六级样卷

PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingontheremark“Earthprovidesenoughtosatisfyeveryman’sneed,butnoteveryman’sgreed.”Youcanciteexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.WriteyouressayonAnswerSheet1.注意：此部分试请在答题卡1上作答。PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.A)ThemanhappenedtoseeAnnafallonherback.B)TheseriousaccidentmayleaveAnnaparalyzed.C)Thedoctor’stherapyhasbeenverysuccessful.D)TheinjurywillconfineAnnatobedforquiteawhile.2.A)Givehiscontributionsometimelater.B)Borrowsomemoneyfromthewoman.C)BuyanexpensivegiftforGemma.D)Takeupacollectionnextweek.3.A)Addmorefruitsandvegetablestoherdiet.B)AskTonytoconveythankstohismother.C)TellTony’smotherthatsheeatsnomeat.D)Declinetheinvitationasearlyaspossible.4.A)ShephonedFredaboutthebook.B)Shewaslatefortheappointment.C)SheranintoFredonherwayhere.D)Sheoftenkeepsotherpeoplewaiting.5.A)Simplyraisetheissueintheirpresentation.B)Findmorerelevantinformationfortheirwork.C)Putmoreeffortintopreparingforthepresentation.D)Justmakeuseofwhateverinformationisavailable.6.A)Heneedsavehicletobeusedinharshweather.B)Hehasafairlylargecollectionofqualitytrucks.C)Hehashadhistruckadaptedforcoldtemperatures.D)Hedoesroutinetruckmaintenanceforthewoman.7.A)Visitadifferentstoreforasilkorcottonshirt.B)Getadiscountontheshirtsheisgoingtobuy.C)Lookforashirtofamoresuitablecolorandsize.D)Replacetheshirtwithoneofsomeothermaterial.8.A)Notmanypeoplehavereadhisarticle.B)Heregretshavingpublishedthearticle.C)Mostreadersdonotsharehisviewpoints.D)Thewomanisonlytryingtoconsolehim.Questions9to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.9.A)Totesthowresponsivedolphinsaretovarioussignals.B)Toexaminehowlongittakesdolphinstoacquireaskill.C)Toseeifdolphinscanlearntocommunicatewitheachother.D)Tofindoutifthefemaledolphinisclevererthanthemaleone.10.A)Presstheright-handleverfirst.C)Raisetheirheadsabovethewater.B)Producetheappropriatesound.D)Swimstraightintothesametank.11.A)Bothdolphinswereputinthesametank.B)Themaledolphinreceivedmorerewards.C)Theleverwasbeyondthedolphins’reach.D)Onlyonedolphinwasabletoseethelight.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.12.A)Goodorbad,theyaretheretostay.B)Believeitornot,theyhavesurvived.C)Likeitornot,youhavetousethem.D)Gainorlose,theyshouldbemodernised.13.A)Thefrequenttraindelays.C)Thefoodsoldonthetrains.B)ThemonopolyofBritishRailways.D)Thehightrainticketfares.14.A)Competitionfromothermodesoftransport.B)Thelowefficiencyoftheiroperation.C)Constantcomplaintsfrompassengers.D)Thepassingofthenewtransportact.15.A)Theywillbede-nationalised.C)Theyarefastdisappearing.B)Theylosealotofmoney.D)Theyprovideworseservice.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。PassageOneQuestions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.A)Icedcoffeessoldbysomepopularchainsarecontaminated.B)Someicedcoffeeshaveasmanycaloriesasahotdinner.C)Somebrand-namecoffeescontainharmfulsubstances.D)Drinkingcoffeeafteramealismorelikelytocauseobesity.17.A)Havesomefreshfruit.C)Exerciseatthegym.B)Takeahotshower.D)Eatahotdinner.18.A)Theycouldenjoyahappierfamilylife.B)Theycouldgreatlyimprovetheirworkefficiency.C)Manyembarrassingsituationscouldbeavoided.D)Manycancercasescouldbeprevented.PassageTwoQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.19.A)Ithasattractedworldwideattention.B)Itwillchangetheconceptoffood.C)Itcanhelpsolveglobalfoodcrises.D)Itwillbecomepopulargradually.20.A)Itcomesregularlyfromitsdonors.B)IthasbeendrasticallycutbyNASA.C)Ithasbeenincreasedovertheyears.D)Itisstillfarfrombeingsufficient.21.A)Theyarelesshealthythanweexpected.B)Theyarenotasnaturalaswebelieved.C)Theyarenotasexpensiveasbefore.D)Theyaremorenutritiousanddelicious.PassageThreeQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.22.A)Writingarticlesonfamilyviolence.B)Huntingnewsforthedailyheadlines.C)ReportingcriminaloffensesinGreenville.D)Coveringmajoreventsofthedayinthecity.23.A)Ithasfewerviolentcrimesthanbigcities.B)Itisamuchsaferplacethanitusedtobe.C)Assaultsoftenhappenonschoolcampuses.D)Rapesrarelyoccurinthedowntownareas.24.A)Theyareverydestructive.B)Thereareawiderangeofcases.C)Therehasbeenariseinsuchcrimes.D)Theyhavearousedfearamongtheresidents.25.A)Offerhelptocrimevictims.B)Workasanewspapereditor.C)Writeaboutsomethingpleasant.D)Dosomeresearchonlocalpolitics.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。GeorgeHerbertMeadsaidthathumansaretalkedintohumanity.Hemeantthatwegainpersonalidentityaswecommunicatewithothers.Intheearliestyearsofourlives,ourparentstelluswhoweare.“You’re26.”“You’resostrong.”Wefirstseeourselvesthroughtheeyesofothers,sotheirmessagesformimportant27ofourself-concepts.Laterweinteractwithteachers,friends,28partners,andco-workerswhocommunicatetheirviewsofus.Thus,howweseeourselvesreflectstheviewsofusthatotherscommunicate.The29connectionbetweenidentityandcommunicationisdramaticallyevidentinchildrenwho30humancontact.Casestudiesofchildrenwhowereisolatedfromothersrevealthattheylackafirmself-concept,andtheirmentalandpsychologicaldevelopmentisseverelyhinderedbylackoflanguage.Communicationwithothersnotonlyaffectsoursenseofidentitybutalsodirectlyinfluencesourphysicalandemotional31.Consistently,researchshowsthatcommunicatingwithotherspromoteshealth,whereassocialisolation32stress,disease,andearlydeath.Peoplewholackclosefriendshavegreaterlevelsofanxietyanddepressionthanpeoplewhoareclosetoothers.Agroupofresearchersreviewed33studiesthattracedtherelationshipbetweenhealthandinteractionwithothers.Theconclusionwasthatsocialisolationis34asdangerousashighbloodpressure,smokingandobesity.Manydoctorsandresearchersbelievethatlonelinessharmstheimmunesystem,makingusmore35toarangeofminorandmajorillnesses.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Tounderstandwhyweshouldbeconcernedabouthowyoungpeopleread,ithelpstoknowsomethingaboutthewaytheabilitytoreadevolved.Unliketheabilitytounderstandandproducespokenlanguage,theabilitytoreadmustbepainstakingly36byeachindividual.The“readingcircuits”weconstructinthebraincanbe37ortheycanberobust,dependingonhowoftenandhow38weusethem.Thedeepreaderentersastateofhypnotictrance(心醉神迷的状态).Whenreadersareenjoyingtheexperiencethemost,thepaceoftheirreading39slows.Thecombinationoffast,fluentdecodingofwordsandslow,unhurriedprogressonthepagegivesdeepreaderstimetoenrichtheirreadingwithreflectionandanalysis.Itgivesthemtimetoestablishan40relationshipwiththeauthor,thetwoofthem41inalongandwarmconversationlikepeoplefallinginlove.Thisisnotreadingasmanyyoungpeopleknowit.Theirreadingisinstrumental:thedifferencebetweenwhatliterarycriticFrankKermodecalls“carnal(肉体的)reading”and“spiritualreading.”Ifweallowouroffspringtobelievecarnalreadingisallthereis—ifwedon’topenthedoortospiritualreading,throughanearly42ondisciplineandpractice—wewillhave43themofanenjoyableexperiencetheywouldnototherwiseencounter.Observingyoungpeople’s44todigitaldevices,someprogressiveeducatorstalkabout“meetingkidswheretheyare,”moldinginstructionaroundtheironscreenhabits.Thisismistaken.Weneed,45,toshowthemsomeplacethey’veneverbeen,aplaceonlydeepreadingcantakethem.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。)acquiredI)intimatedingAB)actuallyJ)notwithstanC)attachmentK)petitionD)cheatedL)ratherE)engagedM)scarcelyF)feebleN)swayedG)illicitO)vigorouslyH)insistenceSectionBInthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsIntotheUnknownDirections:attachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Theworldhasneverseenpopulationageingbefore.Canitcope?[A]Untiltheearly1990snobodymuchthoughtaboutwholepopulationsgettingolder.TheUNhadtheforesighttoconvenea“worldassemblyonageing”backin1982,butthatcameandwent.By1994theWorldBankhadnoticedthatsomethingbigwashappening.Inareportentitled“AvertingtheOldAgeCrisis”,itarguedthatpensionarrangementsinmostcountrieswereunsustainable.[B]Forthenexttenyearsasuccessionofbooks,mainlybyAmericans,soundedthealarm.TheyhadtitleslikeYoungvsOld,GrayDawnandTheComingGenerationalStorm,andtheirmessagewasblunt:health-caresystemswereheadingfortherocks,pensionersweretakingyoungpeopletothecleaners,andsoontherewouldbeintergenerationalwarfare.[C]Sincethenthedebatehasbecomelessemotional,notleastbecausealotmoreisknownaboutthesubject.Books,conferencesandresearchpapershavemultiplied.InternationalorganisationssuchastheOECDandtheEUissueregularreports.Populationageingisoneveryagenda,fromG8economicconferencestoNATOsummits.TheWorldEconomicForumplanstoconsiderthefutureofpensionsandhealthcareatitsprestigiousDavosconferenceearlynextyear.Themedia,includingthisnewspaper,aregivingthesubjectextensivecoverage.[D]Whetherallthatattentionhastranslatedintosufficientactionisanotherquestion.Governmentsinrichcountriesnowacceptthattheirpensionandhealth-carepromiseswillsoonbecomeunaffordable,andmanyofthemhaveembarkedonreforms,butsofaronlytimidly.Thatisnotsurprising:politicianswithaneyeonthenextelectionwillhardlyrushtointroduceunpopularmeasuresthatmaynotbearfruitforyears,perhapsdecades.[E]Theoutlineofthechangesneededisclear.Toavoidfiscal(财政的)meltdown,publicpensionsandhealth-careprovisionwillhavetobereinedbackseverelyandtaxesmayhavetogoup.Byfarthemosteffectivemethodtorestrainpensionspendingistogivepeopletheopportunitytoworklonger,becauseitincreasestaxrevenuesandreducesspendingonpensionsatthesametime.Itmayevenkeepthemalivelonger.JohnRother,theAARP’sheadofpolicyandstrategy,pointstostudiesshowingthatotherthingsbeingequal,peoplewhoremainatworkhavelowerdeathratesthantheirretiredpeers.[F]Youngerpeopletodaymostlyacceptthattheywillhavetoworkforlongerandthattheirpensionswillbelessgenerous.Employersstillneedtobepersuadedthatolderworkersareworthholdingonto.Thatmaybebecausetheyhavehadplentyofyoungeronestochoosefrom,partlythankstothepost-warbaby-boomandpartlybecauseoverthepastfewdecadesmanymorewomenhaveenteredthelabourforce,increasingemployers’choice.Butthereservoirofwomenableandwillingtotakeuppaidworkisrunninglow,andthebaby-boomersaregoinggrey.[G]Inmanycountriesimmigrantshavebeenfillingsuchgapsinthelabourforceashavealreadyemerged(andrememberthattherealshortageisstillaroundtenyearsoff).Immigrationinthedevelopedworldisthehighestithaseverbeen,anditismakingausefuldifference.Instill-fertileAmericaitcurrentlyaccountsforabout40%oftotalpopulationgrowth,andinfast-ageingwesternEuropeforabout90%.[H]Onthefaceofit,itseemstheperfectsolution.Manydevelopingcountrieshavelotsofyoungpeopleinneedofjobs;manyrichcountriesneedhelpinghandsthatwillboosttaxrevenuesandkeepupeconomicgrowth.Butoverthenextfewdecadeslabourforcesinrichcountriesaresettoshrinksomuchthatinflowsofimmigrantswouldhavetoincreaseenormouslytocompensate:toatleasttwicetheircurrentsizeinwesternEurope’smostyouthfulcountries,andthreetimesintheolderones.Japanwouldneedalargemultipleofthefewimmigrantsithasatpresent.Publicopinionpollsshowthatpeopleinmostrichcountriesalreadythinkthatimmigrationistoohigh.Furtherbigincreaseswouldbepoliticallyunfeasible.[I]Totackletheproblemofageingpopulationsatitsroot,“old”countrieswouldhavetorejuvenate(使年轻)themselvesbyhavingmoreoftheirownchildren.Anumberofthemhavetried,somemoresuccessfullythanothers.Butitisnotasimplematterofofferingfinancialincentivesorprovidingmorechildcare.Modernurbanlifeinrichcountriesisnotwelladaptedtolargefamilies.Womenfindithardtocombinefamilyandcareer.Theyoftencompromisebyhavingjustonechild.[J]Andiffertilityinageingcountriesdoesnotpickup?Itwillnotbetheendoftheworld,atleastnotforquiteawhileyet,buttheworldwillslowlybecomeadifferentplace.Oldersocietiesmaybelessinnovativeandmorestronglydisinclinedtotakerisksthanyoungerones.By2025atthelatest,abouthalfthevotersinAmericaandmostofthoseinwesternEuropeancountrieswillbeover50—andolderpeopleturnouttovoteinmuchgreaternumbersthanyoungerones.Academicstudieshavefoundnoevidencesofarthatoldervotershaveusedtheirpowerattheballotboxtopushforpoliciesthatspecificallybenefitthem,thoughifinfuturetherearemanymoreofthemtheymightstartdoingso.[K]Noristhereanysignoftheintergenerationalwarfarepredictedinthe1990s.Afterall,olderpeoplethemselvesmostlyhavefamilies.Inarecentstudyofparentsandgrown-upchildrenin11Europeancountries,KarstenHankofMannheimUniversityfoundthat85%ofthemlivedwithin25kmofeachotherandthemajorityofthemwereintouchatleastonceaweek.[L]Evenso,theshiftinthecentreofgravitytoolderagegroupsisboundtohaveaprofoundeffectonsocieties,notjusteconomicallyandpoliticallybutinallsortsofotherwaystoo.RichardJacksonandNeilHoweofAmerica’sCSIS,inathoughtfulbookcalledTheGrayingoftheGreatPowers,arguethat,amongotherthings,theageingofthedevelopedcountrieswillhaveanumberofserioussecurityimplications.[M]Forexample,theshortageofyoungadultsislikelytomakecountriesmorereluctanttocommitthefewtheyhavetomilitaryservice.Inthedecadesto2050,Americawillfinditselfplayinganever-increasingroleinthedevelopedworld’sdefenceeffort.BecauseAmerica’spopulationwillstillbegrowingwhenthatofmostotherdevelopedcountriesisshrinking,Americawillbetheonlydevelopedcountrythatstillmattersgeopolitically(地缘政治上).Askmein2020[N]Thereislittlethatcanbedonetostoppopulationageing,sotheworldwillhavetolivewithit.Butsomeoftheconsequencescanbealleviated.Manyexpertsnowbelievethatgiventherightpolicies,theeffects,thoughgrave,neednotbecatastrophic.Mostcountrieshaverecognisedtheneedtodosomethingandarebeginningtoact.[O]Buteventhenthereisnoguaranteethattheireffortswillwork.Whatishappeningnowishistoricallyunprecedented.RonaldLee,directoroftheCentreontheEconomicsandDemographyofAgeingattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,putsitbrieflyandclearly:“Wedon’treallyknowwhatpopulationageingwillbelike,becausenobodyhasdoneityet.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。46.Employersshouldrealiseitisimportanttokeepolderworkersintheworkforce.47.ArecentstudyfoundthatmostoldpeopleinsomeEuropeancountrieshadregularweeklycontactwiththeiradultchildren.hedboldreformstotackletheproblemofpopulationageing.yearsago,thesustainabilityofold-agepensionsystemsinmostcountrieswascalledintodoubt.llbelesswillingtosendthemtowar.hildfamiliesaremorecommoninageingsocietiesduetothestressofurbanlifeandthedifficultiesofbalancingfamilyandcareer.fconflictsbetweentheolderandyoungergenerations.rsocietiestendtobelessinnovativeandtakefewerrisks.tiontothepensioncrisisistopostponetheretirementage.eetwithresistanceinsomerichcountries.irections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomeorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourPassageOnuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.atitcouldlearnfromthemodern,innovatingWest.Nowthequestionmustbereversed:whatcantheWest’soveretrefo48.Fewgovernmentsinrichcountrieshavelaunc49.Inareportpublishedsome2050.Countriesthathaveashortageofyoungadultswi51.One-c52.Aseriesofbooks,mostlyauthoredbyAmericans,warnedo53.Comparedwithyoungerones,olde54.Thebestsolu55.ImmigrationasameanstoboosttheshrinkinglabourforcemaymSectionCDquestionschoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.eQFormostofthe20thcentury,Asiaaskeditselfwhlyindebtedandsluggish(经济滞长的)nationslearnfromaflourishingAsia?Justafewdecadesago,Asia’stwogiantswerestagnating(停滞不前)underfaultyeconomicideologies.However,onceChinabeganembracingfree-markrmsinthe1980s,followedbyIndiainthe1990s,bothcountriesachievedrapidgrowth.Crucially,astheyopeneduptheirmarkets,theybalancedmarketeconomywithsensiblegovernmentdirection.AstheIndianeconomistAmartyaSenhaswiselysaid,“Theinvisiblehandofthemarkethasoftenreliedheavilyonthevisiblehandofgovernment.”ContrastthismiddlepathwithAmericaandEurope,whichhaveeachgoneideologicallyoverboardintheirownways.Sincethe1980s,AmericahasbeenincrgintoseethatAmerica’sproblemsarenotinsoluble.Afewsensiblefederesourcesandcouldcontinueborr题请在答题卡2上作答。A)Freemarketplusgovernmentintervention.57.vernmentistheproblem”(Line5,Para.3)?socialproblemsarisefromgovernmentinefficiency.easinglyclingingtotheideologyofuncontrolledfreemarketsanddismissingtheroleofgovernment—followingRonaldReagan’sideathat“governmentisnotthesolutiontoourproblem;governmentistheproblem.”Ofcourse,whenthemarketscamecrashingdownin2007,itwasdecisivegovernmentinterventionthatsavedtheday.Despitethisfact,manyAmericansarestillstronglyopposedto“biggovernment.”IfAmericanscouldonlyfreethemselvesfromtheirantigovernmentdoctrine,theywouldberalmeasurescouldputthecountrybackontherightpath.Asimpleconsumptiontaxof,say,5%wouldsignificantlyreducethecountry’shugegovernmentdeficitwithoutdamagingproductivity.AsmallgasolinetaxwouldhelpfreeAmericafromitsdependenceonoilimportsandcreateincentivesforgreenenergydevelopment.Inthesameway,asignificantreductionofwastefulagriculturalsubsidiescouldalsolowerthedeficit.Butinordertotakeadvantageofthesecommon-sensesolutions,Americanswillhavetoputasidetheirownattachmenttotheideaofsmallergovernmentandlessregulation.AmericanpoliticianswillhavetodevelopthecouragetofollowwhatistaughtinallAmericanpublic-policyschools:thattherearegoodtaxesandbadtaxes.Asiancountrieshaveembracedthiswisdom,andhavebuiltsoundlong-termfiscal(财政的)policiesasaresult.Meanwhile,Europehasfallenpreytoadifferentideologicaltrap:thebeliefthatEuropeangovernmentswouldalwayshaveinfiniteowingasiftherewerenotomorrow.UnliketheAmericans,whofeltthatthemarketsknewbest,theEuropeansfailedtoanticipatehowthemarketswouldreacttotheirendlessborrowing.Today,theEuropeanUnioniscreatinga$580billionfundtowardoffsovereigncollapse.ThiswillbuytheEUtime,butitwillnotsolvethebloc’slargerproblem.注意：此部分试56.WhathascontributedtotherapideconomicgrowthinChinaandIndia?B)Heavyrelianceonthehandofgovernment.C)Copyingwestern-styleeconomicbehavior.D)Timelyreformofgovernmentatalllevels.WhatdoesRonaldReaganmeanbysaying“goA)Governmentactioniskeytosolvingeconomicproblems.B)ManyC)Manysocialillsarecausedbywronggovernmentpolicies.D)Governmentregulationhinderseconomicdevelopment.58.WhatstoppedtheAmericaneconomyfromcollapsingin2007?A)Cooperationbetweenthegovernmentandbusinesses.B)Self-regulatoryrepairmechanismsofthefreemarket.C)Effectivemeasuresadoptedbythegovernment.D)Abandonmentofbiggovernmentbythepublic.59.Whatistheauthor’ssuggestiontotheAmericanpublicinfaceofthegovernmentdeficit?A)Theygiveuptheideaofsmallergovernmentandlessregulation.B)Theyputupwiththeinevitablesharpincreaseofdifferenttaxes.C)Theyurgethegovernmenttoreviseitsexistingpublicpo