2001

2001年Text 1 更新2011-12-10 (2009-03-19 17:36:13) 转载▼ 标签： 李剑真题翻译 分类： 考研阅读   Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. 专业细分可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细分，个人能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。但是专业细分仅仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的相关发展之一。另一相关发展是科学活动的日益职业化。   No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. 在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。19世纪的专业细化的发展，以及随之而来要求一个长期复杂的训练，这对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种趋势显然最为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。   A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. 对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且人们对可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在19世纪，地方地质学研究代表的是一些独立完成的、有价值的科学研究；而到了20世纪，地方地质学研究只有在收编并仔细考虑更广泛的地质情况才会逐渐被专业人员接受。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。   Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. 虽然职业化和专业细分过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从科学这个整体来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。   51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________. [A] sociology and chemistry                           [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology                          [D] physics and chemistry 19世纪专业化的发展得到更明显表现的学科有              。 [A] 社会学和化学                                        [B] 物理学和心理学 [C] 社会学和心理学                                      [D] 物理学和化学       52. We can infer from the passage that ________. [A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 我们可以从文中推断出                 。 [A] 专业细化和职业化之间几乎没有区别 [B] 在科学的一些领域，业余人员可以与专业人员竞争 [C] 专业人员往往欢迎业余人员加入科学界 [D] 业余人员有全国性的学术组织，却没有地方性的组织     53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________. [A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 作者描述地质学的发展是为了说明                        。 [A] 专业细化和职业化的过程 [B] 业余人员在科研中经历的艰辛 [C] 科学论文发表政策的变化 [D] 专业人员对于业余人员的歧视    54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________. [A] the development in communication             [B] the growth of professionalisation [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge    [D] the splitting up of academic societies 专业化的直接理由是               。 [A] 沟通的发展                                                    [B] 职业化的发展 [C] 科学知识的扩张                                             [D] 学术团体的分裂     2001年Text 2 更新2011-11-18 (2009-03-19 17:40:41) 转载▼ 标签： 李剑真题翻译 分类： 考研阅读        A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide --- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.         今天，人们十分关注所谓“数字鸿沟”的问题 —— 世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异；这个差异确实存在，我和我妻子20年前就曾谈及这个临近的危险。但是，那时还不太明显的东西后来成为了新的抵制“数字鸿沟”的积极因素。现在我们完全有理由感到乐观。 　 注：根据维基百科介绍，本文翻译为数字鸿沟是正确的。因为“数字鸿沟”又称为信息鸿沟，即“信息富有者和信息贫困者之间的鸿沟”。在英文里面，数字鸿沟大多数时间统称"Digital Divide"，也有时候叫做"Digital Gap"或者"Digital Division"，本意是数字差距或者数字分裂，或者中国大陆也叫做“信息不对称”。数字鸿沟实际上表现为一种创造财富能力的差距。       There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access —— after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.        一些技术上的因素使我们有理由期望差异会缩小。随着互联网的日趋商业化，上网普及对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。越来越多的政府，惟恐自己的国家落后，纷纷推广互联网的普及。一二十年之内，全球将有一二十亿人互联。因此，我认为在未来的数年中，数字鸿沟将缩小而不会变大。那是好消息，因为互联网很可能成为我们消除所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具。   Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. 当然，使用互联网不是惟一消灭贫困的。互联网也不是我们所拥有的惟一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。   To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet. 要想利用互联网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国的基础设施（社会的基本结构基础）建设历史。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时，缺乏必要的资金，因此美国第二次基础设施建设浪潮——包括公路、港口，高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用国外资金建造的。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金，美洲移民建造。想想看，现在谁拥有这一切？美国人。我想，在这件事上，像巴西或其他任何地方同样也该这样。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施（今天主要指电子基础设施）的外国资金越多，那么你的情况就越好。这并不是说卑躬屈膝，任人愚弄，也不是对外国公司不加控制。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性，这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。     2001年Text 3 更新2011-10-23 (2009-03-19 17:43:20) 转载▼ 标签： 李剑真题翻译 分类： 考研阅读   1---Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project. 为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西？美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个痛苦的问题。该组织正深深陷入一个长期的自我剖析过程，即新闻可信度调查项目。 　　 2---Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. 遗憾的是，这次新闻机构可信度调查结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑，譬如读者到底想读些什么。   3---But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. 但这种对媒体的不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学着用一套的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。换言之，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。   4---There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. 新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。在最近一次调查中，问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中，然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话，问他们同样的问题。   5---Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.  回答表明，与其他美国人相比，新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区，有女佣，开奔驰，炒股票，而不大可能去教堂，做义工，或扎根于一个社区。        注：put down roots 的英文解释是 establish oneself in a place 即“在某个地方立足”   6---Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. 记者们往往属于广义的社会文化精英的一个部分，因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英传统的价值观。读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞。 　　 7---This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.          这种（不信任的）情形对于任何行业------尤其是对于一个衰弱的产业------来说都是非常危险的。报业目前就是一个棘手的行业，它不断地雇用观点使客户大为恼怒的雇员。然后它又出资组织大量的研讨会和可信度调查项目，试图了解顾客为什么恼火，为什么会有那么人对报纸避而远之。但对于那么多以前的顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见，他们似乎却视而不见，置若罔闻。如果它能注意这个偏见的话，它就应该开放其多样化项目---该项目现在仅仅关注不同的种族和性别---并寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层迥异的记者。 注：①an explosive situation的英文解释是：imminent crisis, be triggered at any moment, an explosive point, be on the verge of breaking out；表示“一触即发的形势”，所以可以译为“危险的形势”。     ②get around 在韦氏字典中的解释是：to find or take the necessary time or effort，所以get around to doing sth的意思是“为做某事找到时间或机会”。   59. What is the passage mainly about? [A] needs of the readers all over the world [B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers [C] origins of the declining newspaper industry [D] aims of a journalism credibility project 这篇文章的主要内容是什么？ [A] 全世界读者的需求 [B] 公众对报纸的失望 [C] 报业衰落的根源 [D] 一向新闻可信度调查的目的 60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be . [A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory [C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial 新闻可信度调查的结果是            。 [A] 非常可靠 [B] 有些矛盾 [C] 非常有启发性 [D] 相当肤浅   61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their . [A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle [C] world outlook [D] educational background 作者指出记者们的最根本问题在于他们的          。 [A] 工作态度 [B] 传统的生活方式 [C] 世界观 [D] 教育背景   62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its__________. [A] failure to realize its real problem [B] tendency to hire annoying reporters [C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting [D] prejudice in matters of race and gender 报业尽管付出了努力，但仍然无法满足读者的原因在于它            。 [A] 没有认识到自己真正的问题 [B] 倾向于雇佣令人讨厌的记者 [C] 更容易写出不确切的报道 [D] 在种族和性别问题上的偏见 2001年Text 4 更新2011-12-07 (2009-03-19 17:48:14) 转载▼ 标签： 李剑真题翻译 分类： 考研阅读   The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?” 世界正在经历一场前所未有的巨大的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人面对这个浪潮开始忧虑：“企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一股不可控制的反竞争的力量？”     There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. 无疑，大企业正在变得更大、更强。跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20％的份额。而现在，这个数字上升到25％强，并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的国家的经济中国际分公司在国民生产中成为一个快速增长的部门。比如，在阿根廷，经过90年代初的改革之后，跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43％增加到几乎70％。这个现象造成了人们对小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定的严重忧虑。   I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases. 我认为，推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量，包括日趋下降的运输与通讯费用，较低的贸易与投资壁垒，以及扩大了的市场（市场扩大需要市场业务的扩大，以满足顾客的需要）。所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。随着生产力的提高，世界的财富也在增长。     Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt. 目前证明这股合并浪潮是带来利还是弊的实例并不多。但是很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并是否会重新造成约100年前美国标准石油公司对竞争造成的同样的威胁，那时由于人们对该公司的这种担心而导致了它最终的解散。像世界通讯这样的通讯公司合并似乎没有给消费者带来更高的价格，或者降低技术进步的速度。相反，通信的价格在迅速下降。在汽车行业，合并也同样在增加——比如戴姆勒与克莱斯勒，雷诺与尼桑的合并——但消费者看起来并未受到伤害。     Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case? 但是合并运动必须受到严密监视这个事实仍然存在。就在几星期以前，格林斯潘对银行业的巨大合并发出了警告。如果合并后如此巨大的银行出现，谁来充当最终的借贷者，发挥监督、和运作的作用呢？当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时，跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢？在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中，如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案，一个国家是否应该担负起“保护竞争”的责任呢？   63. What is the typical trend of businesses today? [A] To take in more foreign funds.                         [B] To invest more abroad. [C] To combine and become bigger.                 [D] To trade with more countries.     64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________. [A] the greater customer demands [B] a surplus supply for the market [C] a growing productivity [D] the increase of the world's wealth     65. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ________. [A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers [B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs [C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous [D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition       66. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be ________. [A] optimistic [B] objective [C] pessimistic [D] biased     2001年Text 5 更新2011-10-13 (2009-03-19 17:58:28) 转载▼ 标签： 李剑真题翻译 分类： 考研阅读   When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.        当我决定辞去全职工作时，我万万没有想到自己可能会成为新的国际潮流中的一员。一次平级调动伤害了我的自尊心，并阻碍了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃了自己相对来说大有希望的职业。然而，我却用一位失势的政府部长的姿态声称，“我早就想多花点时间陪陪家人”，以此来掩饰我的退出。       注意：although一词在这里应该理解为“然而”；另外，双引号中的wanted是过去时，本来引号之间应该用现在时，但这里故意用过去时，表明说话人强调过去的时间点。所以翻译为“早就想。。。”。 最后，disgrace这个单词有“耻辱, 失宠, 丢脸，玷污”的意思，但是上下文中应该理解为“失宠，失势”更为合理，因为她被平级调动工作了。    Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,” preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. 奇怪的是，大约两年半的时间我写完两部小说后，我这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的试验，却使我陈腐的借口变成了绝对现实。我已从一个“获得一切”哲学（ Linda Kelsey 过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的）的狂热支持者，变成了一个任何东西只要一丁点就感到很幸福的女人。   I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alternative move into “downshifting” b