图表作文--写作方法

图作文（一） 第一节 图表作文的类型 　　图表作文可分为两大类：表作文和图作文。 　　表作文 　　(Table)可以使大量数据系统化，便于阅读、比较。表格常由标题(Title)、表头(Boxhead)(表格的第一行)、侧目(Stub)(表格左边的第一列)和主体(Body)部分(表格的其余部分)等部分组成。如下表： 　　用表格表达的信息具体准确，而且表格中的各项均按一定规律排列。阅读表格时要注意找出表格中各个项目的相互关系，表格中各个项目的变化规律。例如，上面的表格中的数字说明，和1978年相比，1983年大学入学的人数在增加，而小学的入学人数在减少。搞清楚这些变化规律也就读懂了表格的内容。 　　图作文 　　图作文又可分为三种：圆形图作文、曲线图作文和条状图作文。 　　(1) 圆形图作文 　　圆形图(Pie chart)也称为饼状图或圆面分割图。圆形图因为比较形象和直观，各部分空间大小差别容易分辨，所以常用来表示总量和各分量之间的百分比关系。整个圆表示总量，楔形块表示分量。有时圆形图还有数值表，两者结合可把各分量表示得更准确、清楚。例如： 　　This is a pie chart of the average weekly expenditure of a family in Great Britain. As can be see from the chart, the main expenditure of an average British family is spent on food, which accounts for 25% of its total expenditure. The next two significant expending items are transport and housing, which are 15% and 12% respectively. If we take into account clothing and footwear, which makes up 10%, the four essentials of life, that is, food, transport, housing, and clothing and footwear, amount to 62% of the total expenditure. 　　(2) 曲线图作文 　　曲线图(Line graph)也称为线性图或坐标图。曲线图最适合表示两个变量之间关系的发展过程和趋势。一般来说，曲线所呈现的形状比某一点所代表的变量的值更有意义。曲线图有横轴和纵轴。一般先看横轴所代表的数量或时间等，然后再看纵轴所显示的意义。同时必须找出线条所反映的最高或最低的变化。例如： 　　这个曲线图的横轴代表1990年的不同的月份，纵轴代表交通事故的数量。从交通事故曲线图上可知，前八个月的交通事故的数量有升有降。曲线图在八月份升到了最高点(39)，此后一直呈下降的趋势，十二月份降到了最低点(16)。可见，1990年的交通事故的数量总体上呈下降的趋势。 　　(3) 条形图作文 　　条形图(Bar graph)也称为立柱图或圆柱图。条形图由宽度相同但长度不同的条块代表不同的量。当要比较几个项目或量时，常用不同颜色来区分。条形图主要用来表示：1)同一项目在不同时间的量;2)同一时间不同项目的量。阅读条形图时，要先看图例，再看横轴、纵横各代表什么量，每一个刻度所代表的值是多少，最后找出图中各长条所表示的数据及各长条间的相互关系。例如： 左边的条形图的横轴代表时间，纵轴代表期望寿命(Life Expectancy)，这一条形图想要体现的是同一项目(期望寿命)在不同时间的量。右边的条形图的横轴也是代表时间，纵轴是代表婴儿的死亡率(Infant Mortality)，这一条形图想要体现的也是同一项目(婴儿的死亡率)在不同时间的量。左边的条形图表明1990年的人均期望寿命比1960年的人均期望寿命长20岁，而1990年的婴儿死亡率比1960年的婴儿死亡率下降了50%。 第二节 图表作文的出题形式 例1 题目：Changes in People’s Diet 　　Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to : 　　1. state the changes in people’s diet (饮食) in the past five years; 　　2. give possible reasons for the changes; 　　3. draw your own conclusions. 　　You should quote as few figures as possible. 例2 题目：Car Accidents Declining in Walton City　　 Remember that your composition must be written according to the following outline; 　　1. Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph; 　　2. Possible reason(s) for the decline of car accidents in the city; 　　3. Your predictions of what will happen this year. 　　Your composition should be no less than 120 words and you should quote as few figures as possible. 　　 例3 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Health Gain in Developing Countries. Your composition must be no less than 120 words and you should base your composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese): 　　1. 以下图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infant mortality)的变化情况 　　2. 说明引起变化的各种原因 　　从以上例子可见，图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一个或几个统计表格、圆形图、曲线图或条形图，有时还用英文或中文提纲的形式给出提示，要求我们： 　　1)用文字描述图表，客观解释图表中所传递的信息，并找出某种规律或趋势; 2)就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题其原因或后果。 第三节 图表作文的写作要领 　　图表作文着重说明事实，常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的说明、分析、比较，对某种事物或现象的事实或变化情况等加以说明，并提出结论或看法。因此，图表作文常常采用议论文体的写作方法。 　　写好图表作文，关键在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息，把握各信息间的联系，用准确流畅的语言把这一信息表达出来，并就这一信息发表自己的看法。 　　图表作文的写作步骤 　　写图表作文时，要注意遵循以下步骤： 　　1)认真分析图表的含义，弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系; 　　2)确定文章的主题思想，构思出文章的基本框架，筛选出能说明图表主题思想的典型数据; 　　3)编列文章的提纲; 　　4)根据文章的提纲，将各段的提纲内容扩展成段落，然后将各个段落组成文章，注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡; 　　5)检查与修改。 　　图表作文的篇章结构 　　写图表作文时，常采用三段式的谋篇方式。文章的第一段往往分析图表中的数据变化反映什么问题或趋势，概述图表所揭示的信息。第二段分析造成这一问题或趋势的原因。第三段则展望未来的情况或提出解决问题的办法或建议。这一结构可以简单地表述为： 　　第一段：概述图表反映的主题思想 　　第二段：分析产生的原因 第三段：展望未来或提出方法或建议 　　图表作文常用的句型 　　(1)常用的开篇句型(即概述图表内容时常用的表达法) 　　① According to the table/pie chart/line graph/bar graph, we can see/conclude that … 根据该表/图，我们可知 …… 　　② The table/graph reveals (shows/indicates/illustrates/ represents/points out) that … 该表/图表明…… 　　③ As we can see from the table … 　　As can be seen from the line/bar graph … 　　As is shown (illustrated/indicated) in the pie chart … 　　如表/图所示，…… 　　(2) 描述增减变化常用的句型 　　① Compared with … is still increased by … ② The number of … grew/rose from … to … 　　③ An increase is shown in …; then came a sharp increase of … 　　④ In … the number remains the same/drops to … ⑤ There was a very slight (small/slow/gradual) rise/increase in 1990.　 ⑥There was a very steady (marked/sharp/rapid/sudden/ dramatic) drop (decrease/ decline/ fall/ reduction) in 1998/ compared with that of last year). 　 下面是根据例2的题目要求写的。 　　⑴From the graph, we can see that the number of car accidents in Walton city fluctuated during the year of 1990. ⑵The first two months of 1990 showed an increasing trend. ⑶The rate rose to 32 in March but fell to 26 in June. ⑷From June on, the rate was rising again and reached the peak point 39 in August. ⑸After August the rate began to decline remarkably, and eventually dropped to the lowest point 16 at the end of the year. ⑹Therefore, it’s obvious that car accident in Walton city declined in 1990.⑴主题句/概述表格反映的内容⑵—(5)反映交通事故的变化情况(6)小结：表格数据反映的总趋势 　　⑺There are several reasons for the decline. ⑻First, a new traffic law was made and came into force. ⑼It provided that in summer every car must be air-conditioned. ⑽As a result, the highest rate in August, when humidity and high temperature make drivers impatient and easily lead to car accidents, dropped steadily. ⑾Second, new roads were built and some narrow streets were widened, which quickened the flow of traffic. ⑿Finally, the city administration made great efforts to heighten people’s awareness of observing traffic rules.⑺主题句⑻原因/措施一⑼解释措施一/次要辅助⑽采取措施一后的结果⑾原因/措施二⑿原因/措施三 ⒀With all these new measures, I’m sure the rate of car accidents in Walton city will go on falling this year.⒀总结：展望未来的情况 第四节、 图表作文练习及其参考范文 　　下面是写作练习，在写作的过程中注意审题，考虑文章的结构、采用的扩展方法、开头的结尾的方法以及文章中的过渡等。 　　练习1：Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words on Changes in People’s Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to: 　　1. state the changes in people’s diet (饮食) in the past five years; 　　2. give possible reasons for the changes; 　　3. draw your own conclusions. 　　You should quote as few figures as possible. 　　⑴As is shown in the table, there have been great changes in people's diet between 1986 and 1990. ⑵From the table, we can find that grain, formerly the main food of most Chinese people, is now playing a less important role in people's diet. ⑶And the same goes for fruit and vegetables. ⑷On the other hand, the consumption of high-nutrition food such milk and meat has increased rapidly. 　　⑸What has caused these changes? There are mainly three reasons (主题句). (6) First, people are much wealthier than before. (7) With higher income, they can afford to buy nutritious foods. (8) Second, people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health. (9) Lack of certain amount of meat or milk, for example, will result in poor health. (10) Finally, owing to the economic reform, meat and milk, which were scarce in the past, are produced in large quantities. 　　(11) Although milk and meat are important to one's health, eating too much rich food may result in obesity and may other diseases. (12)Therefore, people should not only eat a lot of milk and meat, but also enough grain, fruit and vegetable for the sake of their health. 图表作文（二） 一、图表作文写作常识 　　1、图形种类及概述法： 　　泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table 　　饼图：pie chart 　　直方图或柱形图：bar chart / histogram 　　趋势曲线图：line chart / curve diagram 　　表格图：table 　　流程图或过程图：flow chart / sequence diagram 　　程序图：processing/procedures diagram 　　2、常用的描述用法 　　The table/chart diagram/graph shows （that） 　　According to the table/chart diagram/graph 　　As （is） shown in the table/chart diagram/graph 　　As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures， 　　figures/statistics shows （that）…… 　　It can be seen from the figures/statistics 　　We can see from the figures/statistics 　　It is clear from the figures/statistics 　　It is apparent from the figures/statistics 　　table/chart/diagram/graph figures （that） …… 　　table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how…… 　　3、图表中的数据（Data）具体表达法 　　数据（Data）在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time 　　在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time 　　持续变化的data在不同情况下： 　　增加：increase / raise / rise / go up …… 　　减少：decrease / grow down / drop / fall …… 　　波动：fluctuate / rebound / undulate / wave …… 　　稳定：remain stable / stabilize / level off …… 　　最常用的两种表达法： 　　动词+副词形式（Verb+Adverb form） 　　形容词+名词形式（Adjective+Noun form） 　 二、相关常用词组 　　1、主章开头 　　图表类型：table、chart、diagramgraph、column chart、pie graph 　　描述：show、describe、illustrate、can be seen from、clear、apparent、reveal、represent 　　内容：figure、statistic、number、percentage、proportion 　　2、表示数据变化的单词或者词组 　　rapid/rapidly　迅速的，飞快的，险峻的 　　dramatic/dramatically　戏剧性的，生动的 　　significant/significantly　有意义的，重大的，重要的 　　sharp/sharply　锐利的，明显的，急剧的 　　steep/steeply　急剧升降的 　　steady/steadily　稳固的，坚定不移的 　　gradual/gradually　渐进的，逐渐的 　　slow/slowly　缓慢的，不活跃的 　　slight/slightly　轻微的、略微地 　　stable/stably　稳定的 　　3、其它在描述中的常用到的词 　　significant changes　图中一些较大变化 　　noticeable trend　明显趋势 　　during the same period　在同一时期 　　grow/grew　增长 　　distribute　分布，区别 　　unequally　不相等地 　　in the case of adv.　在……的情况下 　　in terms of / in respect of / regarding　在……方面 　　in contrast　相反，大不相同 　　government policy　政府政策 　　market forces　市场规率 　　measure 　n.尺寸，方法，措施v.估量，调节 forecast　 n.先见，预见v.预测 三、英语图表写作套句精选 　　1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to…… 　　该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。 　　2.the bar chart illustrates that……　　该柱状图展示了…… 　　3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding…… 　　该图为我们提供了有关……有趣数据。 　　4.the diagram shows （that）……　　该图向我们展示了…… 　　5.the pie graph depicts （that）……　　该圆形图揭示了…… 　　6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of……这个曲线图描述了……的趋势。 　　7.the figures/statistics show （that）……　　数据（字）表明…… 　　8.the tree diagram reveals how……　　该树型图向我们揭示了如何…… 　　9.the data/statistics show （that）……　　该数据（字）可以这样理解…… 　　10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…… 　　这些数据资料令我们得出结论…… 　　11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table…如图所示… 　　12.according to the chart/figures……　　根据这些表（数字）…… 　　13.as is shown in the table……　　如表格所示…… 　　14.as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have taken place in…… 　　从图中可以看出，……发生了巨大变化。 　　15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly that……or it is clear/apparent from the chart that……　　从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到…… 　　16.this is a graph which illustrates……　　这个图表向我们展示了…… 　　17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b from……to…… 　　该表格描述了……年到……年间a与b的比例关系。 　　18.the graph，presented in a pie chart， shows the general trend in…… 　　该图以圆形图形式描述了……总的趋势。 　　19.this is a column chart showing……　　这是个柱型图，描述了…… 　　20.as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the fluctuation of…… 　　如图所示，两条曲线描述了……的波动情况。 21.over the period from…to…the…remained level.　在…至…期间，…基本不变。 　　22.in the year between……and……　　在……年到……期间…… 　　23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998……　　1995年至1998三年里…… 　　24.from then on/from this time onwards……　　从那时起…… 　　25.the number of……remained steady/stable from （month/year） to （month/year）。 　　……月（年）至……月（年）……的数量基本不变。 　　26.the number sharply went up to……　　数字急剧上升至…… 　　27.the percentage of…stayed the same between…and……至…期间…的比率维持不变。 　　28.the figures peaked at……in（month/year）……的数目在……月（年）达到顶点，为…… 　　29.the percentage remained steady at……　　比率维持在…… 　　30.the percentage of…is slightly larger/smaller than that of比例比…的比例略高（低）。 　　31.there is not a great deal of difference between……and………与……的区别不大。 　　32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of…… 　　该图表表明……的数目增长了三倍。 　　33……decreased year by year while……increased steadily. 　　……逐年减少，而……逐步上升。 　　34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at） of[%]. 　　……的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为……百分点。 　　35.the figures/situation bottomed out in……　　数字（情况）在……达到底部。 　　36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough.数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。 　　37.a is ……times as much/many as b.　　a是b的……倍。 　　38.a increased by……　　a增长了…… 　　39.a increased to……　　a增长到…… 　　40.high/low/great/small/ percentage.　　比低高（低） 　　41.there is an upward trend in the number of……　　……数字呈上升趋势。 　　42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred from……to………到……发生急剧上升。 　　43.from……to……the rate of decrease slow down.　　从……到……，下降速率减慢。 　　44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel reduction in the……，reaching a figure of……　　从这年起，……逐渐下降至…… 　　45.be similar to……　　与……相似 　　46.be the same as……　　与……相同 　　47.there are a lot similarities/differences between……and…… 　　……与……之间有许多相似（不同）之处 　　48.a has something in common with b　　a于b有共同之处。 　　49.the difference between a and b lies in……　　a与b之间的差别在于…… 　　50……（year）witnessed/saw a sharp rise in……　　……年……急剧上升 开头段转述题目常用句型 The line graph describes/ illustrates/ demonstrates/ summarizes/ outlines/ shows… 后面跟名词或者从句 开头段或者主体段引出数据或者趋势常用句型 According to/ As shown in/ As can be seen from… 后面跟图表的类型 It can be seen from …后面跟图表的类型… that It is manifest from…后面跟图表的类型… that 表示上升的动词 Go up(went up) /rise(rose)/ grow(grew)/ increase(increased)/ ascend(ascended) , 其中 rise和increase 也经常作名词, grow-growth 表示急剧上升的动词 Jump(jumped)/ surge(surged)/shoot up (shot up)/ soar(soared) 其中surge也可以做名词 表示下降的动词  Decline/ fall/ drop/ sink/ dip/ decrease/ descend, 其中decline/ fall/ drop/ decrease也经常 做名词 表示急剧下降的动词 Plummet/ plunge 表示速度快的形容词 Sharp/ dramatic/ drastic/ rapid/precipitous/steep 副词加 -ly 表示幅度大的形容词 Marked/ substantial / significant, 副词加 -ly 表示缓慢,逐渐的形容词 Gradual/ steady/ gentle / slow, 副词加 -ly 表示小幅度的形容词 Modest/ moderate/ slight, 副词加 -ly 表示波动的动词 Fluctuate, 不及物动词,名词fluctuation 表示稳定在一个水平上的动词 Level off at/ level out at/ hover at/ stabilize at/ reached a plateau at 表示达到最高的动词 Peak at/ reach the highest point at , peak 也可以做名词 表示达到最低的动词 Reach the bottom at/ the lowest point at/ bottom out at, bottom 也可以做名词 表示经历了某种变化的及物动词 Experience/ witness/ see 表示达到了多少数量的及物动词或词组 Reach/arrive at/ amount to / hit/ register/ stand at 表示占…(后面跟百分数或数字)的及物动词或词组 Account for/ represent / constitute / make up 表示数据由某几个部分组成的既无动词或者词组 A is composed of/comprise/ is made up of/ consists of B,C and D. 注意和include 区别 表示对未来数字的预测的及物动词 Project/ predict / forecast 表示"分别"的副词 Respectively—in the 2004 Olympics, China and Russia won X and Y gold medals respectively. 表示"大约"的副词或者词组 About, around, approximately, roughly, just over, just under 图表作文（三） 作文1 DIRECTIONS: A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words. B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II. C. Your essay should cover these three points: 1. effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildlife 2. possible reason for the effect 3. your suggestion for wildlife protection   【段落类型分析】 第一段               第二段              第三段 图画/图表描述段       原因阐释段          建议措施段 【参考范文一】 From these graphs, we can draw a conclusion that, with the growth of human population, the number of species has decreased rapidly in America, and some species have even vanished from our planet. There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all, as the human population grows rapidly, a growing number of people came to live where some wild species have been living. Then these species have to move to other places. Some of them probably can not adapt to the new environment and die. In addition, although many people look on the wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so. They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Consequently, the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed. The clear cutting has become increasingly serious. So some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct. In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions. First, the governments should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the governments should educate people to love nature and protect it. Third, as for ourselves, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment. (210 words)   【参考范文二】 The two charts show that the increase in the U.S. population has been accompanied by a corresponding decline in the number of wildlife species. Far too many species have been lost already. This poses a danger to the ecological balance. As the human population expands, wild animals in mounting numbers are hunted for food, or because they are thought to present a threat to man. But studies show that one of the primary causes of the disappearance of wildlife is pollution, which is one of the consequences of population growth and economic development. This makes us wonder if men are able to share this planet in harmony with other life forms. In my opinion, it is imperative for us to take steps to reverse the disturbing trend illustrated in the charts. One measure would be to forbid the building of cities in areas where wild life is threatened with extinction. But, more importantly, men must learn to stop polluting the environment, or he himself will be extinct. (167 words)   【参考范文三】 As is seen from the two graphs, it is clear that with the rapid growth of U.S. population from 1800 to 1990, the number of its wildlife species no longer existing soared during the same period. Naturally, we can draw the conclusion that the sharp decline of wildlife species resulted from the population growth. Several reasons may account for this phenomenon. To begin with, as the population grows, people consume much more natural resources. Second, with the increase of human activities, modern people take up more and more space which exerts a great influence on other species. Finally, the problem of pollution becomes more and more serious with the development of modern industry. More and more animals have to adapt themselves to the decaying environment or move to a totally different place, but not all of them are fortunate enough to survive the changes. Solving this problem calls for, above all, the government’s efforts to control population growth, to decrease industrial pollution and to enhance the laws to forbid wildlife hunting. Moreover, common citizens should be aware of this ecological crisis and take on the responsibility of wildlife protection. In a word, only when the government and the common people make joint efforts can we hope to find a satisfactory solution to this problem. (216 words) 作文2 图略 The line graph illustrates how the number of people using a London underground station fluctuates over the course of 16 hours (6am to 10pm). As we can see from the graph, at 6am the number of people at the station stands at only 100. The number shoots up over the next two hours, peaking at 400 at 8am. Then the number descends drastically for two hours, bottoming out at 180 at 10am. The period between 10o'clock and 12o'clock witnesses a moderate growth in the number of people in the station, with the number reaching 280 at midday. Numbers in the following two hours stabilize at just under 300 people. Then the number plummets to only 100 from 2pm to 4pm. Then the next two hours see a dramatic rise again, with 6pm registering 380 people. After 6pm, the number dips again, reaching the lowest point of 130 at 8pm. The period from 8pm to 10pm experiences a slight rise, but then the number of people declines again from 180 at 9pm to 135 at 10pm. This line graph clearly demonstrates that rush hours in the early morning and the early evening are periods when the station is used by the most people. 作文3 The diagram illustrates in four stages the recovery of the forests in Yellowstone National Park after a devastating forest fire. In the first picture, while the old forests still exist, they drop bad wood to the soil under them, which renders the soil more fertile. Then lightning and fire strike, destroying the forests completely. And the growth of new forests starts right at this point. The second picture demonstrates that i