ThepolityofUnitedStates美国的政体

ThepolityofUnitedStates美国的政体 The polity of United States美国的政体 The United States is the world’s oldest surviving federation美国是世界上最古老的联盟 . It is a constitutional republic.(宪政共和国) Federal(联邦) and state judicial(司法的) and cabinet officials are typically nominated(提名) by the executive branch(行政部门) and approved by the legislature(立法机关)联邦和州司法和内阁 官员通常由行政部门提名,经议会批准 , although some state judges and officials are elected by popular vote虽然一些州法官和官员由民众选举产生 .(普选) In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government: federal, state, and local.在美国的联邦体制,公民通常受制于三个级别的政府:联邦、州和地方 The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances(相互监督与制衡) defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country’s supreme(最高的) legal document.政府是由一个 系统定义的制衡美国的宪法,它是国家的最高法律文件 The federal government is composed of three branches:联邦政府由三个分支组成 legislative立法 judicial司法 executive 执行 Legislative(立法) The United States Capitol(国会大厦), which houses the United States Congress.(美国国会) The United States Congress美国国会 , made up of the Senate(参议院，上院)and the House of Representatives, (众议院) makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties使联邦法律,宣布战 impeachment,(弹劾) by which it 争,批准条约 , has the power of the purse, and has the power of can remove sitting members of the government.有权力的钱包，并有权弹劾，(弹劾)其中可以 删除坐在政府成员。 members, each representing The House of Representatives has 435 a congressional district for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned (分配)among the states by population every tenth year. 成员,每一个都代众议院有435名国会选区,任期两年。众议院席位的分配(分配)在美国的 人口每十年。 The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to six-year terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.参议院有100名成员,每个州 有两名参议员,当选的一份6年条款;三分之一的参议院席位的选举每隔一年。 Judicial(司法) the United States Supreme Court building(最高法院) The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has nine members who serve for life.最高法院，LED由美国首席大法官，有九名成员为生活服务。 John G. Roberts 17th Chief Justice of the United States约翰?罗伯茨 第十七的美国首席大法官 Executive(行政) the White House home and workplace of the U.S. president白宫 美国总统的家和工作场所 The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto(否决) legislative bills before they become law, and appoints(任命) the Cabinet and other officers, who administer(执行) and enforce federal laws and policies.总统是军队的总司令，有权否决(否决)立法议案在成为法 律之前，指定(任命)内阁成员和其他官员，谁管理(执行)和执行联邦法律和政策。 The president serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The president is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral(选举人) college system in which the determining votes are apportioned(分配) by state.总统担任，任期和可当选为办公室 不超过两次。总统是不是通过直接投票选举产生，而是由间接选举(选举人)大学系统，确 定选票分配(分配)的状态。 The United States has operated(运作) under a two-party system for most of its history. Since Democratic Party,(民主党) founded the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the in 1824, and the Republican Party,(共和党) founded in 1854.美国两党制下运作的大部分历史。 自1856年大选以来,主要政党民主党,共和党,成立于1824年,成立于1854年。 The winner of the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama, is the 44th U.S. president and the first African American to hold the office. All previous(以前的) presidents were men of solely European descent. (独一无二的欧洲血统) The 2008 elections also saw the Democratic Party strengthen its control of both the House and the Senate. 2008年总统大选的获胜者,是美国第44 任总统巴拉克•奥巴马和第一个非裔美国人的办公室。所有前任总统仅仅是欧洲血统的人。 2008年的选举中也看到民主党加强控制众议院和参议院。 , President Barack Obama named Hillary Rodham Clinton as his choice for Secretary uniquely refers to the official of State.总统巴拉克奥巴马任命希拉里-克林顿为他的选 择秘书唯一指国家的官员。 , Secretary of State responsible for foreign policy. The U.S. Secretary of State is head of the United State Department(美国国务院).国家负责外交政策司司长。美国国务卿是 美国国务院的头 How to identify the central idea of a film?如何识别电影的中心思想吗? find a single word or phrase that describes the film找到一个词或短语描述这部电影 the connection between film and literature电影和文学之间的联系 have much in common the function of a film title电影标的功能 help in identifying the theme of the film帮助确定影片的主题 surprising ending令人惊讶的结局 should be justified to the plot应该合理的情节 conflict冲突 1.the mainspring of most stories is conflict大多数的故事的主要动力是冲突 conflict in a film is internal (psychological)and (or) external(pysical)电影是内部冲突(心理)和 (或)外部(物理) allegory寓言 is a story told on more than one level.是一个故事在不止一个级别(水平) a period piece一段时期 a film that takes place in an earlier period of history rather than the present.电影发生在一个早期 的历史,而不是现在。 montage蒙太奇 1. a sort of impressionistic shorthand to create a mood, atmosphere, or transition 2. Montage can compress much meaning into a very brief segment. 一种给人深刻印象的速记,创建一个心情,大气,或过渡 蒙太奇可以压缩意味着进入一个非常简短的片段。 Technicolor] 彩色印片法 produces colors more brilliant than colors in the real world. advantage or disadvantage?产生颜色比在现实世界中颜色更辉煌。 优势和劣势? screenplays剧本 1. why we publish screenplays? 2. To be read or to be remembered? 3. It is the script that provides the unity of vision for a film. 为什么我们发布剧本? 读或被记住? 这是脚本,为电影提供了统一的愿景。 the history of special effects特殊效果的历史 begings with the hisotry of film随着电影的历史开始 How do we view the technical history of film then?我们如何看电影技术的历史呢, a continual evolution toward greater realism更现实的一个持续不断的发展 who is more important to a film?谁是一个电影更重要吗, 1. director, editor, actor (leading and suporting), set designer 2. a good editor always makes the audience aware of every cut? 1。导演，编辑，演员(领导和支持)，布景师 2。一个好编辑总是让观众知道每一切, black and white or color?彩色的还是黑白的, 1. The director’s decision to use black and white or to use color should be determined by the overall spirit or mood of the film. 2. Audience demand was influential in increasing the number of films using color. 导演的决定使用黑色和白色或使用的颜色应该是电影的整体精神或情绪的确定。 受众的需求是有影响力的提高薄膜的颜色数 casting铸造 1. Does a director always choose a handsome actor or a beautiful actress? 2. what disadvantage may a male actor who is too handsome or a female actor who is too beautiful have? 3. Very often the best reflections of a character are in the actions of the character. 作为一个导演，总是选择一个英俊的演员和漂亮的女演员, 什么不可能一个男演员谁是太英俊或女演员太漂亮了, 通常，一个性格的最佳反射的是人物的行动。 limited in the number of roles they can play在可以发挥的作用有限的数目 film acting compared with stage acting电影表演与舞台表演 1. Film actors, more than stage actors, must be experts in the use of body language. 2. Film acting relies more than stage acting on subtlety and restraint. 3. Can film dialogue be delivered at a slower pace than stage dialogue? 电影演员，比舞台演员，必须使用身体语言专家。 电影演员的依赖比舞台表演上的微妙、克制。 电影的对话可以比放缓交付, evaluation of a film一部电影的评价 1. we must consider the film’s level of ambition before we begin evaluation. 2. we must know that film is set apart from all other media by its quality of free and constant motion. 3. Should every film make a profound artistic statement? 我们必须在我们开始评估考虑的野心的电影的水平。 我们必须知道，电影是分开的自由和所有其他媒体的不断运动的质量。 应该每部电影进行了深刻的艺术的声明, • Washington D.C. • the state of Washington • 华盛顿特区 • 华盛顿州 • The Great Lakes五大湖 • Lake Superior • Lake Michigan • Lake Huron • Lake Erie • Lake Ontario • 苏必利尔湖 • 密歇根湖 • 休伦湖 • 伊利湖 • 安大略湖 • the great rivers伟大的河流 • the Mississippi River (the father of waters) • the Hudson River (in New York) • Potomac (on which is Washington D.C. situated ) • Missouri (the longest river in America) • St. Lawrence (is actually in Canada) • 密西西比河(水的父亲) • 哈德逊河(纽约) • 波托马克河(这是华盛顿特区位于) • 密苏里(美国最长的河流) • 圣劳伦斯(实际上是在加拿大) • Hollywood好莱坞 located in northwestern of Los Angeles, California位于洛杉矶西北部，加利福尼亚。 New England新英格兰 • Maine • Vermont • New Hampshire • Massachusetts MIT Harvard • Rhode Island • Connecticut Yale • 缅因州 • 佛蒙特州 • 新罕布什尔州 • 马萨诸塞州哈佛，麻省理工学院 • 罗德岛 • 康涅狄格州耶鲁 Berkeley伯克利 America at Wars美国战争 • the War of Independence • led by George Washington • after the war, Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of Declaration of Independence • July 4th is celebrated as the Independence Day独立战争 • LED的乔治华盛顿 • 战争结束后，托马斯杰佛逊准备起草独立宣言 • 七月四日是为庆祝独立日 • the American Civil War • with Abraham Lincoln as the president美国内战 • 亚伯拉罕林肯总统 • Second World War • on December 7, 1941, Japan attacked America’s Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii 第二次世界大战 • 我们December 7，1941年，美国太平洋舰队在日本attacked在夏威夷珍珠港 presidents after World War II总统在第二次世界大战后 • John F. Kennedy • got assassinated • Richard Nixon (the first American president to visit China) • the Watergate scandal • resigned in 1974 • 约翰F.甘乃迪 • 被暗杀 • 李察尼克松(美国访问中国的第一位总统) • 水门丑闻 • 辞职1974 try to translate the film titles尝试电影片名 • God Father • American Beauty • One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest • You’ve Got Mail • Waterloo Bridge • The Bridge of Madison County • 神的父亲 • 美国丽人 • 飞越杜鹃巢 • 你有新邮件 • 滑铁卢桥 • 麦迪逊县的桥