美国60年代

nullThe 1960s of AmericaThe 1960s of AmericanullPopulation 177,830,000 Unemployment 3,852,000 National Debt 286.3 Billion Average Salary $4,743 Teacher's Salary $5,174 Minimum Wage $1.00 Life Expectancy: Males 66.6 years, Females 73.1 years Auto deaths 21.3 per 100,000 An estimated 850,000 "war baby" freshmen enter college; emergency living quarters are set up in dorm lounges, hotels and trailer camps.FACTS ABOUT THIS DECADEnullThe 1960s term also refers to an era more often called The Sixties, denoting the complex of inter-related cultural and political trends across the globe. This "cultural decade" is more loosely defined than the actual decade, beginning around 1963 and ending around 1974.[2][3] In the United States, "the Sixties", as they are known in popular culture, is a term used by historians, journalists, and other objective academics; in some cases nostalgically to describe the counterculture and social revolution near the end of the decade; and pejoratively to describe the era as one of irresponsible excess and flamboyance. The decade was also labeled the Swinging Sixties because of the fall or relaxation of some social taboos especially relating to sexism and racism that occurred during this time. The 1960s have become synonymous with the new, radical, and subversive events and trends of the period, which continued to develop in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and beyond. In Africa the 1960s was a period of radical political change as 32 countries gained independence from their European colonial rulers. nullSome commentators[4] have seen in this era a classical Jungian nightmare cycle, where a rigid culture, unable to contain the demands for greater individual freedom, broke free of the social constraints of the previous age through extreme deviation from the norm. Christopher Booker charts the rise, success, fall/nightmare and explosion in the London scene of the 1960s. This does not alone however explain the mass nature of the phenomenon. Several governments turned to the left in the early 1960s. In the United States, John F. Kennedy, a Keynesian[5] and staunch anti-communist who pushed for centre-left social reforms such as civil rights for African Americans and healthcare for the elderly and the poor, was elected to the Presidency; he also pledged to land a man on the Moon by the end of the decade, a feat that was accomplished in 1969. Italy formed its first left-of-centre government in March 1962 with a coalition of Christian Democrats, Social Democrats, and moderate Republicans. Socialists joined the ruling block in December 1963. In Britain, the Labour Party gained power in 1964.[6] In Brazil, João Goulart became president after Jânio Quadros resigned. null 1 Politics and wars 1.1 Wars 1.2 Internal conflicts 1.3 Coups 1.4 Nuclear threats 1.5 Decolonization and independence 1.6 Prominent political events 2 Assassinations 3 Disasters 4 Science and technology 4.1 Science 4.1.1 Space exploration 4.2 Other scientific developments 4.3 Technology 4.3.1 Automobiles 4.3.2 Electronics and communications Contents 5 Social and political movements 5.1 Counterculture/social revolution 5.2 Anti-war movement 5.3 The rise of feminism 5.4 Gay rights movement 5.5 Hispanic and Chicano Movement 5.6 African-American Civil Rights Movement 1955-1968 5.7 New Left 5.8 Crime 6 Popular culture 6.1 Music 6.2 Film 6.3 Television 6.4 Fashion 6.5 Sports 6.5.1 Olympics 6.5.2 Association football 7.5.3 Baseball 6.5.4 Racing Wars Wars The Cold War: The Vietnam War (1955–1975) The Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) – an unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974) – the war was fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies. Arab–Israeli conflict (early 20th century-present) Six Days War (June 1967) – a war between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The Algerian War came to a close in 1962. The Nigeria Civil War begins in 1967. Vietnam war Vietnam war Internal conflicts Internal conflictsCultural Revolution in China (1966–1976) – a period of widespread social and political upheaval in the People’s Republic of China which was launched by Mao Zedong, the chairman of the Communist Party of China. The Troubles in Northern Ireland began with the rise of the Civil Rights movement in the mid 60s, the conflict continued into the later 90s. The Compton's Cafeteria Riot occurred in August 1966 in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. The Stonewall riots occurred in June 1969 in the New York City. The May 1968 student and worker uprisings in France. Mass socialist or Communist movement in most European countries (particularly France and Italy), with which the student-based new left was able to forge a connection University students protested in their hundreds of thousands in London, Paris, Berlin and Rome with the huge crowds that protested against the Vietnam War. In Eastern Europe students also drew inspiration from the protests in the West. In Poland and Yugoslavia they protested against restrictions on free speech by communist regimes. The Tlatelolco massacre – was a government massacre of student and civilian protesters and bystanders that took place during the afternoon and night of October 2, 1968, in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in the Tlatelolco section of Mexico City. Coups Coups The most prominent coups d'état of the decade include: In 1968 a coup in Iraq led to the overthrow of Abdul Rahman Arif by the Arab Socialist Baath Party. On September 1, 1969, a small group of military officers led by the army officer Muammar al-Gaddafi overthrows monarchy in Libya. Nuclear threats Nuclear threats Pictures of Soviet missile silos in Cuba, taken by US spy planes on October 14, 1962.The Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) – a near military confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union about the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba. After an American Naval (quarantine) blockade of Cuba the Soviet Union under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove their missiles in exchange the US would remove its missiles from Turkey. On October 16, 1964 China detonated its first atomic bomb. China possessed a hydrogen bomb by 1967. President Johnson secretly considered a preemptive strike on China's nuclear facilities, but then dismissed the idea as too risky.null U.S. reconnaissance photograph of soviet missile sites on CubaDecolonization and independenceDecolonization and independenceThe transformation of Africa from colonialism to independence in what is known as the decolonisation of Africa dramatically accelerated during the decade, with 32 countries gaining independence between 1960 and 1968. Marking the end of the great European empires that once dominated the African continent, However The noble aspirations of these new nations quickly faded, and many states descended into anarchy, kleptocracy, dictatorships, and/or civil war. The road to prosperity has been difficult: As of 2011[update], by many measures Africa continues to possess the poorest population[9] in the world as well as the lowest life expectancy. political events political events1960 – United States presidential election, 1960 – The key turning point of the campaign was the series of four Kennedy-Nixon debates; they were the first presidential debates held on television. 1961 – Newly elected President John F. Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson take office in 1961; Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps. 1963 – Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C. on August 28. 1963 – President Lyndon Johnson becomes president and presses for civil rights legislation. 1964 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson is elected in his own right, defeating United States Senator Barry Goldwater in November. 1964 – Civil Rights Act of 1964 signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This landmark piece of legislation in the United States outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment. 1964 – Wilderness Act signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 3.null1965 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey take office in January. 1965 – National Voting Rights Act of 1965 signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States. 1968 – U.S. President Richard M. Nixon is elected defeating Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey in November. 1969 – U.S. President Richard Nixon is inaugurated in January 1969; promises "peace with honor" to end the Vietnam War. Assassinations Assassinations John F. Kennedy assassination – President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and Texas Governor John Connally in the presidential limousine, minutes before his assassination.The 1960s were marked by several notable assassinations: January 17, 1961 – Patrice Lumumba, the Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo. Assassinated by a Belgian and Congolese firing squad outside Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo. June 12, 1963 – Medgar Evers, an NAACP field secretary. Assassinated by a member of the Ku Klux Klan in Jackson, Mississippi. November 2, 1963 – Ngo Dinh Diem, President of Vietnam, along with his brother and chief political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu. Assassinated by Duong Hieu Nghia and Nguyen Van Nhung in the back of an armoured personnel carrier.nullNovember 22, 1963 – John F. Kennedy, President of the United States. The accused was Lee Harvey Oswald, according to the 1964 report issued by the Warren Commission, in his car during a parade in Dallas, Texas from gunshot wound. See JFK assassination for more details. February 21, 1965 – Malcolm X. Assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam in New York City. There is a dispute about which members killed Malcolm X. September 6, 1966 – Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa and architect of apartheid was stabbed to death by Dimitri Tsafendas, a parliamentary messenger. He survived a previous attempt on his life in 1960. August 25, 1967 – George Lincoln Rockwell, leader of the American Nazi Party. Assassinated by John Patler in Arlington, Virginia. April 4, 1968 – Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights leader. Assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee. June 5, 1968 – Robert F. Kennedy, United States Senator. Assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles, California, taking California in the presidential national primaries Disasters Disasters1960 Valdivia earthquake or Great Chilean Earthquake is to date the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, rating 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale. It caused localized tsunamis that severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 meters (82 ft). The main tsunami raced across the Pacific Ocean and devastated Hilo,Hawaii. 1969 – Cuyahoga River catches fire in Ohio. Fires had erupted on the river many times, including June 22, 1969, when a river fire captured the attention of Time magazine, which described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays." Helped spur legislative action on water pollution control resulting in the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency. 1969 – Hurricane Camille hits the Gulf Coast at Category 5 Status on the night of August 17. To date it is the strongest hurricane ever recorded at landfall in means of sustained windspeed in the Atlantic Basin, reaching sustained winds of 190 mph and a low pressure of 905 mbs. It is one of only three hurricanes in the Atlantic to ever make landfall at Category 5 Status and one of only four hurricanes worldwide to reach a maximum sustained windspeed of 190 mph.Science and technologyScience and technologyAstronaut Buzz Aldrin on the moon science science Space exploration The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon in July 1969.The Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union would dominate the 1960s. The Soviets sent the first man, Yuri Gagarin, into outer space during the Vostok 1 mission on 12 April 1961 and scored a host of other successes, but by the middle of the decade the US was taking the lead. In May 1961, President Kennedy set for the United States the goal of a manned spacecraft landing on the Moon by the end of the decade. In 1966 the Soviet Union launched Luna 10, which later becomes the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon. The tragic deaths of astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward Higgins White, and Roger B. Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire on 27 January 1967 put a temporary hold on the US space program, but afterwards progress was steady, with the Apollo 8 crew (Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, William Anders) being the first manned mission to orbit another celestial body (the moon) during Christmas of 1968. A succession of unmanned American and Soviet probes travelled to the Moon, Venus, and Mars during the 1960s, and commercial satellites also came into use. nullOn July 20, 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, it carried Mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961: "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth." The Soviet program lost its sense of direction with the death of chief designer Sergey Korolyov in 1966. Political pressure, conflicts between different design bureaus, and engineering problems caused by an inadequate budget would doom the Soviet attempt to land men on the moon. Other scientific developmentsOther scientific developments1960 – The female birth control contraceptive, the pill, was released in the United States after Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. 1967 – First heart transplantation operation by Professor Christiaan Barnard in South Africa. Technology Technology Automobiles As the 1960s began, American cars showed a rapid rejection of 1950s styling excess, and would remain relatively clean and boxy for the entire decade. The horsepower race reached its climax in the late 1960s, with muscle cars sold by most makes. The compact Ford Mustang, launched in 1964, was one of the decade's greatest successes. The "Big Three" American automakers enjoyed their highest ever sales and profitability in the 1960s, but the demise of Studebaker in 1966 left American Motors Corporation as the last significant independent. The decade would see the car market split into different size classes for the first time, and model lineups now included compact and mid-sized cars in addition to full-sized ones. Electronics and communications Electronics and communications Examples of 1960s technology, including two rotary-dial telephones, and a Kodak camera.1960 – The first working laser was demonstrated in May by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories. 1962 – First trans-Atlantic satellite broadcast via the Telstar satellite. 1962 – The first computer video game, Spacewar is invented. 1963 – The first geosynchronous communications satellite, Syncom 2 is launched. 1963 – First trans-Pacific satellite broadcast via the Relay 1 satellite. 1963 – Touch-Tone telephones introduced. 1963 – Video recorder The Nottingham Electronic Valve company produces the first home video recorder called the "Telcan".null two rotary phones and a camera from the 60snull1964 – The first successful Minicomputer, Digital Equipment Corporation’s 12-bit PDP-8, is marketed. 1964 – The programming language BASIC was created. 1967 – PAL and SECAM broadcast color TV systems start publicly transmitting in Europe. 1967 – The first Automatic Teller Machine is opened in Barclays Bank, London. 1968 – The first public demonstration of the computer mouse, the paper paradigm Graphical user interface, video conferencing, teleconferencing, email, and hypertext. 1969 – Arpanet, the research-oriented prototype of the Internet, was introduced. 1969 – CCD invented at AT&T Bell Labs, used as the electronic imager in still and video cameras. Social and political movementsSocial and political movements Counterculture/social revolution Anti-war movement:The war in Vietnam would eventually lead to a commitment of over half a million American troops, resulting in over 58,500 American deaths and producing a large-scale antiwar movement in the United States. The rise of feminism:In the United States and around the world gained momentum in the early 1960s. Gay rights movement:The United States, in the middle of a social revolution, led the world in LGBT rights in the late 60s and early 70s. Hispanic and Chicano Movement:The Chicano Movement also addressed discrimination in public and private institutions. African-American Civil Rights Movement 1955-1968 nullMartin Luther King - March on WashingtonnullNew Left:The rapid rise of a "New Left" applied the class perspective of Marxism to postwar America, but had little organizational connection with older Marxist organizations such as the Communist Party, and even went as far as to reject organized labor as the basis of a unified left-wing movement. The New Left differed from the traditional left in its resistance to dogma and its emphasis on personal as well as societal change. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) became the organizational focus of the New Left and was the prime mover behind the opposition to the War in Vietnam. The 1960s left also consisted of ephemeral campus-based Trotskyist, Maoist and anarchist groups, some of which by the end of the 1960s had turned to militancy. Crime:The 1960s has also been associated with a large increase in crime and urban unrest of all types. Between 1960 and 1969 reported incidences of violent crime per 100,000 people in the United States nearly doubled and have yet to return to the levels of the early 1960s.[15] Large riots broke out in many cities, such as Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, Washington, DC and Oakland. By the end of the decade, politicians such as Richard Nixon and George Wallace campaigned on restoring law and order to a nation troubled with the new unrest. Popular culture Popular cultureThe counterculture movement dominated the second half of the 1960s, its most famous moments being the Summer of Love in San Francisco in 1967, and the Woodstock Festival in upstate New York in 1969. Psychedelic drugs, especially LSD, were widely used medicinally, spiritually and recreationally throughout the late 1960s, and were popularized by Timothy Leary with his slogan "Turn on, tune in, drop out". Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters also played a part in the role of "turning heads on". Psychedelic influenced the music, artwork and films of the decade, and a number of prominent musicians died of drug overd