高中政治政治生活

高中政治政治生活 高中政治必修2《政治生活》笔记整理(4)当代国际社会 20.国际社会的主要成员 (1)主权国家是最基本的国际社会成员，是国际关系的主要参加者。按照国家性质可以划分为社会主义国家和资本主义国家;按照经济发展程度可以划分 为发展中国家和发达国家。 人口、领土、政权和主权是构成主权国家的基本要素，其中最重要的是主权， 主权是一个国家的生命和灵魂。 主权国家在国际社会中享有独立权、平等权、自卫权和管辖权，同时应履行 不侵犯别国，不干涉别国内政，以和平方式解决国际争端等义务。 此外，国际上还有一些区域因不具有国际社会承认的主权，被称为地区。 (2)一些国家、地区或民间团体，出于各种特定目的，通过签订条约或的方式，建立有一定规章的团体，就形成了国际组织。国际组织可以分为政府间的和非政府间的;世界性的和区域性的;政治性的和专门性的等。 许多国际组织在国际社会中发挥着重要作用:促进国家之间的政治、经济、文化、科学技术的交流与合作;协调国际政治、经济关系;调节国际争端，缓解 国家间的矛盾，维护世界和平;等等。 附:主权国家的基本权利 权利 含义 举例 独立权 主权国家拥有按照自己的意志处理可以自由修改宪法、变更政体、 内政、外交事务而不受他国控制和干确定经济体制、缔结条约、进行 涉的权利 自卫战争 平等权 主权国家无论大小强弱，也不论政各国在国际上的法律地位平等; 治、经济、意识形态和社会制度有何任何国家都不得以任何方式强 差异，在国际法上的地位一律平等 迫他国接受自己的意志;在外交 上有使用本国文字的权利 自卫权 主权国家拥有保卫自己的生存和独防御和自卫 立的权利 管辖权 主权国家对其领域内的一切人和物对本国公民和物的管理;对居住 具有管辖的权利 国外的侨民和驻外使馆的管理 21.联合国的宗旨和原则 Is team-oriented and team building. Persisting in democratic centralism, improve the level of team science decision, a democratic decision. Strengthening the concept of collective leadership, by collective discussions and decisions on major issues. 5 years, between members of the team did Frank, equal treatment, mutual trust, mutual support and form a innovation-oriented, democratic solidarity and diligent people, honest type of four good teams. Second, focus on the transformation of work style. Requires team members to actively think, active officers to organize work, active inspection work, initiative, by the Office and of the primary station and village (community), and make sure regardless of Division of labor and mutual support, mutual Help and complement each other, understand each other, improve leadership skills of managing. Third party organizations are weak and lax, strengthening regulation (community) party organizations and cadres, improve service levels, and enhance team effectiveness. The work style of the party members and cadres in the whole town has been further changes. 2. the cadres, and improve the overall quality of party members and cadres. First, grasp the cadres team construction. Cadres of the new and improved the regulation, the town village appraisal methods, training of party members and other 8 work, effectively promote the work, put an end to the previous shuffle, prevarication is not responsible for the phenomenon. Second, strengthening the construction of grassroots party organizations and party members. Catch the party branch Secretary of team-building, improving overall quality. Healthy village (community) cadre appointment system. Perfect village 《联合国宪章》规定的联合国宗旨是:维护国际和平与安全;发展国际间以尊重人民平等权利及自决原则为基础的友好关系;促进国际合作，以解决国际间属于经济、社会、文化及人类福利性质的国际问题;作为协调各国活动的中心。 简言之就是:维护国际和平与安全，促进国际合作与发展。 联合国及会员国应遵循的原则是:各会员国主权平等，履行宪章规定的义务，以和平方式解决国际争端，不得对其他国家进行武力威胁或使用武力，集体协作， 不干涉任何国家内政。 22.国际关系及其决定因素 国际关系是指国家之间、国际组织之间以及国家与国际组织之间的关系，其 中，最主要的是国家与国家之间的关系。 国际关系的内容是多方面的，有政治、经济、文化、军事关系等。 国际关系的形式是多样化的，竞争、合作和冲突是其基本形式。 国家之间出现分离聚合、亲疏冷热的复杂关系是由多种因素综合作用的结果，诸如国家性质、国家力量、外交政策、国家利益等，其中，国家利益是国际 关系的决定性因素。 国家利益是国家生存与发展的权益，维护国家利益是主权国家对外活动的出发点和落脚点。国家间的共同利益是国家合作的基础，而利益对立则是引起国家 冲突的根源。 我国的国家利益主要包括:安全利益(国家的统一、独立、主权和领土完整);政治利益(政治、经济、文化等制度的巩固);经济利益(资源利用的效益、经 济活动的利益、国家物质基础的增强等)。 23. 和平与发展是当今时代主题 和平问题是指维护世界和平，反对世界战争的问题。世界和平是人类社会存在和发展的基本条件，维护世界和平将给各国经济发展和其他全球性问题的解决 创造必要的前提。 第二次世界大战以后，国际形势总体稳定，和平因素的增长超过了战争因素的增长，争取较长时期的和平的国际环境具有了现实的可能性。其原因是:饱尝战乱之苦的世界各国人民渴望和平，反对战争;核战争毁灭性的后果使核大国不得不考虑自身的安全而不敢贸然发动战争;经济全球化的发展，国家之间相互依存的程度日益加深，国际上各种力量相互制约，有利于维护世界的和平与稳定。 Is team-oriented and team building. Persisting in democratic centralism, improve the level of team science decision, a democratic decision. Strengthening the concept of collective leadership, by collective discussions and decisions on major issues. 5 years, between members of the team did Frank, equal treatment, mutual trust, mutual support and form a innovation-oriented, democratic solidarity and diligent people, honest type of four good teams. Second, focus on the transformation of work style. Requires team members to actively think, active officers to organize work, active inspection work, initiative, by the Office and of the primary station and village (community), and make sure regardless of Division of labor and mutual support, mutual Help and complement each other, understand each other, improve leadership skills of managing. Third party organizations are weak and lax, strengthening regulation (community) party organizations and cadres, improve service levels, and enhance team effectiveness. The work style of the party members and cadres in the whole town has been further changes. 2. the cadres, and improve the overall quality of party members and cadres. First, grasp the cadres team construction. Cadres of the new and improved the regulation, the town village appraisal methods, training of party members and other 8 work, effectively promote the work, put an end to the previous shuffle, prevarication is not responsible for the phenomenon. Second, strengthening the construction of grassroots party organizations and party members. Catch the party branch Secretary of team-building, improving overall quality. Healthy village (community) cadre appointment system. Perfect village 发展问题是指世界经济的发展，特别是发展中国家经济发展问题。当今世界贫富悬殊，发展中国家和发达国家的贫富差距越来越大。全球发展最突出的问题 就是南北发展不平衡。 24.维护和平～促进发展的有效途径 霸权主义和强权政治是解决和平与发展问题的主要障碍。 为了和平与发展，必须反对霸权主义和强权政治，改变旧的国际秩序，建立 以和平共处五项原则为基础的有利于世界和平与发展的国际新秩序。 为此，中国主张，各国应在政治上相互尊重、平等协商，共同推进国际关系民主化;经济上相互合作、优势互补，共同推动经济全球化朝着均衡、普惠、共赢方向发展;文化上相互借鉴、求同存异，尊重世界多样性，共同促进人类文明繁荣进步;安全上相互信任、加强合作，坚持用和平方式而不是战争手段解决国际争端，共同维护世界和平;环保上相互帮协力推进，共同呵护人类赖以生存的 地球家园。 附:正确区分霸权主义与恐怖主义 霸权主义和强权政治是诱发恐怖活动的主要因素之一。在当今国际社会中，霸权主义和恐怖主义对世界和平与稳定都构成了严重威胁。但霸权主义对世界和平与稳定的危害比恐怖主义要严重得多，霸权主义才是构成威胁世界和平与稳定 的主要根源。 二者的区别在于:两者的主体不同。恐怖主义的行为主体是世界各类恐怖组织;而广大发展中国家公认美国为奉行霸权主义和强权政治的国家。两者的内涵不同。恐怖主义是指为了某种政治目的而采取暗杀、绑架、劫机、爆炸等极端暴力手段的一种政治行为;而霸权主义和强权政治推行者奉行强权就是真理，并强 硬推行其扩张政策。 25.世界的多极化趋势及国际竞争实质 世界多极化不可逆转是当今国际形势的一个突出特点。目前，世界正在形成若干个政治经济力量中心。世界多极化的发展，是时代进步的要求，符合各国人 民的利益。 世界格局的变化，使得国际竞争加剧，当前国际竞争的实质是以经济和科技 实力为核心的综合国力的较量。 附:比较经济全球化与世界多极化 Is team-oriented and team building. Persisting in democratic centralism, improve the level of team science decision, a democratic decision. Strengthening the concept of collective leadership, by collective discussions and decisions on major issues. 5 years, between members of the team did Frank, equal treatment, mutual trust, mutual support and form a innovation-oriented, democratic solidarity and diligent people, honest type of four good teams. Second, focus on the transformation of work style. Requires team members to actively think, active officers to organize work, active inspection work, initiative, by the Office and of the primary station and village (community), and make sure regardless of Division of labor and mutual support, mutual Help and complement each other, understand each other, improve leadership skills of managing. Third party organizations are weak and lax, strengthening regulation (community) party organizations and cadres, improve service levels, and enhance team effectiveness. The work style of the party members and cadres in the whole town has been further changes. 2. the cadres, and improve the overall quality of party members and cadres. First, grasp the cadres team construction. Cadres of the new and improved the regulation, the town village appraisal methods, training of party members and other 8 work, effectively promote the work, put an end to the previous shuffle, prevarication is not responsible for the phenomenon. Second, strengthening the construction of grassroots party organizations and party members. Catch the party branch Secretary of team-building, improving overall quality. Healthy village (community) cadre appointment system. Perfect village 经济全球化 世界多极化 区商品、劳务、技术、资金在全球范围相对于两极格局和单极世界而言，世别 内流动和配置，使各国经济日益相互界正在形成若干个政治经济力量中 依赖、相互联系的趋势。从经济角度心，各种力量相互制衡的趋势日益明 反映当今世界相互联系、依赖加强的显。从政治角度反映各种力量相互制 趋势 衡的趋势 联(1)是当今国际形势的两个突出特点。(2)经济全球化具有两面性，一方系 面给世界各国带来了难得的发展机遇，另一方面又给发展中国家带来严峻挑 战，而这些矛盾只能在世界多极化发展趋势的过程中，通过建立国际新秩序 来解决。多极化的发展趋势，促使不同国家特别是发展中国家进一步加强合 作，从而推动经济全球化的发展。 26.我国的外交政策 外交政策是指主权国家对外活动的目标及所采取的策略、方式和手段。 我国的国家性质和国家利益决定了我国奉行独立自主的和平外交政策。 维护世界和平，促进共同发展是我国外交政策的宗旨。 维护我国的独立和主权，促进世界的和平与发展，是我国外交政策的基本目 标。 独立自主是我国外交政策的基本立场。 和平共处五项原则是我国对外关系的基本准则。 附:伙伴关系与不结盟关系有什么不同 我国的外交政策是不与任何大国结盟，近年来，我国与俄罗斯、法国、日本 等结成了战略伙伴关系。伙伴关系和结盟关系是有区别的: 第一，产生发展的原因不同。伙伴关系是世界多极化的产物，大国之间战略伙伴关系的发展是由于经济全球化。大国在国际事务中相互制约、相互尊重的趋势在加强，大国之间的联系也在加强，结成伙伴关系。结盟关系是二战后冷战时期的产物，美苏对峙时，以美国为首成立了北约组织，以苏联为首成立了华沙条 约组织，同时也形成了两大阵营。 第二，两者的本质特征不同。伙伴关系的特征是:伙伴国之间是平等、不结盟、不针对、不损害第三国利益，它们建立的基础是利益关系，以对话的方式解决分歧和争端，为促进世界和平与发展，改善大国之间的关系而确立。结盟的特征是:缔结的军事同盟，统一部署军事力量，统一行动，借超级大国争霸，推行 霸权主义和强权政治。 Is team-oriented and team building. Persisting in democratic centralism, improve the level of team science decision, a democratic decision. Strengthening the concept of collective leadership, by collective discussions and decisions on major issues. 5 years, between members of the team did Frank, equal treatment, mutual trust, mutual support and form a innovation-oriented, democratic solidarity and diligent people, honest type of four good teams. Second, focus on the transformation of work style. Requires team members to actively think, active officers to organize work, active inspection work, initiative, by the Office and of the primary station and village (community), and make sure regardless of Division of labor and mutual support, mutual Help and complement each other, understand each other, improve leadership skills of managing. Third party organizations are weak and lax, strengthening regulation (community) party organizations and cadres, improve service levels, and enhance team effectiveness. The work style of the party members and cadres in the whole town has been further changes. 2. the cadres, and improve the overall quality of party members and cadres. First, grasp the cadres team construction. Cadres of the new and improved the regulation, the town village appraisal methods, training of party members and other 8 work, effectively promote the work, put an end to the previous shuffle, prevarication is not responsible for the phenomenon. Second, strengthening the construction of grassroots party organizations and party members. Catch the party branch Secretary of team-building, improving overall quality. Healthy village (community) cadre appointment system. Perfect village 第三，两者对世界的影响不同。伙伴关系实质上是指世界多极化趋势的确立，有利于世界的和平与发展，大国之间伙伴关系不仅对大国有利，而且 能促进世界形势的稳定、经济发展和走向多极化格局的进程。结盟关系出现了两大军事集团的对立，导致了规模空前的军备竞赛，全球范围内的冷战气氛使世界的军备竞 赛升级，导致世界处于战争威胁之中。 第四，两者的发展趋势不同。伙伴关系是冷战后出现的新型关系，与冷战时期的结盟关系不同，它有利于世界和平与发展，有利于多极化国际格局的发展。 附:和平共处五项原则与联合国的原则的比较 和平共处五项原则 联合国的原则 区内容不互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵各会员国主权平等，履行宪别 同 犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和章规定的义务，以和平方式 平共处。互相尊重主权和领土完整解决国际争端，不得对其他 是核心和基础;互不侵犯、互不干国家进行武力威胁或使用武 涉内政是保证;平等互利、和平共力，集体协作，不干涉任何 处是目标。 国家的内政，确保非会员国 遵守上述原则 作用范是我国对外关系的基本准则 是《联合国宪章》中的重要 围不同 内容，是联合国本身及其会 员国处理问题所依据的法则 或 联系 1.在精神实质上是一致的。和平共处五项原则体现了《联合国宪 章》中的国家主权平等以及维护国际和平、安全、正义等重大原 则，反映了世界各国特别是发展中国家的愿望。2.和平共处五项 原则已成为国际社会公认的处理国际关系的基本原则。 Is team-oriented and team building. Persisting in democratic centralism, improve the level of team science decision, a democratic decision. Strengthening the concept of collective leadership, by collective discussions and decisions on major issues. 5 years, between members of the team did Frank, equal treatment, mutual trust, mutual support and form a innovation-oriented, democratic solidarity and diligent people, honest type of four good teams. Second, focus on the transformation of work style. Requires team members to actively think, active officers to organize work, active inspection work, initiative, by the Office and of the primary station and village (community), and make sure regardless of Division of labor and mutual support, mutual Help and complement each other, understand each other, improve leadership skills of managing. Third party organizations are weak and lax, strengthening regulation (community) party organizations and cadres, improve service levels, and enhance team effectiveness. The work style of the party members and cadres in the whole town has been further changes. 2. the cadres, and improve the overall quality of party members and cadres. First, grasp the cadres team construction. Cadres of the new and improved the regulation, the town village appraisal methods, training of party members and other 8 work, effectively promote the work, put an end to the previous shuffle, prevarication is not responsible for the phenomenon. Second, strengthening the construction of grassroots party organizations and party members. Catch the party branch Secretary of team-building, improving overall quality. Healthy village (community) cadre appointment system. Perfect village