【doc】马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵特性

【doc】马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵特性 马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵特性 第24卷第3期 2009年5月 云南农业大学 JournalofYunnanAgnculturalUniversity Vo1.24No.3 Mav2009 CharacterizationofOvipositionofPotatoTuberMothPhthorimaea operculella(Lepidopterra:Gelechiidae)inPotato SUNHong—yan,NarayanS.TALEKAR,LIZheng—yue (CollegeofPlantProtection,YunnanAgriculturalUniversity,Kunming650201,China) Abstract:Thecharacteristicsofovipositionofpotatotubermoth(PTM),Phthorimaeaoperculella (Zeller)onpotato(SolanumtuberosumL.)foliageandtuberswasinvestigatedinaseriesoflaboratory experiments.Aspeciallydesignedtwo-choiceolfactometerthatjoinedtoairfilterwithactivatedcharcoal wasutilizedinjudgingthepreferenceofinsectsbetweentwomaterials.Theresultsasfollows:(1)PTM adultslaidsignificantlymoreeggsontheleavesofpotatothanonthoseofcabbage(Brassicaoleracea Var.capitata),tomato(Lycopersiconesculentum)orcapsicum(Capsicumannuum),however,nosuch differencewasfoundbetweentheleavesofpotatoandeggplant(Solanummelongena).(2)Insectlaid significantlymoreeggsonpotatotubersthanoneggplantfruitorsweetpotatotuberousroots,butthere wasnosuchdifferencebetweenpotatotubersandfruitsoftomatoorcapsicum.(3)Neitherboiling,nor autoclavingcoulddestroytheattractionofpotatotubersforoviposition.De-skinningofboiledpotatotu— bersalsodidnotaffecttheattractionofsuchtubersforegglaying.(4)Removalofentireskinoronly sproutsfrompotatotuberssignificantlyreducedovipositionofPTMonsuchtubers,comparedwithnor- maltubers.(5)Therewasnodifferenceofegg?layingpreferenceofPTMamonglightyellow,,red一, andpurpleskinnedtubers.(6)PTMadultslaidsignificantlymoreeggsonthefilterpapercoatedwith hexaneextractofpotatotubersthanonthatcoatedonlywithhexanesolvent.Similarextractionprocedure withpotatofoliagefailedtoextractanychemicalsattractingvoiposition.Weconcludethatcertainchemi— calswereconstantlyreleasedintotheenvironmentbypotatotubers,whichattractedPTMadultsforlay- ingeggsonpotatotubersinstorage.Furthercharacterizationofthesechemicalsisunderway. Keywords:Phthorimaeaoperculella;Solanumtuberosum;Solanummelongena;Lycopersiconesculen— rum;Capsicumannuum;oviposition CLCN:S435.32Documentcode:AArtideID:1004—390X(2009)03—0354—07 马铃薯块茎蛾的产_特性 孙红艳,NarayanS.Talekar,李正跃 (云南农业大学植物保护学院,云南昆明650201) 摘要:对马铃薯块茎蛾[Phthorimaesoperculella(Zeller)]在马铃薯 (SolanumtuberosumL.)叶片和块茎上 收稿日期:2008—03—24修回日期:2008一o4—13 基金项目:国际马铃薯中心(CIP)合作课题;云南省科技重点公关项目(2100NG57);云南省科技厅项目 (2003C0017Q) 作者简介:孙红艳(1983一),女,硕士研究生,主要从事马铃薯主要害虫的综合防治的研究. 通讯作者Correspondingauthor:李正跃(1959一),男,云南昆明人,教授,主要从事昆虫生态和害虫综合治 理研究.E—mail:Lizhengyue@vip.km169.net 第3期孙红艳,等:马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵特性355 产卵的特征进行了一系列的室内试验.通过一个特别设计的连接活性炭过滤器的双向选择的嗅觉仪,来判 断马铃薯块茎蛾在两个供试样本之间的偏爱程度.结果明:(1)马铃薯块茎蛾在马铃薯叶片上的产卵量 明显比大白菜(Brassicaoleraceavar.capitata),番茄(Lycopersiconesculentum)或辣椒(Capsicumannuum) 叶片多.而在马铃薯和茄子(Solanummelongena)叶片之间没有明显的区别;(2)马铃薯块茎蛾在马铃薯 块茎上的产卵量明显比在茄子果实和甘薯块根上多,而在马铃薯块茎和番茄果实或辣椒果实上的产卵量没 有明显差别;(3)高温水煮和高压蒸汽都不能破坏马铃薯块茎吸引马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵行为,煮过后去皮 的马铃薯块茎也不影响马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵行为;(4)除去块茎表皮或仅去其芽则明显减少马铃薯块茎蛾 在其上产卵;(5)马铃薯块茎蛾对表皮为浅黄色,红色和紫色的块茎没有明显的产卵偏好;(6)成虫在涂 有马铃薯块茎的正己烷提取液的滤纸上所产的卵明显比在只涂有正己烷溶液的滤纸上多.用相同的提取方 法,在马铃薯叶片上没有提取出吸引马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的化学物质.由此推断,马铃薯块茎在储藏期,会 不断的释放一些化学物质来吸引马铃薯块茎蛾在块茎上产卵,这些化学物质的其 它的特征有待进一步研究. 关键词:马铃薯块茎蛾;马铃薯;茄子;番茄;辣椒;产卵 1Introduction Potato(SolanummelongenaL.)isaworldwide importantfoodcrop,beingusedasahighcalorific staplefoodaswellasvegetable.InChina,thiscrop ismainlyusedasavegetable.InYunnan,potatois animportant 305930hm vegetable throughout crop,andwasgrownover theprovinceexceptinDeep South.Potatotubermoth(PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae),an insectofSouthAmericanorigin,isbecomingincreas— inglyimportantpestofpotatoinYunnan.La:rvaeof thispestfeedonfoliageandtubersinthefieldandon tubersinstorage.Inthefield,PTMadultslay onleavesandlarvaeminethroughmajorveins, oles,youngshoot,andthengraduallydownthe eggs pet1一 stem andsometimesevenintubers. Inthefield,blotchminescausedbylarvalfeed— ingarefoundonleaves,petioles,andstems.Asa resultoflarvalfeeding,stemscanbeweakenandbro— ken.Sometimesplantscanwiltandthenresultin productionofsmallertubers,whichreducesthe yield.Attimes,partiallygrownlarvaeonpotatofoli— agedescentfromtheplantandinvadetubersparticu— ladywhensoilissodryanddeeplycrackedastoex— posepotatotubersforinsectinfestation.Harvestof suchtubersbringsthePTMinfestationinstorage.A— duhsemergingfromsuchpotatoeslayeggsonhealthy tuberscausingsecondaryinfestation,whichismuch moredamagingthaninfestationinthefield.Instor- age,theadultslayeggsonpotatotubersandcaterpil- layboreinsidetubersmakinglarvalfeedinggalleries, whichayefilledwithfrassandlivecaterpillars.Such tubersareunfitf0rhumanconsumption. AlthoughPTMisprimarilyapestofpotato,itis alsofoundfeedingandsurvivingoneggplant,tomato, capsicum,tobaccoandcertainothersolansceous plantstoalesserextent[2I3].However.giventhe choice,PTMpreferspotatoestoothersolanaceous cropsforovipositionandlarvalfeeding[引. Ovipositionisthefirstphysicalcontactbetween pestinsectanditshost—plant,whicheventuallyleads toinfestationanddamagetothehost—plant.Because theneonatesareincapableofmovingdistancesfor searchingfood,pestlarvaedependontheirmothers forfindingsuitablehostforovipositionthatwillSUS— tainlarvalfeedinganddevelopment.Itisnowcom- mOBknowledgethatamixtureofvolatileandnonvol— atilehostplantchemicalsmediatesattractionofher- bivorousinsects,whichfemalesaregravid,forovi— position[. Sincenoinformationisgeneratedon characteristicsofovipositionofPTMonfoliageortu? bersofpotato,weattemptedtoinvestigateandchar? acterizetheprocessofovipositionofthisinsecton potato,especiallypotatotubersinstorage.Under— standingcharacteristicofoviposition,including chemicalstypesinpotatotubersthatareresp0nsible forattractingPTMforovipositionhaspotentialinde- velopingsaferandsustainablemethodsforcontrolling thispest. 356云南农业大学第24卷 2MaterialandMethods 2.1RearingofPI'M Allinsectsusedintheexperimentswerereared onpotatotubersmaintainedataconstanttemperature of(27-4-1)oCwith(75?5)%RH,andaphotope— riodof12:12hours.Tuberswereplacedona2,3 emdeeplayerofsoilinsidea30cmx30cmx30cm nylonnetcagewithwoodenframe.PTMadults,ob— rainedfromfield—collectedlarvae,werereleasedinto thecageholdingpotatotubers.PTMreadilylaideggs onthepotatotubersandlarvaefedinsidetortuous tunnelsmadethroughthetubers.Fullymaturedlar— vaecameoutoftubersandpupatedinsoil.Theco- coonswerecollectedandplacedinasmallernylonnet cage.Adultswerecollectedintheafternoonandfed on10%sucIDsesoluti0rn[6.. 2.2Plantmaterial Potatotubers,sweetpotato(0,加e口batatas) roots,eggplant(Solanummelongena)fruits,tomato (Solanumesculentum)furits,andcapsicum(Capsi— cumannuum)fruitswerepurchasedfromloealmar— ket.InmostcasesthetUberswereoflocalvariety N0.88.Tubers.YunnanAcademyofAgricultural SciencesandProfessorYANGYan-liofDepartmentof PlantPathologyYunnanAculturalUniversitypro- videdoneredandonepurpleskinvarieties,respec- tively.Thosefruitsandsweetpotatorootswereun- knownvarieties.Theywerewashedthoroughlyunder runningtapwater.Foliageofpotato,eggplant,toma— to,capsicum,andcabbage(Basiccampestra1)were obtainedfromplantsthatwereraisedingreenhouse. Freshfoliagewasusedineachovipositiontest. 2.3OvipositionBioassayProcedure Atwo.choiceolfaetometerwasconstructedoutof a2mlong,15cmdiameterclearacryliccylinder (Fig.1).Avacuumpumpwasjoinedtothecenterof thecylinder.Theplantmaterialoritsextracttobebi— oassayedforPTMovipositionactivitywasplacedat theoppositeendsofthetube.Bothdistalendsofthe cylinderwerefastenedtightwith2layersofthinplas- ticsheetsthatweresimilarinthicknesst0theh0l1se. Fig.1Designofolfactometer hold"saranwrap"usedinwrappingfooditems.A plasticpipettetipwasinsertedthroughtheplastic sheetlayers,sothatthetipwouldopeninsidetheol— factometeratthecenterofthematerial,whichwas placed,forbioassayoneitherendoftheolfactometer. Thebroaderouterendsofthetipswereconnectedtoa 2Lglasscylinder;themouthwasclosedwithapro— tectivefacemaskthatheldalayerofactivatedchar— coa1.Justbeforebioassayintheafternoon,fourpairs ofone-dayoldPTMadults,whichheldinasmall container,wereplacedinthecenterofthe2一m— longtube.Theolfactometerwasmadeairtightsothat filteredaircouldpassthroughalone.Airwassucked continuouslyoutoftheolfactometerbythepump.The suckingoutairfromthecenterresultedinflowofair passingthroughactivatedcharcoalfilter,throughthe pipettetips,andovertheplantmaterialorcheckon eitherendoftheolfactometer.ThisprovidedPTMa— dultsinthecenterchoicetoflytomaterialsforlaying eggs.Soonafterstartingofvacuumpumptheentire olfactometerwascoveredwithblackcloth.TheBum. berofeggslaidontheplantmaterialorfilterpaperor innersurfaceoftheacrylictube30cmfromeither end,wererecordedinthemorning36to40hafterin- itiationofthebioassay. 2.4OvipositionpreferenceofPTMforplantpartsof potatoandotherplants Freshlyexcisedleavesofcabbage,tomato,cap— sieum,oreggplantwereplacedatoneendandsimi— larlypreparedleavesofpotatointheoppositeendof theolfactometer.Fourpairsofone—dayoldPTMa— duhswereplacedinthecenter.Theentireolfactome— 第3期孙红艳,等:马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵特性357 terwascoveredwithblackclothandairwas:sucked outcontinuouslyfromthecenter.Thenumberofeggs laidonthefoliageofeachcropwasrecordedtwo nightslater. Inaseparateexperiment,ovipositionpreference ofPTMtofruitsoftomato,eggplant,andcapsicum andtuberousrootsofsweetpotatowascomparedwith potatotubers.Tomatofruit,eggplantfruit,capsicum fruitorsweetpotatorootswereplacedatoneendand potatotuberattheotherendagainsteachofthefour crops.TheovipositionpreferenceofPTMtothese plantpartswasstudiedinthesimilarmannerasde?- scribedabove. 2.5Ovipositionpreferenceforboiledandde— skinnedpotatotubers Cleanpotatotuberswereboiledinwaterfor10, 20,or30minduration,respectively.Checkpotatoes werekeptinwateronlyforsimilarduration.Air—dried tuberswereevaluatedforovipositionactivitybypla— cingboiledonesatoneendandchecktubersatother endoftheolfactometer,andassayedforeggla)ringas describedearlier.Onesetofpotatotuberswasauto— clavedfor20minutesat121o【=and5.6kgpressure/ sq.cminalaboratoryautoclavemachine.Theauto— clavedtuberswerebioassayedforovipositionactivity againstchecktubers.Inaseparatetest,halfofthe tubersboiledfor20or30minwasremovedallskin fromeachtubercarefully.Remainingtuberswere keptwithskin.Potatoeswithoutskinandwithskin wereplacedattheoppositeendoftheolfactometer andbioassayedforovipositionactivityofPTM.8tsde— scribedabove. 2.6OvipositionpreferenceofPTMforphysically manipulatedpotatotubers Potatotuberswerecutinto0.5cmslices,re- movedskin,orremovedallspoutswhoseremovedar- eawerecoveredwithcandlewax,wereplacedatone endandsimilarsizeintacttuberwereplacedatoppo- siteendsoftheolfactometer.andassayedforoviposi- tionpreferenceofPTMasdescribedabove. 2.7OvipositionpreferenceofPTMforpotatotubers 0fdifrentskinolor Potatoeswithredandpurplecolorskinwerebio— assayedagainstnormalyellow?-skinonesforPTMovi—? position.Onetuberofeitherredskinorpurple-skin wasplacedatoneendandyellow—skinoneofsimilar sizeattheoppositeendoftheolfactometer,andbio— assayedforPTMovipositionactivityasdescribeda— bove. 2.8Extractionofovipositionattractingfactorsfrom potatotubersandfoliage Cleanhealthypotatotubersorfreshlyexcisedfo— liageofpre-floweringandfloweringpotatoplantswere dippedfor60sin200mLhexaneinaglassbeaker, makingsurethecutportionoffoliageremainedabove hexanelayer.ThebeakercoveredwithglassPetri dishwasplacedinsideahouseholdmicrowareoven (8ooWandtheovenwasrunfor60s.Thehex— aneextractwasdriedbyfilteringitthroughaplugof anhydroussodiumsulfate,andconcentratedto5mL inarotaryvacuumevaporator,thenstoredinamber glassbottleat一20oCuntilusedforovipositionbioas— saywithPTM.Whenreadyforbioassay,about0.05 mLofextractorhexanesolventwerecoatedon5em diameterfilterpaperandafterevaporationofthesol— vent,onefilterpaperwashungateitherendoftheol- factometerandassayedforPTMovipositionasde- scribedearlier. 2.9Statistics Eacheggcountdatawassquareroottrans- formed,andanalyzedbypairedt-testwithSAS6.12 tojudgethedifferenceinovipositionbetweenthepair oftreatments. 3.1Ovipositionpreferenceforplantparts ResultsofthepreferenceforovipositionofPTM onfoliageofvariouscommercialcropspeciesare presentedinTab.1.Insectlaidsignificantlymore eggsontheleavesofpotatothanthoseofcabbage,to— mato,orcapsicum.However,therewasnosignifi- cantdifferencebetweenthenumberofeggslaidon potatoandeggplantleaves.Potatoandcabbagebe— longtotwodistinctplantfamilies:CruciferaeandSo- 358云南农业大学第24卷 lanaceae,respectively.Soitisunderstandablethat PTM,beingoligophagus,whoseovipositionandfeed— ingareconfinedtoplantfamilySolanaceae,preferto layeggsonpotatoratherthancabbage.Atthesame time,itlaidsignificantlymoreeggsonpotatothanon twootherSolanaceaesplants,buthadnosignificant preferencebetweenpotatoandeggplant,asolana. ceouscrop.Thelattercropandpotatobelongtosame genus,Solanum,withinSolanaceae. whereastomato andcapsicumbelongtonon—Solanumgenerawithin Solanaceaes.Itispossiblethatduetoclosebotanical relationshipbetweeneggplantandpotato , PTMlaid similarnumberofeggsontwoplants. Ovipositionbe. haviorismediatedbyhost—plantproducedchemi. calsandsimilarityofchemicalswhichproducedby botanieallycloselyrelatedplants,itprobablyresulted inlayingofsimilarnumberofeggsonbothpotatoand eggplant. AlthoughPTMadultslaidsignificantlymoreeggs onpotatofoliageoverthatoftomatoorcapsicum,the reversewasthecasewhenweofferedfruitoftomat0 andcapsicumf0roviposition. Therewasnosignificant differenceinthenumberofeggslaidonpotatotuber andtomatoorcapsicumfruits(datanotshown). Similarcontradictionwasalsoobservedwhenoviposi. tionpreferenceofPTMtopotatotuberandeggplant fruitwascompared. Insectlaidsignificantlvmore eggsonpotatotuberthanoneggplantfruits. Under naturalcondition,PTMlayseggsonpotatotubersin storageoronleaves,andnotfruits,ofSolanaceae.It is,therefore,understandablethatPTMdidn0tlay anyeggsonfruitsoftomatoorcapsicum.Inearlier testwithfoliage,PTMlaidsimilarnumberofeggson botheggplantandpotato.Intestforcomparison0f potatotubersandsweetpotatotuberousroots,PTM laidsignificantlymoreeggsonpotatotubersthanthe tuberousrootsofsweetpotato.Sweetpotatobelongsto familyConvolvulaceaceandthereisobvi0usgreater botanicaldistancebetweenitandSolanaceaesDotato. Sweetpotatorootsobviouslyproducedifferentsetsof chemicalsthanthepotatotubers. hencedidnotat— tractPTMadultsforovipositi0n. 3.2Influenceofboiling tionpreferenceofPTM ofpotatotubersonoviposi— Boilingofpotatotubersfor10to30mindidn0t affecttheovipositionpreferenceofPTMbetweennor. malandboiledtubers.Insectlaidsimilarnumber0f eggso1"1boiledaswellasnormalpotatotubers(data notshown).Further,removalofskinoftheb0iled tuberdidnotaffectthepreferenceofPTMforlaying eggs.Thenumberofeggslaidonintactboiledtubers andde-skinnedonesdidnotdiffersignificantlv.Simi. 1arly,evenmoredrastictreatment.suchasautoela. ving,didnotaffecttheovipositionattractingabilityof potatotothepest?FrMlaidsimilarnumberofeggs onautoclavedandnormalpotatotubers.Obvious1v theovipositionattractingchemicalsinthetuberare heatstableandnotdestroye