有毒中药的炮制

有毒中药的炮制 研究生课程论文(作业) 常用毒性中药炮制的研究进展 在我国中医药学几千年的发展历史沉淀中，毒性中药在疾病疗上始终占有重要的一席。毒性中药对于疾病防治具有十分积极的意义，但是毒性中药作用具有双重性,其或起沉病、愈顽疾,或使人中毒、致残、致死,故毒药之利与害,在于是否巧用、善用。而中药炮制,是降低或消除药物毒性的重要手段,尤其是随着现代科学的发展,药物化学成分及毒理作用的逐渐明确,更可通过炮制方法来进行控制,确保用药安全。因而了解毒性中药炮制原理，掌握有毒中药的正确炮制方法，能使中药材更符合治疗需要，充分地发挥疗效，同时也是保证用药安全的重要。对于毒性中药的炮制, 人们积累了大量行之有效的方法。 1毒性药物炮制的目的 毒性药物炮制的目的，主要是降低或消除药物的毒性或副作用。简单的说，就是要减低或转变毒性成分。许多中药材的毒性成分，同时又是有效成分，炮制的目的是使这些既有毒又有效的成分，控制到一个相当的量，用于临床安全有效，例如:炮制马钱子，主要目的是降低士的宁的含量，并使之酥脆，便于入丸散。《中国药典》的规定也是主要以士的宁的含量来控制生药的含量，使毒性成分含量降低。例如:川乌的浸漂，主要成分乌头碱生成次乌头碱和乌头原碱，同样具有祛风湿镇痛的作用，但毒性降低。 2毒性中药的炮制方法 我国第一部药物专著《神农本草经》就有“药有„„，有毒，无毒”，“若有毒宜制，可用相畏、相杀者。”的记载。归纳毒药的加工炮制方法，主要有以下几种: 通过加热去毒 2.1 加热去毒 所含毒性成分与治疗成分相同中药的炮制，此类药物需通过炮制将其含量控制在一定范围, 即通过炒、煨、砂烫、蒸煮等方法, 加热破坏、减少或转化毒性物质,从而达到去毒的目的。 马钱子通过砂烫至表面呈棕褐色或深褐色, 内部鼓起成小泡后, 使生品所含的番木鳖碱和马钱子碱受热分解破坏, 据报告，含马钱子炮制品的中成药，一次服用剂量含士的宁控制在6mg左右，既可达到治疗目的，又不致引起中毒反应。乌头经煎煮后, 可使剧毒的双酯型性生物碱转化为单酯型或胺醇型生物碱。干漆中含漆酚达50%~60%, 具有强烈的刺激性和毒性, 因而不宜生用, 经煅制后, 降低了毒性、刺激性,用于破瘀通经、去瘀杀虫。斑蝥、红娘虫、青娘虫经制后, 所含的毒性成份—斑蝥素(84?即升华)部分升华, 方可供药用。 2.2 水浸泡去毒 此法是古代常用去毒方法之一，用于所含毒性成分为该药治疗成分的前体物质的中药。对这类中药经过一定的炮制方法炮制后，将其毒性成分转变为毒性较低成分或rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 有效治疗成分。将有毒中药在较多量的水中浸泡, 不断翻动,多换水, 以漂去所含的某些毒质。适用于所含的毒性成份易溶于水或较易溶于水中的药物, 如川乌、草乌、半夏、南星、附子等。 乌头临床作祛风除湿、温经止痛用药，含多种生物碱，其中双脂型乌头碱毒性最强，苯甲酰单脂型乌头碱毒性较小，乌头原碱类则毒性很弱或几乎无毒，脂碱型乌头碱虽比双脂型乌头碱毒性小，但仍具相当毒性。中国药典 2005 版规定炮制方法为用水浸泡至无干心，再蒸或加水煮沸，炮制原理主要是通过加水、加热处理，使极毒的双脂型乌头碱类水解或分解成毒性较低的苯甲酰单脂型乌头碱类和几乎无毒性的乌头原碱。 半夏生服能刺激咽喉, 引起失音, 且对粘膜有强烈的刺激性,出现呕吐等。古代最早采用“汤洗”的方法去毒, 此法从汉代到唐代为半夏的主要炮制方法。后人又逐渐采用生姜、甘草、白矾、石灰等辅料长时间浸泡、漂洗药物, 其意均在制“毒”“令滑尽”, 从而使毒性降低。 水漂的毒性药物所用时间应视不同药物而定, 长者十几天, 短者几天, 只要水漂至无干心为度。对于生半夏水漂既可防止发酵, 又可降低毒性。应该注意的是,有些中药所含的毒性成份还是有效成份, 在水漂过程中应适中, 以免影响临床疗效。 2.3 加辅料去毒 历代常用的辅料是从毒性中药中毒后的解救引申出的。加工炮制时利用添加某些辅料以达到解毒的目的，常用的辅料有甘草、白矾、豆腐、食醋等。 2.3.1甘草的解毒作用 陶弘景在《名医别录》中讲到甘草“解百药毒”。其解毒机理是, 甘草含甘草甜素, 易水解生成一分子甘草次酸和二分子葡萄糖醛酸, 而葡萄糖醛酸可与很多毒物结合, 生成一种不易被人体吸收的结合型葡萄糖醛酸物质而起解毒作用, 直接用甘草汁来炮制远志、半夏和吴茱萸等药物可降低毒性。 2.3.2白矾的解毒作用 白矾易与生物碱结合, 故用白矾制乌头, 可使乌头碱在水溶液中发生沉淀而除去, 达到解毒的目的。上海医药工业研究院用白矾水溶液浸制半夏, 证实同样能消除半夏的毒性。 2.3.3醋的解毒作用 大戟、甘遂、芫花自宋代以来都用醋炙法炮制, 其目的是减低毒性。大戟所含的有毒成分为三萜类化合物及大戟甙等,大戟醋制, 三萜类成分与醋酸作用后, 生成的衍生物就没有刺激作用了。甘遂炮制研究结果也证实: 用生甘遂和醋炙甘遂的酒精浸膏或混悬液分别给小白鼠口服, 结果服生甘遂酒精浸膏的58只中死亡11只, 服炙甘遂酒精浸膏的32只无一只死亡。 2.3.4豆腐的解毒作用 豆腐含蛋白质, 而蛋白质是两性化合物, 可与鞣酸、生物碱及重金属等结合产生沉淀而降低药物的毒性。如藤黄生品有剧毒, 不可内服, 藤黄经与豆腐共煮或共蒸后, 毒性明显降低,可入丸散内服, 这是因为豆腐碱性蛋白质中和了藤黄酸降低了毒性。 2.4 压油制霜去毒 此类方法始于宋代, 多用于有毒种子类药材的炮制, 因此类药材毒性成分是油酯类。将药材去油制成松散粉末, 制霜后可除去大量油脂, 从而降低毒性。如巴豆是一种剧烈的泻下药，含巴豆油34-57%。巴豆的种仁含巴豆油, 其有毒成分主要是巴豆毒rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 素, 能溶解红细胞, 使局部细胞坏死。口服半滴至一滴即能产生严重口腔刺激症状及胃肠炎，口服20滴可中毒死亡。研究表明，通过去油成霜或加淀粉混匀稀释，可使含油量控制在15%-20%，即可安全使用。 2.5直接去除毒性部分 中药中所含毒性成分的部位易与其它部位分离，则可直接将该非药用部位除去。此类方法主要对一些动物或昆虫类中药, 如斑蝥、虻虫、红娘虫、青娘虫、蕲蛇等, 通过除去有毒的头尾或足翅, 以达到除去有毒成份的目的。《雷公炮炙论》指出: 白花蛇“头尾及骨俱大毒, 须尽去之”。蛤蚧其“毒”在眼, 炮制时需要“去眼”。又如《重修政和经史证类备用本草》中载: “凡用斑蝥„„去头、足及翅翼„„则去毒矣。”药理试验证明, 斑蝥中含的斑蝥素一部分呈游离状态, 一部分以镁盐形式存在于软组织中, 由足的关节处分泌现代炮制研究也证实蕲蛇头部毒腺中含有大量的出血性毒和溶血性毒。因此, 入药前要求除去头、足、翅降低毒性是有科学道理的。 3毒性中药的炮制原理 3.1 去除含毒性成分的部位 如蕲蛇去头部后入药，因为其头部毒腺含有大量出血性毒素，少量神经性毒素，内服后可引起内脏广泛性出血而致死。去头是为了消除毒性，去头后蛇体主要含蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸。又如斑蝥，净制去头足翅，去头翅后，Mg、Zn、Ca抗癌成分含量较高，去足翅后有害元素Pb 含量降低。 3.2 改变毒性成分 改变毒性成分的结构可使之转变成具有同样药效作用而毒性较小的物质结构，如乌头所含主要毒性成分为双酯型二萜类生物碱:乌头碱(Aconitire)。中乌头碱(Mesaconitine)和次乌头碱(Hpaconitine)。口服 0.2mg 或乌头酊 5ml 即可发生中毒反应，口服 5mg 或乌头酊 20ml 可致死。中毒症状以神经系统和循环系统为主，其次是消化系统症状，尸检可见脑部及全身各器官均有不同程度出血。乌头碱可直接毒害心肌细胞，故其心脏毒的致命性最为严重 。但是该类化合物很不稳定，遇热易被水解，其 C8 位上的乙酰基水解时失去一分子醋酸，得到单酯型乌头碱，以上 3 种成分相应的变为苯甲酰乌头碱、苯甲酰中乌头碱和苯甲酰次乌头碱，其毒性为双酯型生物碱的 1/200,1/500。 3.3 降低毒性成分含量，以降低和消除药物毒性 如斑蝥，按斑蝥素的理化特性而言，以米炒为宜。由于斑蝥素在 84?开始升华，其升华点为 110?，米炒时锅温为 128?，正适合于斑蝥素的升华，这样使斑蝥素部分升华而含量降低，从而减弱其毒性。 3.4 除去非有效的水溶性毒性成分 如朱砂，其主要含硫化汞(HgS)，含量达 96.2l%，杂质主要是游离汞和可溶性汞盐，后者毒性极大，为朱砂中的主要毒性成分。研磨水飞法 可降低可溶性汞盐含量而使朱砂毒性减小，水飞朱砂中游离汞含量低于 1μg/g，证明朱砂经水飞后可大大减少有害成分游离汞的含量。 3.5 破坏部分酶，以防止有效成分在酶的作用下生成毒性物质 如苦杏仁，其中苦杏仁苷(Amygdalin)约占 3%以上，其受苦杏仁酶和野樱酶等的水解作用而产生氢氰酸，含量一般为0.3%。氢氰酸是剧毒物质，人的致死量是 0.05g。在入汤剂煎煮过程中，有一段时间的温度适宜苦杏仁中含的苦杏仁酶和野樱酶发挥作用，使苦杏仁苷迅速酶解，放出大量氢氰酸。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 3.6 破坏毒性成分结构，使之失去活性 如全蝎，含有全蝎素(Buthatoxin)，是一种碳、氢、氧、氮、硫等元素的毒性蛋白，与蛇神经毒类似，分子量为 7000 左右，其主要毒害是麻痹呼吸。水溶液长时间放置或用 100?水加热 2h，能使毒性蛋白凝固变性而达到降低毒性目的。又如水蛭，其主要毒性成分是水蛭素(Hirudin)，能阻止凝血酶对纤维蛋白原的作用，阻碍血液凝固，20mg 水蛭素可阻止 100g 人血的凝固。水蛭素遇热、遇稀酸易被破坏。用滑石粉炒使水蛭整体均匀受热，破坏水蛭素而降低其毒性。 3.7 辅料的解毒作用 如天南星，《本草纲目》中即记载“有大毒”。成人食天南星鲜品一口或嚼其块茎数口即发生舌麻、咽痛、头晕、心慌等中毒反应。天南星的毒性成分可能是麻辣性毒性成分。天南星炮制后能解毒并增加疗效，常用辅料有解毒作用的药物如生姜、白矾、甘草等，姜矾共制是最常用的方法。其解毒机制可能为吸附毒物，改变毒物的理化性质、生理活性及增强机体解毒能力。其中生姜本身有解毒功能，并与天南星有协同作用;白矾在水中生成氢氧化铝凝胶吸附毒物，或与毒物中和而解毒;甘草酸具有类似活性炭的吸附作用，其水解产生的葡萄糖醛酸与毒物结合能加强肝脏的解毒能力。 随着现代科学的发展,药物化学成分及毒理作用的逐渐明确, 炮制工艺研究在继承传统炮制方法的基础上, 以安全有效为前提, 运用现代科学技术, 炮制工作者正逐步完善有毒药物的炮制加工技术。现已附子为例，介绍一下有毒中药炮制的现代研究。 4有毒中药炮制工艺现代研究 现附子的主要产地有四川江油、布托, 陕西汉中等地, 江油附子更有 世界的附子在中国, 中国的附子在江油 的美誉。目前附子的炮制多为产地加工, 以四川江油为主, 其加工过 煮制—浸漂—蒸煮等环节, 所得品有黑顺片、白附片等, 主要目的是减毒增程主要有浸泡— 效。由于附子的炮制机理并不完全明确, 饮片质量体系尚不完备, 加之产地存在的农户作坊式炮制加工及某些不法分子的不依法炮制, 致使附子饮片质量参差不齐, 严重影响了附子的临床疗效和用药安全。通过对附子产区民间传统炮制方法的调查, 并从炮制产物总生物碱的含量测定和炮制过程中每一步骤母液总生物碱含量的回收测定可以看出: 附子生物碱的流失主要在泡、浸、漂的过程中, 三步总计损失总生物碱80%以上, 而蒸法则可比较有效地保持成分和降低毒性。另一个流失去向是去皮。将去皮后的附子及其削下的外皮分别作薄层层析、总生物碱含量以及急性毒性试验, 表明二者接近, 因此, 若附子炮制时去皮仅为了外观, 显然无必要。卢文清等介绍糖灰火炮附子的煨制方法: 首先将附子净选、清水浸漂, 盐附子漂至以微咸为度, 捞取晾干表皮。然后进行煨制, 有两种方法, 一是柳木灰火煨制法, 一是谷壳灰火煨制法。煨附子经漂、煨、姜汁制后, 毒性小, 副作用少, 其性温和, 有回阳救逆、益气固脱, 补精髓,温肾阳, 补脑化虚痰的作用。王莉、张振东等采用加压加热的方法, 先将附子洗净, 浸入食用胆巴水中数日, 经漂洗切片后, 在适宜的条件下蒸30min, 干燥即得。此法既可破坏毒性成分生物碱, 保留强心成分, 又可简化工艺, 节省时间。杨明等用微波炮制附子, 先净附子去皮后, 入50%老水中浸泡10~15h, 再换清水浸漂20~24h。如此反复2~4次的水处理制成淡附子。再经蒸制10~20min, 晾干或烘干后, 选用2450MHz或915MHz的rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 微波机进行辐射干燥, 制得含水量为10%以下的附子。该法生产效率高, 易控制火候, 成本低, 制得附子毒性低, 药效好。吴荣祖运用现代工艺控温、控湿、常压水提、醇沉、浓缩、喷雾干燥制粒制作附子颗粒, 发现该颗粒不仅能保持传统加工品(附片) 的原有药效, 而且还表现出增效的多项试验指标, 明显提高了附子的有效性和药用价值, 为临床提供了一种高效、安全、稳定、可控的中药附子新型颗粒制剂。 5 加强中药的合理炮制的措施 要想从根本上解决中药的合理炮制问题，要从以下几个方面入手:(1)加强中药炮制的管理，制定统一的炮制标准，纳入《药品管理法》范畴管理，建立资质准入制度，由药品监督管理部门定期进行检查。(2)增加投入，加大中药炮制的硬件建设，创立新工艺，向现代化迈进，提高科技含量，营造一个良好的外部环境。(3)合理利用传统的辅料，开发高分子有效成分的辅料，寻求更多的控释、缓释以及靶向制剂。(4)加强中药炮制专业队伍的建设，在更新现有从业人员知识的同时，培养高层次专业技术人员。(5)加强对中药炮制的宣传，设置中药炮制科研机构，中医药院校开设中药炮制学专业，创办中药炮制刊物，普及中药炮制知识，提高对中药炮制工作的认识。 综上所述，毒性中药的合理炮制是临床安全应用的关键，而毒性中药的合理应用则是临床安全应用的重要环节，因此，在应用毒性中药时一定要经过严格加工炮制，且掌握好用量，防止毒副作用的发生，使毒性中药更广泛，更安全有效的应用于临床。虽然许多毒性中药经过合理的炮制后，在不影响其疗效的前提下，大大降低了其毒性，提高了临床用药的安全性。但是由于原药材质量，炮制程度以及个体差异等原因，有关毒性中药中毒的临床仍有发生，所以在炮制这一环节上，应采用合理的或更有效的炮制方法，严格控制各毒性中药中毒性成分的含量，制订科学的、量化的质量标准，以确保临床用药安全。 参考文献 [1]王琳琳等.有毒中药饮片炮制的研究概况[J](中国药房，2008，19(3):228,231( [2]蒙光容. 砂炒马钱子对番木鳖碱含量的影响. 药学通报, 1964, 10 (9): 409 [3]韩克慧, 毕淑英. 马钱子中生物碱在炮炙前后的变化.药学通报, 1964, 10 (12): 555 [4]冯宝麟. 马钱子炮制工艺的研究. 新医学杂志, 1957,(5): 48 [5]山东省历城县制药厂. 马钱子工艺的改进. 中草药通讯, 1974, (6): 35 [6]彭智聪. 斑蝥的炮制研究. 中药通报, 1982, (5): 23 [7]横田正实. 附子强心成分Higendamine的研究. 国外医学资料药学分册, 1978, (3): 179 [8]江苏新医学院. 中药大辞典. 上海: 上海人民出版社,1977. 229 [9]王筠默, 姜名瑛, 沈映君, 等. 中药药理学. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1988. 11, 2 [10]上海医学工业研究院. 中药半夏炮制的研究. 药学通报, 1960, 8 (5): 264 [11]徐楚江, 叶定江, 傅宝庆, 等. 中药炮制学. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1985. 94 [12]王爱芳, 华卫国, 吴隘敏. 藤黄炮制工艺的初步研究.中成药研究, 1988, (9): 20 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities [13]陈冀胜. 中国有毒植物. 北京: 科学出版社, 1987. 246 [14]李向高. 斑蝥的药理研究. 药学学报, 1964, (4): 160 [15]郑露露. 附子炮制中的成分流失[ J].中药通报, 1983, 8( 2): 26. [16]卢文清. 介绍糖灰火炮煨附子及作用[ J]. 中国中药杂志, 1989, 14(3): 25. [17]王莉,张振东, 杨又华. 附子炮制研究概况[ J]. 中药研究, 1994, 10(1): 63. [18]杨明, 徐楚江, 邹文铨. 附子炮制新方法: 中国,CN91110997. 8[ P]. 1992(06)17. [19]吴荣祖. 附子传统加工工艺的创新研究[ J]. 云南中医中药杂志, 2005, 26(4): 17-18. [20]邹文铨,严锐,杨明, 等.附子生用与炮用的化学研究[ J].中国中药杂志, 1995, 20( 2): 86. [21]陈幸,夏文娟. 对中国药典附子中乌头碱限量检查的商榷[ J].药物分析杂志, 1995, 15( 4): 6. rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities