一般侵权行为的无过错损失分担责任

一般侵权行为的无过错损失分担责任 对“无过错即无责任”的质疑及对“公平责任原 则”的改造 杨代雄 吉林大学法学院 副教授 我国《侵权责任法》已经颁布，但民法学界对侵权责任的一些基本问实际上尚未进行深入探究与充分研讨。在欠缺充分的学理积累情况下仓促制定的《侵权责任法》乃至民法典无异于先天不足的早产儿。身处法典化时代的民法学术共同体必须为民法典的制定提供坚实的理论支撑，以提高民法典的水准。对侵权责任而言具有根本性意义的首先是归责原则问题。我国民法学界在20世纪80年代末与20世纪90年代前期对该问题曾有过比较激烈的论争，但此后逐渐归于沉寂。近两年来随着《侵权责任法》的起草，出现了大量关于侵权责任的研究成果，但很少涉及归责原则，过于紧凑的立法进度使民法学者难以对这样的根本性问题进行深层次的思考。笔者尝试对传统的过错责任原则以及我国民法中的“公平责任原则”进行检讨，并且对无过错一般侵权行为的归责提出立法设想。 一、对“无过错即无责任”原则的检讨 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 古罗马的《阿奎利亚法》初步确立了侵权行为(私犯)的过错责任原则，中世纪的欧洲虽然一度重返结果责任原则，但自17世纪以降，过错责任原则逐渐在欧洲各国的民法学理以及民法典中走向复兴， [1]成为近代民法三大原则之一，其统治力一直延续至今。所谓过错责任原则，是指以行为人主观过错(故意、过失)为侵权责任的构成要件，它的内涵可以归结为两个方面:一是“有过错则有责任”，二是“无过错即无责任”( no liability without fault)。后者是该原 则的重心所在，也是本文检讨的对象。 过错责任原则之所以能长期主导侵权责任制度，是因为民法学者为其提供了一些看起来令人信服的理论依据—至少近现代民法学者对此有专门论述，古罗马法学家是否有专门论述有待考证。归结起来，实行过错责任原则主要有如下六条理由。 第一条理由，过错责任原则有利于维护人的尊严。该原则肯定人的自由，承认个人具有辨别是非、选择行为的能力，个人基于其自由意志从事某种行为，造成他人损害，因其具有过错，法律使其承担赔偿责任，最能体现对人的尊严的尊重。 第二条理由，过错责任原则符合道德观念。对于自己的过错行为导致的损害，应负赔偿责任，乃正义的要求;反之，若行为非出于过错，在道德上无可非议，不应负赔偿责任。 [2] loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 第三条理由，过错责任原则有利于保护行动自由。霍姆斯认为，无过错责任原则严重限制了人们的活动范围，而过错责任原则使人们的行动自由得到更大的保障，充分发挥其积极性与创造性，从而更加有利于社会利益。 [3]奥地利民法学家比德林斯基认为，无过错责任原则将会导致在其实施时毫无问题甚至看起来是有益的行为在某些情况下给行为人带来沉重的赔偿义务，严重危及每个人的行动自由，反之，过错责任原则不会损害行动自由。 [4] 第四条理由，过错责任原则有利于预防损害。对过错行为的制裁，可以指导人们的正确行为，即法律要求行为人应该尽到合理的注意，努力采取各种措施防止损害的发生，而无过错责任原则只能补救已经发生的损害，很难指导人们如何行动以避免损害的发生。 [5]波斯纳从法经济学的角度对此进行诠释:过失责任通过强制性地要求不合理行为的行为人赔偿侵害事故带来的全部损失，使法律建立了一种自利的机制，以促使行为人按照社会认可的方式行事，即无论何时当预防成本少于该事故的预期损失时，行为人则应采取相应的预防措施防止损失发生。 [6] 第五条理由，过错责任原则具有逻辑基础。行为人对因其过错行为造成的损害负责已经成为一条自然法的规则，反之，行为人对非因其过错造成的损害不负责任同样是不言而喻的，这完全合乎逻辑。 [7] loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 第六条理由，相互性理论。该理论认为，当意外事故的风险是相互的时候，事后的赔偿是不必要的，同类赔偿的存在降低了人们通过侵权责任获得明确的金钱赔偿的需要，所谓同类赔偿即遭受风险的人们通过反过来对别人施加类似风险的权利而得到了补偿，这就相当于每个人都放弃等量的安全，获得等量的自由。 [8] 以上是现有关于侵权责任的论著中常见的证成过错责任原则的理由。大多数民法学者对其深信不疑，在授课或研习的过程中几乎将其当作定理予以接受，很少有人对其正当性提出质疑。笛卡尔说过:“凡是我没有明确地认识到的东西，我决不把它当成真的接受。也就是说，要小心避免轻率的判断和先人之见。” [9]学术研究需要反思意识与批判精神，前人的见解即便已经成为通说甚至定理，也未必具有当然的合理性。尤其是对于那些已经流传数百年的理论，更需要进行理性地检验。因为人的认识终究是有局限的，往往受制于特定的理论立场、生活感受乃至时代的精神状况，在某一个时代看起来是正确的理论，随着时间的流逝以及人类经验的更新将会逐渐暴露出其隐含的缺陷。学者的使命就在于通过理性的反思揭示此种缺陷并寻求理论改进或重构，唯有如此，学术发展才是可能的。肇端于古罗马并被近代各国普遍继受的“无过错即无责任”原则的正当性需要重新审视。以下笔者将对上述诸理由予以检讨。 第一条理由只能证成“有过错则有责任”，但不能证成“无过错即无责任”。现有的论著对过错责任原则第一条理由的表述较为含loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 糊，可以用更明晰的句式将其重新表述为:之所以让致害人对受害人负损害赔偿责任，是因为法律承认他是能够进行理性选择的自由的主体，损害是其自由选择行为的后果，而承认此种自由意味着法律把行为人看作一个有尊严的人而不是那些不具备理性自由的动物。简言之，让有过错者承担责任体现了法律对其作为人之尊严的承认。笔者认为，这条理由只能证成“有过错则有责任”这一命题，而不能证成“无过错即无责任”这一命题。因为，只要执行第一个命题，让有过错的致害人承担赔偿责任，就能够表明法律承认其自由行为的能力从而承认其尊严，至于是否让无过错的致害人承担赔偿责任，与其尊严之承认并无关联。或许让无过错者承担责任对其尊严之维护并无促进作用，但却有其他方面的积极意义。可见，就“无过错即无责任”原则而言，上述第一条理由是无效的。 第二条理由的前半句是成立的，但后半句却有待推敲。无过错致害行为虽然在道德上无可非难，但不能由此得出致害人不必承担赔偿责任的结论。对不法行为的非难并不是侵权损害赔偿责任的唯一目的。从侵权责任的起源上看，它最初是一种报复方式，先是漫无节制的自由复仇，而后是同态复仇(talio )，即“以牙还牙、以眼还眼”，后来又演变为赎罪金。 [10]所谓赎罪金，即由致害人向受害人给付一定的金钱从而免受同态复仇，它具有惩罚性，超出了现代法意义上的单纯的损失赔偿。 [11]按照《十二表法》第八表第11条规定，不loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 法砍伐他人树木的，每棵处以25阿司的罚金。按照该法第八表第16条规定，对非现行盗窃犯，处以加倍于被窃物的罚金。此处所谓罚金，即脱胎于赎罪金，它的适用当然包含了法律对私犯(侵权)行为的责难与制裁，从现代法的视角看，是民事责任与刑事责任的混合体。这种混合性的侵权责任后来逐渐演变为单纯的民事损害赔偿责任。19世纪欧洲各国进行法典编纂时严格区分私法与公法，刑罚的因素被彻底地从侵权责任中排除出去，后者仅限于实际损失之赔偿。 [12]尽管现代侵权损害赔偿责任仍然包含道德上的责难因素，但学者们普遍认为，损失填补或分担也是其重要功能， [13]甚至有学者认为是最主要的功能。 [14]既然侵权责任的目的不限于对侵权行为进行道德上的非难，那么就不能排除基于其他目的对无过错的致害人进行归责，无过错未必无责任。 第三条理由以自由为价值取向，但也存在两方面的问题。首先，只考虑致害人的行动自由，未顾及受害人的利益。自由是现代法的基本价值，尽管进入20世纪之后，由于社会生活模式的变迁，自由原则因为产生一些负面的社会效应而遭受各种质疑，但其在法与伦理价值体系中的主导地位并未丧失。罗尔斯在其正义的原则体系中依然将自由置于首要的地位(自由的优先性)。但罗尔斯也指出，自由应当是平等而且与其他人的基本自由相容的自由。 [15]这意味着，自由不是无限制的。事实上，自由从来就不曾是无限制的，因为我们所说的自由是社会生活关系中的自由而不是独处孤岛上的某个人的自由，社会是由众多的人组成的，每个人都有自由，他们的自由必然是相互冲loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 突的从而必须是相互限制的，否则就只能是一个人享有无限的自由而其他人毫无自由。康德说:“权利的普遍法则可以表达为‘外在地要这样去行动:你的意志的自由行使，根据一条普遍法则，能够和所有其他人的自由并存’。” [16]行为人的自由与其他人的自由都需要得到法律的承认与保护，行为人无过错但却导致他人损害，他的自由在客观上已经侵入受害人的自由领域(财产、人身权益等都可以理解为广义的自由)，协调双方自由的正当方式是让行为人给予受害人相应的补偿，而不是以牺牲受害人的自由为代价片面地维护行为人的自由，否则就违背了平等的自由保护原则。其次，让无过错的致害人承担赔偿责任对其行动自由的限制并没有学者们想象得那么严重。实际上，过错责任原则对人们的行动自由也构成限制:任何人都需要谨慎行事，以免损害他人从而承担赔偿责任。很多学者认为，如果无过错的致害人也须承担责任，那么人们将会为了避免陷入难以预料的赔偿责任而尽量减少其行动。这种担心是多余的。就一般侵权行为而言，通常只涉及日常活动，一个普通人在日常活动中是不会意识到法律实行过错责任原则还是无过错责任原则并据此调整自己的行动计划的，甚至那些具备丰富法律知识的法律工作者通常也不会以如此专业的态度投入生活。除非实行“有过错也无责任”原则，否则，无论实行何种归责原则，人们都要照常生活，在其日常活动中都是按照一般的谨慎程度要求自己，不会因为过分担忧意外事故责任而止步不前，这样的事故发生的机率毕竟很低，时刻惦记着它无异于杞人忧天。显然，loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 一般侵权行为是否实行无过错责任原则对于人们的行动自由基本上没有太大影响。 第四条理由把过错责任原则作为预防损害的手段。该原则借助于合理的注意义务对人们的行为加以引导，确实与预防损害这一目标相吻合。让无过错的致害人承担赔偿责任意味着令其对超出过错范围的损害负责，就一般侵权行为而论，这部分责任对预防损害并无帮助。然而，预防损害仅仅是侵权责任的目的之一，无过错责任尽管无助于实现该目的，但它可以实现侵权责任的其他目的，所以仍然有其存在的依据。况且，过错责任原则的预防损害功能是以有过错者通常都能被课以责任为前提的，但在实践中由于受害人需要对致害人的过错负举证责任，所以很多情形中受害人因举证困难得不到过错责任的救济，从而导致过错责任原则对人们的警示力降低，其预防损害功能大打折扣，此种功能的实现更多地依赖于人们的道德信念而不是法律原则。 第五条理由走的是逻辑论的进路，但却恰恰存在逻辑上的错误。从“有过错则有责任”这一命题并不能合乎逻辑地推导出“无过错即无责任”的结论。从逻辑上看，在“有过错则有责任”这一命题中，“过错”是“责任”的充分条件，而在“无过错即无责任”这一命题中，“过错”则是“责任”的必要条件，充分条件与必要条件是两码事。显然，第一个命题与第二个命题之间并不存在必然的逻辑关联，loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 “有过错则有责任”并不排斥“无过错亦有责任”。第五条理由是无效的。 第六条理由看似有理，但也经不起推敲。遭受意外事故风险的人很难通过反过来对别人施加类似风险而得到补偿。只有对每个人的性格、生活习惯、性别、年龄、财富、居住地等有可能影响其活动量、活动方式与活动范围的因素忽略不计，其相互间造成对方损害的风险才可能大体上相等。但这样的忽略是不公正的，因为这些因素对于人们相互损害之风险的评估往往是至关重要的。一个生性好动、喜欢冒险的男青年与一个性情文静的女青年相互造成对方意外损害的可能性显然是不一样的，如果后者是一个年过六旬的老太太，那就更不一样了。即便承认相互施加意外损害的风险是相等的，实行“无过错即无责任”原则也是不公平的。某人在某日意外损害了另一人，尽管受害人在理论上有可能通过对致害人或其他人施加意外损害且无须负责从而得到补偿，但或许终其一生这种可能性也没有变成现实，因为意外损害他人的概率是很低的，否则也不会称其为“意外”损害。让受害人独自承受意外损害的后果，显然是不合情理的。 以上分析表明，现有的侵权责任理论并未给“无过错即无责任”原则提供真正有说服力的理由，该原则欠缺充分的正当基础。 二、现行法中的“公平责任原则”能否解决问题 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: “无过错即无责任”原则的主要缺陷在于单纯从致害人的视角进行制度，只考虑致害人的人格尊严、行动自由、道德责难以及行为引导等因素，忽略了受害人的救济问题。在法价值的层面上，可以说该原则的价值取向过于单一，偏重于自由，未充分顾及公平。我国《民法通则》对此作了一定的矫正，其在第132条规定:“当事人对造成损害都没有过错的，可以根据实际情况，由当事人分担民事责任。”《侵权责任法》第24条沿袭了这条规定。然而，《民法通则》第132条问世之后，在我国民法学界引起很大的争议，学者对其有不同的理解与评价。有学者认为，该条确立了过错责任原则与无过错责任原则之外的第三种归责原则，即公平责任原则。 [17]有学者承认该条确立了作为侵权责任归责原则的公平责任原则，但认为其存在弊端，将来制定民法典时不应继续将其作为一般的归责原则，只要在极个别情形中体现公平责任精神即可。 [18]有学者认为，该条规定的内容实际上属于无过错责任范畴。 [19]有学者认为，该条规定的是无过错情形中的损失分担而不是民事责任，所谓的公平责任原则在概念上是不成立的，因为过错责任原则与无过错责任原则本身就体现了公平，如果在这两个归责原则之外再确立一个与之并行的“公平责任”原则，实际上就否认了前两个归责原则的公平性，这显然是一个悖论。 [20]有学者虽承认该条规定了公平责任，但认为其不是归责原则，并主张应当将其适用范围限制于《民法通则》第133条和类似情形。 [21]有学者认为，该条规定的是以双方当事人的利益平衡为主观归责依据的衡平责任，称之为“公平责任”是不贴切的。 [22] loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 上述争论既有解释论层面上的也有立法论层面上的。在解释论层面上，学者们的共识是《民法通则》第132条确实是公平原则在侵权责任中的体现，问题是它在性质上是否属于作为侵权行为归责原则的公平责任原则。理论上可能存在的问题有两个:一是无过错致害人分担损失是否属于侵权责任;二是“公平责任原则”在逻辑上可否成立，能否成为与过错责任原则、无过错责任原则并列的归责原则。 第一个问题取决于对侵权责任这个概念的理解。在大陆法系民法理论中，“责任”这个概念有两种含义:一是指债务人由于该债务而要受强制执行的财产的范围，这些财产是债务履行的一般担保，即责任财产;二是指某人向他人承担损害赔偿义务。 [23]第一种意义上的责任源于日耳曼法，在罗马法中它被债务的概念所包含。 [24]第二种意义上的责任实际上就是损害赔偿债务，在罗马法中一直称之为债务而不是责任，直到19世纪末才开始有一些学者以责任这一术语指称损害赔偿债务，时至今日，此种称法已经相当普遍。侵权责任显然是第二种意义上的责任。无过错致害人向受害人支付一笔金钱以分担损失或补偿其损失，在性质上也属于损害赔偿。在德语中，用于指称损害赔偿的术语是Schadensersatz，按照权威的德语法律辞典的定义，Schadensersatz是指由某人对另一个人所遭受的损害予以补偿( Aus-gleich)。 [25] loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 可见，在正统的民法理论中，补偿与赔偿并无实质区别，补偿或分担损失之义务也属于侵权损害赔偿责任。如果我们中国民法学者觉得补偿或分担损失不属于民事责任，那是因为我们给民事责任这个术语添加了太多的额外意义，如制裁、惩罚等。实际上，制裁、惩罚只是公法上的责任(如刑事责任、行政责任)的属性，而不是民事责任的属性。“民事责任既以恢复被侵害的权利为目的，也就只能是平等主体之间的一种‘私’的关系，而不是国家与责任人之间的制裁关系”。 [26]显然，把《民法通则》第132条所规定的无过错致害人分担损失定性为一种侵权责任(公平责任)并无真正的理论障碍。 第二个问题在很多学者看来是“公平责任原则”的理论障碍，因为“公平”并非专属于《民法通则》第132条。从某种意义上说，无过错责任原则甚至过错责任原则与公平原则确有关联。公平是法的基本价值，其含义极不确定，自古以来学者们对其有各不相同的理解。在生活中，人们经常在以下情形中使用“公平”或“不公平”这样的表述:收入、机会或福利分配的公平或不公平，交易中的对价关系的公平或不公平，对某人的惩罚或赔偿责任的判决的公平或不公平。这些情形都涉及某个人所得到的东西，包括利益(如收入、福利、对价)与不利益(如惩罚、赔偿责任)。正因为如此，在西方思想传统中，公平被归结为“使每个人各得其所”(suumcuique tribuere)。 [27]如果某人得到他应得的东西，就是公平的，反之，如果某人没得到他应得的东西或得到他不应得的东西，就是不公平的。就无过错责任原则而言，其最重要的理论依据是“行为人自己承担其招致的风险”或loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 “利益所归之处亦为损失归属之所”。 [28]前者隐含了公平理念，认为承担风险是风险制造者应得的东西。后者更是直接指出，在取得利益的过程中给他人造成损害者，从该利益中予以赔偿是公平的， [29]这种观念具有悠久的历史，19世纪末期德国民法学者翁格尔(Unger)与巴荣(Baron)等在论证危险责任的时候就曾以公平原则为依据提出“自己的利益自担风险，别人的利益别人承担风险”( eigenes Interesseeigene Gefahr, fremdes Interesse fremde Gefahr)的主张。 [30]就过错责任原则而言，让有过错的致害人承担赔偿责任这种不利益的结果，也体现公平原则，当然，这只适用于“有过错则有责任”原则，“无过错即无责任”原则并不符合公平原则。尽管无过错责任原则与过错责任原则在一定程度上也体现公平原则，但这并不能成为否定公平责任原则的充分理由。民法基本原则既有普适性，也有体系性—各基本原则以相互协作或相互限制的方式构成一个民法内部体系。 [31]普适性意味着某一项基本原则体现于众多的下位原则或规则之中，体系性意味着若干项基本原则相互协作共同支撑某一条下位原则或规则，或者分别支撑某一条下位原则或规则并使其相互制约。侵权行为诸归责原则均符合公平原则，这是基本原则普适性的体现。之所以把《民法通则》第132条称为公平责任原则，而不把过错责任原则与无过错责任原则也称为公平责任原则，是因为过错责任原则(严格地说仅限于“有过错则有责任”原则)除了以公平原则为正当基础外，还以其他的基本原则或理念为基础，如自由意志、loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 道德责难等，即，它蕴含了一个内部体系。无过错责任原则除了与公平原则相关之外，还担负着其他功能，如由无过错致害人投保从而将赔偿之负担转移给保险机构以及社会大众共同承担。 由上可见，只有《民法通则》第132条是以公平原则为唯一的正当基础，将其称为公平责任原则是顺理成章的，这种称法并不否定“有过错则有责任”原则与无过错责任原则的公平性。就像可撤销、可变更法律行为既包括因欺诈、胁迫而达成的法律行为，也包括显失公平的法律行为，前两种法律行为在内容上往往也是有失公平的，但这并不妨碍“显失公平的法律行为”这一概念的独立性。 以上分析表明，在解释论层面上“公平责任原则”是成立的，它是《民法通则》所确立的侵权行为归责原则之一。然而，从立法论的视角看，此项归责原则却有诸多缺陷。首先，该归责原则的适用与否是不确定的。按照《民法通则》第132条的规定，在双方当事人对于造成损害都没有过错时，可以根据实际情况，由当事人分担民事责任。“可以”这个词意味着公平责任原则并非当然适用的，法官在个案中既可以适用该原则让无过错致害人分担损失，也可以不适用该原则从而让受害人独自承担损失。究竟是否适用公平责任原则，取决于法官的意志。其次，该归责原则的适用结果是不确定的。无过错致害人究竟承担多少赔偿责任，是由法官在个案中“根据实际情况”加以具体确定的。至于“实际情况”包括哪些，无法借助于民法解释加以确定。学者们对此有不同的理解，有人认为“实际情况”包括损害程loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 度与双方的经济状况， [32]有人认为包括损害程度、损害发生的环境、当事人的受益情况及经济状况， [33]有人认为仅指当事人的经济状况。 [34]即便可以确定包括哪种“实际情况”，此种实际情况本身也是极具弹性的，无论是当事人的经济状况，还是损害程度，或者损害发生的环境，都是难以确切把握的。这必然导致在实践中公平责任原则适用结果存在很大的不确定性。再次，该归责原则的适用范围也不甚明确。由于《民法通则》第132条位于特殊侵权责任规范(第121-127条)之后，与其相邻的第130条(共同侵权)、第 131条(过失相抵)既可以适用于一般侵权责任，也可以适用于特殊侵权责任， [35]那么，第132条的适用范围能否作同样的解释，使其也适用于特殊侵权责任?这是很有疑问的。有不少学者认为，对该条的适用范围应当从严解释;王竹在《我国侵权法上“公平责任”源流考》一文中通过考察《民法通则》第131-133条的立法史，认为第132条与第133条具有内在关联，对二者应当作整体性理解，将第132条的适用范围限缩至第133条之情形。一个法律条款的适用范围在解释上具有这么大的伸缩性，显然是不可取的。最后，“由当事人分担民事责任”这一表述有逻辑错误。如前所述，民法中的责任指的是一种损害赔偿债务，而债务是一方对另一方负担的给付义务，在双方当事人都无过错的情形中，“由当事人分担民事责任”意味着受害人也须承担责任，但受害人客观上却不可能对致害人负担赔偿债务，因此，“分担责任”这个表述在逻辑上是不成立的，只能称之为“分担损失”。 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 总之，《民法通则》第132条所确立的公平责任原则存在很大的弊端，不但不能有效地弥补“无过错即无责任”原则的不足，还容易产生负面效应，其在适用与否、适用范围以及适用结果等方面所存在的巨大的可伸缩性给法官滥用权力提供了便利，导致裁判结果的不公平。就我国目前法律发展阶段而言，法律规范还是应当具体明确一些，不应过多地使用像《民法通则》第132条这样的弹性条款。《侵权责任法》第24条规定:“受害人和行为人对损害的发生都没有过错的，可以根据实际情况，由双方分担损失。”《侵权责任法》第24条规定也属于公平责任原则，与《民法通则》第132条相比，明显的改进之处是把“分担民事责任”改为“分担损失”，避免了表述上的低级错误。不过《侵权责任法》在其他方面并无改进。从位置上看，《侵权责任法》第24条远离该法第6条关于过错侵权责任的一般规定，与侵权责任的形式及赔偿范围等条款相邻，而这些条款既适用于一般侵权行为，也适用于特殊侵权行为，所以很容易使人以为公平责任原则的适用范围不限于一般侵权行为，但这却显然有悖于其本质，不能不说是立法设计上的一大缺陷。 三、作为一般侵权行为归责原则的无过错损失分担原则 尽管《民法通则》第132条所确立并由《侵权责任法》第24条沿袭的公平责任原则存在诸多缺陷，但它却开启了一个正确的方向，即对“无过错即无责任”这条不公平的原则的矫正。只要沿着这个方向更坚决地走下去，就能到达正义之城。为此，在将来编纂民法典时，loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 需要对《侵权责任法》第24条进行相应的改造，使其能够真正地实现公平理想。 公平可以归结为“使每个人各得其所”，这个观念根源于亚里士多德的公正理论。在《尼各马可伦理学》中，亚里士多德对公正作了比较详尽的论述，包括总体的公正与具体的公正。具体的公正涉及平等问题，被划分为分配的公正与矫正的公正。 [36]分配的公正涉及荣誉、钱物或其他可析分的共同财富的分配，亚里士多德认为，公正地分配就是按比例地分配，即两个人之比等于两份物之比，而两个人所比的对象可能是身份的高低、财富的多寡，也可能是德性或贡献的大小，依据这些属性之比率来分配，使每个人得到其应得的东西。矫正的公正涉及私人之间的交易，包括出于意愿的交易与违反意愿的交易，前者如买卖、租赁、信贷，后者如盗窃、抢劫、致人伤残、侮辱。对于这两种交易，如果一方做了不公正的事，另一方受到不公正的对待，或者一方伤害了另一方，法官就要在双方之间恢复平等，这就是矫正的公正。 [37]亚里士多德所谓违反意愿的交易实际上就是我们今天所说的侵权行为，之所以将其称为交易，是因为它导致私人之间的利益变动，在这一点上与买卖、租赁等交易行为类似。那么，如何实现矫正的公正?对此，亚里士多德认为，应当寻求得与失之间的适度，法官需要剥夺行为人之得并以之弥补受害人之失。 [38]这样，双方就“各得其所”了。 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 亚里士多德的矫正公正理论最能发挥解释力的是如下情形:某人偷了另一个人的财物，窃贼有所得，受害人有所失，得与失在数额上相等，矫正的公正要求剥夺窃贼之所得并返还给受害人。在很多情形中，受害人有所失，致害人看起来却并无所得，比如某人把另一个人打伤了。不过，亚里士多德所谓的“得”与“失”的内涵比较丰富，得就是在善上过多，在恶上过少;失是在恶上过多，在善上过少。 [39]在其伦理学中，“善”指的是人们在各种活动中所追求的东西，如财富、健康、友爱等， [40]我们在此处可以将其理解为对自己有利的东西，反之，“恶”可以理解为对自己不利的东西。这样，在打人案中，致害人之得就是在恶上过少，即对他自己不利的东西过少(没受损失)，受害人之失就是在恶上过多，即对自己不利的东西过多(受到损失)。矫正的公正寻求得与失之间的适度，剥夺致害人不应得的东西，弥补受害人不应失的东西，即，让致害人承担其行为的不利后果(医疗费用等损失)，反之，不让受害人承担不利的后果。之所以说“致害人没受损失”是其“不应得到的东西”，是因为他实施了“打人”这一恶行，在道德上是可责难的，承受其恶行的不利后果是其应得的东西。 那么，在意外致害的情形中，如何寻求得与失之间的适度以实现矫正的公正?由于致害人是无辜的，由其承担全部损失会导致其“在恶上过多”;受害人也是无辜的，如果法官置之不顾，由其独自承担全部损失也会导致其“在恶上过多”。两种处理方式都是不公正的，都将使双方处于不平等状态。不偏不倚的做法是让双方当事人各承担loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 一半的损失，即让无过错的致害人负担一半损失的赔偿责任。尽管亚里士多德没有对此种情形中的矫正公正进行专门的论述，但他说:“公正也就是某种中间，因为法官就是一个中间人，法官要的是平等„„平等是较多与较少的算术的中间。” [41]显然，让意外致害人与受害人不多不少地各分担一半损失是符合其矫正公正理论的，双方当事人都“各得其所”。现代民法学者可能会觉得这种处理方式太过简单化，但有的时候，简单的方法恰恰是最好的方法，而且可能也是最符合民众法意识与道德信念的方法，因为民众的观念通常是很朴实的。事实上，这种“简单”的处理方式也符合现代伦理哲学中的公平正义观。罗尔斯的第一条正义原则是“每个人对与其他人所拥有的最广泛的基本自由体系相容的类似自由体系都应有一种平等的权利”。 [42]该原则虽然仅涉及基本自由的平等分配，但可以将其扩及于生活基本风险的平等分配，意外事故是社会生活中的一种基本风险，由此产生的损失应当由双方当事人平等地分担，这样才符合公平正义理念。 据此，笔者认为应当将《侵权责任法》第24条改造为如下条文:“致害人与受害人对造成损害都没有过错的，由双方各承担一半损失。”该条适用于一般侵权行为，不适用于特殊侵权行为，后者的无过错致害人须承担全部赔偿责任。因此，在将来编纂民法典时，应当loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 把该条置于过错侵权责任的一般规定之后，使二者共同成为一般侵权责任的主观要件条款。 除了法条位置上的改进之外，与《侵权责任法》第24条规定的公平责任原则相比，本文所确立的一般侵权行为无过错损失分担责任还有如下三点改进。 第一个改进是把“根据实际情况，由双方分担损失”改为“由双方各承担一半损失”，使法律适用的结果变得确定。 从司法实践以及比较法上看，传统的公平责任考虑的主要是双方当事人的财产状况，所谓的“损害程度”往往也是与财产状况相联系予以考虑的，因为只有这样才能断定损害程度是否超出当事人的承受能力。根据财产状况决定无过错致害人是否承担责任以及承担多大责任的主要理由是以致害人的财富接济比较贫穷的受害人，翁格尔称之为“财富产生债务”。有学者指出:“强者对弱者的扶持、富有者对贫困者的救济，乃是致害人虽无过错，但受害人因之造成损失的特定条件下社会公平的要求，唯其如此，才能充分体现衡平责任成为法律规则的巨大社会意义。” [43]这样的论断显然深受私法社会化思潮的影响。自20世纪初以来，民法越来越强调社会义务与责任，强调对社会弱者的保护，强调契约关系的均衡与公平，使得民法中的“社会因素”显著加强。 [44]德国学者将这种趋势称为私法的实质化，即以权威主义方式实施社会保护义务，注重法律主体的实质平等与自由而不是像古典私法那样满足于形式平等与自由，国家更为积极地对loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 社会生活过程进行导控，通过有关劳动、安全、健康、住宅、最低收入、教育的法律，确保每个人都具有符合人类尊严的生活的物质条件，福利国家由此产生。 [45]尽管福利国家的法律范式有助于克服自由主义法律范式的一些弊端，但它本身也是很危险的。哈贝马斯对此进行了深刻地批判，他认为，福利国家的法律范式是一种家长主义，通过对个人的职业与生活提供无微不至的关怀，使个人依附于国家的各种功能系统，从而危害了个人的自主性，而它本来所要推进的恰恰就是这种自主性，从这个意义上说，它并不比自由主义法律范式高明多少。 [46]我们虽然不能完全否定福利国家的法律范式，但至少在民法领域不应该对其给予过高的期待。只有在当事人的社会经济地位差距悬殊从而严重地影响私法自治并且成为一个比较普遍的现象的前提下，公权力才能主动干预、导控私法关系，最典型的例子是对格式条款与劳动的规制以及对消费者的特殊保护，其目的是为了真正地实现交易双方的平等性，防止一方当事人吃亏。即便是在这些情形中，公权力的干预与导控也须依据明确的具体的规则。 《民法通则》第132条及《侵权责任法》第24条的公平责任并不符合这些前提条件，它实际上是以模糊的条款授权法官在个案中“劫富济贫”。贫弱的受害人可能确实需要国家的特殊救助，但那不是民法的任务，而是社会保障法或其他以再分配为目标的法律的任务。民法作为私法，只能在分配公正的假定下保护私人之间的公正的loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 利益变动并对不公正的利益变动予以矫正。此处所谓的“不公正”仅仅是指利益变动本身的不公正，但并不包括利益变动之前双方财富占有的不公正。如果双方当事人的财富差距悬殊并且这种差距违背了分配公正原则，那么国家应该通过征税(所得税、遗产税等)以及福利制度进行调节，而不是利用富人意外损害了穷人这个机会恣意地直接进行“均贫富”。因为，分配公正是公法上的问题而不是私法上的问题。 [47] 第二个改进是把《侵权责任法》第24条的“可以适用”改为“必须适用”。只要一方当事人导致另一方当事人的权益受损害，双方都无过错从而不适用过错责任，就必须适用无过错损失分担责任。易言之，在是否适用此种责任上，法官没有自由裁量权。 第三个改进是通过改变无过错损失分担责任条款的位置，明确了其适用范围，使其仅适用于一般侵权行为，从而在解释论上避免了关于适用范围的不必要的争论。 一般侵权行为的无过错损失分担责任在本质上也是一种公平责任，它以矫正公正意义上的公平原则为唯一的正当基础，而《民法通则》第132条及《侵权责任法》第24条规定的公平责任则是掺杂了分配公正的因素，并非纯粹的矫正公正。从某种意义上说，《民法通则》第132条及《侵权责任法》第24条规定的公平责任体现的是一种柔性公平，这种公平责任依赖于法官在个案中根据具体情况进行公平考量，因此在很多方面都是不确定的。也正是因为这种高度的不确loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 定性所带来的危险，使得《德国民法典》的起草者放弃了第二草案第752条，该条规定了一般性的公平责任，适用于因致害人无过错而不成立过错责任的任何情形。 [48]最终颁布的《德国民法典》中的公平责任仅限于无责任能力人的赔偿责任(《德国民法典》第829条)。 与此不同，本文所提出的一般侵权行为无过错损失分担责任体现的是一种刚性公平，不考虑与损害事实无关的当事人的具体情况，只对因损害事实而导致的双方利益变动予以矫正以恢复平等，可以说是“对事不对人”的。这种意义上的公平责任既能贯彻公平原则，又能避免法律适用的不确定性，是合乎理性的立法选择。 注释: [1]参见王卫国:《过错责任原则:第三次勃兴》，中国法制出版社2000年版，第31-69页。 [2]参见王泽鉴:《侵权行为法(第1册):基本理论。一般侵权行为》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版，第13、14页。 [3]参见张民安:《过错侵权责任制度研究》，中国政法大学出版社2002年版，第89页。 [4]Franz Bydlinski, System und Prinzipien des Privatrechts, Springer Verlag, Wien, 1996, S. 189. loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: [5]参见王利明:《侵权行为法归责原则研究》，中国政法大学 出版社1992年版，第40页。 [6][美]马丁•斯通:《侵害与受害的意义》，载[美]格瑞尔德•J. 波斯特马主编:《哲学与侵权行为法》，陈敏、云建芳译，北京大学 出版社2005年版。 [7]参见孔祥俊:《论侵权行为的归责原则》，载《中国法学》 1992年第5期。 [8][美]葛瑞高瑞•C.克廷:《意外事故侵权法的社会契约观念》， 载[美]格瑞尔德•J.波斯特马主编:《哲学与侵权行为法》，陈敏、 云建芳译，北京大学出版社2005年版。 [9][法]笛卡尔:《谈谈方法》，王太庆译，商务印书馆2000年 版，第16页。 [10]参见周枏:《罗马法原论》(下册)，商务印书馆2004年版， 第843页。 [11] See Max Kaser, Roman Private law, translated by Rolf Dannenbring, University of South Africa Press, Pretoria,1984, p.249. loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 [12] Hans Hattenhauer, Grundbegriffe des Burgerlichen Rechts: Historisch-dogmatische EinfUhrung, 2. Aufl., Verlag C.H. Beck, Munchen, 2000, S. 119. [13]参见张新宝:《侵权责任法原理》，中国人民大学出版社2005年版，第21、22页。 [14]参见彭诚信:《民事责任现代归责原则的确立》，载《法制与社会发展》2001年第2期。 [15][美]约翰•罗尔斯:《正义论》，何怀宏等译，中国社会科学出版社1988年版，第61页。 [16][德]康德:《法的形而上学原理—权利的科学》，沈叔平译，商务印书馆1997年版，第41页。 [17]参见刘士国:《论侵权损害的公平责任原则》，载《法律科学》1989年第2期;蓝承烈:《论公平责任原则》，载《学习与探索》1987年第3期;王利明:《侵权行为法归责原则研究》，中国政法大学出版社1992年版，第120页;徐爱国:《重新解释侵权行为法的公平责任原则》，载《政治与法律》2003年第6期。 [18]参见孔祥俊:《论侵权行为的归责原则》，载《中国法学》1992年第5期。 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: [19]参见崔建远:《民事责任三论》，载《吉林大学社会科学学报》1987年第4期;房绍坤、武利中:《公平责任原则质疑》，载《法律科学》1988年第1期。 [20]参见米健:《关于“公平”归责原则的思考》，载《中外法学》1997年第1期。 [21]参见王竹:《我国侵权法上“公平责任”源流考》，载《甘肃政法学院学报》2008年第2期。 [22]参见李开国:《侵权责任构成理论研究—一种新的分析框架与路径的提出》，载《中国法学》2008年第2期。 [23][德]迪特尔•施瓦布:《民法导论》，郑冲译，法律出版社2006年版，第168页。 [24]参见杨代雄:《我国民法典中债权法的体系构造》，载《法学杂志》2007年第6期。 [25]Creifeld, Weber, Guntz(Hg.)，Creifelds Rechtsworterbuch, 19. Aufl., C. H. Beck, Munchen, 2007, S. 999. [26]郭明瑞主编:《民法》，高等教育出版社2007年版，第36页。 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 [27][英]彼得•斯坦、约翰•香德:《西方社会的法律价值》，王 献平译，中国法制出版社2004年版，第92页。 [28]参见王军:《侵权法上严格责任的原理和实践》，法律出版 社2006年版，第108、109页。 [29]参见于敏:《日本侵权行为法》，法律出版社1998年版， 第12页。 [30] Rttmelin, Die GrUnde der Schadenszurechnung und die Stellung des deutschen burgerlichen Gesetzbuchs zur objektiv-en Schadensersatzpflicht, J. C. B. Mohr, Freiburg und Leipzig, 1896, S. 31. [31] Karl Larenz, Methodenlehre der Rechtswissenschaft, 6. Aufl., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1991，S.476. [32]参见王利明:《侵权行为法归责原则研究》，中国政法大学 出版社1992年版，第115页。 [33]参见郭明瑞主编:《民法》，高等教育出版社2007年版， 第597页。 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: [34]参见孔祥俊:《论侵权行为的归责原则》，载《中国法学》1992年第5期。 [35]《人身损害赔偿解释》第2条第2款规定:“适用民法通则第106第3款规定确定赔偿义务人的赔偿责任时，受害人有重大过失的，可以减轻赔偿义务人的赔偿责任。”《民法通则》第106条第3款规定的是无过错责任原则，由此可见，过失相抵也适用于无过错责任。 [36]我国也有学者将其称为分配正义与矫正正义。在某些场合，两者的含义大致相同，因此，两种称法都是可以的。 [37][古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》，廖申白译注，商务印书馆2003年版，第131-137页。 [38][古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》，廖申白译注，商务印书馆2003年版，第137、138页。 [39][古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》，廖申白译注，商务印书馆2003年版，第138页。 [40][古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》，廖申白译注，商务印书馆2003年版，第17页。 [41][古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》，廖申白译注，商务印书馆2003年版，第138页。 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 文章来源:中顾法律网 上网找律师 就到中顾法律网 快速专业解决您的法律问题 [42][美]罗尔斯:《正义论》，何怀宏等译，中国社会科学出版社1988年版，第60、61页。 [43]陈慧谷:《衡平责任原则探究》，转引自王利明:《侵权行为法归责原则研究》，中国政法大学出版社1992年版，第117页。 [44][德]卡尔•拉伦茨:《德国民法通论》，王晓晔等译，法律出版社2003年版，第68-74页。 [45][德]哈贝马斯:《在事实与规范之间—关于法律和民主法治国的商谈理论》，童世骏译，生活•读书•新知三联书店2003年版，第499-506页。 [46][德]哈贝马斯:《在事实与规范之间—关于法律和民主法治国的商谈理论》，童世骏译，生活•读书•新知三联书店2003年版，第505-509页。 [47][德]G•拉德布鲁赫:《法哲学》，王朴译，法律出版社2005年版，第33页。 [48] E. Goldmann&L. Lilienthal, Das Burgerliche Gesetzbuch, Bd. I, Allgemeiner Theil und Becht der Schuldverhaltnisse,2. Aufl., Berlin, Verlag von Franz Dahlen, 1903，S.898. loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 出处:《华东政法大学学报》2010年第3期 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: