would be D. shall be (24).The girl insisted that she ______ the glass. A. should break B. broke C. have broken D. hadn’t broken (25). I didn't go to the football match, but I do wish I there. A. went B. was C. were D. had been (26).We _____ the work on time without your help. A. hadn't had finished B. didn't have finished C. couldn't have finished D. can't have finished (27).What should we do if it _____ tomorrow? A. should snow B. were to snow C. snow D. will snow 22 (28).You _____ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago. A. would B. should have C. may D. have (29).----- I can’t tell you anything about it . -----but it is very important that you ____ me all the information. A. should give B. shall give C. gave D. will be given (30). I would have called you,_____ A. if I knew you telephone number B. but I had forgotten your telephone number. C. but I forgot your telephone number D. if I had not remembered your telephone number. Keys: 1---5 C.D.A.D.C 6---10 A.A.A.B. B 11---15 C.D.A.B. D 16---20.C .B.C.B. C 21---25.D C.A.D.D 26---30C.B.B .A.C 虚拟语气的用法 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、意图、建议、惊奇、设想 等。虚拟语气在各种结构中的运用是历年三级统考必考的内容，考生必须熟练掌握。以下从 五个方面介绍。 一、虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的运用: 虚拟条件句从时间上又分为与现在事实相反，与过去事实相反，与将来事实可能相反三 种情况。表示与现在事实相反的，if从句用过去式，主句用would(或could ,should ,might) 加原形动词。与过去事实相反的，if从句用过去完成时，主句用would(或could ,should ,might) +have done结构。与将来事实可能相反的，if 从句用should (或were to )加动词原形， 主句用would加动词原形。 1、If a better material _____, the strength of the part would have been increased. A. had been used B. had been using C. being used D. using (根据前面的讲解，正确答案为A。) (1992年58题) 2、Had the weather been good, the children _____ out for a walk. A. had gone 23 B. could have gone C. would go D. went (答案:B。与过去的事实相反。当if从句中含有were, had, should这三个词时，if可以省略，主谓倒装。)(2001年57题) 二、某些动词后的宾语从句以及某些名词后的表语或同位语从句中虚拟语气的运用，这些动词或名词包括: suggest (suggestion),propose(proposal),advise (advice)demand, insist, order, request, require, recommend, desire, ask, decide等。在这些从句中，谓语形式为should加动词原形，should可以省略。 例:The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important task. A. would leave B. leave C. left D. have left (答案:B) (2002年49题) 三、在It is desired (或desirable), It is important等结构后面的主语从句中，动词用原形或should+原形动词。这些结构有: “It is suggested”, “It is requested”“,It was ordered”, “It is necessary”, “It is essential”, “It is vital”, “It is urgent”,“ It is impossible”, “It is preferable”, “It is advisable”, “It was proposed”等。 例:It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will com C. come D. may come (答案:C)(1997年29题) 四、would rather, as if/though 以及wish后边that从句中虚拟语气的运用。 1、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner. A. come B. would come C. came D. have come (答案:C。would rather 后面的从句中，动词用过去式。)(2002年46题) 2、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have know (正确答案为B。在as if/though后边的方式状语从句中，表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑，动词用过去式;如果表示的是想象中的过去的动作，用过去完成时。本句表示对现在的情况有所怀疑。)(1998年45题) 3、You look as if you had seen a ghost. 24 (此句中as if 后边是说话人想象中的动作，所以用过去完成时。) 4、I wish I knew his address. (在wish后边的从句中，如果指现在或将来的愿望，动词用过去式。这句话告诉我们说话人并不知道他的地址。) 5、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college。 A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study (答案为C。表示过去没有实现的愿望，动词用过去完成时。)(2000年32题) 五、在It is (high) time后边的that从句中，动词用过去式，表示该做某事了。 例:Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking? A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up (答案为B。)(1999年31题) 1) 虚拟语气概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。 2) 在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 三、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句 eg . If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus. ( 真实条件状语)(不是虚拟语气) If he was free, he would ask me to tell stories. (真实条件状语)(不是虚拟语气) If I were you, I would go at once. (非真实条件状语从句) If there were no air, people would die. (非真实条件状语从句) 就是 四个字:主将从现，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。 2、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法及动词形式 ? 表示与现在事实相反的情况 (条件)从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式 谓语动词用一般过去式 (be用were) should/would/could/might+动词原形(过去将来时) eg. If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你) If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道) If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水) If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。(事实: 25 没带钱) If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他在努力些，就能通过考试了。(事实:学习不用功) ?表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式 Had+过去分词(过去完成时) Should/would/could/might+ have+过去分词(现在完成将来时) eg. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了) If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话) ?表示对将来情况的主观推测(可能相反或可能性很小) 从句 主语 例句 If+主语+ ? should+动词 ? did ?were to do (?通常与一个表示时间状语连用)其 中were to do可能性最小，should/would/could/might+ 动词原形 If it rained tomorrow our picnic would be put off.万一那天下雨，我们的郊游 就推迟。 eg.If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小) If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:不知能否下雪) If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事得始末。 四、虚拟语气的其他用法 ?、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句 a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg. I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你) b、表示过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词:had+v-ed eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。(事实:原来不知道) c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词:should/would + 动词原形 eg. I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了) ?虚拟语气用在suggest(建议)、insist(坚持)、demand(要求)、order(命令)等动词后的宾语从句中。 在这种用法中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用:“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。 如 He suggested that we (should) take the teacher’s advice He insisted that we (should) take the teacher’s advice He demand that we (should) take the teacher’s advice He ordered that we (should) take the teacher’s advice 26 提问人的追问 2010-04-01 11:25 有其它句式吗,像would rather& it‘s high time that。。。后面是虚拟吗，如果是怎么用, 回答人的补充 2010-04-01 11:33 It's high time that从句是一种固定语法句式，that后一般都用过去时。我认为这不算是虚拟语气，你可以作特别记忆。回答人的补充 2010-04-01 11:44 would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 Would rather+从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿„„,还是„„ 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。 例 John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来) We’d rather he paid us the money tomorrow. 我们宁愿他明天付给我们那笔钱。 Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。 请注意 1) 如果谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather ,其(that)从句则用过去完成时。 例 Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。 2)如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。 例 I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。 He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods( 他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。 Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does(亨利希望他的女朋友和他在一个部门工作。 五、would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。 例Tom would rather/sooner read than talk( 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 Tom prefers reading to talking(汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。 请注意 1)would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形。 例 He prefers wine to beer(= He would rather drink wine than beer( 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 I prefer tennis to golf(= I’d rather play tennis than golf( 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。 2)某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来:He prefers dogs to cats((他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。)和 He would rather have dogs than cats((他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。)很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。 3) would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。 例 I’d rather fly than go by sea(=I’d prefer to fly( 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。 这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样: 例 —Would you like some gin, —I’d prefer a coffee(=I’d rather have coffee than gin( —您想喝点杜松子酒吗, —我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。 4)would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。 例 We went by sea but I’d rather have gone by air=I’d prefer to have gone by air( 我们是乘 27 船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。(我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。)这和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。 句子虚拟语气用法。 答:一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型 (1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气 A(用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:过去式(be动词用were)。 B(用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:would, could, might+ 动词原形。 C(wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为:had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。 The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. ---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” ---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” I wish that he weren’t so lazy. (2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later. (3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如: I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。 (4)It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。 It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。 (5)as, 或者whether„or„谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。 (6)由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如: She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. (7) if it were not for„与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for: If it had not been for his help (=but for his help),we would not have succeeded. (8) 虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如:She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as 28 brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。 (9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等 If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry. 二、特殊形式的虚拟语气 虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。 A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有: ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张 move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定， urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议 decree颁布(法令) pray请求 注意:这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do„来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(书面体) She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口语) She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便) B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有: advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的 determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的 complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 desirable合意的 better较好的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要 asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的 natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议 urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable (好一点) proposed提议 requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的 probable(可能的) pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾 注意:这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以用for„to do„来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 It is essential that he should be prepared for this. It is essential for him to be prepared for this. C(用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有: advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望 insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令 preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐 29 request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告 例如: This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们 的决议:要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。 The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一 个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。 三、混合虚拟语气 有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这 种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟 情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语: 时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。 If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy. A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案选C。 Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now. 混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的 不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。 I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. 该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。 Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. 该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟(如果你去并且解释的话)， 但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式 had been。 四、含蓄虚拟条件句 含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。 但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的 手段有: (1)介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。 the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。 But that she was afraid, she would have said no. (2)连词，如:so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若„„)，for fear that(唯恐)， in order that, on condition that, if only(要是„„就好了)等。 She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=If she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted. If only I had more money, I could buy a car. (注:lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不 用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如: The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以 30 免我们听不懂。 Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎， 以免会发生溢流现象。 (3)通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。 I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake. A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选 择 B。 (4)形容词及其比较级 A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes. A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done. (5)分词短语 Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident. Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father. (6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式 或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。 I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time. To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman. She would be stupid not to accept his invitation. It would be easier to do it this way. (7)名词短语和名词+and结构 A judicious man would not have committed suicide. A diligent student would have worked harder. (8)独立主格结构 All things considered, the price would be reasonable. (9)定语从句 Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same. A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight. (10)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气: I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t. The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke. (11)动词原形表示虚拟 动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条 件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。 God bless you! All magnets behave the same, be they large or small. She’ll be sixteen years odd, come May.(come May =when May come). If that be so, we shall take action at once. 教你虚拟语气的用法 推荐 虚拟语气的用法是高中语法的重点，也是高考常考的一个语法点。所谓虚 拟语气就是为表达并不可能存在的愿望、假设、猜测或是建议而采用的一种特殊句式。由于 虚拟语气句式较为复杂，适用条件十分灵活，学习者常常难以掌握和灵活运用。为帮助同学 31 们透彻把握这一重要的语法现象，本文归纳了虚拟语气的九种用法，希望对大家有所启发。 1.用于条件状语从句中 条件状语从句最典型的标志就是由if引导，虚拟语气在if引导的条件状语从句中的使用如下表: 需要注意的是，并不是所有的if引导的虚拟条件句都严格按照上表中的句式，很多情况下，if引导的虚拟条件句使用如下两种变体，这也是高考考查的难点。 1)错综时间条件句 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，主从句中的动词要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。如: If you had given him the present that evening, he would not be so angry now. (与过去事实相反)(与现在事实相反) He would graduate from a college in 4 years’ time if he had studied hard before. (与将来事实相反) (与过去事实相反) It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.(2002上海高考) A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 答案为B。 2)省略if 的虚拟倒装句 在if 引导的虚拟条件句中，有时可以省略引导词if，而把if从句中的were, had, should, would等提到句首，变成倒装句式，主句不变。如: 32 You didn’t let me drive. If we had driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired. ?You didn’t let me drive. Had we driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired. If I were a bird, I would fly to the end of the Universe. ?Were I a bird, I would fly to the end of the Universe. 但是，如果if引导的虚拟条件句中的助动词是否定形式时，不能将其否定的缩略形 式提前，而是将助动词提到句首，否定词not置于主语之后，即“助动词+主语+not+谓语” 形式。如: Were it not for the long distance, we would go camping now. Should he not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday. 2.用于宾语从句中 1)用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中。常见的这类动词有demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise等，其表示虚拟的结构为“should+动词原形”， should可以省略。例如: He insisted that we(should) leave for the airport the time she appeared. The teacher ordered that all the students (should) hand in their homework. He proposed that all the directors (should) express their ideas in written forms. 不过，上述原则有两个例外:其一，当suggest表示“暗示、表明”之意时，不用 虚拟语气，而应该用陈述语气;其二，当insist表示“坚持认为”之意时，不用虚拟语气， 应该用陈述语气。例如: ____ be sent to work there?(2002上海高考) A. Whom do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should C. Do you suggest who D. Do you suggest whom should 答案为A。 Her appearance suggests that she is living a happy life. 她的样子显示出她生活很幸福。 2)用于wish后面的宾语从句中。wish 后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不 可能实现的愿望，其构成形式为“主语+wish+that从句”，至于that从句的时态，则按照这 样一个规则:a.当表示与现在事实相反时，that从句中的谓语动词用过去式;b.当表示与过 去事实相反时，谓语动词用过去完成式，即“had+过去分词”形式。例如: ——William Tell was a brave man. ——Yes, I wish I ____ his courage. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have 该题表示的是与一般事实相反的虚拟状况，应选C。 How I wish every family ____ a large house with a beautiful garden.(2002上海高考) A. has B. had C. will have D. had had 答案为B。 3)在would rather后的宾语从句中,也用虚拟语气，that从句中的谓语用一般过去式 表示现在或将来要做的事情;用过去完成时表示过去的动作。例如: I would rather that they didn’t hear of the news. 3.用于主语从句中 33 在It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity+that结构 的主语从句中，要使用虚拟语气，即从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以 省去。例如: It is desired that all the members of club (should) strictly obey the regulation of the club. 4.用于表语从句和同位语从句中 在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位 语从句中要使用虚拟语气，构成形式为“should+动词原形”。如: We all agree to his suggestion that we should go to Beijing for sightseeing. All the directors are discussing the proposal that the company (should) reduce the staff. 5.用于as if(though), even if(though)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中 如果从句表示的动作指现在状况，则用过去式;如果表示的动作发生在过去，则用 过去完成式;如果指将来的动作，则用过去将来式。例如: When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 答案为C。 6.用于It is (high)time (that)„句型的定语从句中 在It is (high) time (that)„句型的定语从句中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或 should+动词原形，should不可省去。例如: It’s high time that we left to pick up our children from the kindergarten.,It’s high time that we should leave to pick up our children from the kindergarten. 7.用于表示委婉语气的could, would句型中 could, would在句中通常用于表示委婉的请求，实质上也是虚拟语气的用法之一， 谓语使用动词原形。例如: Would you be so kind as to tell me the truth? Could you please ask him why he refused to attend the meeting? 8.用于if only引导的感叹句中 if only引导的感叹句中应使用虚拟语气:若与现在或者将来事实相反，谓语动词用 过去式;若与过去事实相反，谓语动词使用过去完成式。例如: Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ____ your advice. (2003上海春招) A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow 答案为C。 9.用于其他表示虚拟的词或短语引导的句子中 虚拟语气除了上述几种用途外，还常见于其他一些表示虚拟的词或短语引导的句子 中，这些词或短语主要有but, without, lest, for fear that, in case, but for, otherwise, everything taken into consideration等，用法为:当主句与现在或将来事实相反则使用“would, should, might等情态动词+动词原形”结构;若主句与过去事实相反，则使用“would, should, might 等情态动词+have+过去分词”结构。例如: But for the invention of the steam engine, England ____ so rapidly last century. A. did not develop B. would not have developed C. has not been developed D. had not developed 答案为B。 练兵场: 34 1. If my brother ____ here last Sunday， he ____ me from going. A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would prevent C. were, would prevent D. were, would have prevented 2. The judge ordered that the thief ____ punished. A. would be B. should be C. were to be D. must be 3. I wish I ____ you yesterday. A. saw B. did see C. had seen D. were to see 4. The rice ____ if you had been more careful. A. wouldn’t be burning B. would not burn C. would not have been burned D. wouldn’t be burnt 5. Without electricity, human being’s life ____ different today. A. would B. will be C. would have been D. would be 6. I’d rather you ____ anything about it for the time being. A. don’t do B. didn’t do C. hadn’t done D. won’t do 7. If he ____ in a day or two, I would wait for him. A. returns B. should have returned C. were to return D. have returned 8. I would go to the concert but I ____ no time. A. had B. had had C. have D. have had 9. How nice it ____ if I ____ a sister like you! A. should be, had been B. would be, had been C. would be, had D. were, had It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 10. ____ in your position, I would go. A. If I B. Were I C. If was I D. If I am 11. ____ five minutes earlier, you could have seen them off. A. If you should arrive B. If you arrived C. Had you arrived D. Should you arrived 12. I am glad we had a map. I am sure we ____ if we ____ one. A. would have got lost, hadn’t had B. would get lost, hadn’t C. couldn’t have get lost, had had D. may get lost, don’t have 13. The doctor insisted that patient ____ seriously ill and he ____ on. A. should be, should be operated B. should have been, had been operated C. had been, should operate D. was, be operated 14. I wish my husband ____ as well as ____. A. will dress, you B. be dressed, you 35 C. dressed, you D. dress, you 15. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal. A. had scored B. scored C. would scored D. would have scored 16. What would have happened, ____ as far as the river bank? A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther 17. I was really anxious about you. You ____ home without a word. A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave 18. He suggested that the meeting ____ put off. A. not be B. should not C. wouldn’t D. be not 19. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material ____ to its burning temperature. A. is heated B. will be heated C. would be heated D. be heated 20. It’s high time that we ____ to think how to deal with the money. A. would being B. began C. begin D. begun 21. It is strange that Mr. Zhang ____ such silly mistakes. A. made B. makes C. make D. had made 22. It’s a pity that he ____ such a golden opportunity. A. missed B. misses C. had missed D. should miss 23. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ____ now. A. wouldn’t be smiling B. couldn’t have smiled C. won’t smile D. didn’t smile Key: 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.D 14.C 15.D 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.D 20.B 21.C 22.D 23.A 36