英文翻译 完成

英文翻译 完成 襄 樊 学 院 毕业(论文)英文翻译 专 业 工业工程 班 级 工业0811班 姓 名 温雷 学 号 08123149 熊伟 指导教师 2012年5月21日 时 间 英文原文: database Database is in accordance with the data structure to organize, storage and management of data warehouse, which arises from fifty years ago, with the dating of information technology and the development of the market, especially since the 1990s, data management is no longer merely data storage and management, and transformed into user needs of the various data management way. The database has a variety of types, from the most simple storage have various data form to can be carried out mass data storage of large database systems are obtained in each aspect has extensive application. The birth of data management Database's history can be traced back to fifty years ago, when the data management is very simple. Through a lot of classification, comparison and form rendering machine running millions of punched CARDS for data processing, its operation results on paper printed or punched card made new. While the data management is punched card for all these physical storage and handling. However, 1 9 5 1 year Remington Rand corporation (Remington Rand Inc.) an enzyme called Univac I computer launched a a second can input hundreds of recording tape drives, which has caused data management the RAMAC Model 305. revolution. 1956 IBM produce the first disk drives -- This drives have 50 blanks, each blanks diameter is 2 feet, can store 5 MB of data. The biggest advantage is use disk can be randomly access data, and punched CARDS and tape can order access data. Database system appears in the 1960s the bud. When computer began to widely used in data management, the sharing of data put forward more and more high demand. The traditional file system already cannot satisfy people's needs. Manage and share data can unify the database management system (DBMS) came into being. The data model is the core and foundation of database system, various DBMS software are based on a data model. So usually in accordance with the characteristics of the data model and the traditional database system into mesh database, the hierarchy database and relational database three types. Structured query language (SQL) In 1974, IBM's Ray Boyce and Don Chamberlin will Codd relational database 12 rule mathematical definition with simple keyword grammar expression comes out, put forward the landmark Structured Query Language (SQL) Language. SQL language features include inquiry, manipulation, definition and control, is a comprehensive, general relational database language, and at the same time, a highly the process of language, only request users do not need pointed out how do pointed out. SQL integration achieved database of all life cycle operation. SQL database provides and relations interact with the method, it can work with standard programming language. The date of the produce, SQL language became the touchstone of inspection relational database, and SQL standard every variation of guiding the relational database product development direction. However, until the twentieth century, the mid 1970s to the theory of relation in commercial database Oracle and SQL used in DB2. In 1986, the SQL as ANSI relational database language American standards, that same year announced the standard SQL text. Currently SQL standard has three versions. ANSIX3135 - is defined as the basic SQL Database Language - 89, "Enhancement" SQL. A ANS89] [, generally called SQL - 89. SQL - 89 defines the schema definition, data operation and the transaction. SQL - 89 and subsequent ANSIX3168-1989, "Language - Embedded SQL Database, constituted the first generation of SQL standard. ANSIX3135-1992 [ANS92] describes a enhancements of SQL, now called SQL - 92 standards. SQL - 92 including mode operation, dynamic creation and SQL statements dynamic executive, network environment support enhancement. Upon completion of SQL - 92 ANSI and ISO standard, they started SQL3 standards development cooperation. The main features SQL3 abstract data types support, for the new generation of object relational database provides standard. The nature of database data 1. Data integrity: database is a unit or an application field of general data processing system, he storage is to belong to enterprise and business departments, organizations and individuals set of related data. Database data from a global view, he according to certain data model organization, description and storage. Based on the structure of data between natural relation, thus can provide all the necessary access route, and data no longer deal with a certain applications, but for total organization, with a whole structural features. 2. Data sharing: database data is for many users sharing their information and the establishment, got rid of the specific procedures restrictions and restraint. Different users can use the database according to their respective usage the data; Multiple users can also Shared database data resource, i.e., different users can also access database in the same data. Data sharing each user not only meets the requirements of information, but also meet the various users of information communication between the requirements. Object-oriented database Along with the development of information technology and the market, people found relational database system, while technology is mature, but its limitations is obvious: it can be a very good treatment of so-called "form of data", but of dominating the more and more complex appear helpless type of data. Since the 1990s, technology has been studying and seek new database system. But in what is the development direction of the new database system, industry once is quite confused. The influence of agitation by technology at the time, for quite some time, people put a lot of energy spent on research "object-oriented database system (object oriented database)" or simply as "OO database system". What is worth mentioning, the United States Stonebraker professor proposed object-oriented RDS theory once favored by industry. And in Stonebraker himself Informix spend big money was then appointed technology director always. However, several years of development, spatio-temporal object-oriented relational database system product market development situation is not good. Theoretically perfect sex didn't bring market warm response. The main reason of success, the main design thought database products with new database system is an attempt to replace the existing database system. This for many has been using database system for years and accumulated the massive job data, especially big customer for customers, is unable to withstand the conversion between old and new data that huge workload and big spending. In addition, object-oriented RDS system makes query language extremely complex, so whether database development businessman or application customers depending on the complicated application technology to be a dangerous road. Basic structure The basic structure of database, reflects the three levels of observation database of three different Angle. (1) physical data layer. It is the most lining, is database on physical storage equipment actually stored data collection. These data are raw data, the object, the user is processed by internal model describing the throne of handled the instructions of string, character and word. (2) conceptual data layer. It is a layer of database, is among the whole logic said. Database Points out the logic of each data definition and the logical connection between data collection of storage and record, is. It is related to the database all objects logical relationship, not their physical condition, is under the database administrator concept of database. (3) logical data layer. It is the user sees and use the database, says one or some specific users use collections of data, namely the logical record set. Database different levels is the connection between conversion by mapping. Main features (1) to implement the data sharing. Data sharing contains all users can also access database data, including the user can use all sorts of ways to use the database through interfaces, and provide data sharing. (2) reduce data redundancy. Compared with the file system, because the database to achieve data sharing so as to avoid the user respective establish application documentation. Reduce a lot of repeating data, reduce the data redundancy, maintain the consistency of the data. (3) data of independence. Data independence including database database of logical structure and application independent, also including data physical structure change does not affect the data of the logical structure. (4) data realize central control. File management mode, data in a decentralized state, different user or same users in different treatment had no relation between the documents. Using the database of data can be concentrated control and management, and through the data model of data organization and said the relation between data. (5) the data consistency and maintainability, to ensure the safety and reliability of the data. Mainly includes: (1) the safety control: to prevent data loss, error updating and excessive use; (2) the integrity control: ensure data accuracy, effectiveness and compatibility; (3) the concurrent control: make in the same time period to allow data realization muli-access, and can prevent users of abnormal interaction between; (4) fault finding and recovery: the database management system provides a set of method, can isolate faults and repair fault, thereby preventing data breaches (6) fault recovery. The database management system provides a set of method, can isolate faults and repair fault, thereby preventing data breaches. Database system can restore database system is running as soon as possible, is probably the fault occurred in the physical or logical error. For instance, in system caused by incorrect operation data error, etc. in Access databases American Microsoft company in 1994 launched microcomputer database management system. It has friendly interface, easy easy to use, development is simple, flexible, and other features, is the interface typical of the new generation of desktop database management system. Its main features below: (1) perfect management, various database objects of strong data organization, user management, safety inspection functions. (2) strong data processing functions, in a group level of network environment, use Access development multi-user database management system have traditional XBASE (DBASE, FoxBASE collectively) database system can achieve client/Server (Cient/Server) structure and the corresponding database security mechanism, the Access has many advanced large database management system has the characteristics, such as transaction processing/error rollback ability, etc. (3) can be easily generate various data object, using the data stored build forms and statements, visibility. (4) as Office suite, and part of the integrated, realize seamless connection version. (5) can use Web searching and release data, realization and Internet connection. Access mainly suitable for small and medium application system, or as a client/server system of the client database. 10. SQLite The ACID is to comply with SQLite relational databases management system, it contained within a relatively small C library. It is ichardHipp D.R established public domain project. Not as common client/server architecture examples, with SQLite engine is not a process of communication independent process, but connected to the program become a major part of it. So the main communication protocol is within the programming language direct API calls. This in gross consumption, time delay and overall simplicity have positive role. The entire database (definition, table, indexing and data itself) are both in the host host stored in a single file. It is through the simple design of starting a business in the whole data files and complete lock. 11. FoxPro database At first by American Fox 1988, 1992 Fox launched by Microsoft company, have introduced after the takeover FoxPro2.5, 2.6 and VisualFoxPro etc, its function and performance version has greatly improved. FoxPro2.5, 2.6 into DOS and Windows two versions, respectively in DOS and running Windows environment. FoxPro FoxBASE in function and performance than and have improved greatly, mainly introducing the window, button, list box and text box control such as to enhance the system development capabilities. The future development trend With the expansion of information management content, appeared to rich variety of data model (hierarchical model, meshy model, relation model, object-oriented model, half structural model and so on), the new technology also emerge in endlessly (data streams, Web data management, data mining, etc.). Now every few years, international senior database experts assembled, discusses database research status, problems and future needs the new technology focus attention. The past existing several similar reports include: 1989 The Future Directions inDBMS Laguna BeachParticipants true - DatabaseSystems: Achievements in 1990, Opportunities, 1995. Inmon W.H. Database 1991: constructing The publication of The data warehouse" 数据库 数据库(Database)是按照数据结构来组织、存储和管理数据的仓库，它产生于距今五十年前，随着信息技术和市场的发展，特别是二十世纪九十年代以后，数据管理不再仅仅是存储和管理数据，而转变成用户所需要的各种数据管理的方式。数据库有很多种类型，从最简单的存储有各种数据的表格到能够进行海量数据存储的大型数据库系统都在各个方面得到了广泛的应用。 一(数据管理的诞生 数据库的历史可以追溯到五十年前，那时的数据管理非常简单。通过大量的分类、比较和表格绘制的机器运行数百万穿孔卡片来进行数据的处理，其运行结果在纸上打印出来或者制成新的穿孔卡片。而数据管理就是对所有这些穿孔卡片进行物理的储存和处理。然而，1 9 5 1 年雷明顿兰德公司(Remington Rand Inc.)的一种叫做Univac I 的计算机推出了一种一秒钟可以输入数百条记录的磁带驱动器，从而引发了数据管理的革命。1956 年IBM生产出第一个磁盘驱动器—— the Model 305 RAMAC。此驱动器有50 个盘片，每个盘片直径是2 英尺，可以储存5MB的数据。使用磁盘最大的好处是可以随机地存取数据，而穿孔卡片和磁带只能顺序存取数据。 数据库系统的萌芽出现于60 年代。当时计算机开始广泛地应用于数据管理，对数据的共享提出了越来越高的要求。传统的文件系统已经不能满足人们的需要。能够统一管理和共享数据的数据库管理系统(DBMS)应运而生。数据模型是数据库系统的核心和基础，各种DBMS 软件都是基于某种数据模型的。所以通常也按照数据模型的特点将传统数据库系统分成网状数据库、层次数据库和关系数据库三类。 二(结构化查询语言(SQL) 1974 年，IBM的Ray Boyce和Don Chamberlin将Codd关系数据库的12条准则的数学定义以简单的关键字语法表现出来，里程碑式地提出了SQL(Structured Query Language)语言。SQL语言的功能包括查询、操纵、定义和控制，是一个综合的、通用的关系数据库语言，同时又是一种高度非过程化的语言，只要求用户指出做什么而不需要指出怎么做。SQL集成实现了数据库生命周期中的全部操作。SQL提供了与关系数据库进行交互的方法，它可以与的编程语言一起工作。自产生之日起，SQL语言便成了检验关系数据库的试金石，而SQL语言标准的每一次变更都指导着关系数据库产品的发展方向。然而， 直到二十世纪七十年代中期，关系理论才通过SQL在商业数据库Oracle和DB2中使用。 1986年，ANSI把SQL作为关系数据库语言的美国标准，同年公布了标准SQL文本。目前SQL标准有3个版本。基本SQL定义是ANSIX3135-89，“Database 。SQL-89Language - SQL with Integrity Enhancement”[ANS89]，一般叫做SQL-89定义了模式定义、数据操作和事务处理。SQL- 89和随后的ANSIX3168-1989，“Database Language-Embedded SQL”构成了第一代SQL标准。ANSIX3135-1992[ANS92]描述了一种增强功能的SQL，现在叫做SQL-92标准。SQL-92包括模式操作，动态创建和SQL语句动态执行、网络环境支持等增强特性。在完成SQL-92标准后，ANSI和ISO即开始合作开发SQL3标准。SQL3的主要特点在于抽象数据类型的支持，为新一代对象关系数据库提供了标准。 三(数据库中数据的性质 1.数据整体性:数据库是一个单位或是一个应用领域的通用数据处理系统，他存储的是属于企业和事业部门、团体和个人的有关数据的集合。数据库中的数据是从全局观点出发建立的，他按一定的数据模型进行组织、描述和存储。其结构基于数据间的自然联系，从而可提供一切必要的存取路径，且数据不再针对某一应用，而是面向全组织，具有整体的结构化特征。 2.数据共享性:数据库中的数据是为众多用户所共享其信息而建立的，已经摆脱了具体程序的限制和制约。不同的用户可以按各自的用法使用数据库中的数据;多个用户可以同时共享数据库中的数据资源，即不同的用户可以同时存取数据库中的同一个数据。数据共享性不仅满足了各用户对信息内容的要求，同时也满足了各用户之间信息通信的要求。 四(面向对象数据库 随着信息技术和市场的发展，人们发现关系型数据库系统虽然技术很成熟，但其局限性也是显而易见的:它能很好地处理所谓的“表格型数据”，却对技术界出现的越来越多的复杂类型的数据无能为力。九十年代以后，技术界一直在研究和寻求新型数据库系统。但在什么是新型数据库系统的发展方向的问上，产业界一度是相当困惑的。受当时技术风潮的影响，在相当一段时间内，人们把大量的精力花在研究“面向对象的数据库系统(object oriented database)”或简称“OO数据库系统”。值得一提的是，美国Stonebraker教授提出的面向对象的关系型数据库理论曾一度受到产业界的青睐。而Stonebraker本人也在当时被Informix花大 价钱聘为技术总负责人。 然而，数年的发展表明，面向对象的关系型数据库系统产品的市场发展的情况并不理想。理论上的完美性并没有带来市场的热烈反应。其不成功的主要原因在于，这种数据库产品的主要设计思想是企图用新型数据库系统来取代现有的数据库系统。这对许多已经运用数据库系统多年并积累了大量工作数据的客户，尤其是大客户来说，是无法承受新旧数据间的转换而带来的巨大工作量及巨额开支的。另外，面向对象的关系型数据库系统使查询语言变得极其复杂，从而使得无论是数据库的开发商家还是应用客户都视其复杂的应用技术为畏途。 五(基本结构 数据库的基本结构分三个层次，反映了观察数据库的三种不同角度。 (1)物理数据层。 它是数据库的最内层，是物理存贮设备上实际存储的数据的集合。这些数据是原始数据，是用户加工的对象，由内部模式描述的指令操作处理的位串、字符和字组成。 (2)概念数据层。 它是数据库的中间一层，是数据库的整体逻辑表示。指出了每个数据的逻辑定义及数据间的逻辑联系，是存贮记录的集合。它所涉及的是数据库所有对象的逻辑关系，而不是它们的物理情况，是数据库管理员概念下的数据库。 (3)逻辑数据层。 它是用户所看到和使用的数据库，表示了一个或一些特定用户使用的数据集合，即逻辑记录的集合。 数据库不同层次之间的联系是通过映射进行转换的。 六(主要特点 (1)实现数据共享。 数据共享包含所有用户可同时存取数据库中的数据，也包括用户可以用各种方式通过接口使用数据库，并提供数据共享。 (2)减少数据的冗余度。 同文件系统相比，由于数据库实现了数据共享，从而避免了用户各自建立应用文件。减少了大量重复数据，减少了数据冗余，维护了数据的一致性。 (3)数据的独立性。 数据的独立性包括数据库中数据库的逻辑结构和应用程序相互独立，也包括 数据物理结构的变化不影响数据的逻辑结构。 (4)数据实现集中控制。 文件管理方式中，数据处于一种分散的状态，不同的用户或同一用户在不同处理中其文件之间毫无关系。利用数据库可对数据进行集中控制和管理，并通过数据模型表示各种数据的组织以及数据间的联系。 (5)数据一致性和可维护性，以确保数据的安全性和可靠性。 主要包括:?安全性控制:以防止数据丢失、错误更新和越权使用;?完整性控制:保证数据的正确性、有效性和相容性;?并发控制:使在同一时间周期内，允许对数据实现多路存取，又能防止用户之间的不正常交互作用;?故障的发现和恢复:由数据库管理系统提供一套方法，可及时发现故障和修复故障，从而防止数据被破坏 (6)故障恢复。 由数据库管理系统提供一套方法，可及时发现故障和修复故障，从而防止数据被破坏。数据库系统能尽快恢复数据库系统运行时出现的故障，可能是物理上或是逻辑上的错误。比如对系统的误操作造成的数据错误等。 七(.Access数据库 美国Microsoft公司于1994年推出的微机数据库管理系统。它具有界面友好、易学易用、开发简单、接口灵活等特点，是典型的新一代桌面数据库管理系统。其主要特点如下: (1)完善地管理各种数据库对象，具有强大的数据组织、用户管理、安全检查等功能。 (2)强大的数据处理功能，在一个工作组级别的网络环境中，使用Access开发的多用户数据库管理系统具有传统的XBASE(DBASE、FoxBASE的统称)数据库系统所无法实现的客户服务器(Cient/Server)结构和相应的数据库安全机制，Access具备了许多先进的大型数据库管理系统所具备的特征，如事务处理/出错回滚能力等。 (3)可以方便地生成各种数据对象，利用存储的数据建立窗体和报表，可视性好。 (4)作为Office套件的一部分，可以与Office集成，实现无缝连接。 (5)能够利用Web检索和发布数据，实现与Internet的连接。 Access主要适用于中小型应用系统，或作为客户机/服务器系统中的客户端数据库。 10.SQLite SQLite是遵守ACID的关联式资料库管理系统，它包含在一个相对小的C库中。它是D.RichardHipp建立的公有领域项目。不像常见的客户端/服务器结构范例，SQLite引擎不是个程序与之通信的独立进程，而是连接到程序中成为它的一个主要部分。所以主要的通信是在编程语言内的直接API调用。这在消耗总量、延迟时间和整体简单性上有积极的作用。整个数据库(定义、表、索引和数据本身)都在宿主主机上存储在一个单一的文件中。它的简单的设计是通过在开始一个事务的时候锁定整个数据文件而完成的。 11.FoxPro数据库 最初由美国Fox公司1988年推出，1992年Fox公司被Microsoft公司收购后，相继推出了FoxPro2.5、2.6和VisualFoxPro等版本，其功能和性能有了较大的提高。 FoxPro2.5、2.6分为DOS和Windows两种版本，分别运行于DOS和Windows环境下。FoxPro比FoxBASE在功能和性能上又有了很大的改进，主要是引入了窗口、按纽、列表框和文本框等控件，进一步提高了系统的开发能力。 八(未来发展趋势 随着信息管理内容的不断扩展，出现了丰富多样的数据模型(层次模型，网状模型，关系模型，面向对象模型，半结构化模型等)，新技术也层出不穷(数据流，Web数据管理，数据挖掘等)。目前每隔几年，国际上一些资深的数据库专家就会聚集一堂，探讨数据库研究现状，存在的问题和未来需要关注的新技术焦点。过去已有的几个类似包括:1989 年Future Directions inDBMS Research-The Laguna BeachParticipants ，1990 年DatabaseSystems : Achievements and Opportunities ，1995 年的Database 1991:W.H. Inmon 发表了《构建数据仓库》