幼儿园大班韵律活动

幼儿园大班韵律活动:敲敲乐 作者:颜瑶卿 来源:浙江省杭州市胜利瑞丰幼儿园 上传时间:2011-05-12 思路 一次偶然的机会，我欣赏到由一群中学生表演的竹子民间舞蹈——《蕲竹舞》，既吸收了传统艺术元素，又整合了现代舞蹈、音乐、灯光等时尚元素，妙趣横生，我被这个舞蹈所深深吸引。让幼儿从小接触优秀的民间舞蹈作品，并由此领略其中蕴含的真、善、美和谐统一的核心思想，是幼儿园音乐教育活动追求的目标之一，于是我们有了设计这个音乐活动的想法。 我们对音乐作品《蕲竹舞》进行了一定的改编(见附后乐谱)，将作品改编为AB结构，使AB两段乐曲具有鲜明的对比效果:A段旋律活泼欢快，表现敲击身体的动作;B段旋律强烈、富有震撼力，音乐的乐句为a+b结构(并以对答句的形式呈现，前半乐句a有旋律，此部分创编造型动作，后半乐句b仅由排鼓按,×××× ×××× ×× ×,的节奏型演奏，此部分创编敲击动作，随乐表演时让幼儿轮换选择a部分或b部分进行表演，使幼儿有比较充分的思考反应时间。整个活动设计为三个层次，循序渐进，让幼儿在每一次的音乐学习中都能获得快乐体验。 活动一 敲敲多变的鼓 活动目标 1(感受乐曲的旋律和结构，并能用手敲击身体和敲击鼓面等相应动作表现A段的欢快与B段的强烈。 2(体验与同伴合作造型、敲击，共同游戏的快乐。 活动准备:切好的音乐，观看过各种各样鼓的造型，幻灯片。 活动过程 1(导入。 师:今天我们来玩一玩敲鼓，我们要来敲各种各样有力量的鼓，敲鼓前我们先来敲敲身体做做热身运动。 2(感受A段乐曲，并随A段音乐敲击身体的某个部位做热身准备。 师:我们可以用手敲身体的哪里呢?(根据幼儿的回答，随A段音乐敲击身体的一个部位) 3(感受B段乐曲，尝试用一只手掌当鼓面造型，另一只手敲击鼓面来表现B段乐曲应答的句式。 (1)出示一个鼓面的幻灯片，以够用为原则探索一个鼓面不同方位的造型动作。 师:热身运动做好了，我们先来敲一个在上面的鼓，我们的手上没有鼓，怎么办呢?我们用一只手掌来变鼓面，仔细看我是怎么变的。(教师示范变鼓动作，幼儿模仿) 师:鼓除了在上面还可以在哪里呢? (全体幼儿根据回答做出用手掌向下、向左、向右的造型动作) (2)欣赏教师随乐表演变一个鼓面的造型动作。 师:现在我来变鼓，看看我变了几次?(四次)每次变得一样吗?(不一样) (3)幼儿跟随教师表现一个鼓面的造型动作。 师:我们一起来变一变，注意在“准备、一二”的时候做好准备，在变的时候马上变出来。(幼儿模仿练习一遍) 第四次和前面变的有什么不一样?第四次是变了很长时间才停住的，前三次是变出来马上停住的。(教师分别哼唱第四句和前三句，幼儿随乐表现变鼓动作) that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, (4)跟随B段乐曲(慢速)进行一个鼓面的造型、敲击动作。 (5)跟随B殴乐曲(原速)进行一个鼓面的造型、敲击动作。 4(随乐表现A、B两段乐曲的敲击动作。 师:现在我们将敲身体和敲鼓连起来玩一遍。 5(尝试用两只手掌表现鼓面的造型动作，两两合作敲击。 (1)出示两个鼓面的幻灯片，尝试用两只手掌表现两个鼓面的造型动作。 师:除了可以敲一个鼓，还可以怎么敲? (敲两个鼓)这两个鼓怎么变? (幼儿表现幻灯上两个鼓面的造型动作) 两个鼓除了这样变，还可以怎么变? (幼儿创编动作，教师积极模仿幼儿的动作) (2)幼儿表现两个鼓面的造型动作，教师用手敲击。 师:你们的两只手都当鼓了，谁来敲呢? 我来当鼓手，你们一定要变出让我敲得到的鼓，注意这一次我不用动作提醒，你们可要自己变出各种各样有力量的鼓。(幼儿随乐变鼓，教师敲击鼓面，并发出“嘿嘿”的声音) (3)幼儿一边发出“嘿嘿”声，一边表现鼓手敲击动作。 师:你们变出了那么多有力量的鼓，我也想来变鼓，你们来当鼓手“嘿嘿”敲一敲。(幼儿随乐练习空手敲击一遍) (4)教师表现两个鼓面的造型动作，幼儿敲击。 (5)幼儿两两合作表现两个鼓面的造型、敲击动作。 师:现在请你们和好朋友一起来合作敲一敲，先商量好谁来当鼓，谁当鼓手。(幼儿在位置上随乐两两合作造型、敲击第一遍) 合作的时候有没有遇到什么问题?现在请你们交换角色，再来玩一遍。(幼儿在位置上随乐两两合作造型、敲击第二遍) 师:现在请你们和好朋友找个空位置商量好谁来当鼓，谁当鼓手，这一次我们要连起来玩两遍，中间我们直接换角色。(幼儿找空位置，两两合作表现乐曲两遍) 6(尝试合作表现一套鼓的造型、敲击动作。 (1)出示并引导幼儿观察一套鼓的幻灯片。 师:这一次我们要来敲一套鼓，这套鼓有的高有的低，有的在前有的在后，有的在左有的在右„„ (2)请几位幼儿合作表现一套鼓的造型动作，教师进行敲击表演。 师:谁来挑战变一套鼓呢?现在我来做鼓手，你们在变鼓的时候，马上合作变出鼓来。(师幼随乐表现，教师要尽可能敲击到每一位幼儿变出的鼓面) (3)幼儿分成三组，与客人老师合作表现一套鼓的造型动作，客人老师表现即兴的敲击动作。 活动二 竹儿响咚咚 活动目标 1(进一步熟悉乐曲的旋律和结构，并能跟随乐曲表现竹棍敲击身体和敲击竹棍的动作。 2(在敲击竹棍的比赛情境中，尝试探索用一根竹棍进行造型、用竹棍敲击竹棍动作来表现B段乐曲的应答句式。 3(合作时能用眼神与同伴进行交流，体验使用竹棍进行游戏的乐趣。 活动准备 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, 1(每人一根竹棍。 2(幼儿学过竹棍操，并探索使用竹棍进行各种造型。 活动过程 1(复习敲鼓动作。 (1)师幼随乐进行左右手互动敲鼓动作。 (2)两两合作进行变鼓造型、敲击动作。 2(尝试探索用一根竹棍进行造型、敲击的动作表现B段乐曲应答的句式。 (1)交代比赛内容。 师:今天在这里要举行一场敲击比赛，会是什么呢?变变变，变出了一根什么? (竹棍)今天在这里要举行一场用竹棍进行造型、敲击的比赛。 (2)探索用一根竹棍进行造型的各种动作。 (3)创编用竹棍敲击竹棍的节奏型:?|×一×一 |?|××××|?|××××××|。 (4)幼儿自选敲击节奏型，两两合作，跟随B段音乐进行竹棍的造型和敲击动作。 3(两两合作随A、B两段乐曲进行竹棍敲击动作。 A段音乐，幼儿使用竹棍敲击身体部位;B段音乐，轮换进行使用竹棍造型、敲击动作。 4(将幼儿平均分成两组进行敲击比赛，每组中一位幼儿当敲击手用竹棍进行敲击，其余幼儿用竹棍合作造型。 活动三快乐竹棍舞 活动目标 1(进一步熟悉乐曲的旋律和结构，并能跟随乐曲表现两根竹棍敲击身体和敲击竹棍的动作。 2(创编用两根竹棍进行造型、竹棍和竹棍相互敲击的各种动作来表现B段乐曲的应答句式。 3(初步感受竹棍舞的特点，体验随乐跳舞的乐趣。 活动准备 1(每人一对小竹棍，每人一顶竹叶头饰。 2(了解竹棍舞的特点，幼儿观看过舞蹈《竹棍舞》VCD。 活动过程 1(复习使用一根竹棍进行造型、敲击动作。 (1)幼儿随乐进行左、右手互动敲鼓动作。 (2)两两合作进行一根竹棍造型、敲击动作。 2(尝试探索用两根竹棍进行造型，用竹棍敲击竹棍动作表现B段乐曲应答的句式。 (1)尝试探索两根竹棍的各种造型动作。 师:刚才我们进行了一根竹棍的造型敲击，现在我们要挑战两根竹棍的造型敲击，两根竹棍可以怎么造型呢?(启发幼儿创编各种使用两根竹棍进行造型的动作，并请几位幼儿上来展示，教师进行积极评价) (2)幼儿随乐创编两根竹棍造型动作，教师进行竹棍和竹棍的敲击动作。 (3)尝试探索各种竹棍敲击竹棍动作。 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, 师:刚才我们创编出了各种各样用两根竹棍造型的动作，那竹棍和竹棍可以怎么敲呢?(启发幼儿根据他们的回答，摆弄竹棍做出不同的敲击动作) (4)教师随乐创编竹棍造型动作，幼儿随乐创编敲击动作。 (5)合着音乐轮换完整创编B段用两根竹棍造型和敲击的各种动作。 教师请喜欢进行造型和喜欢敲击的幼儿分别站成两排，随乐完整创编B段两根竹棍造型和敲击的各种动作。 (6)幼儿两两合作，跟随B段音乐进行两根竹棍造型和敲击的动作。 3(两两合作，随A、B两段乐曲进行竹棍敲击动作。 A段音乐，幼儿使用两根竹棍敲击身体部位;B段音乐，两两合作进行使用两根竹棍造型、敲击的动作。 4(游戏:竹棍乐。 师幼戴上竹叶头饰。A段音乐，幼儿一边自由走动一边用两根竹棍敲击身体的不同部位，到句尾找到自己喜欢的队(造型队在左边，敲击队在右边);B段音乐，造型队和敲击队轮换进行两根竹棍的造型和敲击动作。 音乐重复第二遍。A段音乐，幼儿一边自由走动一边用两根竹棍敲击身体的不同部位，到句尾找到自己喜欢的朋友;B段音乐，两两合作进行两根竹棍的造型和敲击动作。 活动延伸 在日常活动中，当幼儿对音乐和敲击竹棍高度熟练后，尝试加长音乐，再编排队形，完成成品的竹棍舞。 活动反思 韵律活动((敲敲乐》的开展，使我深刻体会到，在幼儿韵律活动中，要激发幼儿学习韵律的内在动机，提高韵律活动的积极性，除了对幼儿进行积极正确的评价外，必须做到以下几点。 适合幼儿认知特点的音乐材料是教学成功的基础。韵律活动的设计首先是对音乐材料的选择，教师既要考虑作品是否符合教育的要求，又要考虑幼儿感知、理解音乐的实际水平。要为幼儿选择节奏清晰、结构工整、形象鲜明的音乐。如果材料是器乐曲，还要考虑结构单纯、长度适中。《敲敲乐》的音乐选自竹子民间舞蹈《蕲竹舞》，在对这个音乐作品进行分析时我们发现，原作无论在长度、速度还是结构上都不太适合幼儿，因此我们对原作品进行了一定的调整，这样的调整不仅能让幼儿非常明显地区分A、B两段乐曲，并且能够较明显地听出B段有旋律部分为造型，排鼓节奏型演奏为敲击。这样的音乐材料为幼儿的表达表现提供了自由空间和秩序的保证。 设计循序渐进的活动环节是活动成功的保证。《敲敲乐》活动设计遵循了循序渐进的原则，从易到难，由浅入深;动作的设计符合幼儿身体发展的特征，遵循从上肢到下肢，同时兼顾动作的动静交替。并且设计的每一个环节都处于幼儿的最近发展区内，给幼儿适宜的认知挑战，让幼儿融验成长快乐，增强自信心。如在“敲敲多变鼓”活动中，首先请幼儿探索一个鼓面不同方位的造型动作，通过观察、模仿学习澄清动作模型，完成左右手的互动。接着让孩子迁移经验，创编两个鼓面的造型动作，并创设问题情境:“两只手当鼓面，谁来敲?”完成两两合作造型敲击。最后让孩子挑战合作变一套鼓。在循序渐进的过程中，让孩子们深切体会到每进一步都会产生不同的美好经验，激发他们投入全部的热情。 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, 给予幼儿明确的任务是完成教学预设的保障。活动过程中我不断地澄清动作模型，让幼儿清楚动作的任务标准，很好地完成动作。如在“敲敲多变鼓”活动中，我通过提问来帮助幼儿明确:教师一共造型四次;教师每次的造型都不一样;前三次动作变化的频率快，第四次慢。这样，在幼儿观察、模仿学习动作的过程中，我不断地引导他们，帮助他们抽象出动作的模型，并澄清动作的标准。 适时提供高级榜样将困难化解于无形之中。当幼儿认为他们有能力学习与执行榜样所示范的行为时，他们就会注意榜样，并认为“如果他们能做到，我也能做到”。如在“敲敲多变鼓”活动中，教师以“够用”为原则让幼儿探索一个鼓面不同方位的造型动作后，提取了上、下、左、右四个方位的动作进行合乐示范，为幼儿提供了高级榜样，让幼儿清楚如何合乐表现一个鼓的造型动作。在两两合作造型、敲击环节，教师请一位幼儿来当变形金刚鼓，自己当鼓手，进行合作敲击，为幼儿如何进行两两合作提供了高级榜样。探索合作表现一套鼓的造型动作对于大多数幼儿来说是有一定难度的，因此在这个环节教师请了几位幼儿合作表现一套鼓，教师表现鼓手，为幼儿提供了高级榜样，使幼儿相信自己能够接受挑战表现一套鼓。 编辑:cicy