自考本科英语二

自考本科英语二 全国2010年4月高等教育自学考试 综合英语(二)试题 课程代码:00795 I. GRAMMARAND VOCABULARY Complete each of the following 15 sentences with the most likely answer. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 15 points in all) 1. I was shocked by the number of people who seemed to have nothing better to do with their time than ______ to know fish better. A. get B. gets C. getting D. got 2. Not all birds can fly , ______ do all birds build nests. A. not B. no C. never D. nor 3. When you fall in love for the first time, it?s surprising ______ inconveniences you can put up with. A. that B. what C. which D. those 4. I know my limitations, so I won?t do anything ______ my ability. A. beyond B. under C. above D. below 5. The hosts apologized for ______ that some of their guests might be vegetarians. A. having not considered B. not having considered C. having not been considering D. not considering 6. Mrs. Smith locked both the front and the back doors before she went to bed ______ t hat someone might steal into the house at night. A. so B. for fear C. unless D. on condition 7. We have to wait for the bus, ______? A. have we B. haven?t we C. do we D. don?t we 8. ______ the popularity of robots in Japan, the country?s robot-production growth is slowing down. A. As B. Although C. With D. Despite 9. The proposal deserves support as it gives ______ to the needs of children. A. curiosity B. awareness C. priority D. emphasis 10. Those familiar with evening dress will always ______ black with elegance. A. link B. associate C. connect D. relate 11. If you?re sitting around a lonely campfire at night, the howl of a wolf can sound pret ty ______. A. fearful B. threatening C. dreadful D. frightening 12. The suspect cooperated fully with the police when ______ about his role in the incide nt. A. required B. questioned C. demanded D. negotiated 13. Homing pigeon is useful as a ______ carrier because when taken from home, it will return at the first opportunity. A. meaning B. information C. message D. content 14. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ______ f ollow traffic rules in busy harbors. A. conveniently B. obediently C. sufficiently D. reluctantly 15. She was so ______ the noise that she sent the children to bed. A. broken down by B. filled in with C. taken over by D. fed up with II. CLOZE Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 15 points in all) A quarter of the world?s population now speaks English. If you want to 16 your products, or yourself, you have no choice 17 to do it in English. Politicians and business people must speak English if they want to make their mark 18 the world?s stage. Writers of minority languages can 19 hope to sell their books unless they write in English. As English is spoken all over the world, it means that no individual country can really exercise a 20 influence over it. In the past, it was the mother tongue 21 who controlled the future of the language. Now, indeed for the last few decades, the mother tongue users are in a significant 22 . This means that the character of the language could well 23 with new words, new rhythms, and new pronunciations. It isn?t going to be British and American English anymore- that?s 24 . All over the world education authorities are struggling to find the resources to meet the 25 for English. However, it is open to question whether they are putting all their eggs in one 26 . The future of English language is intimately 27 the electronic revolution. Satellite television and the Internet have helped accelerate the 28 of English, but will that always be the case? The Internet, 29 , is now seen as the saviour of minority languages. Indeed, with the continuing improvements in electronic translation, will we even need a(n) 30 language? It is open to question. 16. A. sell B. make C. produce D. trade 17. A. and B. but C. rather D. or 18. A. on B. with C. for D. at 19. A. ever B. still C. no longer D. no more 20. A. negative B. typical C. subtle D. dominant 21. A. speakers B. followers C. believers D. interpreters 22. A. group B. number C. amount D. minority 23. A. alter B. differ C. shift D. vary 24. A. old B. new C. history D. future 25. A. want B. pursuit C. demand D. desire 26. A. box B. basket C. bag D. container 27. A. restricted to B. drawn to C. tied up with D. caught up with 28. A. range B. scope C. spread D. coverage 29. A. as a result B. as a rule C. in addition D. in fact 30. A. global B. unique C. worldly D. international ?. PARAPHRASING Choose the closest paraphrased version after each of the following sentences or the italicized part. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 10 points in all) 31. By definition, heroes and heroines are men and women distinguished by uncommon courage, achievements, and self-sacrifice made most often for the benefit of others - they are people against whom we measure others. A. ... we disagree with them when judging others. B. ... we think more highly of them than others do. C. ... we believe other people are different from them. D. ... we use them as the standard when evaluating others. 32. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. A. Many people realize that they are short of time. B. Many people feel keenly that their life is short. C. Many people are sensible only for a short period of time. D. Many people would like very much to prolong their life. 33. As a scientist, she learned with sadness that little in Nature is truly beyond the tampering reach of man. A. … it is difficult for man to compete with Nature. B. … it is impossible for man to benefit from Nature. C. … Nature can hardly escape from man?s interference. D. …Nature is really more powerful than human beings. 34. These bits of information and the list of D grades were all the records had to offer. A. These bits of information explained his poor grades. B. His poor grades were related to these bits of information. C. What could be found in the records were those things required to be there. D. The records gave nothing more than these bits of information and poor grades. 35. People were only shapes in dense, gray fog of dust and ash. A. The dusty air made people barely visible. B. The air was too polluted for people to breathe. C. People hardly stayed in shape in such dirty air. D. People were almost buried in thick dust and ash. 36. It would not be difficult to compile a list of such surprises that would fill the next fifty pages, but I will content myself with suggesting the first few that occur to me. A. ... I feel satisfied with the first few examples in my mind. B. ... I am surprised with the number of suggestions I can give. C. ... the first few examples are the best ones that satisfy my curiosity. D. ... the first few surprises coming to me would be enough as examples. 37. If I love you, I can see you as a separate person, with your own values and thoughts and feelings, and I do not insist that you surrender your identity and conform to an image of what I expect you to be for me. A. ... I don?t want you to lose hope and then blame me for it. B. ... I won?t force you to be independent and you can rely on me. C. ... I don?t expect you to follow my step and become similar to me. D ... I won?t push you to lose yourself and become what I like you to be. 38. If disappointed, though, she [my mother] wasted no energy on self-pity. She would make me make something of myself whether I wanted to or not. A. Dissatisfied as she was, she remained as determined as before. B. Faced with discouragements, she never lost her energetic spirits. C. Nothing could let her down even though no one sympathized with her. D. There was enough self-confidence in her to deal with disappointments. 39. My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven. A. My maternal grandfather retired from gardening at sixty-seven. B. My maternal grandfather died young, when he was sixty-seven. C. My maternal grandfather lost energy when he was sixty-seven. D. My maternal grandfather was considered no longer young at sixty-seven. 40. Far-reaching as many of them [Edison?s inventions] have been in their effect upon modern civilization, the total effect of Edison?s career surpasses the sum of all of them. A. One can never evaluate Edison?s great inventions high enough. B. One needs to understand Edison?s inventions to appreciate his career. C. Edison?s inventions are his most outstanding contributions to human life. D. Edison?s influence upon human society is much greater than his inventions. IV. READING COMPREHENSION Read the two passages and choose the most likely answer to each of the questions. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet (2 points each, 20 points in all) Passage 1 Friendship and friends continue to remain central to our lives. The relationship that we share with our friends is grounded in a mutual concern as our friends help us in shaping up our personalities as well. Even in this age of online social networking, the need of expanding the network of friends, whether online or offline remains a primary concern for people. We may have a very vague understanding of what makes a friend but we all want to have a good many friends around us. Research has shown that the quality and nature of your friends are one of the key influencing factors in achieving happiness and satisfaction. Friends often affect the health and energy of a person as well. More and more people are increasingly turning towards their friends for support and mutual sharing rather than communicating to their relatives; this sociological phenomenon has escalated the desire to make more friends. Though friendship is a relationship developed between two individuals marked by a voluntary, emotional and mutual concern, there are certain steps, which, if followed, can win you friends or at least help you get close to those whom you want to make friends with. The first step to make friends with someone is to make them like you. If they don?t like you in the first place, it is unlikely that they?ll be eager to become your friends. To let someone know that you are genuinely interested in them, simple gestures like a little smile and calling him by his first name can lay the basic foundation. To make the other pers on feel important you need to be a good listener and encourage the other person to talk. Give your honest and sincere opinion but do not overtly criticize or make fun of him or her. The second step of making someone your friend is to develop a mutual consideration between each other. You need to share his or her perspective and for that it is necessary for you to develop a tendency to see things from the other person?s point of view. To become best of friends you must show a genuine concern and consideration for your friend?s desires and opinions. The third and final step towards friendship is to show your unconditional support and encouragement towards your friend. Moreover, you also need to be very clear about your expectations from your friend. If what you expect from the person you want to befriend matches with what that person can and want to contribute in friendship, the developing friendship between you and your friend is assured to grow, making both of you gratified with mutual emotional bonding. Friendship has overwhelming significance on both social and individual levels. Friendship doesn?t only provide us with emotional as well as practical support but it also helps us improve our personal identities. So it is quite natural to feel the urge to reach out and make new friends, expanding your friend?s circle. Friendship remains familiar yet quite ambiguous (模糊的) for our deeper understanding, but then again, friends remain the most important ingredients in the recipe of life! 41. The relationship between friends is based on ______. A. the social networking around friends B. friends? caring and helping each other C. the style friends choose to communicate D. an unclear understanding of what makes a friend 42. Which of the following statements has been proved correct? A. The better quality your friends have, the happier you will be. B. Communication with friends is healthier than that with relatives. C. The more friends you have, the more satisfied you are with yourself. D. Those you like in the first place are more likely to become your friends. 43. The word “escalated” in the second paragraph probably means ______. A. intensified B. challenged C. shifted D. resisted 44. It can be inferred from the first suggested step that ______ is NOT likely to win you friends. A. making others talk B. being very talkative C. telling people you like them D. addressing others in an informal way 45. What structure does the author use to organize this passage? A. Effect- cause. B. Comparison- contrast. C. General- specific- general. D. Definition - explanation - example Every single student that applies for a class or course online has certain expectations and they are often extremely high. Unfortunately for most individuals, they will be disappointed. It is a fact that the majority of individuals believe that they will actually enjoy every aspect of their course. The truth is that there is very little in a degree to inspire until an individual actually completes the course and is awarded the degree or certificate that could change his or her life. This is no different with an online education and, in fact, the disappointment may be more obvious because they may face extra difficulties in an online course. Online education expectations are often incredibly high, as previously stated, in terms of what an individual can get from it as well as the manageability of the content itself. However, although an individual will ultimately be proven right about what he or she can get from it, this will not be the case for manageability. Most online education courses are anything but manageable for those who decide to take them. The level of work would be the same as any other degree or qualification course, but an individual is expected to manage it on his or her own instead of having a tutor or lecturer there to remind him or her about assignments and deadlines. Time management is extremely important, but the nature of these individuals? life often makes it impossible to manage without feeling the stresses and strains of the burden. It is important to be realistic with your expectations concerning an online education course, but many are completely unrealistic. If you read any of the accounts from students that have already taken and may have even passed an online education course, many will speak in glowing terms; but you should also read between the lines. They claim that their expectations will ultimately be fulfilled in terms of the long-term benefits. However, in the short term they may say they found it difficult to cope with the workload, the lack of time that they actually had to complete it, an unsupportive employer and so on. This last point may not be an issue if you are doing it to advance yourself within your current workplace, but there will otherwise be some sort of resentment bubbling under the surface and that can indeed make your life a misery for a little while. If you expect it and prepare for it then it should not bother you too much, and if the resentment does not come then so much the better! In terms of your own expectations, the best attitude to have is not to go in with any at all. If you do not expect anything then you may be pleasantly surprised. It can be difficult to fit an online education in with personal commitments, such as a family to look after or a job to go to every day whilst trying to study. It does take a lot of effort, but if you do not expect it to be easy or expect that you will just be able to do it without the balance of your life being upset as a result, then you will probably find that you do get a sense of satisfaction from it! Similarly, if you expect the worst then you will probably be pleasantly surprised! Managing your expectations can be difficult, but do not let them get the better of you ! 46. The manageability is more difficult in online courses than in any other course because ______. A. online courses require higher level of work B. online courses bring much more assignments C. online course takers have no way to contact their lecturers D. online course takers have to rely on themselves for management 47. According to the passage, one may not have the problem of an unsupportive employer if ______. A. he is fully prepared to deal with any resentment from his boss B. his online education will be beneficial to his current workplace C. his expectations will be fulfilled in the form of long-term benefits D. he can discuss the issue width his boss openly and bravely on the table 48. According to the writer of this passage, one?s satisfaction in online education might come from ______. A. high expectations B. diligent efforts C. a realistic attitude D. a proper balance 49. In the last sentence of this passage, the phrase “get the better of you” probably means “______”. A. make a fool of you B. take advantage of you C. get too fancy for you to imagine D. become too high for you to control 50. This passage is written mainly for the purpose of ______. A. inspiring its readers to fulfill their expectations through hard work B. persuading its readers to be more practical with their personal commitments C. informing its readers about the disadvantages of the courses they take online D. preparing its readers for the hardships they may encounter in online education V. WORD DERIVATION Complete each of the following sentences with a (compound) word derived from the one(s) given in brackets. Write your word on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 10 points in all) 51. The railway station has always been a fascinating place, representing departure as well as ______. (arrive) 52. A climate that is extreme in temperature, whether it be too hot or too cold, is not ______. (desire) 53. Tropical rainforest is a forest of tall trees in a region of year-round ______ and plentiful rainfall. (warm) 54. We often hear of people breaking down from ______, but in nine cases out of ten they are really suffering from worry or anxiety. (work, over) 55. The ______ red strawberries make a nice decoration on top of the cake. (juice) 56. More and more businessmen have realized that it is important to ______ their products in international trade. (standard) 57. The earthquake-stricken area received ______ help from its neighboring provinces. (time) 58. What is considered moral in one society may be ______ in another, depending on different social values. (moral) 59. Young people will need to learn to ______ the responsibility of their own decisions. (shoulder) 60. Special guidance and help need to be provided to the ______ members of the staff. (qualified) VI. SENTENCE TRANSLATION Turn the following sentences into English and write your sentences on the answer sheet. (3 points each, 15 points in all) 61.公司越来越多地借助高科技来保护计算机的安全。 62.学生们应该首先根据他们的兴趣来选专业。 63.名人生活压力很大，因为不管他们表面多光鲜，他们基本上没有隐私和安全感。 64.在应聘工作时，应聘者应积极参与谈话，但不应喧宾夺主。 65.经过三个月的投诉，我终于让百货商场经理退还了多收我的二十块钱。 VII. WRITING Write a composition on the answer sheet in about 150 words, basing yourself on one of the texts you have learned. (15 points) Topic: Describe the changes Barrentt experienced and explain the reason based on the text “Take Over, Bos?n!” Use the following outline: ?the situation the sailors were in ?the conflict between Snyder, the captain, and Barrentt, the third officer ?the role Barrentt played ?the cause for Barrentt?s change 第一单元 1.常考单词: goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement， argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组: in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子: 1)A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2)Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3)If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4)For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5)For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6)Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7)In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8)Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词: escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing， companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子: 1)Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2)The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3)Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4)If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5)It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6)On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词: weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组: to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子: 1)Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2)Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3)The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4)What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词: demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite deserving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子: 1)There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2)Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3)The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4)A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5)She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6)Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7)So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词: Musician，rhythmic，distinct，consciousness，originate，readily，instrument，electronic， thereby，passive，participant 2. 常考词组: to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子: 1)The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2)Folk music，old and modern，was popular among college students. 3)They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4)With records at home，listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词: efficiency increasingly install personnel expose reduction completion specific switch critical intensity scale defective 2. 常考词组: in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子: 1)Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2)Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen， although to a lesser degree，in other industries as well. 3)The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials，preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. 4)Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task，they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. 5)Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots. 6)With the ability to "see"，robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials. 7)Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. 第七单元 1.常考单词: research attach underlie relevant positive possession desirable relaxation occupation urban acquire participation 2. 常考词组: be concerned with be relevant to to set … as objective 3. 常考句子: 1)People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure. 2)The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern. 3)The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual. 4)Since leisure is basically self-determined，one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction. 5)Basically，such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that Leisure can and should be put to good use. 6)For example，the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games，sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students. 7)Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person. 8)The more seriously this is sought，the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged. 第八单元 1.常考单词: flight negotiation transport overcome internal external rhythm feasible assumption promote 2. 常考词组: effect on to blame… on to advantage now that out of step to leave … alone 3. 常考句子: 1)The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time. (para.1) 2)The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. (para.2) 3)He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag. (para.3) 4)Now that we understand what Jet lag is，we can go some way to overcoming it.(para.4) 5)The other belongs in our internal clocks which，left alone，would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes，25 - rhythm.(para.5) 6)In time the physiological system will reset itself，but it does take time. (para7) 7)One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors. (para.8) 8)It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. (para.9) 第九单元 1.常考单词: classify approximate proportion appreciation acknowledge alter lengthen wealthy neglect expectation 2. 常考词组: to approximate to resistance to to cope with attribute … to 3. 常考句子: 1)Nation classified as "aged" when they have 7percent of more of their people aged 65 or above. (para.1) 2)The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth，the older its population is likely to be - at least，for any future that concerns us now. 3)The older you are now，of course，the greater this proportion will be，and greater still if you are a woman. 4)If you are now in your thirties，you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. 来源:考试大-自考站 第十单元 1.常考单词: election vote certainty loyalty decline democrat strategy pursue impact headquarters economy stir congress representative 2. 常考词组: to identify……as impact on 3. 常考句子: 1)Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. (para.4) 2)Whether voters accept this image，however，depends more on external factors than on a candidate's personal characteristics. (para. 4) 此句注意主语从句作主语。 3)A year later，with the nation's economy in trouble，Bush's approval rating dropped below 40 percent. 4)Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population. 5)Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992，compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent. 第十一单元 1.常考单词: disorder irrelevant misleading irresponsible eventual replace partly undergo suitable to do research into be central to be irrelevant to to aim for 2. 常考句子: 1)The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics. 2)Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. 3)People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work. 4)It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals. 5)The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments. 6)Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects. 7)The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years. 8)This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need to be used. 9)Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible. 10)This includes keeping them in more suitable cages. include 后面接动名词作宾语。 11)In the US，one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's leg. involve 后面接动名词作宾语。 12)When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body，or diseases of the brain for example，we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. When it comes to 当提到 … 的时候 第十二单元 1.常考单词: symptom intellectual detail initial inventor confront sensitivity reflection creativity character trace modest investment to substitute … for be contrary to to put off be confronted with to gaze at be unaware of to impress…on be free from be beneficial to 2. 常考句子: 1)At its best，daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life. 2)There are always those who would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity.(para.2) 3)Most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it. (para.2) 4)Not only are they less able to deal with the pressure of day-to-day existence，but also their self -control and self-direction become endangered. (para.2) 5)But its beneficial effects go beyond this. (para. 3) Go beyond 表示“超越 …，不仅仅是 … ” 6)Historically，scientists and inventors are one group that seems to take full advantage of relaxed moments. Take advantage of 利用 7)Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with，he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind. (para.7) 8) Picture yourself as winning and that will contribute remarkably to success. The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained them. 第十三单元 1.常考单词: compel voluntary undertake coincide manual efficiency compulsion division eliminate boring amusement so far as …knows to coincide with attitude toward to go in for 2. 常考句子: 1)He cannot be really happy if h is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing. 2)Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends，not on the job itself，but on the tastes of the individual who undertake it. 3)The difference does not，for example，coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job. 4)So that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring，and the more hours he is free to play，the bett第十四单元 1.常考单词: device compassion grab belonging threatening convince foster persuasion avail suspect profound to convince sb. to do sth. to comment on 2. 常考句子: 1)It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein's shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion. 本句是个强调句，另外注意 found 的用法 2)It was there，police believe，that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. 本句是强调句。 3)Weinstein's body，with hands and feet bound，was discovered by a hiker on March17. 4)But before she died she somehow slipped the microcassette into her pocket without her killer knowing it. 第十五单元 1.常考单词: solely content sensible persist vital logic evaluate raw ultimate functional extension undue concrete conquer error prolong technician proof possess to pull down to mistake…for to distinguish between to come to terms with to end in to reflect on to come about to speculate on 2.常考句子: 1)Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research. 2)Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to - the reality of pain in others. 注意本句的倒装形式。并且注意“ connect … to ”表示“把 … 与 … 连接起来”。 3)The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom. 本句中注意“ tendency ”后面要接动词不定式作定语。另外“ mistake … for ”表示“把 … 错认为 … ” 4)For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it. 1.in the way 挡路，阻碍，妨碍 2.to make a guess at 对...进行猜测 3.to blind sb.to sth. 使某人看不到某物,使某人对某物丧失判断力 4.to contribute to sth.(1)促成，导致(2)有助于，增添(3)捐助，贡献(4)撰稿，投稿 5.to seek to do sth.设法做某事 6.in part部分地;在某种程度上 7.vary from...to... 从...变为...;在...与...之间变化 8.and the like 等等，诸如此类 9.point of view 观点，看法 10.to apply for 申请，请求 11.day-to-day (1)日常的，每日常规工作的(2)逐日的 12.to have no idea 不知道;无能力 13.to take the trouble to do sth.费力做某事，不辞劳苦做某事 14.to put oneself in sb?s place 设身处地替某人着想 15.to one?s advantage 处于不利地位 16.to ask for 要求，请求，要价，讨价 17.in hand (1)在手中(持有);在手头(随时可用)(2)在控制下(3)正在办理、处理之中 18.to make sure(of/that)(1)弄清楚，核实查明(2)设法确保，最好 19.to turn down (1)to turn sb./down 顶回，拒不理会，拒绝(2)to turn sth.down调节(炉具、 收音机等)使热量、音量温度等降低(3)翻下 20.as soon as 一...就...，不迟于 21.aim to do sth.或aim at doing sth 计划;打算;以...为目标 22.experiment with 进行实验(试验) 23.in case 免得，以防万一，说不定 24.in theory 理论上，理论上讲 25.to apply to sth. (1)把...应用于...(2)致力于...，集中精力(做某事) 26.research into 研究、探讨、调查 27.to swallow up (1)吞没，淹没，掩盖(2)用尽，耗尽 28.to make use of 利用 29.depend on 依靠，指望 30.together with 和，连同 31.in every respect 在各个方面 32.in other words 换句话说，也就是说 33.to consist of 由...组成，由...构成 34.a great many 许多，很多 35.to consist of 对...有影响 36.above all 最重要的，尤其，首先 37.as a rule 在多数情况下，通常，一般而言 38.to be affected with 感染(疾病)，患有...病 39.to carry out (1)实施，执行，完成，贯彻，落实(2)进行(实验等) 40.in addition to 加之，除...以外 41.in this(that)case 这(那)样的话，既然这(那)样 42.to open up (1)畅谈(2)开业，开张 43.to care for (1)照顾，照看(2)喜欢，喜爱，愿意 44.to take into account(consideration) 考虑，体谅，包括 45.to have...at heart 很关心某事物，极欲支持或维护 46.to opt out(of) 决定不参加，退出 47.for short 简称,简写 48.to amount to (1)总计，共达(2)等于，相当于 49.on(the)average 平均来讲，按平均数计算 50.to compete with 与...竞争，对抗 51.to blame sb.for 为...责备某人，责怪某人 52.by nature 从天性上讲，本性上 53.to be related to 与...有关 54.to be worth(doing)sth. 值得 55.to bring over 把某人带到，改变思想 56.to convict sb.of 宣判某人有....罪 57.be supposed to 认为必须，认为应该 58.be feel like(doing)sth. 想要(做)某事物 59.to protect form(against) 保护，保卫 60.to risk(doing)sth. 冒着.....的危险 61.to deal with (1)与...做生意，与...商业交往(2)对待，对付，处理，解决 62. 区别，辨别,是...的特征 63.to agree to(do)sth. 同意，愿意，答应 64.threaten to do sth 威胁要做某事，扬言要做某事 65.according to (1)根据，据某人所说(2按照，依照)(3)依....而定 66. to distinguish from (1)根据，据某人所说(2) 67.to watch over (1)看护，照料(2)看守，看管，守卫 68.in unison (1)齐唱，齐奏(2)一致地，协调地 69.up to (1)作为最大数量，多达(2)直到;不多于(3)能胜任的，有某种能力 70.call up 打电话，使想起，使忆起 71.pay back 偿还，回报，惩罚，报复 72.a good/great deal of 很多，大量 73.to clean up (1)洗干净，打扫干净，清理(2)清除坏的影响 74.to react to sb.(sth) 对....作出反应，回应 75.to make one?s way to 走，行走，前进，去 76.to take over 接管，接任，雇用 77.to take on 披上，戴上，呈现，具有 78.to take place 发生，举行 79.in other words 换句话说 80.in a sense 从某种意义说 81.to serve as 起....的作用,被用作,充当 82.to belong in 在....中有适当的地位，处于正确的地位 83.in advance 事先，预先，提前 84.it goes without saying that... 不言而喻，....无庸置疑....不用说..... 85.for the sake of (1)为了....起见，看在....的份上 (2)为了....的好处，为了....目的 86.to expose sth.暴露，使面临，遭受. 87.plenty of 大量的，丰富的 88.in that 在于，因为 89.in between 在中间，每间隔,在...期间 90.in question 正被谈论的，正被考虑的 91.to work on 从事....致力于..... 92.to set up 设立，建立，提出 93.to be on the alert against/for sth. 警惕 94.to be concerned with (1)关于，涉及 (2)忙于(3)关心，关切 95.to attach importance to sth.认为..重要 96.to take to sth/doing sth (1)开始从事(2)养成....习惯(3)培养对.....的爱好 97.to put sth.to use 使用，利用 98.to be relevant to sth 与....有关的 99.on the part of sb 就....而言,在....方面 100to set.....as objective 把....作为目标 101to look ahead to 向前看，展望未来 102to allocate...for....to 分配....给配合.... 103to hang up 把....挂起来;延迟，拖延 104to throw off 扔掉，摆脱 105to work out 作出，制定出 106up to date最新的，新式的 107to kid...into doing 欺骗....去做 108to stick with坚持，继续 109effect on 对.....的作用 110to blame sth. 把......归咎于 111now(that) 既然，由于 112to leave/let...alone/be (1)不管，不理，不打扰(2)顺其自然，听任...... 113out of step 步伐不一致，不协调 114in time (1)及时，不迟(2)终于，迟早 115to date把......归咎 116to attend to sth. (1)专心，注意(2)照顾，关照 117to fall apart 破裂，崩溃 118to be true of符合于.....，对....适用 119 to approximate to 与.....接近 120 resistance to sth (1)对...的抵抗，对抗(2)照顾，关照 121 to cope with 对付，处理 122 no other...than (1)除...外没有，只有(2)正是，就是 123 to take advantage of (1)利用(2)占...的便宜 124 to stand no/little chance of doing 没有可能，没有希望 125 to identify....as.... 把....看成;证明/确认...为..... 126 impact on .... 对......的影响 127 to break up 打碎;(被)分解;散开，驱散;结束;期终放假，崩溃 128 in the running参赛，参加竞选 129 in power掌权的，执政的 130 out of power丧失权力的，在野的 131 in favor of (1)赞成，支持(2)支付给(3)为了;对....有利 132 to come into power上台，开始掌权 133 to carry on (1)经营，进行(2)继续 134 to sacrifice to 向....献祭;为...而牺牲;为.....而失去 135 be central to 对....极为重要的 136 be irrelevant to 与....不相干，不切题 137 be aim for 瞄准，以....为目标 138 in bring out (1)使显现，显示(2)生产，使产生 139 to attach to 使....与....相关，把....附加到 140 to take for granted 认为真实，视为当然 141 at ease 自在的，舒适的 142 plea for恳求，请求 143 not that.....并不是，不是因为 144 not(never)for a moment 决不，从来没有 145 to break in on(upon) 打扰，打断，闯进 146 to seize/catch hold of 抓住，占有 147 to excess 过分，过度，过量 148 to substitute.....for 用.....代替 149 be contrary to 与.....相反 150 in reality 实际上，事实上 151 to put off 延期，消除 152 be confronted with 面临，面对 153 to draw on (1)用.....做来源，依靠(2临近 154 to gaze at 凝视，注视 155 be unaware of 不知道.....没觉察到.... 156 to dream of 梦见，梦想 157 in one?s mind?s eye 在脑海里 158 to go over (1)越过，渡过(2)仔细检查 159 to impress.....on 使......铭记，牢记 160 be free from 没有......的，不受.....的 161 to go over (1)越过，渡过(2)仔细检查 162 to impress....on 使......铭记，牢记 163 to put aside (1)放在一边，撇开(2)储存 164 be beneficial to 对......有利 165 to add up to (1)总计是(2)总起来意味着 166 influence on 对......的影响 167 to break into 分成(部分) 168 so far as sb.knows 就某人所知 169 of....value 有......价值 170 of....importance 重要，有意义 171 of....interest 有趣，有意思 172to coincide with 相符，一致 173 to go in for (1)参加，从事(2)以.....为兴趣，爱好 174year in and year out 一年一年地，年复一年 175 to take.....easy轻松一点;勿太紧张 176to put an end to结束或废除某事务 177to do one?s best尽全力;尽量 178to do with sth. 处理;忍受 179 in return 作为回报 180 to do without 没有....也行;将就，设法应付过去 1. 强调句 It was lightening that caused the forest fire last year.正是闪电引起了去年的那场火 灾。 2. 虚拟语气 We hurried back to school lest/ for fear that it (should) rain. 我们匆匆忙忙地 赶回学校，生怕天会下雨。 3. 比较级the more…the more The more time a person spends on his work,the less time he has to play. 一个人花在工作上的时间越多，花在玩耍上的时间就越少。 4. This subject is far more difficult than everybody has previously expected. 这门课程比每 个人以前预料的还要难得多。 5. more than…/rather than… A political figure's success depends more on external factors than his own characteristics. 一个政治人物的成功与其取决于他个人的特点，不如说取决于外 部因素。 6. 让步状语 Whether you believe him or not， you have to make the decision. 无论你是否 相信他，你都必须做出决定。 7. no matter what/ who/when/how…,No matter how hard he tried,he couldn't persuade his friends to give up the adventure. 无论他怎么努力，都不能说服他的朋友们放弃冒险。 8. despite/in spite of …,He decided to carry out the plan in spite of the protest from his parents. 他决定不顾父母的反对执行他的计划。 9. 结果状语 I broke my glasses so that I couldn't see clearly what happened. 我打破了眼 镜，以至于看不清当时发生了什么事。 10. The density of the star has become so great that it may explode at some time. 这颗恒星 的密度如此之大，以至于它会在某一时刻爆炸。 11. 非限定性定语从句 As we expected正如我们所预料的那样/ As is well known众所周 知， the project was finished successfully on time. 项目成功地提前完成。 12. 形式主语 It's no doubt that correct decisions made today will have a good effect on future. 毫无疑问，今天做出的正确决策将对未来有很好的影响。 13. 形式宾语 Many people find it important to keep a good living habit. 很多人认为保持 一个良好的生活习惯非常重要。 14. 宾语补足语 The new electronic techniques make possible the effect that has never been created before. 新的电子技术使得一种从未有过的音响效果成为可能。 15. 倒装句 Not until recently did we realize that language was closely related to culture. 直 到最近我们才意识到语言与文化密切相关。 16. Under no circumstances should you hesitate to offer your opinion as it is. 在任何情况下 你都应毫不犹豫地说出你真实的想法。 17. 比较状语such … as … Such people as you described can hardly succeed in nowadays. 像你描述的那种人在当今社会很难取得成功。 18. 原因状语be different/ similar … in that…Robots are different from automatic machines in that they can be reprogrammed to do another job. 机器人和自动化机器的不同之处在于它能被重新编程完成其它的任务。 19. 宾语从句people hold different attitudes as to… 人们对于是否应该用动物做实验持不 同的态度。people hold different attitudes as to whether animals should be used in experiments. 20. 并列句 …not only…but also… Sports can not only benefit our body,but also contribute immensely to mental health. 运动不仅对我们的身体有益，而且还极大地有助于精神健康。 一、语法 Grammar & Usage Subject-Verb Agreement (I) 1.主谓一致的三条原则 1)语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致。 Human beings enjoy learning. Everybody's understanding is incomplete. 2)意义一致，即根据意义来处理一致关系。 The people there are fighting for the independence of their country. The dollars was a lot of money at that time. 3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 There is a pen, two pencils and an eraser in the pencil box. Neither the boy nor his teachers know the answer. 2.集体名词作主语时与动词的一致 1)当主语为furniture， equipment， machinery等词时，谓语动词通常用单数。 The furniture in that shop is all made in China. Office equipment is very expensive nowadays. A lot of new machinery has been installed. 2)集体名词如people， cattle， police， poultry，等往往作复数用。 Some people drive madly in this country. Many cattle have died because of the fold. The police have been sent there but they have not made any arrests yet. Poultry are plentiful in that mountain region. 3)family, government, class, committee, audience , team, public 等词被视做一个整体时， 其后的动词作单数;被视做为构成整体的个体时，其后的动词则为复数。 His family is a happy one. His family are all interested in stamp-collecting. The Democratic Government is in power now. The government is/are considering further tax cuts. The audience was very quite when he was giving his speech. The audience were shouting and laughing when he came into the hall. Our class is the top class in the grade. The class are busy taking notes. 3.并列主语与动词的一致 1)当“名词+名词”表示一种事物时，用单数动词。 Bacon and eggs is a very popular British breakfast. Toast and marmalade (果酱面包) is my favorite breakfast. Fish and chips (炸鱼与土豆片) is served every day. 2)当主语是由and， both ….and 连接的并列结构时，如果主语所指的不是一种事物， 动词则用复数形式。 Jack and Mary are in love with each other. Both Tom and John are absent today. War, famine and drought have claimed thousands of lives in that country. 3)在又or或 nor连接的并列结构中，动词单、复数形式一般与or 或 nor 后边的名词 或代词保持一致。 He or his brothers are to blame for this. Either you or your friend has to pay the bill. Either his father or his mother comes to see him every day. When couples quarrel, (either) the wife or the husband has to give in. Neither she nor you are mistaken. Neither the manager nor the clerks are college graduates. 4) not only … but also 连接的结构做主语时，动词的单、复数形式依据but also 后的名 词或代词。 Not only Fred but also his parents love this small pet dog. Not only the boys but also their mother is very ell. 课后练习 Translate the following into English. 1) Use the verb + noun collocation. 出席会议 to attend a meeting 干的不错 to do a good job 体验苦难 to experience bitterness 自学英语 to teach oneself English 发现奇迹 to discover wonders 忍住咳嗽 to hold back one's cough 掌握技能 to master skills 获取知识 to acquire knowledge 需要勇气 to require courage 丰富生活 to enrich one's life 接受修正 to accept rectification 改正错误 to correct mistakes 不再指望 to cherish no hope 作出努力 to make efforts 2)Use the “useful expressions”. 1.新造的大桥坍塌了，一名工程师和两名地方官员为此受到刑事起诉。 The collapse of the big newly-built bridge led to criminal prosecution against an engineer and two local government officials. 2.他工作了一天，午饭都没动。 He worked all day, leaving his lunch untouched. 3.经常性的体育运动使学生身体强壮，更好的适应学习，决不是浪费时间。 Far from being a waste of time, regular sports activities make students physically strong and deal with their study better. 4.在海洋世界公园，海豹和海豚能够表演各种技巧，逗的小观众们乐不可支。 The seals and dolphins in the Sea World are capable of various acting techniques, and this makes children audience overjoyed. 5.把快乐建立在别人痛苦之上的人迟早要受到报应的。 Those who take delight in other people's pain will suffer retribution sooner or later. 6.在某些方面，那部新字典有不少地方需要改进。 In some respects, that new dictionary has much to be improved. 7.当那辆公共汽车冲进路边翻了车时，许多小朋友被困在里边。 When that bush rushed out of the road and turned over, many children got trapped in it. 8.在开幕式上，市政府将为一千多明来宾提供饮食。 At the opening ceremony, the municipal government will provide food and drink for more than 1,000 guests. 9.在中国，城市家庭只允许生一个孩子。 In China, every urban family is restricted to only one child. 10.只要我们能得到点休息，去哪里并不重要。 As long as we can get a little rest, is doesn't matter where we go. 3)Use learn, ask and teach. 1.那位男孩向警察询问去火车站怎么走。 That boy asked the policeman how to get to the railway station. 2.学习外语没有任何捷径可走。 There are no shortcuts to learning a foreign language. 3.获悉我最喜欢的数学老师仍然在那所学校教书我决定去看他。 Learning that my favourite maths teacher is still teaching in that school, I decided to visit him. 4.这位老工人教育他的子女做人要诚实。 This veteran worker taught his children to be honest. 5.他问老板那天他是否可以早点离开办公室。 He asked his boss whether he could leave off work a little earlier that day. 6.艰难困苦使我们对我们现有的一切感到满意。 Difficulties and hardships teach us to be grateful for all that we have already had. 7.毕业时他要求到西藏去工作一年。 On his graduation, he asked to work in Tibet for one year. 8.我只不过是想关心别人，也希望受到他人的关心，我的要求并不过分。 All I want to do is just to show my care for others, and I hope to be treated in the same way by others. I am not asking too much. 9.聪明人从自己的错误中吸取教训。 Wise men learn lessons from their own mistakes. 10. 求援是没有用的，因为已经早过了午夜。 Since it is well after midnight, there is no point in asking for help. 11.那位科学家教育他的学生说年轻人要面向未来。考试大收集整理 That scientist taught his students that young people should be gearing themselves for the future. 12.问及她生活的最大乐趣时，她说“学习”。 When asked what was the greatest pleasure in her life, she replied “learning”. 中文 原形动词 过去式 过去分词 1 出现，升起 arise arose arisen 2 开始 begin began begun 3 吹 blow blew blown 4 打断 break broke broken 5 选择 choose chose chosen 6 做 do did done 7 画 draw drew drawn 8 喝 drink drank drunk 9 开车,驾驶 drive drove driven 10 吃 eat ate eaten 11 落下 fall fell fallen 12 飞 fly flew flown 13 冻结 freeze froze frozen 14 给 give gave given 15 去 go went gone 16 长大 grow grew grown 17 知道 know knew known 18 误解, 弄错 mistake mistook mistaken 19 成长速度超 outgrow outgrew outgrown 20 骑 ride rode ridden 21 响铃 ring rang rung 22 上升 rise rose risen 23 看 see saw seen 24 摇 shake shook shaken 25 唱 sing sang sung 26 下沉，沉没 sink sank sunk 27 说 speak spoke spoken 28 偷 steal stole stolen 29 发誓 swear swore sworn 30 游泳 swim swam swum 31 拿 take took taken 32 撕，扯破 tear tore torn 33 扔 throw threw thrown 34 穿 wear wore worn 35 写 write wrote written 现在分词为:writing 以下各词过去式与过去分词相同 36 弯曲 bend bent bent 37 捆 bind bound bound 38 带来 bring brought brought 39 建造 build built built 40 买 buy bought bought 41 抓住 catch caught caught 42 挖 dig dug dug 43 喂 feed fed fed 44 觉得 feel felt felt 45 找到 find found found 46 打仗 fight fought fought 47 有 have had had 48 听 hear heard heard 49 抓 拿 hold held held 50 保持 keep kept kept 51 放 lay laid laid 52 领导 lead led led 53 离开 leave left left 54 借出 lend lent lent 55 丢失 lose lost lost 56 制做 make made made 57 意思是 mean meant meant 58 遇见 meet met met 59 误解，误会 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood 60 恐慌 panic panicked panicked 61 付钱 pay paid paid 说 say said said 62 63 寻求 seek sought sought 64 卖 sell sold sold 65 送 send sent sent 66 射击 shoot shot shot 67 坐 sit sat sat 68 睡 sleep slept slept 69 花费 spend spent spent 70 站 stand stood stood 71 扫 sweep swept swept 72 教 teach taught taught 73 告诉 tell told told 74 想 think thought thought 75 知道 understand understood understood 76 哭泣 weep wept wept 77 赢 win won won 78 吹风，绕 wind wound wound 下列各词的原形、过去式、过去分词都一样 79 爆炸 burst burst burst 80 投 扔 cast cast cast 81 价值 花费 cost cost cost 82 切 cut cut cut 83 打击 hit hit hit 84 伤害 hurt hurt hurt 85 让 let let let 86 放 put put put 87 读 read read read 88 流出 shed shed shed 89 关闭 shut shut shut 90 分离 split split split 91 伸开 spread spread spread 92 插 刺 thrust thrust thrust 93 弄翻 心烦 upset upset upset 下列各词的原形和过去分词相同 94 变得 成为 become became become 95 来 come came come 96 跑 run ran run 97、98是特殊变化 97 击打 beat beat beaten 98 忍受 出生 bear bore born / borne 98以后各词的过去式或过去分词为两可型 99 咬 bite bit bit / bitten 100 忘记 forget forgot forgot/ forgotten 101 得到 get got got / gotten 102 躲藏 hide hid hid / hidden 103 证实 prove proved proved / proven 104 缝 sew sewed sewed / sewn 105 出示 展示 show showed showed / shown 106 打击 strike struck struck / stricken 107 唤醒 awake awoke / awaked awoke / awaked 108 打赌 bet bet / betted bet / betted 109 广播 broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted 110 燃烧 burn burnt / burned burnt / burned 111 做梦 dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt / dreamed 112 适合 fit fit /fitted fit / fitted 113 * 处死 hang hanged hanged 113 悬挂 hang hung hung 114 倾斜 lean leant / leaned leant / leaned 115 学习 learn learnt / learned learnt / learned 116 * 撒谎 lie lied lied 116 躺 lie lay lain 117 摆脱 rid rid / ridded rid / ridded 118 发光 shine shined / shone shined / shone 119 嗅, 闻 smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt 120 加速 speed sped /speeded sped / speeded 121 拼写 spell spelt / spelled spelt / spelled 122 溢出 spill spilt / spilled spilt / spilled 123 醒 wake woke / waked woke /waked / woken 124 弄湿 wet wet / wetted wet / wetted Unit 1 ?The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. 决策的目的是为了建立并达到组织的目的和目的。 ?Managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 管理者经常必须对未来的情况做出最佳的猜测，尽管不存侥幸。 ?For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. 对于管理者来说，每次决策都是受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等因素的制约。考试大自 考站，你的自考专家～ ?But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. 但是这种简化倾向会他们对于其他的可选项视而不见。 ?Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best—that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 决策者们必须有办法决定数个可选项中哪一个是最好的—哪一个对组织目标的实现起 作用最大。 ?Different individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. ?Because different individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 因为个人通常会就如何达到目标持不同见解，所以最佳选择往往取决于谁来决策。 ?When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on. 当面对同一件事例时，销售部门经理易于看到销售问题，生产部经理则会看到生产问题， 如此等等。 ?People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. 人们通常认为决策是一个孤立的现象。 ?The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgment. 文学批评家在和评价时应该尽量不偏不倚。 ?She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。 ?I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey. 我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。 ?Although he thought he was helping us with the job， he was only in the way. 虽然他以为他在帮我们干这件事，但他只是在碍我们的事。 Unit 2 ?The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. 我们通常用来描述科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用。 ?Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一种空间区，物质可以掉进黑洞，但任何物质不能从黑洞 中逃脱。 ?Some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 某些星体的密度增大到某一特定点时便发生爆炸。 ?This process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. 收缩的过程可能非常强烈一致产生黑洞。 ?It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 只是近几年天文学家才开始具体研究黑洞。 ?Very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 由于有非常先进的技术，人们也许能在将来利用黑洞的能量为人类服务。 ?He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal. 他已经尽了全力以达到自己的目标。 ?He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind. 他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主意。 ?The collapse of the government left the country in confusion. 政府的倒台使全国陷入混乱之中。 ?The research group launched out into a series of new experiments. 研究小组着手进行了一系列新的实验。 Unit 3 ?Each time it is shown， the program starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 每次播放都引起对这个问题的全国性大辩论。 ?In addition to this， a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met. 此外，还必须有一名医生证实这些标准已经得到满足。 ?In the vast majority of euthanasia cases， what the patient is actually asking for is something else. ?Euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. ?Anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable. 法律上允许缩短生命的任何做法只会使这些人更易受到伤害。 ?Instructions will be sent immediately on request. 说明将按要求立即寄出。 ?Many people opposed building a new highway because of the great cost. 由于代价过于高昂，许多人都反对修一条新公路。 ?She bore the whole burden of raising two children alone. 她一个人负起抚养两个孩子的全部责任。 ?Students are heavily burdened with home assignments. 学生家庭作业负担过重。 ?The committee demands that no member (should) be absent. 委员会要求任何成员不得缺席。 Unit 4 ?Of these 20，000， just under 2000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. ?In one of them， a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder， despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. ?I was supposed to be paid ,120 but I never received that amount. ?My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police. ?Many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. ?So if they do complain， they risk being deported. ?It is the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery. ?The student exploits every possibility to learn English. 这个学生利用一切可能性学英语。 ?Our country is launching a campaign against waste. 我们国家正在开展反浪费运动。 ?We should be always aware of the status of world affairs. 我们应该时刻关注世界形势。 ?There are likely to be more difficulties than you were prepared for. 很可能遇到的困难比你想到的多。 Unit 5 ?The new music was built out of materials already in existence. ?They freely took over elements from jazz， from American country music， and as time went on from even more diverse sources. ?What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. ?In studio recordings， new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live. ?Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume， the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand ?Often music was played out of doors， where nature provided the environment. ?The social and political transformation of a country is essential to the development of the society. 一个国家的社会和政治改革对社会的发展非常重要。 ?All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice. 所有的理论都来源于实践，并反过来为实践服务。 Unit 6 ?Robots， becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world， are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention. ?The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials， preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. ?Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task， they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. ?Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products. ?These future robots， assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions， will have plenty of work to do. ?Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. ?His words cast a new light on the problem. 他的话题使人们对这个问题有了新的认识。考试大自考站，你的自考专家～ ?We should be aware of the dangers of exposing children to violence on TV. 我们应该意识到儿童接触有关暴力节目的危害。考试大收集整理 Unit 7 ?People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. ?Generally speaking， the quality of life， especially as seen by the individual， is meaningful in terms of the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual. ?The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual. ?Experiences of a different nature， be it television watching or bird-watching， can lead to a self-renewal and a more “balanced” way of life. ?Such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use. ?To impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways. ?It can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes， interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure. ?The more seriously this is sought， the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged. ?You have to attach a label to a box while posting it. ?We should make our lives relevant to the needs of the country. ?He always has some positive ideas on company policy. Unit 8 ?The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time. ?The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. ?He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag. ?Now that we understand what Jet Lag is， we can go some way to overcoming it. ?In time， the physiological system will reset itself， but it does take time. ?It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. ?That is by no means the best way of proceeding. ?He didn't take alarm at the news. ?The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert. ?He didn't want to be tied to a steady job Unit 9 ?The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth， the older its population is likely to be—at least， for any future that concerns us now. ?To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added， some of them only recently recognized. ?There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change. ?Taken together， these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. ?There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere，… that we have grown so old. ?Long life is altering our society， of course， but in experiential terms. ?Your account of what happened approximates to the real facts. ?His earnings are out of all proportion to his skill and ability. Unit 10 ?A minor-party or independent candidate，… can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them. ?In deciding whether to pursue a course of action， they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters. ?The slogan was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation„s slow-moving economy. ?Whether voters accept this image， however， depends more on external factors than on a candidate„s personal characteristics. ?As in 1980， when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times， the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change. ?Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war， but voters remained concerned about the economy. ?The invention is going to cause a big stir in the world. ?You should save up money to make provision for the future. Unit 11 ?Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. ?It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.?One experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat„s leg， leaving its leg paralysed. ?Even with these new developments in research， only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage. ?The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested. ?When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body， we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. ?I was surprised to see his room in such a litter. ?The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today. Unit 12 ?Until recently daydreaming was generally considered either a waste of time or a symptom of neurotic tendencies. ?At its best， daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life. ?As with anything carried to excess， daydreaming can be harmful. ?There is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it. ?Daydreaming significantly contributes to intellectual growth， power of concentration， and the ability to interact and communicate with others. ?Daydreaming resulted in improved self-control and enhanced creative thinking ability. ?Contrary to popular belief， constant and conscious effort at solving a problem is， in reality， one of the most inefficient ways of coping with it. ?Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with， he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind. ?The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained them. ?Daydreaming is highly beneficial to your physical and mental well-being. ?Escape being impossible， the rabbit turned to confront the dog. ?The difficulties that confront us cannot be overcome. Unit 13 ?He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing， or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. ?In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished， the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it. ?What from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. ?Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends， not on the job itself， but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. ?It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population， that is to say， its laborers， will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. ?The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible. ?Workers seldom commit acts of violence， because they can put their aggression into their work， be it physical like the work of a smith， or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. ?They were often compelled to work twelve or fourteen hours a day. ?The police undertook detailed and comprehensive investigations into the case. Unit 14 ?The device， though， would do much more than capture a lecture. ?It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein„s shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion. ?Grabbing Weinstein by the jaw， the attacker told her he had a gun and forced her into the Camry. ?It was there， police believe， that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. ?Her power of persuasion were to no avail. ?Weinstein„s body， with hands and feet bound， was discovered by a hiker in March. ?Given her fate， the name of the program has a heartbreaking resonance to it: Random Acts of Kindness. ?The operation fostered hope in the patient. ?We protested but to no avail. ?He was firmly convinced that risk accompanies decisions. Unit 15 ?The computer makes possible a marvellous leap in human proficiency. ?But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are…。 ?There may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom， just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values， and intelligence with insight. ?To the extent， then， that man fail to distinguish between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision， the computer could prove a digression. ?It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers. ?…before we lose ourselves in celebrating the victory， we might reflect on the great advances in the human situation that have come about because men were challenged by error and would not stop thinking and exploring until they found better approaches for dealing with it. ?For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it. ?Even to speculate on it is a gain. ?If you persist in ignoring my instructions， I shall have to punish you. ?His ultimate goal is too distant and shadowy to obtain. ?Despite their differences， their love will conquer. ?It has taken him a long time to come to terms with the fact that he won't be able to go to college.