英语谓语就近原则

谓语就近原则 就近一致原则(1) 连词not only...but also/ neither...nor/ or/ either...or/ not...but 同学们和老师对此都一无所知。 Neither he nor they are wholly right. 他和他们，谁都不是完全对的。 Either he or I am right. 或者他对，或者我对。 就近一致原则(2) 副词here/ there Here comes the bus. 瞧，公共汽车来了。 主谓一致:and and的两边分别是不同的可数名词。 John and Mary are my friends. 约翰和玛丽都是我的朋友。 and的两边分别是不同的不可数名词。 Both rice and wheat are grown in China. 中国有种水稻也有种小麦。 and的两边的单词构成一个统一的概念。 Fish and chips is a popular supper here. 炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。(鱼和土豆片作为整体) The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了。(同一个人既是诗人又是作家) I.在正式文体中: 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:"or ; either …or;nor; neither…or;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g. ?What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。 ?Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。 ?Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。 英语句子中，主语的“人称”和“数”要限制，决定谓语动词的形式变化，这就叫“主谓一致”关系。 它通常依据三项原则: 1)语法一致; 2)意义一致; 3)就近一致。 【语法一致原则】 I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g. ?I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。 ?Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗, Is your mother a worker ?(正)(主语your mother 是单数第三人称) II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。 1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)”或“从句”等作主语，用单数谓语形式。e.g. ?The work is important . 这项工作重要。 ?To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。 ?How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。 2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g. ?The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。 ?They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。 II. 以“and ”或“both… and”连接的并列主语: 1.通常作复数用 。e.g. ?Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。 ?What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。 ?Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。 2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽象概念)，作单数用。e.g. ?The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。 ?A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。 ?Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。 3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时，仍作单数用。e.g. ?Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。 ?No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。 ?. 主语前、后加“数、量”等的修饰语时: 1. a)“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语:“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g. ?Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。 ?A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。 b)"a / an + 单名+ or two " 大多接单数谓语: "one or two + 复名"接复数谓语。e.g. ?Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。 ?One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。 c)"a / an + 单名+ and a half"常接单数谓语;“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g. ?A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。 ?One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。 d) "more than one + 单名"大多接单数谓语。e.g. ?More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。 "more + 复名+ than one "接复数谓语。e.g. ?More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。 "more than two (three,…)+复名 " 接复数谓语。e.g. ?More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。 2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用: “someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,ev eryone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g. ?Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗, ?There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。 3. 下列不定代词作复数用:“(a)few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g. ?Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。 ?Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。 4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数: 1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g. ?Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁, ?Who are League Members .哪些是团员, 2)"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g. ?All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的学生)都在用功。 ?All (of the paint ) is fine .(这些油漆)都很好。 3)"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的)"，等。e.g. ?Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。 ?Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。 ”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时: ?.“数词 1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g. Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。 2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g. ?Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴，弹指一挥间。 ?Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。 3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g. ?About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。 ?Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。 4. "a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) "+复数名词，常作复数用。e.g. ?A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。 ?There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。 但是，“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词，作单数。e.g. ?The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。 ?The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。 ?Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。 2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g. ?In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。 ?There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 II. 非正式文体中: 有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g. Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式) Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式) 但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符的。e.g. No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。(依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则;但语法上，“No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。