虚拟

nullGeneral GrammarGeneral GrammarJoy1. 虚拟语气1. 虚拟语气三种语气 陈述语气：谓语动词表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的 Flowers blossom in spring. 春暖花开 The yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind. 秋风中黄叶纷飞 祈使语气：表号召、请求、 劝告、警告 、禁止等 Do drop in to see us. 务必来坐坐 Keep off the grass. 勿踏草坪null虚拟语气：表示假设、 推测、想象 、祝愿等 I wish I were a white cloud. If it hadn’t been raining, I would have gone to Chester’s Restaurant as usual. 虚拟条件句虚拟条件句条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。1.1 真实条件句1.1 真实条件句 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。 句型： 条件从句　　主句 　　 一般现在时　　shall/will + 动词原形 　If he comes, he will bring his violin.null典型例题 The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.　 A. will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rainednull答案B 1.2 非真实条件句1.2 非真实条件句 1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 a.同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 ：条件从句　　　　主句 　 一般过去时　should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you.nullb.表示于过去事实相反的假设。 句型：条件从句　　　　　 主句　　　　　 　　过去完成时 would(should) have+ 过去分词　　 The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　 If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. null If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it. If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress. nullc.　 表示对将来的假想 句型：条件从句　　　　　主句 一般过去时　　should+ 动词原形 were+ 不定式　　would + 动词原形 　should+ 动词原形 If you should succeed, everything would be all right. If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. 1.3 混合条件句 1.3 混合条件句 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).1.4 虚拟条件句的倒装 1.4 虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　 Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.null典型例题 _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I　　 B. I were　 C. Were I　 D. Was I null答案C null条件句可以放在主句前，主句后和句中 If the doctor hadn’t operated on him, Jack would have died. Jack would have died, If the doctor hadn’t operated on him. Jack, If the doctor hadn’t operated on him, would have died. null虚拟语句可以是陈述句，疑问句，感叹句或祈使句 If she had everything, would she be happy? If he had married Alice, how happy he would have been! 1.5 虚拟语气在条件句中的运用1.5 虚拟语气在条件句中的运用should加动词原形， should 可省略 1）以主语从句中的运用 (1) it is suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted（命令、建议、要求） (2) it is important, necessary, natural, strange (3) it is a pity, a shame, no wonder It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 　 It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.null2）在宾语从句中的应用 order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do 　 I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 　 He insisted that he (should ) be sent there. 　注意： 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 　 The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.　null判断改错: （错）You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill. (错)　I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. (对)　I insisted that you were wrong.null3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用 　 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. 　 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.1.6 wish的用法 1.6 wish的用法 1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为： 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 真实状况　 wish后　　　　 　 从句动作先于主句动词动作　　现在时　　过去时 （be的过去式为 were）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 从句动作与主句动作同时发生　过去时　过去完成时 （had + 过去分词）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 将来不大可能实现的愿望　　　将来时　would/could + 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　动词原形　　　　null　I wish I were as tall as you.　 我希望和你一样高。 　He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。 　I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。null2）Wish to do表达法。 　 Wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)1.7 need "不必做"和"本不该做" 1.7 need "不必做"和"本不该做" didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。. John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。 　nullneedn‘t have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。 John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。) 情态动词+have done表示对过去事情的猜测 null典型例题 There was plenty of time. She ___. A. mustn‘t have hurried　 B. couldn’t have hurried　　 C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried1.8 含蓄条件句1.8 含蓄条件句（1）.由without，with，under，in that case引导的介词短语 Without air, there would be no living things. With favorable winds, we might have got there in two days. In that case we could have done the work better. null（2）分词短语（现在分词和过去分词） This same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster. Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. （3）不定式短语 To hear him speak English, one would take him for a foreigner. He would have given anything to be friends with Rose.null（4）连词but, or, otherwise I would go abroad but that I am short of money. She eats too much every day, or she would be thinner. I was busy, otherwise I would have given you more help.null（5）as if/as though+句子 He talks to me as if I were a child. He speaks English so fluently as though he had studied English in England. null（6）a. 虚拟 would rather+从句 I would rather you paid me now. I would rather she hadn’t done that b.表主观愿望或would rather后动词的主语就是该句的主语，接动词原形， He’d rather not go dancing tonight. I’d rather spend my money on something useful. nullc. 接不定试完成时，表过去的某种选择不恰当 I’d rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.null（7）suppose（that）, what if, even if/though, imagine （that） Suppose he asked you to marry him, what would you say? Even if I were as rich as you, I would not do such a thing. Imagine that we were on a lonely island now.null（8）. only if表示“只有”； if only则表示“如果……就好了“,　　 I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　 当时闹钟响了，就好了。 　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　 但愿他早点回来。 If only也可用于陈述语气 null（9）It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 It is (high) time that the children should go to bed. It is time（for you）to do.null（10）if it were not for, but for If it were not for the rain, the crops would die. If it had not been for your timely help, I would have failed. But for the storm, we would have a pleasant journey. null（11）a. for fear that, in order that, in case that , lest引导的目的状语从句,谓语动词用should+动词原形 He kept quiet lest he should wake her up. I won’t make a noise for fear that I might disturb you.nullb. whether, whatever引导的让步状语从句 Whatever be his defense, we don’t trust him. Whatever be Whether he be right or wrong, he’ll always go his own way. Whether it/he…or…=be it/he…or… null（12）.用于祝愿及某些固定表达形式 a.祝愿（常用动词原形） God bless you! Heaven forbid! May you succeed！ Long live our motherland! b.固定表达 So be it那就这样吧 Be that as it may无论如何 If need be如果有必要 Be +主语+ ever so + adj. 无论怎样 Be +主语+ 表语A or表语B 无论是A或B null1.It would have been just as satisfactory if I stayed at home. I learned nothing in class. (A) stayed (B) had stayed (C) would stay (D) was stayed (E) had been staying nullBnull2.Had Churchill sent planes to defend Coventry from the German air raid, the Nazis would have realized that their secret code had been broken by the Allies. (A) Had Churchill sent planes to defend Coventry (B) If Churchill would have sent planes to defend Coventry (C) Churchill having sent planes to defend Coventry (D) If Churchill sent planes to defend Coventry (E) Churchill, by sending planes to Coventry to defend itnullAnull3.Ellen would call me if she had remembered my phone number. (A) would call me if she had remembered (B) would call me if she were to have remembered (C) would called me had she remembered (D) would have called me if she would remembered (E) would have called me if she had remembered nullE