波尔山羊的常见疾病--寄生虫病

波尔山羊的常见疾病--寄生虫病 波尔山羊的常见疾病-寄生虫病 常见寄生虫病 波尔山羊是草食动物～在日常饲养管理上如不注意～往往会因寄生虫的感染而带来严重的经济损失。患病羊轻者消瘦～生长缓慢～生产力下降,重者死亡。对寄生虫病的防治～在于平时加强羊群饲养管理～注意羊舍卫生～饲草干净～饮水清洁,增强羊群体质～提高抵抗力,治疗病羊～消灭体内外病原,粪便处理～环境杀虫～消灭外环境病原体,对羊群进行定期预防性驱虫。 根据寄生虫的生活特点～一般每年4月份，5月份及10月份，11月份各驱虫一次。药物驱虫一周后～宜再驱一次～以便使体内幼虫得以驱除。驱虫后要注意羊粪的收集～并集中堆积发酵处理～防止病原扩散～引起重复感染。 现将波尔山羊易患的各种内外寄生虫病及其具体治疗方法分述如下。 1(片形吸虫病 片形吸虫病是羊最主要的寄生虫病之一。由肝片形吸虫和大片形吸虫寄生于肝脏胆管所致。该病分布于全世界～我国遍布各地。主要危害羊、牛～人也可感染。贫血、感染山羊呈急性或慢性肝炎和胆管炎～并伴有全身性中毒现象和营养障碍～危害相当严重～尤其对幼畜可造成大批死亡。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure [病原]肝片形吸虫新鲜时呈棕红色～扁平时状～前端有个锥状突起～突起后面为“肩部”～虫体大小为(20，35)毫米×(5，13)毫米。虫卵大小为(130，150)微米×(63，90)微米～卵圆形～黄色或黄褐色～卵盖不明显～卵内充满卵黄细胞和一个胚细胞。大片形吸虫形态与肝片形吸虫相似～但其虫体长叶状～大小为(33，76)毫米×(5，12)毫米～“肩部”不明显。虫卵较大～为(144，208)微米×(70，109)微米。虫卵随胆汁人肠道经宿主粪便排出～在适宜条件下经10天，15天孵出毛蚴。毛蚴游动于水中～遇中间宿主椎实螺(小土蜗等)～即钻人其体内～发育为胞蚴、雷蚴至尾蚴逸出螺体～在水草或水中形成囊蚴～羊吃食后感染。童虫在羊体内穿过肠壁至腹腔～经肝包膜人肝胆管寄生～也可经肠系膜静脉或总胆管开口处人肝脏。囊蝴发育为成虫需2个月，4个月～成虫寄生寿命达3年，5年。 [流行特点]本病流行与病畜粪便污染的牧场及中间宿主椎实螺类的被感染有着密切关系～所以本病呈地方性流行～多发生于低洼和沼泽地区的放牧场所。雨后地面积水会增加羊感染的机会～特别是多雨年份或久旱逢雨的温暖季节～常可促使本病的暴发和流行。夏秋两季是本病的主要感染季节。在放牧吃草或饮用生水时可受感染。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure [症状与病变]羊急性感染病例是由于同时感染上万个囊蚴所致～多发生在夏末和秋季～但并不多见～病羊现体温升高～腹胀～有腹水～严重贫血～重者可在几天内死亡。慢性病例较多见～多发于冬春～病羊高度消瘦～粘膜苍白～贫血～眼脸、颌下及胸腹下水肿～衰竭死亡。 急性感染者肝肿大～肝包膜上有纤维素沉积～出血～暗红色虫道内有凝固的血液和很小的童虫～腹腔中有带血色的液体～成虫在胆管中引起慢性胆管炎、慢性肝炎和贫血～早期肝肿大～以后萎缩硬化～胆管扩张、增厚、变粗或堵塞～切开见有虫体和污浊稠浓的液体。 [诊断:根据症状～流行资料、粪便检查和死后剖检等进行综合判定。粪便检查可用水洗沉淀法或尼龙绢袋集卵法。只见少数虫卵而无症状出现～只能视为带虫。急性病例以剖检在肝脏中找到大量幼虫而确诊。近年来有使用皮内变态反应～间接血凝试验或酶联免疫吸附试验等免疫学方法进行诊断。 [防治]治疗片形吸虫病的药物较多～可选用?硝氯酚～每千克体重4毫克，5毫克～一次日服～对童虫无效。?硫双二氯酚～每千克体重80毫克一100毫克～一次日服～对成虫有效。?丙硫咪唑每千克体重10毫克一15毫克～一次口服～对成虫有效～且对童虫也有一定疗效。?三氯苯唑(肝to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure 蛭净)～每千克体重10毫克～一次口服～对成虫、童虫均有效。?溴酚磷(蛭得净)～每千克体重12毫克～一次日服～对成虫、童虫均有效。?双乙酰 胺苯氧醚(可利苄)～每千克体重100毫克～一次口服～主要对童虫有效。 [预防]?定期驱虫～每年春秋两季各驱虫一次。若常年放牧～每年可进行3次驱虫。急性病例可随时驱虫。在同一牧地放牧的动物最好同时都驱虫～以减少感染源。?做好粪便管理发酵处理及灭螺工作。?保持动物饮水和饲草卫生。在流行地区不喂生的水生饲料和不饮生水。防止在低洼草地放牧和饮水。 2(前后盘吸虫病 前后盘吸虫病由多种前后盘吸虫寄生于羊等反当兽的瘤胃和胆管壁上引起的～一般成虫的危害不甚严重～但若大量童虫在移行过程中寄生在真胃、小肠、胆管和胆囊时～可引起严重的以顽固性下痢为特征的疾病～甚至发生大批死亡。青壮龄羊最易感染～发病重～死亡多。该病呈世界性分布～我国遍及各地～南方比北方多见～且感染率和感染强度均甚高。 [病原]前后盘吸虫种类繁多～虫体的大小、颜色、形状及内部构造均有差异。虫体大小从数毫米至二十多毫米～肉红色或灰白色～肥厚呈锥状、圆筒状或米粒状～腹吸盘在虫体后端～大于口吸盘～有些具腹袋。角皮光滑。虫卵灰白色～椭圆形～卵黄细胞常集结在一端～有卵盖～大小为(136一to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure 142)微米×(70—75)微米。 生活史与肝片形吸虫相似～毛蚴在水中侵人中间宿主小椎实螺或尖口圆扁螺～尾勘逸出螺体～附着在水草上形成囊蚴～羊吞食附有囊蚴的水草而感染。童虫先在小肠、胆管、胆囊和真胃粘膜下寄生～最后移行达瘤胃发育为成虫。 [流行特点]本病多发于夏秋两季～特别是在多面或洪涝年份～在此季节中长期在湖滩地放牧～采食水淹过的青草的羊最易感染～其中吃草猛、食量大的青壮龄羊发病严重～甚至死亡。 [症状与病变]成虫寄生于瘤胃～危害轻微。但童虫移行于小肠、胆管、胆囊、真胃中时～危害严重。病羊呈现顽固性腹泻～粪便成粥样有腥臭～消瘦～高度贫血～粘膜苍白～血液稀薄～颜下水肿。后期卧地不起～衰竭而死亡。 童虫引起的病例呈现高度消耗性恶病质状态。肩前、膝壁淋巴结肿大～大网膜、肠系膜增厚～充满胶样浸润物。真胃粘膜水肿～有出血点及童虫附着。肠壁严重水肿～粘膜表面有充血区或出血斑～肠内充满水样内容物。或肠粘膜发生坏死和纤维索性炎症～肠内充满腥臭味稀粪～小肠内有很多童虫。肝稍肿或萎缩～胆囊显著膨大～内有童虫～胆管中也有童虫。 [诊断]根据粪便中检获虫卵或死后剖检检出大量童虫便可确诊。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure [防治]参照片形吸虫病。氯硝柳胺～每千克体重75毫克，80毫克～一次口服～对童虫疗效很好。 3(日本血吸虫病 日本血吸虫病是由日本分体吸虫寄生于人、牛、羊等的肠系膜静脉和门静脉系统所引起的人畜共患寄生虫病～俗称血吸虫病。主要流行于亚洲～在我国分布很广～遍及长江沿岸及其以南各省区。本病长期危害着疫区人、畜～严重影响人体健康和畜牧业的发展。 [病原]日本分体吸虫雌雄异体～线虫样～常呈雌雄合抱状态。雄虫粗短～乳白色～长12毫米一20毫米～腹吸盘较口吸盘大～自腹吸盘后方～虫体两侧向腹面卷起形成抱雌沟。雌虫细长～灰褐色～长15毫米一26毫米～口吸盘、腹吸盘均较雄虫小。虫卵短椭圆形～无卵盖～淡黄色～大小为(70一100)微米×(50—80)微米～壳薄～一侧有个小棘～卵内含已发育的毛蚴。成虫在寄生部位产卵～一部分随血流达肝脏～一部分逆流到肠壁～形成结节。结节破溃后～虫卵人肠道～随宿主粪便排出体外。虫卵在水中孵出毛蚴～钻人中间宿主钉螺～经胞助、子胞助产出大量尾蚴～逸出螺体。当家畜入水时～经皮肤或口腔粘膜受侵袭～胎儿也可经胎盘感染。通过血液循环～最后到肠系膜静脉和门静脉发育为成虫。一般从尾蚴经皮肤感染至成虫产卵需30天一40天～成虫寿命可达20年以上。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure [流行特点]带虫的人、畜、野生动物不断排出大量虫卵～污染牧地、河流、湖沼、水田和低湿地等～成为传染来源。而野生动物更是造成自然疫源地的不可忽视的传染源。水牛在血吸虫病流行环节中处于重要位臵。钉螺是血吸虫发育所必须的中间宿主～适宜在小河边、湖岸、稻田、山区和平原的水边潮湿杂草丛生的泥土中孽生～每年4月一5月和9月一10月是其活动和繁殖的主要季节～也正是螺体大量释放尾蚴的季节。羊群放牧、饮水时～接触“疫水”而受感染。在江湖滩放牧的羊群～活动范围大～因此有时阳性率很高。 [症状与病变]羊主要表现为渐进性消瘦～病羊肋痕外露～被毛粗乱～失去光泽～白色的羊毛因沾满污物而变成灰色。病羊可视粘膜苍白～大便变软～粪粒相互粘合成团～常有粘液、粘膜～甚至有血液～部分病羊有干性咳嗽～呼吸浅而快～严重者卧地不起～常回视腹部。急性感染羊最后多衰竭死亡。轻度感染羊除体形较瘦～粪球略软外～无明显症状。虫卵沉积于肝、肠等组织形成虫卵结节。初期肝肿大～肝表面及深层充满黄白色结节～晚期肝脏萎缩或硬化。各段肠道都可以发现虫卵沉积～以直肠段病变最严重～可见到瘢痕、小溃疡和肠粘膜增厚～有时见有肉芽肿～大肠粘膜有不同程度的弥漫性出血～血液随粪便排出。挤压门静脉及肠系膜静脉时～可检出雌雄合抱的虫体。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure [诊断]在流行区～根据临床症状和流行资料可做出初步诊断～但确诊和查出轻度感染动物要靠病原学检查和血清学试验。病原学检查最常用的方法是粪便毛蝴孵化法～作为确诊的主要依据。血清学试验常作为辅助性诊断～应用于普查中～方法有环卵沉淀试验、间接血球凝集试验和酶联免疫吸附试验。 [防治]目前常用的治疗药物有:?毗喹酮～每千克体重40毫克～一次日服～疗效显著。?硝硫氰胺～每千克体重60毫克～一次日服～疗效确实。 ,预防]?查病治病。?捕杀作为保虫宿主的野生哺乳动物(如鼠类)～以绝后患。?查螺灭螺。?粪便管理～采取无害化处理。?安全用水。?安全放牧和安全防护。 4(莫尼斯绦虫病 莫尼斯绦虫病是由扩展莫尼斯绦虫和贝氏莫尼斯绦虫寄生于羊小肠内引起的疾病～常呈地方性流行。特别对羔羊危害严重～不仅影响生长发育～甚至造成成批死亡。全世界分布～我国分布也很广～广大牧区几乎每年都有不少羔羊死于本病～农区有局部流行。 [病原]扩展莫尼斯绦虫带状～乳白色～长1米，6米～宽16毫米～头节有4个吸盘～无顶突和钩。虫卵呈三角形或圆形～直径50微米，60微米～内含1个六钩蚴的梨形器。to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure 贝氏莫尼斯绦虫节片较宽～可达26毫米～虫卵以四方形、六角形为多～直径70微米，95微米。地蟥是莫尼斯绦虫的中间宿主。随宿主粪便排出的孕节和虫卵～被地螨吞食。六钩蚴在地螨体内经40天左右发育为成熟的似囊尾蚴～羊吃草时将此地螨吞入后～地螨被消化～释放出似囊尾蚴～吸附于小肠上～经37天，50天发育为成虫。成虫生存期2个月，6个月～过后通常自行排出体外。 [流行特点]1(5月龄，7月龄羔羊感染率最高～随年龄增长而感染率逐步降低。流行呈现一定的季节性～感染高峰一般在春夏季节。因地螨的生态习性～羊在清晨及雨后来食低湿地牧草或早春未开垦过的地埂嫩草时～极易吃到地螨而受感染。 [症状与病变]轻度感染不表现明显症状。严重感染时～初期出现食欲降低～喜饮水～腹泻～粪便中混有乳白色孕节～继后出现贫血～清瘦～皮毛粗糙～有的有抽搐和回旋等神经症状～后期常卧地不起～头向后仰～常做咀嚼运动～全身衰竭而死亡。剖检可见胸腔、腹腔有浑浊液体～肠粘膜、心内膜和心包膜有小出血点～小肠卡他性炎症～有时扩张、膨气或套叠、扭转。 [诊断]在患病羊的粪球表面有黄白色的孕节片～形似煮熟的米粒。将孕节做涂片检查～可见到大量特征性虫卵。用to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure 饱和盐水浮集法可检出粪便中的虫卵。结合症状和流行特点便可确立诊断。 [防治]常用的驱虫药物有:?氯硝柳胺～每千克体重75毫克，80毫克～一次口服。?硫双二氯酚～每千克体重80毫克，100毫克～一次口服。?吡喹酮～每千克体重10毫克，15毫克～一次日服。 [预防]消灭地螨和预防性驱虫是预防措施中的重点。结合牧场条件～播种高质量牧草～更新牧地～能使地螨减少或绝迹。畜群不在雨后的清晨和傍晚放牧～避开地螨孽生地放牧。畜群从舍饲转放牧前进行一次驱虫～放牧开始后宜间隔一个月左右时间进行二次“成熟前驱虫”～坚持数年～效益明显。 5.脑多头蚴病 脑多头蚴病是由寄生于犬的多头带绦虫的中绦期幼虫脑多头蚴寄生于羊等的脑或脊髓内引起的疾病。它是危害羔羊的一种重寄生虫病。世界性分布～我国各省、市、区均有报道～但多呈地方性流行～并可引起动物死亡。 [病原]脑多头蚴为乳白色半透明囊泡～圆形或卵圆形～豌豆大到鸡蛋大～囊壁上有集成簇的许多原头蚴～有100个，250个。囊内充满液体。羊吞食多头带绦虫虫卵而受感染～to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure 六钩蚴钻入肠粘膜～随血流到达脑、脊髓中～经2个月，3个月发育为多头蚴。犬吞食了含多头蚴的羊脑和脊髓～原头蚴吸附于肠壁上经41天，73天发育为成熟绦虫。 [流行特点]牧区或非牧区～只要有养犬习惯～羊均可能感染～且一年四季都有感染的可能。 [症状与病变]感染后1周，3周呈现体温升高～类似脑炎或脑膜炎症状～严重者常引起死亡～耐过动物症状消失而呈健康状态。感染2个月，7个月出现典型症状～呈现异常运动和异常姿势。虫体寄生在一侧脑半球表面时～头倾向患侧～并以患侧做圆圈运动～对侧眼失明。虫体寄生在脑前部时～头低垂抵于胸前或高举前肢步行或猛冲向前～遇障碍物后倒地或静立不动。虫体寄生在小脑时～知觉过敏～易惊恐～步态蹒跚～平衡失调～痉挛等。虫体寄生在腰部脊髓时～后躯及盆腔脏器麻痹～最后死于高度消瘦或因重要神经中枢受害。 前期有脑膜炎和脑炎病变～后期可见囊体或在表面～或嵌入脑组织中。寄生部位的头骨变薄、松软和皮肤隆起。 [诊断]在流行区～根据其特殊的症状、病史做出初步判断。剖检病畜查虫体面确诊。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure [防治]施行手术摘除～但脑后部及深部寄生者则较困难。近年来用吡喹酮和丙硫咪唑进行治疗可获得较满意的效果。 [预防]预防本病应对牧羊犬定期驱虫～排出的犬粪和虫体应深埋。对野犬、狼等终宿主应予以捕杀～防止犬吃到含脑多头蚴的羊、牛等的脑和脊髓。 6(血矛线虫病 血矛线虫病是由捻转血矛线虫寄生于羊等反刍兽的真胃、小肠内引起的～病原体致病力强～也常和其它毛圆科线虫混合感染。世界性分布～我国遍及各地。羊群感染率可达70,，80,以上～绘畜牧业经济带来十分严重的损失。 [病原]捻转血矛线虫呈毛发状～淡红色～头端尖细～口囊小～内有一角质背矛～雄虫长15毫米，19毫米～交合伞发达～背肋呈“人”字形。雌虫长27毫米，30毫米～眼观可见红白线条相间～阴门位于虫体后半部～有明显的阴门盖。虫卵无色～壳薄～大小为(75，95)微米×(40，50)微米～内含16个，32个胚细胞。虫卵随宿主粪便排出～孵出幼虫经蜕皮发育到带鞘的感染性幼虫～羊随吃草和饮水吞食感染性幼虫而感染～经3周，4周发育为成虫。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure [流行特点]各地流行季节多在夏末和早秋。低湿牧地有利于传播此病～在早晚放牧吃露水草或小雨后的阴天放牧～羊更易感染。羊对捻转血矛线虫有“自愈”现象。 [症状与病变]急性型比较少见～以肥羔羊突然死亡为特征～死羊眼结膜苍白～高度贫血。一般呈亚急性经过～表现显著贫血～眼结膜苍白～下颁和下腹部水肿～被毛粗乱～消瘦～精神萎顿～放牧离群～严重的卧地不起～常有大便秘结～或下痢与便秘交替。病程一般为2个月，4个月～陷于恶病质而死亡～不死亡者转为慢性～病程长达一年左右。剖检可见胸腔及心包有积水～真胃粘膜水肿～有小创伤和溃疡～大量虫体绞结成一粘液状团块～小肠粘膜卡他性炎症。 [诊断]羊群中出现上述症状轻重不同的患者～便可怀疑本病～但确诊须经粪便检查虫卵～并进一步做粪便培养检查具有特征的感染性幼虫～或对流行羊群～捕杀剖检严重病畜检出虫体。 [防治]治疗可选用的药物有:两硫咪唑～每千克体重5毫克，10毫克,左咪唑每千克体重6毫克，8毫克,噻苯唑每千克体重30毫克，70毫克～一次口服,依维菌索每千克体重0(2毫克～一次皮下注射。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure [预防]预防应采取定期预防性驱虫～一般在春秋季各进行一次～冬季驱杀粘膜内休眠的幼虫～以消除春季排卵高潮～转换放牧场地时应进行驱虫。不在低湿牧地放牧～夏季避免吃露水草。注意饮水卫生～妥善处理粪便。 7(食道口线虫病 食道口线虫病是由多种食道口线虫的成虫和幼虫寄生于肠腔与肠壁所引起的。有些幼虫可在肠壁形成结节～故又称结节虫病。世界性分布～我国各地普遍存在。引起羊生产力下降～甚至死亡～结节病变常影响肠衣加工而废弃～造成严重的经济损失。 [病原]哥伦比亚食道口线虫～微管食道口线虫～粗纹食道口线虫等寄生于羊的盲肠和结肠～虫体口囊小～口缘有时冠～头端具头囊～颈沟～颈乳突及侧翼膜。雄虫交合伞发达～有一对等长的交合刺。雌虫阴门位于肛门前方附近～排卵器发达～呈肾形。虫卵椭圆形～无色～大小为(73，89)微米×(34，45)微米。生活史与捻转血矛线虫相似～但其幼虫进入羊体后～在肠粘膜形成结节～而后返回肠腔～发育为成虫。 [流行特点]感染率最高在春季和秋季。尤在清晨、雨后和多雾天气放牧时易受感染。宿主感染系摄人被感染性幼虫污染的青草和饮水所致。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure [症状与病变]轻度感染不显症状。严重感染时～引起羔羊持续性腹泻～粪便暗绿色～含多量粘液～有时带血～病羊弓腰～后肢僵直～腹痛～生长发育受阻～最后虚脱死亡。剖检见在大肠壁上有很多结节～结节直径2毫米，10毫米～含淡绿色脓汁～有小孔与肠腔相通～引起溃疡性和化脓性结肠炎。在新结节中可发现虫体。 [诊断与防治]参照血矛线虫病。 to achieve high quality project. 5. instrument installation construction alternatives 5.1 5.1.1 the instrument construction methods General requirements 5.1.1.1 to ensure smooth instrument construction, instrument technician prior to construction workers, have a thorough check, calculate construction materials and technology to give the low-down the construction workers. 5.1.1.2 closely linked to pipeline construction of the instrument unit, with the active cooperation, so as to avoid the instrument device is not properly installed and rework and, if necessary, corresponding with the related technical or construction plan key single equipment prior to commissioning, shall report the test application by party representatives, representatives of the management company and the factory specialists is confirmed, in order to perform. 5.1.1.3 strictly quality inspection system, each process was finished, filled in by the workers, technicians and construction quality inspection requests, advance written notice to the management company site engineer and QC personnel, make conclusions on construction quality in the future, quality form a basis of the project when completed. 5.1.1.4 strictly professional transfer of process quality inspection system, handling written delivery list. The transfer of professional process, must be fully installed quality inspection processes installed on disqualification, shall not be carried out the next working procedure operation; important instrumentation engineering processes must inform the management company engineers check and a written record. 5.1.1.5 strictly abide by the national regulation and construction site safety regulations to ensure