92年2月
In order to solve a burglary that has taken place at the Marshalls' house,
Detective Johnson has been instructed to search exactly seven locations—
the foyer, the kitchen, the living room, the guest room, the hallway, the music
room, and the nursery. The foyer, kitchen, and living room are located
downstairs, whereas the guest room, hallway, music room, and nursery are located
upstairs. During the first visit to search for evidence, Detective Johnson has
time to search exactly three locations. This search must be conducted according
to the following conditions:
The three locations searched must be neither all upstairs nor all downstairs.
If the hallway is searched, then the foyer must also be searched.
If the music room is not searched, then the guest room cannot be searched.
The kitchen and the living room cannot both be searched.
The three locations searched must include the living room or the nursery, or both.
Which of the following is a selection of locations that conforms to the
conditions for Detective Johnson's first visit?
Foyer, guest room, hallway
Foyer, hallway, living room
Foyer, kitchen, living room
Guest room, hallway, kitchen
Guest room, music room, nursery
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
During the first visit, if the kitchen is searched, which of the following
must also be searched?
The foyer
The guest room
The hallway
The music room
The nursery
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
During the first visit, if the music room is searched, which of the following
is a pair of locations that can both also be searched?
The foyer and the hallway
The guest room and the kitchen
The hallway and the living room
The kitchen and the living room
The kitchen and the nursery
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
During the first visit, if the guest room is searched, which of the following
must also be searched?
The foyer
The hallway
The kitchen
The living room
The nursery
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
During the first visit, if the kitchen is the only downstairs location
searched, which of the following must also be searched?
The music room and the nursery
The hallway and the nursery
The hallway and the music room
The guest room and the nursery
The guest room and the music room
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
During the first visit, if the living room is not searched, which of the
following is a pair of locations that can both be searched?
The foyer and the guest room
The hallway and the kitchen
The foyer and the music room
The hallway and the music room
The guest room and the kitchen
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
The presence of microorganisms that produce a toxin causes seawater to turn
brownish red, a phenomenon known as a red tide. Sea otters do not feed in areas
where clams, their main source of food, have become contaminated with this
toxin. According to a proposed explanation of the otters' behavior, the otters
sample the clams in a potential feeding area and can taste any toxin in them.
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly indicate that the
hypothesis described in the last sentence of the passage is not correct?
In some of the areas where red tides occur, neither clams nor sea otters are
indigenous species.
The presence of sea otters in a given area has a significant effect on which
other marine organisms are to be found in that area.
When seawater in an area unaffected by red tide is artificially dyed brownish
red, sea otters do not feed on the clams in that area.
If the clams in a given area are contaminated with toxins, sea otters move to
other areas in search of food.
Although very small amounts of the toxin produced during a red tide are not
harmful, large doses can be fatal to animals the size of sea otters.
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
问题:下面哪一个,if true,最强烈地指出上文最后一句话所描述的假设是不正确的
读题:产生一种毒质的微生物的存在引起海水变为褐红色,我们称之为红潮的现象。
海濑不吃被毒素污染的clam, clam是它们的主要事物来源。
按照海濑行为的某种解释, 海濑抽样检查clam ,并且能够尝出任何有毒物质
分析:原文是一个现象:海濑不吃被毒素污染的clam
一个解释:海濑抽样检查clam ,并且能够尝出任何有毒物质
问题是要反对,答案形式一般为:
1、有其他的原因来解释上面这个现象
C. 在没有被红潮污染的海水人为地染成褐红色, 海濑不吃那个区域的clam
(恰恰说明海濑根据颜色来判断,而并不是抽样检查,尝出毒素,反对了原来的解释)
D. 如果某一区域中的clam 被毒素污染了, sea otter移动到其它地方寻求食物
(clam被污染,就不吃,与原文解释观点相同,作为SUPPORT)
An acre of average farmland produces only about 400 pounds of grain amaranth,
as against 2,400 pounds per acre, or six times as much, for wheat. It follows
that whenever the grain-amaranth price is projected to be more than six times
the projected price of wheat, farmers wishing to maximize profits will grow
grain amaranth rather than wheat.
The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?
An acre's worth of grain amaranth is no more expensive to grow and bring to
market than an acre's worth of wheat.
There is no crop that produces a higher yield in terms of pounds harvested
per acre than wheat.
By choosing which crops to grow, farmers can exert a significant influence on
the prices of those crops.
Farmers are no less motivated by the desire to maximize profits than are
other occupational groups.
Prices of grain crops can change faster than farmers can change the acreage
devoted to various grain crops.
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
问题:上文的论述基于下面哪一个ASSUMPTION?
读题:一亩地平均只生产400磅的ga, 比较起来每亩生产2400磅小麦. 因此,当ga的价格
预测大于小麦价格的六倍时,农民为获取更大的利益将种植ga而不是小麦
分析:上文原因是:ga产量是小麦产量的1/6
结论是: 只有价格ga是小麦6倍的时候,才种植ga而不是小麦
这是GRE中典型的数字推理,必须基于一个假设:没有其他的因素来影响
找具有否定词的选项(A,B,D)
A. 种植和运输到市场, 一亩ga不比一亩小麦贵
(指出没有种植和运输的因素需要考虑)
B. 没有一种作物比小麦有更高的产量
Most road repairs require more time and money than is budgeted, but last
summer's nighttime repairs of Highway 93 and similar roads required no more time
or money than had been budgeted. Therefore, making summer repairs to major
roads at night would save both time and money.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the conclusion drawn
above?
The smaller number of cars on the roads at night and more comfortable
nighttime temperatures allow road workers to work more quickly.
Road repair crews that work at night mark their work sites with bright
hashing lights in addition to the orange cones they use during the daytime.
The budget for the repairs to Highway 93 was generous enough to make it
unlikely that it would be exceeded.
Road workers who are willing to work at night have an easier time finding
jobs, since most people would rather work in the daytime.
Asphalt used in road repair tends to expand in warmer temperatures and
contract in cooler temperatures.
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
Exactly seven children—R, S, T, V, W, X, and Y—are to be divided into two study
groups, group 1 and group 2. Group 1 must have three members, and group 2 must
have four members. The children are being assigned to groups according to the
following conditions:
R cannot be in the same group as T
If S is in group 1, V must be in group 1.
If W is in group 1, T must be in group 2.
X must be in group 2.
Which of the following is an acceptable assignment of the children to the two
groups?
Group 1 Group 2
R, S, Y T, V, W, X
R, T, V S, W, X, Y
T, V, X R, S, W, Y
T, V, Y R, S, W, X
T, W, Y R, S, V, X
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
If R is in group 2, which of the following must also be in group 2 ?
S
T
V
W
Y
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
If W is in group 1, which of the following must also be in group 1 ?
R
S
T
V
Y
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
If T and Y are both in group 1, which of the following must be true?
S is in the same group as V.
S is in the same group as W.
V is in the same group as R.
W is in the same group as T.
Y is in the same group as X.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
If W is in the same group as T, any of the following is a pair of children
who could be in a group together EXCEPT
R and S
S and Y
T and Y
V and Y
W and X
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
If V is in the same group as Y, which of the following must be true?
R is in group 1.
S is in group 1.
T is in group 1.
W is in group 2.
Y is in group 2.
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
If S is in group 1, which of the following must be true?
R is in group 1.
T is in group 1.
T is in group 2.
Y is in group 1.
Y is in group 2.
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
A schedule is being prepared for a seminar that will cover exactly seven
topics—P, Q, R, S, T, U, and W—one at a time, during a four-day period. Because
some topics build upon information presented in other topics, the schedule of
topics must comply with the following restrictions:
Each topic must be covered exactly once, and on exactly one day.
No more than three topics are to be covered on any one day.
S must be covered on the second day.
P must be covered on the same day as T.
S must be covered at some time before R is covered and at some time after Q is covered.
R must be covered at some time before P is covered and at some time after U is covered.
If exactly one topic is covered on the second day, which of the following
topics must be covered on the first day?
P
Q
R
S
T
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
Which of the following is a pair of days, either one of which could be the
day on which Q is covered?
The first and the second
The first and the third
The second and the third
The second and the fourth
The third and the fourth
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
Which of the following is a pair of topics that can be covered on the first
day?
P and T
R and S
S and U
U and W
W and R
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
If exactly two topics are covered on each of the first three days, which of
the following is a pair of topics that must be covered on the third day?
P and T
Q and R
R and U
S and W
W and T
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
If topics R and T are covered on the fourth day, which of the following is a
pair of topics that can be covered on the third day?
P and S
P and W
Q and S
Q and U
U and W
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
If topic P is covered on the third day, and exactly one topic is covered on
the fourth day, which of the following must be the topic covered on the fourth
day ?
Q
S
T
U
W
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
If oven cleaner is added to household bleach, the mixture emits chlorine gas.
A mixture of bathtub cleanser and household bleach also emits chlorine gas. If
ordinary soap is added to household bleach, no gases are emitted. When an
unidentified cleaning agent was added to household bleach, no chlorine gas was
emitted.
If the statements above are all true, which of the following can be determined
conclusively on the basis of them about the unidentified cleaning agent?
It was ordinary soap.
It was either oven cleaner or bathtub cleanser.
It was neither oven cleaner nor bathtub cleanser.
It contained ordinary soap and either oven cleaner or bathtub cleanser.
It contained ordinary soap and neither oven cleaner nor bathtub cleanser.
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
Which of the following, if true, provides the most logical completion of the
passage below?
Cars fueled by methanol have a much lower level of emissions of pollutants
such as carbon monoxide and environmentally harmful hydrocarbons than
gasoline-fueled cars do. Methanol fuel does produce somewhat higher
formaldehyde emissions than gasoline does. Nevertheless, a methanol-powered car
actually produces less atmospheric formaldehyde pollution than a comparable
gasoline-powered car, because
compared to carbon monoxide and some hydrocarbons produced by
gasoline-powered cars, formaldehyde pollution is not a serious threat to the
environment
the technical difficulties involved in mass-producing methanol-powered cars
will prevent them from seriously competing with gasoline-powered cars for
several years
gasoline-powered cars are required by United States law to be equipped with
catalytic converters that reduce emissions of many pollutants
measuring a car's emissions is generally an accurate method of assessing
that car's contribution to atmospheric pollution
most formaldehyde pollution generated by gasoline-powered cars results from
the photo-chemical conversion of hydrocarbon emissions into formaldehyde in the
atmosphere
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
问题:下面哪一个,if true,最好地完成下文?
读题:以甲醇为燃料的小汽车所排放的一氧化碳和有害于环境的炭氢化合物这些污染物的
量比烧汽油的小汽车要少。甲醇燃料比汽油燃料确实产生更多的甲醛污染物。
但是,一个以甲醇为燃料的汽车实际产生的甲醛污染物的量比可比的以汽油为燃料的
汽车产生的少,因为———
分析:这是一种完成文章的题目,它和解释现象的题目非常相似,所加入的话,类似于对
现象做了一种解释。但是,必须要注意的是:解释现象只要从意思上通顺就可以,
而完成文章还需要在逻辑上满足前面段落。满足最后一句话意思的答案往往逻辑上
与第一句话相关。
文中描述的是,尽管甲醇燃料比汽油燃料产生更多的甲醛污染物,但是以前者为燃料的汽
车比以后者为燃料的汽车产生更多的甲醛污染物, 当然要找这样的选项,使前者污染物
减少,或使后者污染物增多。而且要与第一句话相关
要达到这样的效果,答案之中一定要带有甲醛污染物(formaldehyde),a,e涉及
A. 比起以汽油为燃料的汽车产生的一氧化碳和炭氢化合物,甲醛污染对于环境不是一个严
重的威胁
C.以汽油为燃料的汽车被美国法律要求装备接触反映的转换器,用来减少许多污染物的释放
D.以汽油为燃料的汽车产生的许多甲醛污染来自于光化学反应把炭氢化合物转换为甲醛
(涉及到甲醛污染物的增加,并且与第一句话相关)
Until recently experts believed that environment, not genetics, largely
determines human personality. A new study, however, has shown that there is
more similarity in personality between identical twins raised together than
between nonidentical twins raised together. The study concluded that genetics,
therefore, does play an important role in determining personality.
Which of the following, if found to be true, would cast the most doubt on the
study's conclusion?
Identical twins raised separately in different adoptive families are usually
more in personality than are nonidentical twins raised separately in different
adoptive families.
No matter how twins behave, parents treat identical twins in ways that tend
to elicit similar personality train but do not treat nonidentical twins in such
ways.
Parents of both identical and nonidentical twins have long claimed that their
children, from early infanthood, had definite and well-established personality
traits.
Birth parents and their identical twin children tend to become more similar
to each other in personality over time, but adoptive parents and their
identical twin children do not.
Neither identical nor nonidentical twins are likely to display drastic
changes in their individual personalities as they grow up.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
问题:下面哪一个,if true,最反对上面的研究结论
读题:直到最近专家相信环境而不是基因主要决定人的个性。 然而, 一个新的研究指出,
在一起抚养的同卵双生子比在一起抚养的非同卵双生子之间个性更相似。
因此,研究得到:基因在决定性格方面起了重要的作用。
分析:倒数第三行the study concluded引导的就是结论
一个研究: 同卵双生子相似程度比非同卵双生子的相似程度要大
一个结论: 就是由于基因决定了个性
原文是从一个研究得到一个结论,
反对答案形式一般为:有其他的原因来解释相似程度的差别
A.分开在不同家庭抚养的同卵双生子通常比在不同家庭抚养的非同卵双生子性格更相似
(大家都分开抚养,但是同卵双生子比非同卵双生子性格更相似,可作为支持)
B.不管同卵双生子是怎样的行为,父母对待同卵双生子的方式倾向于导致他们相同的个性
但是对非同卵双生子不是这样
(恰恰说明是他们的父母导致的,反对了是基因导致的)
(请注意C和E)
C.同卵双生子和非同卵双生子的父母都一直宣称......
(我们应该指出他们之间的不同点,但是both涉及的相同点,故不对)
E.同卵双生子和非同卵双生子都不可能
(其错误形式和C相同,neither...nor...)
By idiosyncratically refusing to dismiss an insubordinate
member of his staff, the manager not only -------
established policy, but he also ------- his heretofore good
chances for promotion.
instituted.. bettered
recognized.. protected
contravened.. jeopardized
reiterated.. computed
delimited.. restricted
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
idiosyncratic: a.个人气质的,体现个人习性或癖好的
dismiss: v.解雇,免...的职,开除
insubordinate: a.不服从的,违抗的
staff: n.全体职员,全体雇员,全体教员
heretofore: adv.迄今为止
institute: v.建立,设立,开创
better: v.1.改善,提高 2.胜过.超过
contravene: v.1.与...相抵触,违犯 2.反驳,否认
jeopardize: v.危及,损害
reiterate: v.反复做,反复重早,重述
compute: v.计算,推断
delimit: v.确定...的界线,限定
由于擅自拒绝解雇其员工中一名不服管制的成员,因此,该经理不仅仅违犯了既定的政
策,而且也危及到他那迄今为止前景看好的晋升机会.
Congress is having great difficulty developing a consensus
on energy policy, primarily because the policy objectives of
various members of Congress rest on such -------
assumptions.
commonplace
trivial
explicit
divergent
fundamental
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
consensus: n.1.合意的 2.(意见的)一致
objective: n.1.目的,目标,宗旨 2.可见的实物
rest on: v.建立在...的基础上
commonplace: a.1.无创见的,无淡无味的,平凡的,普遍的
trivial: a.琐碎的,不重要的,无价值的
explicit: a.详述的,明晰的,坦率的,显然可见的
divergent: a.1.分叉,叉开的 2.有分歧的,不同的 3.偏离的
议会就能源政策正面临巨大的困难,难以达成一致意见,这主要是因为不同议员的政策
目标是基于如此大相径庭的假设.
The widespread public shock at the news of the guilty
verdict was caused partly by ------- news stories that had
------- acquittal
sensational. .condemned
buried.. urged
impartial.. mentioned
biased.. predicted
local.. denounced
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
guilty: a.1.有罪的,证明(或判决)有罪的(of) 2.有过失的(of) 3.内疚的
verdict: n.1.(陪审团的)裁定 2.定论
acquittal: n.宣告无罪,无罪开释
sensational: a.轰动性的,耸人听闻的
impartial: a.不偏不倚的,公正的,无偏见
biased: a.偏袒一方的,有偏见的
denounce: v.1.谴责,指责,痛斥 2.告发,控告 3.通知废止
公众对有罪的裁决这一消息普遍感到惊愕,这在部分程度上乃失之偏颇的新闻故事预测
了无罪开释所致.
The idealized paintings of nature produced in the
eighteenth century are evidence that the medieval -------
natural settings had been ----- and that the outdoors now
could be enjoyed without trepidation.
fear of.. exorcised
concerns about.. regained
affection for.. surmounted
disinterest in.. alleviated
enthusiasm for.. confronted
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
idealized: a.被理想化的
medieval: a.1.中世纪的,中古时代的 2.老式的,守旧的
trepidation: n.惊恐,悸惧
exorcise: v.1.驱除,祓除(邪魔),给...洗罪 2.消除,除去
affection: n.爱慕,恋情,倾慕
surmount: v.克服,越过,登上
disinterest: n.超然公正,客观无偏
alleviate: v.使易于忍受,减轻,缓解
confront: v.1.面临,遭遇 2.正视,对抗
十八世纪创作的有关自然界的理想化的绘画作品作为实际证据证明,中世纪人们对自然
环境的恐惧心理已被消除,人们在户外可尽情玩乐,不必心存怕恐.
Some paleontologists debate whether the diversity of
species has ------- since the Cambrian period, or whether
imperfections in the fossil record only suggest greater
diversity today, while in actuality there has been either
-------- or decreased diversity.
changed.. escalation
increased.. stasis
expanded.. discontinuity
declined.. reduction
improved.. deviation
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
paleontologist: n.古生物学家
the Cambrian period: n.寒武纪(古生代的第一个纪)
diversity of species: n.[生物]物种多样性
imperfection in the fossil record: n.化石记录的不完整性
decreased: a.下降的,减少的,缩减的
escalation: n.逐步上升(增强,扩大),逐步升级
stasis: n.静态平衡,停滞,静止
deviatin: n.偏离,偏差,违背常规
某些古生物学家争论不休,物种多样性是自寒武纪以来得以增加,或者,化石记录方面的
不完美是否仅仅表明,当今的物种多样性为数更甚,尽管在事实上,物种多样性所呈现的是停
滞不变或减缩的态势.
Manipulating laboratory tissue cultures with hormones is
one thing; using hormones to treat human beings, however, is
contingent on whether hormones that ----- in the laboratory
can affect ------- organisms, and in predictable ways.
develop.. similar
succeed.. simple
fail.. cellular
work.. whole
reproduce.. unknown
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
manipulate: v.熟练地利用,操作,驾驭,操纵,处理
tissue culture: n.(生物)组织培养
hormone: n.激素,荷尔蒙
be contingent on: v.依...条件而定,取决于
work: v.起作用,有效
cellular: a.细胞的
用荷尔蒙来处理实验室的组织培养是一回事,但是,用这些荷尔蒙来治疗人类则取决于,
在实验室内行之有效的那些荷尔蒙能否作用于全部的生物体,且能否按照可以预测的方式进
行.
The astronomer and feminist Maria Mitchell's own
prodigious activity and the vigor of the Association for the
Advancement of Women during the 1870's ------ any assertion
that feminism was ------ in that period.
exclude.. thriving
contradict.. prospering
pervade.. remote
buttress.. dormant
belie.. quiescent
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
astronomer: n.天文学家
feminist: n.妇女解放论者,女权主义者
prodigious: a.1.庞大的,巨大的 2.异常的,惊人的
vigor: n.1.精力,活力 2.强大的力量,气势,威力
assertion: n.断言,主张
thriving: a.兴旺的,繁荣的,昌盛的,蓬勃发展的
prospering: a.昌盛的,繁荣的
buttress: v.支持,支撑
dormant: a.斩停活动的,中止的,暂搁不用的
belie: v.证明...为虚假,与...抵触,违背
quiescent: a.静止的,不活动的,静态的,休眠的
天文学家和女权主义者玛丽亚.米切尔自身大量丰富的活动,以及"争取妇女进步协会"
在十九世纪七十年代的强劲势头均证明,所谓女权主义在那段时期沉寂无闻的说法乃无稽之
谈.
ABSORB: SPONGE::
spin: wool
stain,: detergent
pump: gasoline
seal: caulk
sharpen: pencil
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
吸收:海绵
纺织(旋转):羊毛(羊毛织物)
弄脏(玷污,染):洗涤剂
泵:汽油
堵缝:填塞物(堵缝以防漏)
削笔:铅笔
DALLY : TIME::
trespass : land
squander: money
shirk: task
achieve: victory
harbor: safety
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
闲荡,嘻戏:时间
闯入私人领地(侵犯):土地
挥霍:钱
躲避:任务
取得:胜利
庇护:安全
KNIT: YARN::
darn: sock
plait: hair
crochet: hook
braid: knot
weave: loom
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
织:纱线
缝补:短袜(殴打)
编辫:头发
钩织:钩针
编织,编辫:结(难题)
编织:织布机(隐约出现)
DECIBEL: LOUDNESS::
circumference :circle
spectrum: color
light-year: distance
meter: mile
clock: duration
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
分贝:音量
圆周:圆
光谱:光
光年:距离
米(仪表):英里
时钟:持续时间
EMBEZZLE: FUNDS::
wield : influence
exploit: victim
usurp: power
overcome: combatant
impede: obstacle
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
贪污:钱(基金)
支配:影响
剥削(利用,辉煌成绩):受害者
篡位:权力
克服:战士
阻碍:障碍
NEOPHYTE: EXPERIENCE::
diplomat: negotiation
misanthrope: cynicism
umpire: reconciliation
guru: respect
boor: sensitivity
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
新手:经验
外交官:谈判
厌世者:玩世不恭,犬儒主义
裁判:和解
宗师:尊敬
粗鄙之人:敏感
REFINE: PURIFICATION::
deflect: conformity
attenuate : rarefaction
regenerate : sustenance
standardize: disconfirmation
dilate: contraction
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
提炼(使文雅):提纯
使偏斜(折射):一致,遵从
变薄,变弱:稀薄化
改过自新:食物,生计
化:未证实
膨胀,扩大:收缩
MELODRAMA: SUBTLETY::
chimera : authenticity
parody: wit
war: strategy
brief: abstract
hypothesis : theory
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
情节剧:微妙
神化怪物,梦幻:真实性
嘲弄文章(拙劣的模仿):机智
战争:战略
简报:摘要(抽象的)
假设:理论
UNTENABLE: DEFENDED::
satiated : satisfied
heretical: considered
fragile : touched
inevitable: avoided
suspicious: doubted
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
防守不住的(站不住脚的):被捍卫的(被辩解的)
饱足的:满足的
异端学说的:被考虑的
易碎的(脆弱的):被触摸的(感动的)
不可避免的:被避免的
可疑的:被怀疑的
The more that is discovered about the
intricate organization of the nervous
system, the more it seems remarkable
that genes can successfully specify the
(5) development of that system. Human
genes contain too little information even
to specify which hemisphere of the brain
each of a human's 10'' neurons should
occupy, let alone the hundreds of
(10) connections that each neuron makes.For
such reasons, we can assume that there
must be an important random factor in
neural development, and in particular,
that errors must and do occur in the
(15) development of all normal brains.
The most vivid expression of such
errors occurs in genetically identical
(isogenic) organisms. Even when reared
under the same conditions, isogenic
(20) organisms are rarely exact copies of one
another, and their differences have
revealed much about the random
variations that result from an
organism's limited supply of genetic
(25) information. In isogenic Daphniae, for
example, even though the position, size,
and branching pattern of each optic
neuron are remarkably constant, there is
some variability in connectivity, and
(30) the number of synapses varies greatly.
This variability is probably the result
of random scatter beyond the resolution
of genetic control and is best termed
"imprecision," since its converse, the
(35) degree of clustering about a mean, is
conventionally, called "precision."
Imprecision should be distinguished
from developmental mistakes: wrongly
migrated neurons, incorrect connections,
(40) and the like. To use a computer
analogy, minor, rounding-off errors
occur universally and are analogous to
imprecision, but occasionally a binary
digit is incorrectly transmitted,
(45) perhaps ruining a calculation, and this
incorrect transmission is analogous to a
developmental mistake. Thus,
imprecision is a form of inaccuracy
inherent within the limits of design,
(50) but mistakes are forms of gross
fallibility.
Both impression and gross fallibility
can plausibly be blamed on the
insufficiency of genetic information,
(55) since either could be reduced by adding
more information. It is universally
accepted among information theorists
that codes and languages can be made
mistake-resistant by incorporating
(60) redundancy. However, since the amount
of space available in any information
system is limited, increased redundancy
results in decreased precision. For
example, π when written incorrectly in
(65) English, "three point oen four two, "
can be understood correctly even though
a typographical error has occurred. More
precision could be gained, however,
if those 24 spaces were filled with
(70) Arabic numerals; then π could be
expressed to 23 significant digits,
although any error would significantly
change the meaning. There exists a
trade-off, the more precisely a system
(75) is specified, using a given limited
amount of information, the greater the
danger of gross mistakes. The overall
scheme by which genetic information is
rationed out in organisms, therefore,
(80) must involve a compromise between two
conflicting priorties: precision and the
avoidance of gross mistakes.
Which of the following best expresses
the main idea of the passage?
Although studies of isogenic organi-
sms have shown that all organisms are
subject to developmental variations,
there is still scientific debate over
the exact causes of these variations.
Because of limitations on the amount
of information contained in the genes of
organisms,developing nervous systems
are subject to two basic kinds of error,
the likelihood of one of which is
reduced only when the likelihood of the
other is increased.
The complexity of an organism's
genetic information means that much of
the unusual variation that occurs among
or can best be explained as the result
of developmental mistakes.
New findings about the nature of the
genetic control of neural development
support the work of some scientists who
argue that the computer is an extremely
useful model for understanding the
nervous system.
The major discovery made by
scientists studying the genetic control
of neural development is that both
imprecision and gross developmental
error can be traced to specific types of
mutations in specific genes.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
人类对于神经系统错综复杂的组织所获得的理解越是丰富,基因得以成功地具
体规定这一系统的发展,就愈发显得令人瞩目,不可思议。人类因基所包含的信息
是如此之少,以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大
脑的哪个半脑都无法做到,更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。由于这
些原因,我们可以假设,在神经发展过程中必然会存在着某种重要的随机因素,尤
其是,在所有正常大脑的发展过程中,误差必定会发生,并确实在发生。
这类误差最生动的表现在基因相同(isogenic,同基因)的生物体身上。即使
在同等条件下被培育出来,同基因生物体相互间很少能构成绝然的复制品,而它们
之间的差异可揭示出相当多的
,以说明生物体由于有限的基因信息供应量而导
致的随机差异。例如,在同基因的水蚤(Daphniae)身上,虽然每个视觉神经细胞
的位置、尺寸及分支结构(branching pattern)极为稳定,但在连接性方面却存
在着一定的变异,而突触的数量则变异巨大。这种变异性有可能是视觉神经细胞随
机散布超过了基因控制的分辨力所致的结果,故而它可被最为恰当地称为“不精
确”,因为它的对立面,即神经细胞围绕着一个中项的群集程度,被约定俗成地称
为“精确”。
不精确应与发展错误区别开来。所谓发展错误,是指那些错误移位的神经细胞,
不正确的连接,及诸如此类的情形。不妨用电脑作一类比:次要的舍入误差普遍发
生,这类误差类似于不精确,但偶尔地,一个二进制数字被不正确传输出去,或许
将一次运算全部毁掉,则这种不正确的传输便类似于发展错误。因此,不精确是某
一
限制范围内固有的一种不正确形式,但发展错误则是严重差错的形式。
无论是不精确还是严重差错,均可不无道理地归咎于基因信息的不充分,既然
此两种情形中的任何一种情形都可通过增加更多的信息来予以减少。在信息理论家
之间,一个普遍公认的原理是,密码的语言可以通过包含多余信息(redundancy)
而被处理成绝无差错。然而,既然任何信息系统内所能利用的空间量是有限的,多
余信息的增加反而会造成精确性的降低。例如,当π这一符号被不正确地用英语表
述为“three point oen four two”时,即使一个排印误差已经发生,但这组数字
仍能被人正确理解。然而,如果这24个空间位置被填入阿拉伯数学的话,即可获
取一种更高的精确度;这样一来,π则可被表述为23个有意义的数字,虽然任何
误差又将极大的改变其内涵。这即意味着某种折衷平衡;一个系统越是精确地被具
体规定,因为消耗了一特定份额中有限的信息量,发生严重差错的危险性则愈高。
因此,在生物体身上,基因信息藉以平均分配的整体方案必定涉及到两种互为对立
的优先原则之间的妥协:精确性以及严重差错的避免。
According to the passage, one of the
reasons it has been assumed that there
is an important random element in human
neural development is that
genes cannot specify certain types of
developmental processes as wen as they
can others
the intricacy of the nervous system
allows small developmental errors to
occur without harmful effects.
the amount of information contained
in the genes is less than the amount
necessary to specify the location of the
neurons
the number of neurons in the human
brain varies greatly from individual to
individual
it is theoretically impossible for an
organism to protect itself completely
from gross developmental mistakes
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
人类对于神经系统错综复杂的组织所获得的理解越是丰富,基因得以成功地具
体规定这一系统的发展,就愈发显得令人瞩目,不可思议。人类因基所包含的信息
是如此之少,以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大
脑的哪个半脑都无法做到,更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。由于这
些原因,我们可以假设,在神经发展过程中必然会存在着某种重要的随机因素,尤
其是,在所有正常大脑的发展过程中,误差必定会发生,并确实在发生。
这类误差最生动的表现在基因相同(isogenic,同基因)的生物体身上。即使
在同等条件下被培育出来,同基因生物体相互间很少能构成绝然的复制品,而它们
之间的差异可揭示出相当多的内容,以说明生物体由于有限的基因信息供应量而导
致的随机差异。例如,在同基因的水蚤(Daphniae)身上,虽然每个视觉神经细胞
的位置、尺寸及分支结构(branching pattern)极为稳定,但在连接性方面却存
在着一定的变异,而突触的数量则变异巨大。这种变异性有可能是视觉神经细胞随
机散布超过了基因控制的分辨力所致的结果,故而它可被最为恰当地称为“不精
确”,因为它的对立面,即神经细胞围绕着一个中项的群集程度,被约定俗成地称
为“精确”。
不精确应与发展错误区别开来。所谓发展错误,是指那些错误移位的神经细胞,
不正确的连接,及诸如此类的情形。不妨用电脑作一类比:次要的舍入误差普遍发
生,这类误差类似于不精确,但偶尔地,一个二进制数字被不正确传输出去,或许
将一次运算全部毁掉,则这种不正确的传输便类似于发展错误。因此,不精确是某
一方案限制范围内固有的一种不正确形式,但发展错误则是严重差错的形式。
无论是不精确还是严重差错,均可不无道理地归咎于基因信息的不充分,既然
此两种情形中的任何一种情形都可通过增加更多的信息来予以减少。在信息理论家
之间,一个普遍公认的原理是,密码的语言可以通过包含多余信息(redundancy)
而被处理成绝无差错。然而,既然任何信息系统内所能利用的空间量是有限的,多
余信息的增加反而会造成精确性的降低。例如,当π这一符号被不正确地用英语表
述为“three point oen four two”时,即使一个排印误差已经发生,但这组数字
仍能被人正确理解。然而,如果这24个空间位置被填入阿拉伯数学的话,即可获
取一种更高的精确度;这样一来,π则可被表述为23个有意义的数字,虽然任何
误差又将极大的改变其内涵。这即意味着某种折衷平衡;一个系统越是精确地被具
体规定,因为消耗了一特定份额中有限的信息量,发生严重差错的危险性则愈高。
因此,在生物体身上,基因信息藉以平均分配的整体方案必定涉及到两种互为对立
的优先原则之间的妥协:精确性以及严重差错的避免。
The author suggests which of the
following about the findings of
information theorists?
Their findings provocatively
challenge the standard explanation of
redundancy in genes.
Their findings provide useful
insights into understanding the
rationing of genetic information.
Their findings help to explain why
imprecision can occur in neural
development but not why gross mistakes
can occur.
Their findings suggest that genes may
be able to specify neural development
more accurately than had previously been
thought.
Their findings support the work of
those who use computer operations as
models for understanding genetic
control.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
人类对于神经系统错综复杂的组织所获得的理解越是丰富,基因得以成功地具
体规定这一系统的发展,就愈发显得令人瞩目,不可思议。人类因基所包含的信息
是如此之少,以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大
脑的哪个半脑都无法做到,更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。由于这
些原因,我们可以假设,在神经发展过程中必然会存在着某种重要的随机因素,尤
其是,在所有正常大脑的发展过程中,误差必定会发生,并确实在发生。
这类误差最生动的表现在基因相同(isogenic,同基因)的生物体身上。即使
在同等条件下被培育出来,同基因生物体相互间很少能构成绝然的复制品,而它们
之间的差异可揭示出相当多的内容,以说明生物体由于有限的基因信息供应量而导
致的随机差异。例如,在同基因的水蚤(Daphniae)身上,虽然每个视觉神经细胞
的位置、尺寸及分支结构(branching pattern)极为稳定,但在连接性方面却存
在着一定的变异,而突触的数量则变异巨大。这种变异性有可能是视觉神经细胞随
机散布超过了基因控制的分辨力所致的结果,故而它可被最为恰当地称为“不精
确”,因为它的对立面,即神经细胞围绕着一个中项的群集程度,被约定俗成地称
为“精确”。
不精确应与发展错误区别开来。所谓发展错误,是指那些错误移位的神经细胞,
不正确的连接,及诸如此类的情形。不妨用电脑作一类比:次要的舍入误差普遍发
生,这类误差类似于不精确,但偶尔地,一个二进制数字被不正确传输出去,或许
将一次运算全部毁掉,则这种不正确的传输便类似于发展错误。因此,不精确是某
一方案限制范围内固有的一种不正确形式,但发展错误则是严重差错的形式。
无论是不精确还是严重差错,均可不无道理地归咎于基因信息的不充分,既然
此两种情形中的任何一种情形都可通过增加更多的信息来予以减少。在信息理论家
之间,一个普遍公认的原理是,密码的语言可以通过包含多余信息(redundancy)
而被处理成绝无差错。然而,既然任何信息系统内所能利用的空间量是有限的,多
余信息的增加反而会造成精确性的降低。例如,当π这一符号被不正确地用英语表
述为“three point oen four two”时,即使一个排印误差已经发生,但这组数字
仍能被人正确理解。然而,如果这24个空间位置被填入阿拉伯数学的话,即可获
取一种更高的精确度;这样一来,π则可被表述为23个有意义的数字,虽然任何
误差又将极大的改变其内涵。这即意味着某种折衷平衡;一个系统越是精确地被具
体规定,因为消耗了一特定份额中有限的信息量,发生严重差错的危险性则愈高。
因此,在生物体身上,基因信息藉以平均分配的整体方案必定涉及到两种互为对立
的优先原则之间的妥协:精确性以及严重差错的避免。
According to the passage, of the
following aspects of the optic neurons
of isogenic Daphniae, which varies the
most?
Size
Connectivity
Position
Branching pattern
Number of synapses
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
人类对于神经系统错综复杂的组织所获得的理解越是丰富,基因得以成功地具
体规定这一系统的发展,就愈发显得令人瞩目,不可思议。人类因基所包含的信息
是如此之少,以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大
脑的哪个半脑都无法做到,更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。由于这
些原因,我们可以假设,在神经发展过程中必然会存在着某种重要的随机因素,尤
其是,在所有正常大脑的发展过程中,误差必定会发生,并确实在发生。
这类误差最生动的表现在基因相同(isogenic,同基因)的生物体身上。即使
在同等条件下被培育出来,同基因生物体相互间很少能构成绝然的复制品,而它们
之间的差异可揭示出相当多的内容,以说明生物体由于有限的基因信息供应量而导
致的随机差异。例如,在同基因的水蚤(Daphniae)身上,虽然每个视觉神经细胞
的位置、尺寸及分支结构(branching pattern)极为稳定,但在连接性方面却存
在着一定的变异,而突触的数量则变异巨大。这种变异性有可能是视觉神经细胞随
机散布超过了基因控制的分辨力所致的结果,故而它可被最为恰当地称为“不精
确”,因为它的对立面,即神经细胞围绕着一个中项的群集程度,被约定俗成地称
为“精确”。
不精确应与发展错误区别开来。所谓发展错误,是指那些错误移位的神经细胞,
不正确的连接,及诸如此类的情形。不妨用电脑作一类比:次要的舍入误差普遍发
生,这类误差类似于不精确,但偶尔地,一个二进制数字被不正确传输出去,或许
将一次运算全部毁掉,则这种不正确的传输便类似于发展错误。因此,不精确是某
一方案限制范围内固有的一种不正确形式,但发展错误则是严重差错的形式。
无论是不精确还是严重差错,均可不无道理地归咎于基因信息的不充分,既然
此两种情形中的任何一种情形都可通过增加更多的信息来予以减少。在信息理论家
之间,一个普遍公认的原理是,密码的语言可以通过包含多余信息(redundancy)
而被处理成绝无差错。然而,既然任何信息系统内所能利用的空间量是有限的,多
余信息的增加反而会造成精确性的降低。例如,当π这一符号被不正确地用英语表
述为“three point oen four two”时,即使一个排印误差已经发生,但这组数字
仍能被人正确理解。然而,如果这24个空间位置被填入阿拉伯数学的话,即可获
取一种更高的精确度;这样一来,π则可被表述为23个有意义的数字,虽然任何
误差又将极大的改变其内涵。这即意味着某种折衷平衡;一个系统越是精确地被具
体规定,因为消耗了一特定份额中有限的信息量,发生严重差错的危险性则愈高。
因此,在生物体身上,基因信息藉以平均分配的整体方案必定涉及到两种互为对立
的优先原则之间的妥协:精确性以及严重差错的避免。
Which of the following best describes
the organization of the first paragraph?
A specific case is presented, its
details are analyzed, and a conclusion
is drawn from it.
A discovery is announced, its most
significant application is discussed,
and possibilities for the future are
suggested.
A generalization is made, specific
situations in which it is applicable are
noted, and problems with it are
suggested.
An observation is made,specifics are
provided to support it, and a
generalization is derived.
A hypothesis is presented, its
implications are clarified, and
applications of it are discussed.
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
人类对于神经系统错综复杂的组织所获得的理解越是丰富,基因得以成功地具
体规定这一系统的发展,就愈发显得令人瞩目,不可思议。人类因基所包含的信息
是如此之少,以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大
脑的哪个半脑都无法做到,更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。由于这
些原因,我们可以假设,在神经发展过程中必然会存在着某种重要的随机因素,尤
其是,在所有正常大脑的发展过程中,误差必定会发生,并确实在发生。
这类误差最生动的表现在基因相同(isogenic,同基因)的生物体身上。即使
在同等条件下被培育出来,同基因生物体相互间很少能构成绝然的复制品,而它们
之间的差异可揭示出相当多的内容,以说明生物体由于有限的基因信息供应量而导
致的随机差异。例如,在同基因的水蚤(Daphniae)身上,虽然每个视觉神经细胞
的位置、尺寸及分支结构(branching pattern)极为稳定,但在连接性方面却存
在着一定的变异,而突触的数量则变异巨大。这种变异性有可能是视觉神经细胞随
机散布超过了基因控制的分辨力所致的结果,故而它可被最为恰当地称为“不精
确”,因为它的对立面,即神经细胞围绕着一个中项的群集程度,被约定俗成地称
为“精确”。
不精确应与发展错误区别开来。所谓发展错误,是指那些错误移位的神经细胞,
不正确的连接,及诸如此类的情形。不妨用电脑作一类比:次要的舍入误差普遍发
生,这类误差类似于不精确,但偶尔地,一个二进制数字被不正确传输出去,或许
将一次运算全部毁掉,则这种不正确的传输便类似于发展错误。因此,不精确是某
一方案限制范围内固有的一种不正确形式,但发展错误则是严重差错的形式。
无论是不精确还是严重差错,均可不无道理地归咎于基因信息的不充分,既然
此两种情形中的任何一种情形都可通过增加更多的信息来予以减少。在信息理论家
之间,一个普遍公认的原理是,密码的语言可以通过包含多余信息(redundancy)
而被处理成绝无差错。然而,既然任何信息系统内所能利用的空间量是有限的,多
余信息的增加反而会造成精确性的降低。例如,当π这一符号被不正确地用英语表
述为“three point oen four two”时,即使一个排印误差已经发生,但这组数字
仍能被人正确理解。然而,如果这24个空间位置被填入阿拉伯数学的话,即可获
取一种更高的精确度;这样一来,π则可被表述为23个有意义的数字,虽然任何
误差又将极大的改变其内涵。这即意味着某种折衷平衡;一个系统越是精确地被具
体规定,因为消耗了一特定份额中有限的信息量,发生严重差错的危险性则愈高。
因此,在生物体身上,基因信息藉以平均分配的整体方案必定涉及到两种互为对立
的优先原则之间的妥协:精确性以及严重差错的避免。
The author uses all of the following
to clarify the distinction between
imprecision and gross mistake in neural
development EXCEPT
classification of borderline
phenomena
a description of the relationship
between the phenomena denoted by each
term
specific examples of the phenomena
denoted by each term
an explanation of at least one of the
key terms involved
analogies to other types of phenomena
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
人类对于神经系统错综复杂的组织所获得的理解越是丰富,基因得以成功地具
体规定这一系统的发展,就愈发显得令人瞩目,不可思议。人类因基所包含的信息
是如此之少,以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大
脑的哪个半脑都无法做到,更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。由于这
些原因,我们可以假设,在神经发展过程中必然会存在着某种重要的随机因素,尤
其是,在所有正常大脑的发展过程中,误差必定会发生,并确实在发生。
这类误差最生动的表现在基因相同(isogenic,同基因)的生物体身上。即使
在同等条件下被培育出来,同基因生物体相互间很少能构成绝然的复制品,而它们
之间的差异可揭示出相当多的内容,以说明生物体由于有限的基因信息供应量而导
致的随机差异。例如,在同基因的水蚤(Daphniae)身上,虽然每个视觉神经细胞
的位置、尺寸及分支结构(branching pattern)极为稳定,但在连接性方面却存
在着一定的变异,而突触的数量则变异巨大。这种变异性有可能是视觉神经细胞随
机散布超过了基因控制的分辨力所致的结果,故而它可被最为恰当地称为“不精
确”,因为它的对立面,即神经细胞围绕着一个中项的群集程度,被约定俗成地称
为“精确”。
不精确应与发展错误区别开来。所谓发展错误,是指那些错误移位的神经细胞,
不正确的连接,及诸如此类的情形。不妨用电脑作一类比:次要的舍入误差普遍发
生,这类误差类似于不精确,但偶尔地,一个二进制数字被不正确传输出去,或许
将一次运算全部毁掉,则这种不正确的传输便类似于发展错误。因此,不精确是某
一方案限制范围内固有的一种不正确形式,但发展错误则是严重差错的形式。
无论是不精确还是严重差错,均可不无道理地归咎于基因信息的不充分,既然
此两种情形中的任何一种情形都可通过增加更多的信息来予以减少。在信息理论家
之间,一个普遍公认的原理是,密码的语言可以通过包含多余信息(redundancy)
而被处理成绝无差错。然而,既然任何信息系统内所能利用的空间量是有限的,多
余信息的增加反而会造成精确性的降低。例如,当π这一符号被不正确地用英语表
述为“three point oen four two”时,即使一个排印误差已经发生,但这组数字
仍能被人正确理解。然而,如果这24个空间位置被填入阿拉伯数学的话,即可获
取一种更高的精确度;这样一来,π则可被表述为23个有意义的数字,虽然任何
误差又将极大的改变其内涵。这即意味着某种折衷平衡;一个系统越是精确地被具
体规定,因为消耗了一特定份额中有限的信息量,发生严重差错的危险性则愈高。
因此,在生物体身上,基因信息藉以平均分配的整体方案必定涉及到两种互为对立
的优先原则之间的妥协:精确性以及严重差错的避免。
?Which of the following can be
inferred from the passage about the
genetic information of Daphniae?
I. There is probably some degree of
redundancy in the information
controlling neural development
II. Most of the information for neural
development stored in the genes is used
to specify the positions of the optic
neurons.
III. There is sufficient information
to preclude the occurrence of gross
mistakes during neural development.
I only
II only
III only
I and II only
II and III only
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
人类对于神经系统错综复杂的组织所获得的理解越是丰富,基因得以成功地具
体规定这一系统的发展,就愈发显得令人瞩目,不可思议。人类因基所包含的信息
是如此之少,以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大
脑的哪个半脑都无法做到,更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。由于这
些原因,我们可以假设,在神经发展过程中必然会存在着某种重要的随机因素,尤
其是,在所有正常大脑的发展过程中,误差必定会发生,并确实在发生。
这类误差最生动的表现在基因相同(isogenic,同基因)的生物体身上。即使
在同等条件下被培育出来,同基因生物体相互间很少能构成绝然的复制品,而它们
之间的差异可揭示出相当多的内容,以说明生物体由于有限的基因信息供应量而导
致的随机差异。例如,在同基因的水蚤(Daphniae)身上,虽然每个视觉神经细胞
的位置、尺寸及分支结构(branching pattern)极为稳定,但在连接性方面却存
在着一定的变异,而突触的数量则变异巨大。这种变异性有可能是视觉神经细胞随
机散布超过了基因控制的分辨力所致的结果,故而它可被最为恰当地称为“不精
确”,因为它的对立面,即神经细胞围绕着一个中项的群集程度,被约定俗成地称
为“精确”。
不精确应与发展错误区别开来。所谓发展错误,是指那些错误移位的神经细胞,
不正确的连接,及诸如此类的情形。不妨用电脑作一类比:次要的舍入误差普遍发
生,这类误差类似于不精确,但偶尔地,一个二进制数字被不正确传输出去,或许
将一次运算全部毁掉,则这种不正确的传输便类似于发展错误。因此,不精确是某
一方案限制范围内固有的一种不正确形式,但发展错误则是严重差错的形式。
无论是不精确还是严重差错,均可不无道理地归咎于基因信息的不充分,既然
此两种情形中的任何一种情形都可通过增加更多的信息来予以减少。在信息理论家
之间,一个普遍公认的原理是,密码的语言可以通过包含多余信息(redundancy)
而被处理成绝无差错。然而,既然任何信息系统内所能利用的空间量是有限的,多
余信息的增加反而会造成精确性的降低。例如,当π这一符号被不正确地用英语表
述为“three point oen four two”时,即使一个排印误差已经发生,但这组数字
仍能被人正确理解。然而,如果这24个空间位置被填入阿拉伯数学的话,即可获
取一种更高的精确度;这样一来,π则可被表述为23个有意义的数字,虽然任何
误差又将极大的改变其内涵。这即意味着某种折衷平衡;一个系统越是精确地被具
体规定,因为消耗了一特定份额中有限的信息量,发生严重差错的危险性则愈高。
因此,在生物体身上,基因信息藉以平均分配的整体方案必定涉及到两种互为对立
的优先原则之间的妥协:精确性以及严重差错的避免。
In a recent study,David Cressy examines
two central questions concerning English
immigration to New England in the
1630's: what kinds of people immigrated
(5) and why? Using contemporary literary
evidence, shipping lists, and customs
records, Cressy finds that most adult
immigrants were skilled in farming or
crafts, were literate, and were
(10) organized in families. Each of these
characteristics sharply distinguishes
the 21,000 people who left for New
England in the 1630's from most of the
approximately 377,000 English people
(15) who had grated to America by 1700.
With respect to their reasons for
immigrating, Cressy does not deny the
frequently noted fact that some of the
immigrants of the 1630's, most notably
(20) the organizers and clergy, advanced
religious explanations for departure,
but he finds that such explanations
usually assumed primacy only in
retrospect When he moves beyond
(25) the principal actors, he finds that relig-
ious explanations were less frequen-
tly offered and he concludes that most
people immigrated because they were
recruited by promises of material
(30) improvement.
In the passage, the author is
primarily concerned with
summarizing the findings of an
investigation
analyzing a method of argument
evaluating a point of view
hypothesizing about a set of
circumstances
establishing categories
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
在最近一份研究中,戴维·克雷西(David Cressy)对有关十七世纪三十年代
英国人移居新英格兰的移民活动的两个关键问题进行了分析:什么样的人在进行移
民,以及为什么要移民?通过采用当代文学证据、船运清单、以及海关记录。克雷
西发现,绝大多数成年移民具备熟练的农业和手工业技能,有读写能力,并且是以
家庭为单位组织起来的。这些特点中的每一个特点,都使十七世纪三十年代移民到
新英格兰的21,000与至1700年移民到美国的约377,000英国人中的绝大多数人鲜
明地区分开来。
针对他们的移民动因,克雷西并不否认这样一个经常提到的事实,即十七世纪
三十年代移民中的某一部分的人,最显著的是那些组织和神职人员,都提出宗教的
解释来说明他们离英赴美的动机,但他了现这些解释一般来说仅在事后回顾中才占
有首要位置。当他的研究越过为些主要行动者时,他发现宗教的解释并不那么经常
被提及,他由此而得出结论,绝大部分的人之所以移民,因为他们是被物质改善的
前景而召集到移民行列中来的。
?According to the passage, Cressy
would agree with which of the following
statements about the organizers among
the English immigrants to New England
in the 1630's?
I. Most of them were clergy.
II. Some of them offered a religious
explanation for their immigration.
III. They did not offer any reasons
for their immigration until some time
after they had immigrated.
IV. They were more likely than the
average immigrant to be motivated by
material considerations.
I only
II only
II and III only
I, III, and IV only
II, III, and IV only
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
在最近一份研究中,戴维·克雷西(David Cressy)对有关十七世纪三十年代
英国人移居新英格兰的移民活动的两个关键问题进行了分析:什么样的人在进行移
民,以及为什么要移民?通过采用当代文学证据、船运清单、以及海关记录。克雷
西发现,绝大多数成年移民具备熟练的农业和手工业技能,有读写能力,并且是以
家庭为单位组织起来的。这些特点中的每一个特点,都使十七世纪三十年代移民到
新英格兰的21,000与至1700年移民到美国的约377,000英国人中的绝大多数人鲜
明地区分开来。
针对他们的移民动因,克雷西并不否认这样一个经常提到的事实,即十七世纪
三十年代移民中的某一部分的人,最显著的是那些组织和神职人员,都提出宗教的
解释来说明他们离英赴美的动机,但他了现这些解释一般来说仅在事后回顾中才占
有首要位置。当他的研究越过为些主要行动者时,他发现宗教的解释并不那么经常
被提及,他由此而得出结论,绝大部分的人之所以移民,因为他们是被物质改善的
前景而召集到移民行列中来的。
According to the passage, Cressy has
made which of the following claims about
what motivated English immigrants to go
to New England in the 1630's?
They were motivated by religious
considerations alone.
They were motivated by economic
considerations alone.
They were motivated by religious and
economic considerations equally.
They were motivated more often by
economic than by religious
considerations.
They were motivated more often by
religious than by economic
considerations.
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
在最近一份研究中,戴维·克雷西(David Cressy)对有关十七世纪三十年代
英国人移居新英格兰的移民活动的两个关键问题进行了分析:什么样的人在进行移
民,以及为什么要移民?通过采用当代文学证据、船运清单、以及海关记录。克雷
西发现,绝大多数成年移民具备熟练的农业和手工业技能,有读写能力,并且是以
家庭为单位组织起来的。这些特点中的每一个特点,都使十七世纪三十年代移民到
新英格兰的21,000与至1700年移民到美国的约377,000英国人中的绝大多数人鲜
明地区分开来。
针对他们的移民动因,克雷西并不否认这样一个经常提到的事实,即十七世纪
三十年代移民中的某一部分的人,最显著的是那些组织和神职人员,都提出宗教的
解释来说明他们离英赴美的动机,但他了现这些解释一般来说仅在事后回顾中才占
有首要位置。当他的研究越过为些主要行动者时,他发现宗教的解释并不那么经常
被提及,他由此而得出结论,绝大部分的人之所以移民,因为他们是被物质改善的
前景而召集到移民行列中来的。
The passage suggests that the
majority of those English people who had
immigrated to America by the late
seventeenth century were
clergy
young children
organized in families
skilled in crafts
illiterate
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
在最近一份研究中,戴维·克雷西(David Cressy)对有关十七世纪三十年代
英国人移居新英格兰的移民活动的两个关键问题进行了分析:什么样的人在进行移
民,以及为什么要移民?通过采用当代文学证据、船运清单、以及海关记录。克雷
西发现,绝大多数成年移民具备熟练的农业和手工业技能,有读写能力,并且是以
家庭为单位组织起来的。这些特点中的每一个特点,都使十七世纪三十年代移民到
新英格兰的21,000与至1700年移民到美国的约377,000英国人中的绝大多数人鲜
明地区分开来。
针对他们的移民动因,克雷西并不否认这样一个经常提到的事实,即十七世纪
三十年代移民中的某一部分的人,最显著的是那些组织和神职人员,都提出宗教的
解释来说明他们离英赴美的动机,但他了现这些解释一般来说仅在事后回顾中才占
有首要位置。当他的研究越过为些主要行动者时,他发现宗教的解释并不那么经常
被提及,他由此而得出结论,绝大部分的人之所以移民,因为他们是被物质改善的
前景而召集到移民行列中来的。
CONTINUITY:
disjunction
disability
discomfort
deceit
defection
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
连续n.
A.脱节
B. 残废(无能)
C. 不舒服
D. 欺骗
E. 背叛,变节
LETHARGY:
flexibility
adequacy
toughness
plainness
vigor
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
昏昏欲睡n.
A.柔软,柔韧性
B. 足够
C. 顽固(艰苦,僵硬)
D. 朴素(明白)
E. 活力
STOMACH:
reformulate
anticipate
hand out freely
refuse to tolerate
lose fascination for
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
容忍v.
A.重新表达
B. 期望(事先作)
C. 免费地分发
D. 拒绝容忍
E. 失去魅力
DEFAULT:
consume
resign
rely on others
desire to advance
fulfill an obligation
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
不履行义务(拖欠债务)v.
A.消费
B. 辞职(逆来顺受)
C. 依赖别人
D. 渴望进步
E. 履行义务
HAVEN:
challenging puzzle
gloomy cavern
dangerous place
deserted building
unhappy incident
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
避难所,安全港n.
A.具有挑战性的谜
B. 阴暗的洞穴
C. 危险的地方
D. 被废弃的建筑物
E. 不幸的事件
OCCLUDED:
unobstructed
intersecting
extrapolated
diminished
extended
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
被堵塞的adj.
A.没有被阻挡的
B. 交叉的
C. 被推测的
D. 被削弱的
E. 被扩展的
PLUMB:
examine superficially
answer accurately
agree
fool
abstain
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
探究v.(垂直的,完全地)
A.肤浅地检查
B. 准确地回答
C. 同意
D. 愚弄
E. 戒绝
OBSTINATE:
excitable
tractable
dispensable
gleanable
comfortable
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
顽固的adj.
A.易兴奋的
B. 温顺的,驯服的
C. 无关紧要的
D. 可收集的
E. 舒服的
PITH:
unsound opinion
previous statement
erroneous judgment
insignificant part
inconclusive evidence
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
要点,精髓n.
A.不正确的观点
B. 先前的陈述
C. 错误的判断
D. 不重要的部分
E. 非结论性的证据
IMPECUNIOUS:
heinous
noxious
contented
affluent
responsive
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
贫穷的adj.
A.可憎的
B. 有害的
C. 满足的
D. 富裕的,丰富的
E. 敏感的,反应快的
CANONICAL:
infelicitous
irrefutable
heterodox
minuscule
undesignated
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
真经的,正统的adj.
A.不适当的(不幸福的)
B. 不容置疑的
C. 异端的,邪说的
D. 微小的(小写的)
E. 未被指定的
A journal published three times a year contains exactly three articles, each
of a different type, in each issue. Exactly five types of articles are printed
in the journal: features, interviews, opinion roundtables, reviews, and surveys.
No article is of more than one type. In choosing articles to publish during the
year, the editor adheres to the following conditions:
At least one article of each type must be published each year.
The third issue of each year always contains an opinion roundtable.
No issue can include both an interview and an opinion roundtable.
No two consecutive issues can each contain surveys.
At least two issues each year must contain a feature.
Which of the following can be an acceptable schedule of articles for a year's
worth of issues of the journal?
First Issue Second Issue Third Issue
Feature Feature Feature
Interview Opinion Roundtable Review
Review Review Survey
Interview Feature Feature
Review Interview Review
Survey Survey Opinion Roundtable
Feature Feature Feature
Review Review Interview
Opinion Roundtable Survey Opinion Roundtable
Feature Feature Opinion Roundtable
Interview Opinion Roundtable Review
Survey Review Survey
Opinion Roundtable Feature Opinion Roundtable
Review Interview Review
Survey Review Survey
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
读题:一本一年出版3期的杂志每期包含3篇文章,每篇均是不同类型,
有5种类型f,i,o,r,s
写条件:
1、Each Type≥1 (表示每种类型每年至少出版一次)
2、o∈3 (每年的第3期决是包型O类文章)
3、i≠o (表示i和O类不能在同一期)
4、~(ss) (表示不能连续两期有S)
5、f≥2次 (表示至少两期有f类型)
条件
:
*3期杂志,每期3篇,共有9篇。
由条件1知,Each Type≥1,由条件5得f≥2次,故已经确定了6篇,还有3篇文章
没有确定。
If a survey appears in the second issue of a particular year, which of the
following lists the articles that must appear in the third issue of the year,
not necessarily in the order given?
A feature, an interview, and a review
A feature, an opinion roundtable, and a review
A feature, an opinion roundtable, and a survey
A feature, a review, and a survey
An opinion roundtable, a review, and a survey
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
读题:一本一年出版3期的杂志每期包含3篇文章,每篇均是不同类型,
有5种类型f,i,o,r,s
写条件:
1、Each Type≥1 (表示每种类型每年至少出版一次)
2、o∈3 (每年的第3期决是包型O类文章)
3、i≠o (表示i和O类不能在同一期)
4、~(ss) (表示不能连续两期有S)
5、f≥2次 (表示至少两期有f类型)
条件总结:
*3期杂志,每期3篇,共有9篇。
由条件1知,Each Type≥1,由条件5得f≥2次,故已经确定了6篇,还有3篇文章
没有确定。
如果s=2,下面哪一个列出了一定出现在第三期的文章?
根据题目已知,寻找涉及s和第三期的条件
由条件4得,~SS,∴S≠3
由o∈3,i≠o 得,i≠3
5篇文章中取3篇,已经有两篇不在3,其余全部在3
If two of the article types appear three times each in a particular year's
issues, those types must be
a feature and an interview
a feature and an opinion roundtable
a feature and a review
an opinion roundtable and a survey
a review and a survey
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
读题:一本一年出版3期的杂志每期包含3篇文章,每篇均是不同类型,
有5种类型f,i,o,r,s
写条件:
1、Each Type≥1 (表示每种类型每年至少出版一次)
2、o∈3 (每年的第3期决是包型O类文章)
3、i≠o (表示i和O类不能在同一期)
4、~(ss) (表示不能连续两期有S)
5、f≥2次 (表示至少两期有f类型)
条件总结:
*3期杂志,每期3篇,共有9篇。
由条件1知,Each Type≥1,由条件5得f≥2次,故已经确定了6篇,还有3篇文章
没有确定。
如果有两篇文章出现3次,那2篇文章must be?
解体步骤:
1、5篇文章,两篇文章出现3次,其余3篇各出现一次,刚好9篇。
2、f≥2次,则f一定是其中一篇。
3、一共3期,每期3篇文章均不同,则如果文章出现3次,一定是每期一篇
由~(ss)知,s不可能出现3次
由i≠o知,i,o也不可能,
所以r是其中另一篇。
If a particular year's first issue of the journal contains an opinion
roundtable, then the second issue that year could contain which of the
following?
Feature, opinion roundtable, review
Interview, opinion roundtable, review
Interview, review, survey
Feature, review, survey
opinion roundtable, review, survey
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
读题:一本一年出版3期的杂志每期包含3篇文章,每篇均是不同类型,
有5种类型f,i,o,r,s
写条件:
1、Each Type≥1 (表示每种类型每年至少出版一次)
2、o∈3 (每年的第3期决是包型O类文章)
3、i≠o (表示i和O类不能在同一期)
4、~(ss) (表示不能连续两期有S)
5、f≥2次 (表示至少两期有f类型)
条件总结:
*3期杂志,每期3篇,共有9篇。
由条件1知,Each Type≥1,由条件5得f≥2次,故已经确定了6篇,还有3篇文章
没有确定。
如果o=1,那么第二期可能包含什么?
解体步骤:
1、由o=1,及条件o=3,i≠o得,i=2
2、利用排除法,选项中只有B、C包含i,而选项B中出现哦o,故C对。
If four of the five types of articles appear twice during a particular year
and if one type appears only once, then the type that appears only once must be
either
a feature or an interview
an interview or an opinion roundtable
an opinion roundtable or a review
an opinion roundtable or a survey
a review or a survey
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
读题:一本一年出版3期的杂志每期包含3篇文章,每篇均是不同类型,
有5种类型f,i,o,r,s
写条件:
1、Each Type≥1 (表示每种类型每年至少出版一次)
2、o∈3 (每年的第3期决是包型O类文章)
3、i≠o (表示i和O类不能在同一期)
4、~(ss) (表示不能连续两期有S)
5、f≥2次 (表示至少两期有f类型)
条件总结:
*3期杂志,每期3篇,共有9篇。
由条件1知,Each Type≥1,由条件5得f≥2次,故已经确定了6篇,还有3篇文章
没有确定。
If, during a particular year, two issues each contain a survey and two issues
each contain an opinion roundtable, then the first issue of that year must
include
a feature
an interview
an opinion roundtable
a review
a survey
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
读题:一本一年出版3期的杂志每期包含3篇文章,每篇均是不同类型,
有5种类型f,i,o,r,s
写条件:
1、Each Type≥1 (表示每种类型每年至少出版一次)
2、o∈3 (每年的第3期决是包型O类文章)
3、i≠o (表示i和O类不能在同一期)
4、~(ss) (表示不能连续两期有S)
5、f≥2次 (表示至少两期有f类型)
条件总结:
*3期杂志,每期3篇,共有9篇。
由条件1知,Each Type≥1,由条件5得f≥2次,故已经确定了6篇,还有3篇文章
没有确定。
如果有2期包含s,有2期包含o,则第一期必然包含谁?
一共3期,s出现2期,并且~(ss),所以s=1
S If for a particular year the editor decides to make the second issue of the
journal a special issue devoted entirely to three surveys, but continues
adhering to the conditions on the choice of articles, then which of the
following lists the articles, not necessarily in the order given, that must
appear in the first issue of the year?
A feature, an interview, and an opinion roundtable
A feature, an interview, and a review
A feature, an opinion roundtable, and a review
An interview, an opinion roundtable, and a review
An opinion roundtable, a review, and a survey
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
读题:一本一年出版3期的杂志每期包含3篇文章,每篇均是不同类型,
有5种类型f,i,o,r,s
写条件:
1、Each Type≥1 (表示每种类型每年至少出版一次)
2、o∈3 (每年的第3期决是包型O类文章)
3、i≠o (表示i和O类不能在同一期)
4、~(ss) (表示不能连续两期有S)
5、f≥2次 (表示至少两期有f类型)
条件总结:
*3期杂志,每期3篇,共有9篇。
由条件1知,Each Type≥1,由条件5得f≥2次,故已经确定了6篇,还有3篇文章
没有确定。
如果某年编辑要让第二期包含3个s,但仍然附合上面的条件,那么下面哪一个一定是
第一期的文章。
解体步骤:
1、第2期3个s,还剩2个位置第1,3期,4个元素i,o,f,r,要填6篇文章。
2、由o=3,i≠o,得i=1
3、f≥2次,故1,3位置各出现一次,剩下的位置只能由最后一个元素r来填:
第1期:i,f,r
第3期:o,f,r
Popcorn kernels explode, or "pop," when the moisture inside the kernel is
heated and steam builds up pressure inside the kernel. Uniform moisture content
in a batch of popcorn kernels ensures uniform popping time, which in turn
ensures fewer unpopped kernels. In practice, the percentage of unpopped kernels
in a batch can be reduced by sorting popcorn kernels by size.
Which of the following. if true, best helps explain why the percentage of
unpopped kernels is lower when popcorn kernels are of uniform size?
The percentage of unpopped kernels can be reduced by increasing cooking time.
All popcorn kernels, no matter what their size, will pop under proper
conditions.
Yellow popcorn kernels have more moisture content than do white or blue
popcorn kernels.
A popcorn kernel's moisture content is fully determined by its size.
Damaged kernels, another cause of unpopped kernels, have a lower moisture
content than intact kernels.
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
Two percent of the ocean is coastal ocean—shallow coastal waters in which most
fish live. The rest is deep ocean, where fewer fish live. Much of the garbage
burned or dumped on land eventually is deposited in coastal ocean. To keep
coastal ocean free of garbage, therefore, garbage should be dumped in the deep
ocean.
Which of the following, if true, constitutes the strongest basis for
criticizing the argument above?
Currents far below the ocean's surface bring deep-ocean waters to the coastal
ocean.
Deep-ocean dumping would require a substantial change in the processing and
packaging of waste.
Hazardous industrial waste has increasingly been dumped illegally into
coastal-ocean waters.
There are at present no international agreements regulating dumping in the
deep ocean.
The few species of fish that inhabit the deep ocean are of no commercial
value.
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
Unlike the lungs and the kidneys, the liver is an organ well suited for
living-donor transplants to children because the portion of the liver which must
be removed from a healthy adult to replace the diseased liver of a child will be
regenerated in the healthy adult within a few months.
Which of the following, if true, provides the most additional support for the
conclusion drawn above?
The success rate of liver transplants is slightly lower in children than in
adults.
In removing the portion of liver for transplant there is danger of causing
damage to the spleen of the donor, and that could necessitate the removal of the
spleen.
There is less danger that a transplanted organ will be rejected when the
organ donor is a, close relative of the recipient.
There are so few suitable donors that about one-half of the babies with liver
disease born in the United States each year die before they can receive a liver
transplant.
Each lobe of the liver functions separately, and it is possible to extract a
portion of one lobe without disrupting critical liver functions.
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
A camp counselor is organizing a game among nine campers. Three of the
campers—F, G, and H—are eight year olds; the other six campers—J, K, M, O, P,
and S—are nine year olds. Two teams—team 1 and team 2—will be organized.
Team 1 will have four campers; team 2 will have five campers. In assigning
campers to teams, the counselor observes the following restrictions:
Team 1 must have exactly two of the eight-year-old campers.
K must be on the same team as O.
F and J cannot be on either of the teams together.
M and P cannot be on either of the teams together.
If K is on the same team as P, then H must be on the team that does not include K and P.
Which of the following is a possible assignment of campers to the two teams?
Team 1 Team 2
F, G, K, O H, J, M, P, S
F, G, M, S H, J, K, O, P
F, H, J, M G, K, O, P, S
F, H, M, S G, J, K, O, P
F, K, P, S G, H, J, M, O,
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
读题:一个露营顾问在9个露营者中组织一个游戏
8岁:F、G、H
9岁:J、K、M、O、P、S
分成2个组,T1和T2
写条件:
1、T1:2个8 (表示第1组有exactly 2个8岁的孩子)
2、K=0 (表示KO一定在一组)
3、F≠J (表示F、J不在一组)
4、M≠P (表示M、P不在一组)
5、K=P→H≠KP (表示如果KP在一组,则H在另外一组)
条件总结:
*分组题总是首先对数字总结,
T1有2个8岁的孩子,没有涉及到具体元素,是本题最重要的限制条件,
T1共有4个人,则一定是2个8岁,2个9岁。
T2共有5个人,则一定是1个8岁,4个9岁。
注意读题中8岁的孩子仅有3个。
*分组题中注意谁和谁不等的条件,由F≠J,M≠P得
1、F/J M/P
2、J/F P/M
第一组已经至少有一个8岁孩子
*条件2有K=0,并且发现K、O都是9岁孩子,
而第一组最多可能再有1个孩子,故KO在第2组。
1、 F/J M/P
2、 F/J P/M K O
*还剩下3个元素G、H、S
我们可以根据条件继续分析,实际上整个题目已经可以分为2种情况。
1、F在第1组
(第2组已经有4个9岁孩子,则S=1,可以再根据KP→H≠KP确定G、H的情况)
(1)F M/P S G/H
(2)J M/P K O G/H
2、F在第2组
(则余下的2个8岁孩子在第一组, 第1组已经有2个孩子)
(1)J M/P G H
(2)F M/P K O S
其实对于分组题而言,我们经常利用谁和谁不在一组的条件以及相关的充分条件,在
做题之前把题目分成几种情况,而到做题时只要对着这几种情况寻找答案就行了。
If S and O are on team 2, the campers assigned to team 1 could be
F, H, K, M
G, H, J, K
G, H, J, P
G, H, K, M
G, J, M, P,
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
读题:一个露营顾问在9个露营者中组织一个游戏
8岁:F、G、H
9岁:J、K、M、O、P、S
分成2个组,T1和T2
写条件:
1、T1:2个8 (表示第1组有exactly 2个8岁的孩子)
2、K=0 (表示KO一定在一组)
3、F≠J (表示F、J不在一组)
4、M≠P (表示M、P不在一组)
5、K=P→H≠KP (表示如果KP在一组,则H在另外一组)
条件总结:
*分组题总是首先对数字总结,
T1有2个8岁的孩子,没有涉及到具体元素,是本题最重要的限制条件,
T1共有4个人,则一定是2个8岁,2个9岁。
T2共有5个人,则一定是1个8岁,4个9岁。
注意读题中8岁的孩子仅有3个。
*分组题中注意谁和谁不等的条件,由F≠J,M≠P得
1、F/J M/P
2、J/F P/M
第一组已经至少有一个8岁孩子
*条件2有K=0,并且发现K、O都是9岁孩子,
而第一组最多可能再有1个孩子,故KO在第2组。
1、 F/J M/P
2、 F/J P/M K O
*还剩下3个元素G、H、S
我们可以根据条件继续分析,实际上整个题目已经可以分为2种情况。
1、F在第1组
(第2组已经有4个9岁孩子,则S=1,可以再根据KP→H≠KP确定G、H的情况)
(1)F M/P S G/H
(2)J M/P K O G/H
2、F在第2组
(则余下的2个8岁孩子在第一组, 第1组已经有2个孩子)
(1)J M/P G H
(2)F M/P K O S
其实对于分组题而言,我们经常利用谁和谁不在一组的条件以及相关的充分条件,在
做题之前把题目分成几种情况,而到做题时只要对着这几种情况寻找答案就行了。
If H and K are on team 2, which of the following is a pair of campers who
must be on team 1?
F and M
F and O
F and P
J and P
M and S,
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
读题:一个露营顾问在9个露营者中组织一个游戏
8岁:F、G、H
9岁:J、K、M、O、P、S
分成2个组,T1和T2
写条件:
1、T1:2个8 (表示第1组有exactly 2个8岁的孩子)
2、K=0 (表示KO一定在一组)
3、F≠J (表示F、J不在一组)
4、M≠P (表示M、P不在一组)
5、K=P→H≠KP (表示如果KP在一组,则H在另外一组)
条件总结:
*分组题总是首先对数字总结,
T1有2个8岁的孩子,没有涉及到具体元素,是本题最重要的限制条件,
T1共有4个人,则一定是2个8岁,2个9岁。
T2共有5个人,则一定是1个8岁,4个9岁。
注意读题中8岁的孩子仅有3个。
*分组题中注意谁和谁不等的条件,由F≠J,M≠P得
1、F/J M/P
2、J/F P/M
第一组已经至少有一个8岁孩子
*条件2有K=0,并且发现K、O都是9岁孩子,
而第一组最多可能再有1个孩子,故KO在第2组。
1、 F/J M/P
2、 F/J P/M K O
*还剩下3个元素G、H、S
我们可以根据条件继续分析,实际上整个题目已经可以分为2种情况。
1、F在第1组
(第2组已经有4个9岁孩子,则S=1,可以再根据KP→H≠KP确定G、H的情况)
(1)F M/P S G/H
(2)J M/P K O G/H
2、F在第2组
(则余下的2个8岁孩子在第一组, 第1组已经有2个孩子)
(1)J M/P G H
(2)F M/P K O S
其实对于分组题而言,我们经常利用谁和谁不在一组的条件以及相关的充分条件,在
做题之前把题目分成几种情况,而到做题时只要对着这几种情况寻找答案就行了。
If F, M, and S are on team 1, which of the following must be true?
G is on team 2.
H is on team 2.
K is on team 1.
O is on team 1.
P is on team 1.,
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
读题:一个露营顾问在9个露营者中组织一个游戏
8岁:F、G、H
9岁:J、K、M、O、P、S
分成2个组,T1和T2
写条件:
1、T1:2个8 (表示第1组有exactly 2个8岁的孩子)
2、K=0 (表示KO一定在一组)
3、F≠J (表示F、J不在一组)
4、M≠P (表示M、P不在一组)
5、K=P→H≠KP (表示如果KP在一组,则H在另外一组)
条件总结:
*分组题总是首先对数字总结,
T1有2个8岁的孩子,没有涉及到具体元素,是本题最重要的限制条件,
T1共有4个人,则一定是2个8岁,2个9岁。
T2共有5个人,则一定是1个8岁,4个9岁。
注意读题中8岁的孩子仅有3个。
*分组题中注意谁和谁不等的条件,由F≠J,M≠P得
1、F/J M/P
2、J/F P/M
第一组已经至少有一个8岁孩子
*条件2有K=0,并且发现K、O都是9岁孩子,
而第一组最多可能再有1个孩子,故KO在第2组。
1、 F/J M/P
2、 F/J P/M K O
*还剩下3个元素G、H、S
我们可以根据条件继续分析,实际上整个题目已经可以分为2种情况。
1、F在第1组
(第2组已经有4个9岁孩子,则S=1,可以再根据KP→H≠KP确定G、H的情况)
(1)F M/P S G/H
(2)J M/P K O G/H
2、F在第2组
(则余下的2个8岁孩子在第一组, 第1组已经有2个孩子)
(1)J M/P G H
(2)F M/P K O S
其实对于分组题而言,我们经常利用谁和谁不在一组的条件以及相关的充分条件,在
做题之前把题目分成几种情况,而到做题时只要对着这几种情况寻找答案就行了。
If G is on the same team as H, which of the following must be true?
G is on the same team as J.
M is on the same team as S.
P is on the same, team as S.
F is not on the same team as M.
J is not on the same team as P.,
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
读题:一个露营顾问在9个露营者中组织一个游戏
8岁:F、G、H
9岁:J、K、M、O、P、S
分成2个组,T1和T2
写条件:
1、T1:2个8 (表示第1组有exactly 2个8岁的孩子)
2、K=0 (表示KO一定在一组)
3、F≠J (表示F、J不在一组)
4、M≠P (表示M、P不在一组)
5、K=P→H≠KP (表示如果KP在一组,则H在另外一组)
条件总结:
*分组题总是首先对数字总结,
T1有2个8岁的孩子,没有涉及到具体元素,是本题最重要的限制条件,
T1共有4个人,则一定是2个8岁,2个9岁。
T2共有5个人,则一定是1个8岁,4个9岁。
注意读题中8岁的孩子仅有3个。
*分组题中注意谁和谁不等的条件,由F≠J,M≠P得
1、F/J M/P
2、J/F P/M
第一组已经至少有一个8岁孩子
*条件2有K=0,并且发现K、O都是9岁孩子,
而第一组最多可能再有1个孩子,故KO在第2组。
1、 F/J M/P
2、 F/J P/M K O
*还剩下3个元素G、H、S
我们可以根据条件继续分析,实际上整个题目已经可以分为2种情况。
1、F在第1组
(第2组已经有4个9岁孩子,则S=1,可以再根据KP→H≠KP确定G、H的情况)
(1)F M/P S G/H
(2)J M/P K O G/H
2、F在第2组
(则余下的2个8岁孩子在第一组, 第1组已经有2个孩子)
(1)J M/P G H
(2)F M/P K O S
其实对于分组题而言,我们经常利用谁和谁不在一组的条件以及相关的充分条件,在
做题之前把题目分成几种情况,而到做题时只要对着这几种情况寻找答案就行了。
Each of the following is a pair of campers who can be on team 1 together
EXCEPT
F and M
G and H
H and P
J and K
J and M,
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
读题:一个露营顾问在9个露营者中组织一个游戏
8岁:F、G、H
9岁:J、K、M、O、P、S
分成2个组,T1和T2
写条件:
1、T1:2个8 (表示第1组有exactly 2个8岁的孩子)
2、K=0 (表示KO一定在一组)
3、F≠J (表示F、J不在一组)
4、M≠P (表示M、P不在一组)
5、K=P→H≠KP (表示如果KP在一组,则H在另外一组)
条件总结:
*分组题总是首先对数字总结,
T1有2个8岁的孩子,没有涉及到具体元素,是本题最重要的限制条件,
T1共有4个人,则一定是2个8岁,2个9岁。
T2共有5个人,则一定是1个8岁,4个9岁。
注意读题中8岁的孩子仅有3个。
*分组题中注意谁和谁不等的条件,由F≠J,M≠P得
1、F/J M/P
2、J/F P/M
第一组已经至少有一个8岁孩子
*条件2有K=0,并且发现K、O都是9岁孩子,
而第一组最多可能再有1个孩子,故KO在第2组。
1、 F/J M/P
2、 F/J P/M K O
*还剩下3个元素G、H、S
我们可以根据条件继续分析,实际上整个题目已经可以分为2种情况。
1、F在第1组
(第2组已经有4个9岁孩子,则S=1,可以再根据KP→H≠KP确定G、H的情况)
(1)F M/P S G/H
(2)J M/P K O G/H
2、F在第2组
(则余下的2个8岁孩子在第一组, 第1组已经有2个孩子)
(1)J M/P G H
(2)F M/P K O S
其实对于分组题而言,我们经常利用谁和谁不在一组的条件以及相关的充分条件,在
做题之前把题目分成几种情况,而到做题时只要对着这几种情况寻找答案就行了。
An archaeologist is excavating a system of paths used by traders in an ancient
culture during a given period. Paths have been found that lead from a
manufacturing and religious center at the village of Oxa directly , (without
going through any of the other villages) to each of the villages Faso, Gola,
Jai, and Rau; from Rau directly to each of the villages Sim and Taq; from Jai
directly to the village My; and from My directly to Taq. The paths, which go to
the center of each village, neither merge into nor cross each other.
Trade would have passed in both directions along any of the trading paths.
No further paths used during that period have yet been found.
A shortest route between villages is one that goes through villages that are
intermediate on the route the fewest times overall.
On the network of paths, a trader could have traveled between the villages in
which of the following pairs by going through exactly one other village?
Faso and My
Faso and Taq
Gola and Taq
My and Sim
Rau and My
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
A trader must have gone through Oxa to travel on the network of discovered
paths from
Faso to Gola
Jai to Taq
My to Sim
Rau to Taq
Sim to Taq
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
A trader going on the network of paths from Jai to all of the villages Faso,
Gola, and Taq, not necessarily in that order, by a shortest route could have
gone through which of the following exactly twice?
Faso
My
Oxa
Rau
Taq
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
To make a trip on the network of discovered paths from Sim to both Faso and
My, not necessarily in that order, without going through any intermediate
village twice, a trader must have gone from
Faso to Oxa
Gola to Oxa
Jai to My
Oxa to Jai
Taq to My
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
To travel on the network of paths from Rau to all of the villages Jai, Faso,
and Sim, not necessarily in that order, by a route that is shortest overall, a trader
could have gone first to
Oxa and last to Faso
Oxa and last to Jai
Oxa and last to Sim
Sim and last to Faso
Taq and last to Sim
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
If the archaeologist discovers that during an earlier period the path from
Oxa to Jai did not yet exist, but exactly one additional path, from Gola to Taq,
existed along with the other paths in the network, then during that earlier
period a trader making which of the following trips by a shortest route could
have passed through Gola?
From Faso to Jai
From Faso to Sim
From Jai to Sim
From Rau to My
From Taq to Jai
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
Only in a social milieu in which many parties are scheduled for the same time
do party hosts buy visually striking invitations in order to attract the invited
guests to the parties. A business that produces visually striking party
invitations is currently located in Los Angeles. Thus, it can be concluded that
the schedule of parties in Los Angeles must be very crowded.
The argument above is properly drawn if the truth of which of the following is
assumed?
There is also a business in Los Angeles that produces ordinary party
invitations.
Party guests can attend no more than one party per evening.
At most parties, there are uninvited guests who add to the number of people
in attendance.
Many of the visually striking party invitations produced in Los Angeles are
bought for parties in Los Angeles.
Sending party invitations is a duty that hosts rarely delegate to others.
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
问题:如果有下面哪一个假设,上面的论述可以正确得出?
读题:只有在一个社会环境中很多party在同一个时间开的时候, 主人为吸引客人来参加
party才买非常吸引人的请帖。 一个生产漂亮请帖的公司坐落在LA, 因此,LA的
party一定非常多
分析:原因是生产漂亮请帖的公司坐落在LA,就得出结论LA的party一定多
显然存在假设,LA生产请帖和LA party多的关系
D. 许多在LA生产的漂亮请帖就是被LA的party购买的
(起到了桥梁作用)
The town of Stavanger, Norway, was quiet and peaceful until the early 1960's,
when Stavanger became Norway's center for offshore oil exploration. Between
then and now, violent crime and vandalism in Stavanger have greatly increased.
Clearly, these social problems are among the results of Stavanger's oil boom.
Which of the following, if it occurred between the early 1960's and now, gives
the strongest support to the argument above?
The people of Stavanger rarely regret that their town was chosen to be
Norway's center for offshore oil exploration
Norwegian sociologists expressed grave concern about the increase in violent
crime and vandalism in Stavanger.
Violent crime and vandalism have remained low in Norwegian towns that had no
oil boom.
Nonviolent crime, drug addiction, and divorce in Stavanger increased
approximately as much as violent crime and vandalism did.
The oil boom necessitated the building of wider roads for the increased
traffic in Stavanger.
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
问题:下面哪一个,if true,最支持上面的论述?
读题:Norway的Stavanger镇,直到1960早期仍旧安静与和平, 当Stavanger成为挪威的近海
石油开采中心的时候,从那时到现在,发生在Stavanger的严重的犯罪和肆意破坏大
大增加了。很明显,这些社会问题是Stavanger石油繁荣导致的。
分析:倒数第二行are among the results of引导原因
原文是一个现象,一个解释
为什么犯罪会大大增加呢?是由于Stavanger石油繁荣导致的。
问题为支持,答案形式为:
1、 直接支持, Stavanger石油繁荣和犯罪的关系
2、 除了Stavanger石油繁荣之外,没有别的原因导致犯罪增加(assumption的形式)
C. 在没有石油繁荣的镇, 严重的犯罪和肆意破坏还是维持低的
恰恰说明油和犯罪之间有一个必然联系
(没有这个原因,就没有这个结果)
Students can learn mathematics only by exploring it on their own, with
generous room for trial and error. For what matters in the long run is not
acquiring particular computational skills (since without constant use skills
rapidly fade), but knowing bow to find and use suitable mathematical tools
whenever they become necessary.
If the position expressed above is correct, then each of the following can be
true EXCEPT:
Mathematics teachers are often afraid that someone will ask a question that
they cannot answer, and this insecurity frequently leads to authoritarianism in
the classroom.
Prospective teachers should themselves learn mathematics as a process of
constructing and interpreting patterns, of devising strategies for solving
problems, and of discovering the beauties and applications of mathematics.
Political leaders must accept responsibility for coordinating a nationwide
plan for all levels of instruction if mathematics education is to improve.
The most effective method for teaching students mathematics is for teachers
to state the definitive rule for solving exercises of a given type and then to
insist on rote practice in its proper application.
Most current teaching presents mathematics as established doctrine, stressing
the production of right answers rather than the ability to communicate reasons.
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
问题:如果上面陈述的观点正确,下面哪一个可能正确,EXCEPT?
**1、假如上面的话正确,下面那一个可以正确?
2、假如上面的话正确,下面那一个一定正确?
这两个问法是不一样的,
可以正确,则无关的选项也可能对,
一定正确,则无关选项都是不对的。
这个题目的问法,下列除了那一个可以正确,EXCEPT? 一定是和上面的段落恰恰相反的是
不可以正确的,而和上面的段落不沾边的无关的都可以是正确的。
读题:学生能够通过自己钻研学习数学,有足够的余地留给评判和改错。这就是在将来不
需要特殊的计算技巧(因为经常不用,技巧将会迅速忘记),而是应当在需要的时
候发现和使用合适的数学工具。
A. 数学老师经常害怕一些人问他们不能够回答的问题,这种不安全感导致了教室中的
权威主义
B. 将来的老师应当自己把学数学看作建立和理解模型的过程,设计解决问题的战略并且
发现数学的美感和应用过程。
C. Political Leaders…
D. 教学生数学最有效的方法是老师陈述解决某种给定类型练习的确定规则,并且坚持其
正确应用的反复练习。
(D中的definitive rule 和 rote pratice 与原文均不相符)
Only by ignoring decades of mismanagement and inefficiency
could investors conclude that a fresh infusion of cash would
provide anything more than a ------- solution to the
company's financial woes.
fair
temporary
genuine
realistic
complete
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
mismanagement: n.经营失误,管理不善
infusion: n.注入,灌输
anything more than: adv.不只是(即等于not merely)
woe: a.1.痛苦,悲哀,苦恼,悲伤 2.困难,灾难,不幸
temporary: a.暂时的,临时的,短暂的
genuine: a.真的,非人造的,名符其实的,真诚的
只有在对经营不善和效率低下置之不理情况下,投资者们方能得出结论,注入一笔新的
资金才有可能为该公司的金融困境提供一种不单纯是暂时性的解决手段.
Although the discovery of antibiotics led to great
advances in clinical practice, it did not represent a
----- bacterial illness, for there are some bacteria that
cannot be ------- treated with antibiotics.
breakthrough in.. consistently
panacea for.. effectively
neglect of.. efficiently
reexamination of.. conventionally
resurgence of.. entirely
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
antibiotic: n.抗菌素,抗生素
clinical: a.临床的,临床诊断的
bacterial: a.细菌的
breakthrough: n.突破性进展,重大成就
panacea: n.治百病之灵药,万应药
convenionally: adv.传统地,常规地,因循守旧地,因袭地
resurgence: n.复活,复苏,再现
尽管抗菌素的发现导致了临床实践的重大进展,但它并不能代表着治疗细菌疾病的一种
灵丹妙药,因为有些细菌是无法用抗菌素有效地加以治疗.
A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that
sentence structure mirrors thought: the more convoluted the
structure, the more ------- the ideas.
complicated
inconsequential
elementary
fanciful
blatant
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
misconception: n.误解,错误想法
novice: n.新手,初学者
mirror: v.反映,折射出
convoluted: a.1.盘绕卷曲的,回旋的 2.错综复杂的
inconsequential: a. 1.微不足道的,细琐的 2.不连贯的,离题
fanciful: a.z幻想的,异想天开的
blatant: a.1.喧闹吵嚷的 2.炫耀的,俗丽的
浅尝写作的人经常持有这样一种误解,即句子结构反映着思想:句子结构愈是错综复杂,
思想便愈显深奥隐晦.
Jones was unable to recognize, the contradictions in his
attitudes that were obvious to everyone else; even the hint
of an untruth was ------- to him, but he ------ serious
trouble by always cheating on his taxes.
acceptable. risked
exciting.. averted
repugnant. courted
anathema.. evaded
tempting.. hazarded
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
hint: n.细微的迹象,少许,微量
avert: v.1.避免,消除(灾祸等) 2.转移(视线或注意力)
repugnant: a.1.令人极度厌恶反感的 2.矛盾的,抵触的
court: v.招致,引诱
anathema: n.1.令人厌恶的人(或事),受诅咒的对象 2.强烈的谴责,咒骂
evade: v.1.逃脱,躲开,回避 2.使为难,使困惑,难倒
tempt: v.1.引诱,诱惑 2.吸引,引起...的兴趣
hazard: v.1.冒险作出 2.使担风险,冒...的危险
琼斯无从认识到对其他每一个人来说都是那么显而易见的其态度上的矛盾;即使是丝毫
的虚假也令他深恶痛疾,但他在税款方面一贯弄虚作假,却给他招致了严重的麻烦.
Even though the general's carefully qualified public
statement could hardly be -------, some people took
-------- it.
respected.. liberties with
inoffensive.. umbrage at
faulted.. exception to
credited.. potshots at
dismissed.. interest in
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
take liberties with: v.1.(对人)狎昵,调戏 2.(对事)随意改变,歪曲
take umbrage at: v.对...生气,不快,伤感情
take exception to: v.1.对...反对,对...表示异议 2.生气,不悦
take poshots at: v.对...作任意零星的批评
fault: v.找...的缺点,挑剔,指责
credit: v.相信,信任
尽管将军字斟句酌的公开演说几乎无可挑剔,但仍有一些人表示异议反对.
Though feminist in its implications, Yvonne Rainer's 1974
film ------- the filmmaker's active involvement in feminist
politics.
preserved
portrayed
encouraged
renewed
antedated
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
feminist: a.女权主义的,妇女解放的
implication: n.1.含意,含蓄 2.暗示,暗指
involvement in: n.投身于,置身于,参与,投入
antedate: v.发生(或存在)于...之前,(时间上)先于
尽管伊冯.雷诺1974年打电报的电影带有女权主义的意蕴,但该电影却是先于该电影摄
制者积极投身于女权主义政治而摄制完成的.
The chances that a species will ------- are reduced if any
vital function is restricted to a single kind of organ;
------ by itself possesses an enormous survival advantage.
degenerate.. complexity
expire.. size
disappear.. variety
flourish.. symmetry
persist.. redundancy
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
vital function: n.[生理]维持生命的重要机能
degenerate: v.退化,随落,蜕化
expire: v.1.期满终止,无效 2.呼气,断气,死亡
flourish: v.繁荣,旺盛,蓬勃发展
symmetry: n.对称
persist: v.1.坚持不懈,执意 2.持续,存留
redundancy: n.冗余(为补救错失保证可靠性的一种方法)
如果任何维持生命的重要机能被限制于某一特定的器官,则某一物种得以存活的概率就
会减少;冗余就其本身而言拥有一种巨大的生存优势.
PLEASURE: ECSTASY::
complacence: envy
surprise: astonishment
anxiety: curiosity
pride: vexation
pity: dread
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
高兴:狂喜
自满,沾沾自喜:嫉妒
惊讶:大吃一惊
渴望(焦虑):好奇心
骄傲:恼怒
遗憾:害怕
LIMERICK: POEM::
lampoon: satire
setting: play
fable: moral
material: collage
plot: character
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
五行打油诗:诗
讽刺诗文:讽刺作品总称
布景:戏剧
寓言:伦理道德
材料:拼贴画
情节(耍阴谋):角色(个性)
SOUND: AIR::
oil :tanker
signal: wave
electricity : copper
light: camera
x-ray: lead
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
声音:空气
油:油罐车,油轮
信号:波
电:铜
光:照相机,摄像机
X光:铅
INDELIBILITY: ERASURE::
impermeability: passage
enumeration: ordering
illegibility: writing
reactiveness: stimulation
reflectivity: visibility
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
无法磨灭:擦掉
不可穿透:通过
列举:排序
字迹模糊:书法
反应:刺激
反射(思考):可视性
EXPIATE: GUILT::
canvass: support
adorn: appearance
testify : conviction
correct : error
preach: conversion
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
赎罪,补偿:罪(内疚)
拉票(调查,兜售):支持
装饰:外表
证实:确信(定罪)
改正:错误
布道:改变信仰,阪依
INFILTRATE: ENTER::
comply: index
invade: assault
allege: prove
insinuate: say
disclose: announce
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
渗透:进入
遵从,符合:索引
入侵:攻击
宣称:证明
暗指:说
泄漏:宣布
OVERTURE: OPERA::
preamble: statute
gambit: move
climax: story
actor: cast
commencement: graduate
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
序曲:歌剧
前言:法规
开局牺牲一子(精心策划的行为):棋的一步
高潮:故事
男演员:演员阵容(铸造)
毕业典礼:毕业生
PUNGENT: ODOR::
caustic: comment
durable: substance
constant: period
ominous: threat
excessive: responsibility
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
辛辣的:气味
尖刻的(腐蚀剂):评论
耐用的:物质
恒定的(常数):时期
不详的:威胁
过分的:责任
ATTACK: VANQUISHED::
woo: adored
smother: choked
spy: investigated
goad: provoked
guess: calculated
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
进攻:被征服的
求爱(争取支持):被崇拜的
使闷死(覆盖):被噎的
刺探:被调查的
刺激(激励):被激怒的
猜测:被计算的(深思熟虑的)
Is the literary critic like the poet,
responding creatively, intuitively,
subjectively to the written word as
(5) the poet responds to human experience?
Or is the critic more like a scientist,
following a series of demonstrable,
verifiable steps, using an objective
method of analysis?
(10) For the woman who is a practitioner
of feminist literary criticism, the
subjectivity versus objectivity, or
critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate
has special significance; for her, the
(15) question is not only academic, but
political as well, and her definition
will court special risks whichever side
of the issue it favors. If she defines
feminist criticism as objective and
(20) scientific-a valid, verifiable,intellectual
method that anyone,whether man or
woman, can perform --the definition not
only precludes the critic-as-artist
approach,but may also impede
(25) accomplishment of the utilitarian
political objectives of those who seek to
change the academic establishment and
its thinking, especially about sex roles.
If she defines feminist criticism as
(30) creative and intuitive, privileged as
art, then her work becomes vulnerable
to the prejudices of stereotypic ideas
about the ways in which women think,
and will be dismissed by much of the
(35) academic establishment.Because of these
prejudices, women who use an intui-
tive approach in their criticism may find
themselves charged with inability to be
analytical, to be objective, or to think
(40) critically. Whereas men may be free to
claim the role of critic-as-artist,
women run different professional risks
when they choose intuition and private
experience as critical method and
(45) defense.
These questions are political in the
sense that the debate over them will
inevitably be less an exploration of
abstract matters in a spirit of
(50) disinterested inquiry than an academic
power struggle in which the careers and
professional fortunes of many women
scholars-only now entering the academic
profession in substantial numbers-will
(55) be at stake, and with them the chances
for a distinctive contribution to
humanistic understanding, a contribution
that might be an important influence
against sexism in our society.
(60) As long as the academic establishment
continues to regard objective analysis
as "masculine" and an intuitive approach
as "feminine," the theoretician must
steer a delicate philosophical course
(65) between the two.If she wishes to constrict
a theory of feminist criticism, she would
be well advised to place it within the
framework of a general theory of the
critical process that is neither purely
(70) objective nor purely intuitive. Her theory
is then more likely to be compared and
contrasted with other theories of criticism
with some degree of dispassionate
distance.
Which of the following titles best
summarizes the content of the passage?
How Theories of Literary Criticism
Can Best Be Used
Problems Confronting Women Who Are
Feminist Literary Critics
A Historical overview of Feminist
literary Criticism
A New Theory of Literary Criticism
Literary Criticism: Art or Science?
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
文学批评家是否与诗人一样,创造性地、直觉地、主观地对书面文字作出反应,
犹如诗人对人类经验作出反应那样?或者,批评家是否更像一个科学家,遵循着一
系列可证明的、可验证的步骤,使用一种客观的分析方法呢?
对于任何一个从事女权主义文学批评(feminist literary criticism)的女
性来说,主观性相对于客观性,或者,批抨家作为诗人抑或作为科学家,这场争论
具有特殊意义;对她而言,这一问题不仅仅具有学术性质,而且也具有政治性质,
而她的定义不管赞成拥护该问题的哪一面,都会招致特殊的风险。假如她将女权主
义文学批评定义为客观的和科学的——一种卓有成效的、可验证的、理性的方法,
无论是男性还是女性都能从事进行——那么,这一定义不仅仅排除了批评家作为艺
术家的研究方法,而且也有可能阻碍某些人的某些实用主义政治目标的实现,这些
人力图要改变学术界以及学术界的思维,尤其是有关性别角色的思维。假如她将女
权主义文学批评定义为创造性的和直觉的,作为艺术享有特权,那么,她的研究工
作即易于遭受有关女性思维方式陈腐观念的偏见,并将为学术界的很大一部分成员
所不屑。由于这些偏见的存在,在其文学批评活动中采用一种直觉方式方法的女批
评家,便可能会发现自己被谴责为缺乏分析的能力,无法做到客观,或者是无法进
行批判式的思维。虽然男批评家可随心所欲地宣称批评家作为艺术家的角色,但当
女性批评家们选择直觉和个体经验作为文学批语的方法和辩解手段时,她们就会冒
不同于男性的职业风险。
这些问题之所以带有政治性质,因为可避免地,围绕这些问题展开的急诊与其
说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索,倒不如说是一种学术上的
权力斗争。在此斗争中,许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学
术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头,与她们相伴随的是对
人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇,这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存
在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
只要学术界一如既往地将客观分析视作“男性的特权”并将直觉式的方法视为
“女性的特长”的话,这位女权主义文学批评女理论家必须要在这两者之间走一条
甚为微妙的哲学中庸之道。假如她真的希望构建起一个女权主义文学批评理论的体
系,那么,对她而言,一种明智可取的做法是,将这一理论体系置于一种既非纯粹
客观亦非纯粹主观的批评过程的一般理论的整体框架内。这样一来,她的理论才更
有可能被学术界以某种程度上的客观公允与其它文学批评理论加以比较和对照。
It can be inferred that the author
believes which of the following about
women who are literary critics?
I. They can make a unique contribution
to society.
II. They must develop a new theory of
the critical process.
III. Their criticisms of literature
should be entirely objective.
I only
II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
文学批评家是否与诗人一样,创造性地、直觉地、主观地对书面文字作出反应,
犹如诗人对人类经验作出反应那样?或者,批评家是否更像一个科学家,遵循着一
系列可证明的、可验证的步骤,使用一种客观的分析方法呢?
对于任何一个从事女权主义文学批评(feminist literary criticism)的女
性来说,主观性相对于客观性,或者,批抨家作为诗人抑或作为科学家,这场争论
具有特殊意义;对她而言,这一问题不仅仅具有学术性质,而且也具有政治性质,
而她的定义不管赞成拥护该问题的哪一面,都会招致特殊的风险。假如她将女权主
义文学批评定义为客观的和科学的——一种卓有成效的、可验证的、理性的方法,
无论是男性还是女性都能从事进行——那么,这一定义不仅仅排除了批评家作为艺
术家的研究方法,而且也有可能阻碍某些人的某些实用主义政治目标的实现,这些
人力图要改变学术界以及学术界的思维,尤其是有关性别角色的思维。假如她将女
权主义文学批评定义为创造性的和直觉的,作为艺术享有特权,那么,她的研究工
作即易于遭受有关女性思维方式陈腐观念的偏见,并将为学术界的很大一部分成员
所不屑。由于这些偏见的存在,在其文学批评活动中采用一种直觉方式方法的女批
评家,便可能会发现自己被谴责为缺乏分析的能力,无法做到客观,或者是无法进
行批判式的思维。虽然男批评家可随心所欲地宣称批评家作为艺术家的角色,但当
女性批评家们选择直觉和个体经验作为文学批语的方法和辩解手段时,她们就会冒
不同于男性的职业风险。
这些问题之所以带有政治性质,因为可避免地,围绕这些问题展开的急诊与其
说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索,倒不如说是一种学术上的
权力斗争。在此斗争中,许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学
术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头,与她们相伴随的是对
人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇,这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存
在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
只要学术界一如既往地将客观分析视作“男性的特权”并将直觉式的方法视为
“女性的特长”的话,这位女权主义文学批评女理论家必须要在这两者之间走一条
甚为微妙的哲学中庸之道。假如她真的希望构建起一个女权主义文学批评理论的体
系,那么,对她而言,一种明智可取的做法是,将这一理论体系置于一种既非纯粹
客观亦非纯粹主观的批评过程的一般理论的整体框架内。这样一来,她的理论才更
有可能被学术界以某种程度上的客观公允与其它文学批评理论加以比较和对照。
The author specifically mentions all
of the following as difficulties that
particularly affect women who are
theoreticians of feminist literary
criticism EXCEPT the
tendency of a predominantly male
academic establishment to form
preconceptions about women
limitations that are imposed when
criticism is defined as objective and
scientific
likelihood that the work of a woman
theoretician who claims the privilege of
art will be viewed with prejudice by
some academics
inescapability of power struggles
between women in the academic profession
and the academic establishment
tendency of members of the academic
establishment to treat all forms of
feminist literary theory with hostility
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
文学批评家是否与诗人一样,创造性地、直觉地、主观地对书面文字作出反应,
犹如诗人对人类经验作出反应那样?或者,批评家是否更像一个科学家,遵循着一
系列可证明的、可验证的步骤,使用一种客观的分析方法呢?
对于任何一个从事女权主义文学批评(feminist literary criticism)的女
性来说,主观性相对于客观性,或者,批抨家作为诗人抑或作为科学家,这场争论
具有特殊意义;对她而言,这一问题不仅仅具有学术性质,而且也具有政治性质,
而她的定义不管赞成拥护该问题的哪一面,都会招致特殊的风险。假如她将女权主
义文学批评定义为客观的和科学的——一种卓有成效的、可验证的、理性的方法,
无论是男性还是女性都能从事进行——那么,这一定义不仅仅排除了批评家作为艺
术家的研究方法,而且也有可能阻碍某些人的某些实用主义政治目标的实现,这些
人力图要改变学术界以及学术界的思维,尤其是有关性别角色的思维。假如她将女
权主义文学批评定义为创造性的和直觉的,作为艺术享有特权,那么,她的研究工
作即易于遭受有关女性思维方式陈腐观念的偏见,并将为学术界的很大一部分成员
所不屑。由于这些偏见的存在,在其文学批评活动中采用一种直觉方式方法的女批
评家,便可能会发现自己被谴责为缺乏分析的能力,无法做到客观,或者是无法进
行批判式的思维。虽然男批评家可随心所欲地宣称批评家作为艺术家的角色,但当
女性批评家们选择直觉和个体经验作为文学批语的方法和辩解手段时,她们就会冒
不同于男性的职业风险。
这些问题之所以带有政治性质,因为可避免地,围绕这些问题展开的急诊与其
说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索,倒不如说是一种学术上的
权力斗争。在此斗争中,许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学
术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头,与她们相伴随的是对
人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇,这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存
在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
只要学术界一如既往地将客观分析视作“男性的特权”并将直觉式的方法视为
“女性的特长”的话,这位女权主义文学批评女理论家必须要在这两者之间走一条
甚为微妙的哲学中庸之道。假如她真的希望构建起一个女权主义文学批评理论的体
系,那么,对她而言,一种明智可取的做法是,将这一理论体系置于一种既非纯粹
客观亦非纯粹主观的批评过程的一般理论的整体框架内。这样一来,她的理论才更
有可能被学术界以某种程度上的客观公允与其它文学批评理论加以比较和对照。
According to the author, the debate
mentioned in the passage has special
significance for the woman who is a
theoretician of feminist literary criticism
for which of the following reasons?
There are large numbers of capable
women working within the academic
establishment.
There are a few powerful feminist
critics who have been recognized by the
academic establishment.
Like other critics, most women who
are literary critics define criticism as
either scientific or artistic.
Women who are literary critics face
professional risks different from those
faced by men who are literary critics.
Women who are literary critics are
more likely to participate in the debate
than arc men who are literary crictics.
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
文学批评家是否与诗人一样,创造性地、直觉地、主观地对书面文字作出反应,
犹如诗人对人类经验作出反应那样?或者,批评家是否更像一个科学家,遵循着一
系列可证明的、可验证的步骤,使用一种客观的分析方法呢?
对于任何一个从事女权主义文学批评(feminist literary criticism)的女
性来说,主观性相对于客观性,或者,批抨家作为诗人抑或作为科学家,这场争论
具有特殊意义;对她而言,这一问题不仅仅具有学术性质,而且也具有政治性质,
而她的定义不管赞成拥护该问题的哪一面,都会招致特殊的风险。假如她将女权主
义文学批评定义为客观的和科学的——一种卓有成效的、可验证的、理性的方法,
无论是男性还是女性都能从事进行——那么,这一定义不仅仅排除了批评家作为艺
术家的研究方法,而且也有可能阻碍某些人的某些实用主义政治目标的实现,这些
人力图要改变学术界以及学术界的思维,尤其是有关性别角色的思维。假如她将女
权主义文学批评定义为创造性的和直觉的,作为艺术享有特权,那么,她的研究工
作即易于遭受有关女性思维方式陈腐观念的偏见,并将为学术界的很大一部分成员
所不屑。由于这些偏见的存在,在其文学批评活动中采用一种直觉方式方法的女批
评家,便可能会发现自己被谴责为缺乏分析的能力,无法做到客观,或者是无法进
行批判式的思维。虽然男批评家可随心所欲地宣称批评家作为艺术家的角色,但当
女性批评家们选择直觉和个体经验作为文学批语的方法和辩解手段时,她们就会冒
不同于男性的职业风险。
这些问题之所以带有政治性质,因为可避免地,围绕这些问题展开的急诊与其
说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索,倒不如说是一种学术上的
权力斗争。在此斗争中,许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学
术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头,与她们相伴随的是对
人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇,这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存
在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
只要学术界一如既往地将客观分析视作“男性的特权”并将直觉式的方法视为
“女性的特长”的话,这位女权主义文学批评女理论家必须要在这两者之间走一条
甚为微妙的哲学中庸之道。假如她真的希望构建起一个女权主义文学批评理论的体
系,那么,对她而言,一种明智可取的做法是,将这一理论体系置于一种既非纯粹
客观亦非纯粹主观的批评过程的一般理论的整体框架内。这样一来,她的理论才更
有可能被学术界以某种程度上的客观公允与其它文学批评理论加以比较和对照。
Which of the following is presented
by the author in support of the suggestion
that there is stereotypic thinking
among members of the academic
establishments
A distinctively feminist contribution
to humanistic understanding could work
against the influence of sexism among
members of the academic establishment.
Women who define criticism as
artistic may be seen by the academic
establishment as being incapable of
critical thinking.
The debate over the role of the
literary critic is often seen as a
political one.
Women scholars are only now entering
academia in substantial numbers.
The woman who is a critic is forced
to construct a theory of literary
criticism.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
文学批评家是否与诗人一样,创造性地、直觉地、主观地对书面文字作出反应,
犹如诗人对人类经验作出反应那样?或者,批评家是否更像一个科学家,遵循着一
系列可证明的、可验证的步骤,使用一种客观的分析方法呢?
对于任何一个从事女权主义文学批评(feminist literary criticism)的女
性来说,主观性相对于客观性,或者,批抨家作为诗人抑或作为科学家,这场争论
具有特殊意义;对她而言,这一问题不仅仅具有学术性质,而且也具有政治性质,
而她的定义不管赞成拥护该问题的哪一面,都会招致特殊的风险。假如她将女权主
义文学批评定义为客观的和科学的——一种卓有成效的、可验证的、理性的方法,
无论是男性还是女性都能从事进行——那么,这一定义不仅仅排除了批评家作为艺
术家的研究方法,而且也有可能阻碍某些人的某些实用主义政治目标的实现,这些
人力图要改变学术界以及学术界的思维,尤其是有关性别角色的思维。假如她将女
权主义文学批评定义为创造性的和直觉的,作为艺术享有特权,那么,她的研究工
作即易于遭受有关女性思维方式陈腐观念的偏见,并将为学术界的很大一部分成员
所不屑。由于这些偏见的存在,在其文学批评活动中采用一种直觉方式方法的女批
评家,便可能会发现自己被谴责为缺乏分析的能力,无法做到客观,或者是无法进
行批判式的思维。虽然男批评家可随心所欲地宣称批评家作为艺术家的角色,但当
女性批评家们选择直觉和个体经验作为文学批语的方法和辩解手段时,她们就会冒
不同于男性的职业风险。
这些问题之所以带有政治性质,因为可避免地,围绕这些问题展开的急诊与其
说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索,倒不如说是一种学术上的
权力斗争。在此斗争中,许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学
术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头,与她们相伴随的是对
人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇,这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存
在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
只要学术界一如既往地将客观分析视作“男性的特权”并将直觉式的方法视为
“女性的特长”的话,这位女权主义文学批评女理论家必须要在这两者之间走一条
甚为微妙的哲学中庸之道。假如她真的希望构建起一个女权主义文学批评理论的体
系,那么,对她而言,一种明智可取的做法是,将这一理论体系置于一种既非纯粹
客观亦非纯粹主观的批评过程的一般理论的整体框架内。这样一来,她的理论才更
有可能被学术界以某种程度上的客观公允与其它文学批评理论加以比较和对照。
Which of the following is most likely
to be one of the "utilitarian political
objectives" mentioned by the author in
line 25-26 ?
To forge a new theory of literary
criticism
To pursue truth in a disinterested
manner
To demonstrate that women are
interested in literary criticism that
can be viewed either subjectively or
objectively
To convince the academic
establishment to revise the ways in
which it assesses women scholars'
professional qualities
To dissuade women who are literary
critics from taking a subjective
approach to literary criticism
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
文学批评家是否与诗人一样,创造性地、直觉地、主观地对书面文字作出反应,
犹如诗人对人类经验作出反应那样?或者,批评家是否更像一个科学家,遵循着一
系列可证明的、可验证的步骤,使用一种客观的分析方法呢?
对于任何一个从事女权主义文学批评(feminist literary criticism)的女
性来说,主观性相对于客观性,或者,批抨家作为诗人抑或作为科学家,这场争论
具有特殊意义;对她而言,这一问题不仅仅具有学术性质,而且也具有政治性质,
而她的定义不管赞成拥护该问题的哪一面,都会招致特殊的风险。假如她将女权主
义文学批评定义为客观的和科学的——一种卓有成效的、可验证的、理性的方法,
无论是男性还是女性都能从事进行——那么,这一定义不仅仅排除了批评家作为艺
术家的研究方法,而且也有可能阻碍某些人的某些实用主义政治目标的实现,这些
人力图要改变学术界以及学术界的思维,尤其是有关性别角色的思维。假如她将女
权主义文学批评定义为创造性的和直觉的,作为艺术享有特权,那么,她的研究工
作即易于遭受有关女性思维方式陈腐观念的偏见,并将为学术界的很大一部分成员
所不屑。由于这些偏见的存在,在其文学批评活动中采用一种直觉方式方法的女批
评家,便可能会发现自己被谴责为缺乏分析的能力,无法做到客观,或者是无法进
行批判式的思维。虽然男批评家可随心所欲地宣称批评家作为艺术家的角色,但当
女性批评家们选择直觉和个体经验作为文学批语的方法和辩解手段时,她们就会冒
不同于男性的职业风险。
这些问题之所以带有政治性质,因为可避免地,围绕这些问题展开的急诊与其
说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索,倒不如说是一种学术上的
权力斗争。在此斗争中,许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学
术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头,与她们相伴随的是对
人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇,这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存
在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
只要学术界一如既往地将客观分析视作“男性的特权”并将直觉式的方法视为
“女性的特长”的话,这位女权主义文学批评女理论家必须要在这两者之间走一条
甚为微妙的哲学中庸之道。假如她真的希望构建起一个女权主义文学批评理论的体
系,那么,对她而言,一种明智可取的做法是,将这一理论体系置于一种既非纯粹
客观亦非纯粹主观的批评过程的一般理论的整体框架内。这样一来,她的理论才更
有可能被学术界以某种程度上的客观公允与其它文学批评理论加以比较和对照。
It can be inferred that the author
would define as " political" (line 46)
questions that
are contested largely through
contentions over power
are primarily academic in nature and
open to abstract analysis
are not in themselves important
cannot be resolved without extensive
debate
will be debated by both men and women
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
文学批评家是否与诗人一样,创造性地、直觉地、主观地对书面文字作出反应,
犹如诗人对人类经验作出反应那样?或者,批评家是否更像一个科学家,遵循着一
系列可证明的、可验证的步骤,使用一种客观的分析方法呢?
对于任何一个从事女权主义文学批评(feminist literary criticism)的女
性来说,主观性相对于客观性,或者,批抨家作为诗人抑或作为科学家,这场争论
具有特殊意义;对她而言,这一问题不仅仅具有学术性质,而且也具有政治性质,
而她的定义不管赞成拥护该问题的哪一面,都会招致特殊的风险。假如她将女权主
义文学批评定义为客观的和科学的——一种卓有成效的、可验证的、理性的方法,
无论是男性还是女性都能从事进行——那么,这一定义不仅仅排除了批评家作为艺
术家的研究方法,而且也有可能阻碍某些人的某些实用主义政治目标的实现,这些
人力图要改变学术界以及学术界的思维,尤其是有关性别角色的思维。假如她将女
权主义文学批评定义为创造性的和直觉的,作为艺术享有特权,那么,她的研究工
作即易于遭受有关女性思维方式陈腐观念的偏见,并将为学术界的很大一部分成员
所不屑。由于这些偏见的存在,在其文学批评活动中采用一种直觉方式方法的女批
评家,便可能会发现自己被谴责为缺乏分析的能力,无法做到客观,或者是无法进
行批判式的思维。虽然男批评家可随心所欲地宣称批评家作为艺术家的角色,但当
女性批评家们选择直觉和个体经验作为文学批语的方法和辩解手段时,她们就会冒
不同于男性的职业风险。
这些问题之所以带有政治性质,因为可避免地,围绕这些问题展开的急诊与其
说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索,倒不如说是一种学术上的
权力斗争。在此斗争中,许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学
术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头,与她们相伴随的是对
人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇,这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存
在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
只要学术界一如既往地将客观分析视作“男性的特权”并将直觉式的方法视为
“女性的特长”的话,这位女权主义文学批评女理论家必须要在这两者之间走一条
甚为微妙的哲学中庸之道。假如她真的希望构建起一个女权主义文学批评理论的体
系,那么,对她而言,一种明智可取的做法是,将这一理论体系置于一种既非纯粹
客观亦非纯粹主观的批评过程的一般理论的整体框架内。这样一来,她的理论才更
有可能被学术界以某种程度上的客观公允与其它文学批评理论加以比较和对照。
[This passage was excerpted from an
article published in 1979.]
Quantum mechanics is a highly
successful theory: it supplies methods
(5) for accurately calculating the results
of diverse experiments, especially with
minute particles. The predictions of
quantum mechanics, however, give only
the probability of an event, not a
(10) deterministic statement of whether or
not the event will occur. Because of
this probabilism, Einstein remained
strongly dissatisfied with the theory
throughout his life, though he did not
(15) maintain that quantum mechanics is
wrong. Rather, he held that it is
incomplete: in quantum mechanics the
motion of a particle must be described
in terms of probabilities, he argued,
(20) only because some parameters that
determine the motion have not been
specified. If these hypothetical
"hidden parameters" were known,a fully
deterministic trajectory could be
(25) defined.Significantly, this hidden-
parameter quantum theory leads to
experimental predictions different from
those of traditional quantum mechanics.
Einstein's ideas have been tested by
(30) experiments performed since his death,
and as most of these experiments support
traditional quantum mechanics,
Einstein's approach is almost certainly
erroneous.
The author regards the idea that
traditional quantum mechanics is
incomplete with
approval
surprise
indifference
apprehension
skepticism
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
量子力学(Quantum Mechanics)是一种极为成功的理论:它提供了种种方法
来精确计算出不同实验的结果,尤其是对于微粒子而言。然则,量子力学的预测仅
能提供某一事件的可能性,而不能提供该事件是否将发生的明确陈述。正因为它的
这种或然性,爱因斯坦(Einstein)一辈子都对这一理论倍感不满,虽然他并不坚
信量子理论是错误的。实质上,他认为它并不完整:在量子力学中,粒子的运动之
所以必须要依据概率来描述,他辩论道,只是因为决定粒子运动的某些参数还没能
被具体确定。倘若这些假设的“隐性参数”(hidden parameters)得以被揭示,则
一种绝然明确的粒子运动轨道就可获得界定。饶有意义的是,这一隐性参数量子理
论导致产生了不同于传统量子力学所作出的预测。自爱因斯坦去世之后,科学家从
事了一系列的实验以检验他的思想,由于所有这些实验中的大多数实验是在支持传
统量子力学,故爱因斯坦的方法几乎肯定是谬误的。
It can be inferred from the passage
that the author's conclusion that
Einstein's approach is "erroneous" (line
34) might have to be modified because
it is theoretically possible to
generate plausible theories with hidden
parameters within them
some experimental tests of Einstein's
theory do not disconfirm the
hidden-parameter theory of quantum
mechanics
it is possible for a theory to have
hidden parameters and yet be
probabilistic
traditional quantum mechanics has not
yet been used to analyze all of the
phenomena to which it could be applied
there are too many possible hidden
parameters to develop meaningful tests
of hidden-parameter theories
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
量子力学(Quantum Mechanics)是一种极为成功的理论:它提供了种种方法
来精确计算出不同实验的结果,尤其是对于微粒子而言。然则,量子力学的预测仅
能提供某一事件的可能性,而不能提供该事件是否将发生的明确陈述。正因为它的
这种或然性,爱因斯坦(Einstein)一辈子都对这一理论倍感不满,虽然他并不坚
信量子理论是错误的。实质上,他认为它并不完整:在量子力学中,粒子的运动之
所以必须要依据概率来描述,他辩论道,只是因为决定粒子运动的某些参数还没能
被具体确定。倘若这些假设的“隐性参数”(hidden parameters)得以被揭示,则
一种绝然明确的粒子运动轨道就可获得界定。饶有意义的是,这一隐性参数量子理
论导致产生了不同于传统量子力学所作出的预测。自爱因斯坦去世之后,科学家从
事了一系列的实验以检验他的思想,由于所有这些实验中的大多数实验是在支持传
统量子力学,故爱因斯坦的方法几乎肯定是谬误的。
According to the passage, Einstein
posed objections to the
existence of hidden parameters in
quantum theory
probabilistic nature of quantum
mechanics
idea that quantum mechanics is
incomplete
results of experiments testing
quantum theory
importance accorded quantum mechanics
in physics
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
量子力学(Quantum Mechanics)是一种极为成功的理论:它提供了种种方法
来精确计算出不同实验的结果,尤其是对于微粒子而言。然则,量子力学的预测仅
能提供某一事件的可能性,而不能提供该事件是否将发生的明确陈述。正因为它的
这种或然性,爱因斯坦(Einstein)一辈子都对这一理论倍感不满,虽然他并不坚
信量子理论是错误的。实质上,他认为它并不完整:在量子力学中,粒子的运动之
所以必须要依据概率来描述,他辩论道,只是因为决定粒子运动的某些参数还没能
被具体确定。倘若这些假设的“隐性参数”(hidden parameters)得以被揭示,则
一种绝然明确的粒子运动轨道就可获得界定。饶有意义的是,这一隐性参数量子理
论导致产生了不同于传统量子力学所作出的预测。自爱因斯坦去世之后,科学家从
事了一系列的实验以检验他的思想,由于所有这些实验中的大多数实验是在支持传
统量子力学,故爱因斯坦的方法几乎肯定是谬误的。
The passage suggests that which of
the following would have resulted if the
experiments mentioned in lines 29-30 had
not supported the predictions of
traditional quantum mechanics?
Einstein, had he been alive, would
have revised his approach to quantum
mechanics.
Hidden-parameter theories would have
been considered inaccurate descriptions
of world phenomena.
A deterministic description of the
motion of a particle might still be
considered possible.
Quantum mechanics would have ceased
to attract the attention of physicists.
Einstein, had he been alive, would
have abandoned attempts to specify the
hidden parameters that describe motion.
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
量子力学(Quantum Mechanics)是一种极为成功的理论:它提供了种种方法
来精确计算出不同实验的结果,尤其是对于微粒子而言。然则,量子力学的预测仅
能提供某一事件的可能性,而不能提供该事件是否将发生的明确陈述。正因为它的
这种或然性,爱因斯坦(Einstein)一辈子都对这一理论倍感不满,虽然他并不坚
信量子理论是错误的。实质上,他认为它并不完整:在量子力学中,粒子的运动之
所以必须要依据概率来描述,他辩论道,只是因为决定粒子运动的某些参数还没能
被具体确定。倘若这些假设的“隐性参数”(hidden parameters)得以被揭示,则
一种绝然明确的粒子运动轨道就可获得界定。饶有意义的是,这一隐性参数量子理
论导致产生了不同于传统量子力学所作出的预测。自爱因斯坦去世之后,科学家从
事了一系列的实验以检验他的思想,由于所有这些实验中的大多数实验是在支持传
统量子力学,故爱因斯坦的方法几乎肯定是谬误的。
INGEST:
throw around
take along
expel
uncover
enlarge
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
吞咽v.
A.乱扔
B. 带着
C. 驱逐
D. 揭开
E. 扩大
SCRUTINY:
awkwardness
misunderstanding
casual glance
simple movement
slight injury
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
细查,细读n.
A.举止笨拙(尴尬)
B. 误解
C. 偶然一瞥
D. 简单的行动
E. 轻微的伤害
SLEW:
uncertain supply
unwanted interference
unsuitable arrangement
poor beginning
limited quantity
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
大量(旋转)n.
A.不确定的供应
B. 多余的干涉
C. 不合适的安排
D. 不好的开端
E. 有限的数量
NEGATION:
allegiance
affirmation
guarantee
acquittal
validity
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
否认n.
A.忠诚
B. 确定,断言
C. 保证
D. 无罪开释
E. 有效性
SATE:
dehydrate
enervate
initiate
quaff
starve
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
使饱,使满足v.
A.脱水
B. 削弱
C. 开始,着手
D. 畅饮
E. 饿死
DISPOSED:
disinclined
disrupted
determined
derided
depressed
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
倾向的,偏好的adj.
A.不喜欢的
B. 混乱的(分裂的)
C. 坚决的
D. 被嘲弄的
E. 沮丧的(下陷的,萧条的)
JIBE:
surpass
prevent
qualify
conflict
collect
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答案:(D)
符合(嘲笑)v.
A.超越
B. 预防
C. 使有资格
D. 冲突,矛盾
E. 收集
APPRECIABLE:
interminable
unsatisfactory
tentative
timid
imperceptible
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答案:(E)
明显的adj.
A.无止境的
B. 令人满意的
C. 暂时的(尝试性的)
D. 害羞的,胆小的
E. 察觉不到的
ARTLESSNESS:
zest
sense
mania
quirkiness
guile
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答案:(E)
朴实,天真n.
A.热心
B. 意义(感知)
C. 狂热
D. 怪癖
E. 狡诈
FATUITY:
desiccation
sagacity
veracity
confirmation
artifice
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答案:(B)
昏庸n.
A.脱水
B. 睿智
C. 诚实(真实性)
D. 确认,证实
E. 诡计(巧
)
PROPITIATE:
antagonize
discourage
repress
forsake
deceive
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答案:(A)
抚慰(讨好)v.
A.对抗
B. 使气馁
C. 压制
D. 抛弃
E. 欺骗