海关英语

海关英语 LESSON ONE TEXT China Customs Organizations, Functions and Tasks China Customs is a state organ responsible for the supervision and control over means of transport, goods, luggage, postal items and other articles entering or leaving China’s territory, the collection of Customs duties, taxes and fees, the prevention of smuggling, the compilation of the Customs statistics and dealing with other Customs matters. I. Customs General Administration Shortly after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Customs General Administration was set up by the State Council (Oct. 25, 1949). Located in Beijing, the Customs General Administration now mainly consists of altogether 12 departments and offices, i.e. General Office; Department of Policy and Legal Affairs; Department of Supervision; Department of Duty Collection; Department of Processing Trade Management; Department of Statistics; Department of Scientific and Technological Development; Bureau of Investigation; Anti-smuggling Criminal Investigation Bureau; Department of Human Resources Management; Department of Finance and Equipment; Department of International Cooperation. The main task of the Customs General Administration of the People’s Republic of China is, under the leadership of the State Council, to lead and organize Customs offices throughout the country in the enforcement of the “Customs Law" and related state policies and regulations, and in the promotion and protection of socialist modernization. Considering there are so many Customs offices and its heavy workload in Guangdong Province, the Customs General Administration has set up its sub-office in Guangzhou to assist it in administering the Customs offices in that province. This sub-office is named Guangdong Regional Customs Office. The main functions of the Customs General Administration shall be stated as the followings: l. To draft and enact the policies and principles on Customs work; to participate in drawing up and amending the Customs Import and Export Tariff; to enact other statutes on Customs operation; and to inspect, supervise and direct the enforcement of them by the Customs offices throughout the country; 2. To participate in drafting international treaties and agreements on Customs affairs; 3. To conduct the unified handling of tariff reductions and exemptions; 4. To organize and guide the preventive work of the Customs offices throughout the country; 5. To examine applications for reviewing disputes on duty payments and applications for reviewing Customs decisions on penalties; 6. To compile Customs statistics; 7. To administer organizations, staffing, vocational training and appointments and removals of directors of Customs Offices throughout the country; and to exercise leadership in Customs schools and colleges; 8. To organize the work of research and development, introduction and management of Customs technological facilities; 9. To administer audit and supervise all Customs financial affairs, equipments, fixed assets and capital construction; and 10. To strengthen ties and co-operation and external exchanges with overseas Customs Services, international Customs organizations and other international organizations concerned. II. Customs Establishments Besides the Customs General Administration in Beijing, the State sets up Customs establishments at ports opening to foreign countries and at places which call for concentrated Customs operation. With the development of China’s external economy and trade, as well as China’ s further opening to the outside world more and more Customs establishments are set up. At present, the total number of Customs establishments is 195 (excluding those in China’s Taiwan Province, Hong Kong and Macao), in 127 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. Up to date, the provinces with no Customs establishments are Qinghai and Ningxia. The Customs establishments exercise their functions and powers independently in accordance with the law, and are responsible to the Customs General Administration. China’s Customs takes on four main tasks in the supervision and control of imports and exports, they are: A. To exercise supervision and control over inward and outward goods and means of transport, passenger’s luggage and personal postal articles. B. To collect Customs duties and other taxes and fees. C. To prevent and counter smuggling, and D. To compile Customs statistics and deal with other Customs matters. 第一课课文 中国海关机构、职能和任务 中国海关是负责监管进出境运输工具、货物、行李物品、邮递物品和其它物品，征收关 税和其它税费，查缉走私，并编制海关统计和办理其它海关业务的国家机关。 一、海关总署 中华人民共和国成立后不久，政务院就成立了海关总署(1949年10月25日)。 海关总署位于北京，主要由12个业务司局级机构组成，即办公厅、政策法规司、监管司、 关税征管司、加工贸易监管司、综合统计司、科技发展司、调查局、缉私局、人事教育司、 财务装备司、国际合作司。 中华人民共和国海关总署的主要任务是在国务院的领导下，领导和组织全国海关贯彻实 施《海关法》和国家有关政策、行政法规，促进和保护社会主义现代化建设。 考虑到广东省海关个数多，工作负担重，海关总署在广州设立一派出机构，以协助其管理广东省内的海关。这个派出机构名为广东分署。 海关总署的主要职责如下: 1. 起草并颁布海关业务工作的政策、方针;参与制订和修改海关进出口关税税则;颁布其它海关业务条例;并检查、督促、指导全国海关贯彻执行。 2. 参与拟定有关海关问题的国际条约和协定。 3. 统一管理关税征收的减免事项。 4. 组织领导全国海关的缉私工作。 5. 审议有关纳税争议和海关处罚决定的复议。 6. 编制海关统计。 7. 管理全国海关组织机构、人员编制、专业培训及关长的任免，领导海关院校。 8. 组织研究、开发、引进、管理海关技术设施。 9. 审计、监督全国海关财务、设备、固定资产和基本建设，以及 10. 加强与国外海关机构、国际海关组织及其它相关国际组织的联系、合作和较交往。 二、各地海关 除北京的海关总署外，国家在对外开放口岸和海关业务集中的地点设立海关。 随着中国进一步对外开放以及中国对外经济贸易的发展，设立的海关越来越多。目前，全国共有海关195个(不包括中国台湾、香港、澳门的海关)，分布在127个省市、自治区、直辖市。到目前为止，只有青海和宁夏两省没有海关。 各地海关依法独立行使职权，向海关总署负责。海关监督管理进出境，其主要任务有四项: 1、监管进出境的货物、运输工具、旅客行李及邮递物品; 2、征收关税和其它税费; 3、查禁走私; 4、编制海关统计和办理其它海关业务。 WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS tariff n. 关税;关税率 supervision n. 监督 item n. 物品;项目 territory n. 领土 statistics n. 统计;统计数字 financial adj. 财政的;金融的 enforcement n. 执行;管理 workload n. 工作;工作荷载 assist v. 帮助 draft v. 起草; enact v.t. 制定;颁布 amend v. 修正;改正 statute n. 法规;法令 reduction n. 减少;减小 penalty n. 处罚;惩罚 audit v. 审核;查账 review v. [法律]复审 Customs establishment 海关(设关点) compile v. 编制 counter v. 反击;反对 LESSON TWO TEXT Customs Officer and the Passengers’ Baggage Examination Appearance and Image Wearing the smart, coordinated Customs uniforms, male and female Customs officers examine the Declaration Forms, check passengers and baggage and search hand baggage in the Customs Inspection Room. While on duty, Customs officer will be neat, clean and businesslike; uniforms must be free from tears, or other visible blemishes; the Customs badge and epaulets must be worn; black footwear will be kept clean; hairstyles will not interfere with the proper performance of duty, hair will be neat, clean and present a gloomed appearance; necklaces and jewelry shall not be worn by uniformed Customs officer. Mindful of their role in enforcement of Customs law, not only regarding Customs, but of China as well, Customs officers take great pride in their appearance. A Customs officer meets hundreds of passengers in a workday. In each of these passengers’ minds, the Customs officer is creating images of himself and the organization he represents. He is one of the first officers a passenger encounter upon arrival in China, and first impressions are a prime factor in moulding public opinion regarding the Chinese Customs and the Chinese Government. The Customs officers must be knowledgeable law enforcement officers. They are intent on enforcing all the regulations regarding passengers and their baggage, while keeping to a minimum the inconvenience to honest passengers. Notwithstanding the apparent contradiction in philosophy between maximum enforcement and minimum inconvenience, the individual Customs officer, in his own personally developed inspectional style, can arrive at a workable balance between the two objectives. The image of the Customs officer is enhanced by his appearance, style, courteous actions, conduct, and safety procedures; all are part of his responsibilities. Friendly Attitude and Good Judgment Most passengers understand the necessity for Customs inspections and will respond appropriately to your questions. Customs officers examine the passengers’ baggage at a time when passengers may not be in the most positive frame of mind. At best they may simply be tired and eager to continue a journey home without undue delay. On the other hand, they may be attempting to smuggle or falsely declare purchases. In any event, tensions are often high. The Customs officer’s attitude can be the factor which controls such potentially explosive situations. Through his attitude, the Customs officer can impress passengers with the authority and formality of the inspection procedure, while conveying sincere interest in and understanding of the passengers’ problems. A Customs officer’s friendly relaxed attitude can relieve the honest passenger’s apprehensions and tensions, and generally have a calming effect. Of course, there will be instances, though few, when an officer will be required to assume a totally authoritarian posture. A Customs officer has exceptionally broad authority to question passengers, search and detain or seize merchandise. The proper exercise of this authority requires the constant use of good judgment. Such authority must be zealously guarded against abuse. The prudent law enforcement officer bases his actions upon knowledge gained from education, training, and experience in the law enforcement field. As a Customs officer, he will become more secure in making judgment as he better understands what the law requires and how it is to be applied. In the many instances where he is permitted some latitude in administering the law, a solid foundation in his enforcement job allows him to exercise this discretion with confidence, prudence and sensitivity. Passenger Processing Most Customs officers (Customs inspectors), particularly new Customs officers, spend the vast majority of their time processing passengers. Customs officers will be welcoming returning residents and visitors to China. A Customs officer must be aware of various control system and their patterns of operation to function effectively at the ports of entry. The more he knows about the Customs organization---its purpose, its principles, its program, its people---the better he will be able to relate to the individual passenger. Only a concise professional interview by the Customs officer on duty can effectively categorize the passenger who attempts to smuggle prohibited or restricted articles. The Customs officer’s careful observation of passenger’s demeanor, purported station in life, and reactions to questioning can provide a truly effective screening system. The Customs officer is required to courteously process the clearance of people and their baggage and, at the same time, apprehend those persons violating the Customs Law and related laws. To accomplish these two goals, the Customs officer must be able to select persons who are likely to be violators for an intensive examination and to release others with a minimum examination. This selection process is based on a number of techniques and information sources. Intelligence Intelligence is information about an individual or a situation, which indicates the possibility that a violation may occur. The passenger’s appearance, conduct and reaction to questioning contain vital information to aid in determining the extent of the examination required. The attempt to inspect by exclusively targeting the latest methods of concealment has been almost futile. Concealment methods range from extremely thin false bottoms in luggage to liquefied narcotics, and to recent bizarre technique of planting cocaine under the clothes and in the diapers of innocent children. Intelligence bulletins are immediately issued to all airports and ports of entry as new methods of concealment are uncovered. Questioning and Tact Some people suffer from” Hoof-in-mouth Disease. " For them, there is an admonition, which reads, engages brain before opening mouth. Tact is that sense of knowing what to do or say in order to maintain good relations with others, or to avoid offense. The inspectional procedure is filled with an overabundance of situations, in which the judicious use of tact can make the inspection less difficult, and minimize the probability of complaints form the passengers. To build a foundation for passenger examination, the Customs will borrow a method long used in journalism. The method is referred to as "the five Ws". Those five Ws are WHO, WHERE, WHEN, WHAT and WHY, not necessarily in that order. Sometimes, for good measure, HOW is thrown in. The accomplished Customs officer will adapt these five Ws to his questioning of the passenger so that he can stop questioning at any point and still have a good understanding of the passenger, his reasons for travel, and the probability of his carrying contraband. In asking these questions, the Customs officer must ultimately be working towards a goal, determining whether or not there is a high likelihood that the passenger is carrying narcotics, undeclared merchandise, fraudulently invoiced merchandise, prohibited agricultural products, or if he is in violation of one of the many laws Customs is required to enforce. For this purpose, the Customs officer must develop geometric questioning, asking questions in such a manner that build one upon the other. Each question presupposed the prior answer, lending a continuous thread to the questioning. Each question should test the fabric of the story and the answer must then be verified. What question to ask and how to verify the answer is the focal point of this discussion. In baggage examination, the Customs officer (Customs inspector) acts with independence in processing each passenger. The Customs officer performs the specialized functions of other Customs positions as he examines, appraises, classifies and liquidates each baggage declaration. The Customs officer examines the merchandise. He determines whether the declared value is accurate for Customs purpose. He decides within the classification the item falls. He figures the duty and sees that the proper amount is collected. The Customs officer is required to function with proficiency, performing the job normally performed and to be specialized Customs personnel. Enforcement and protection of the revenue play a key role in the Customs officer’s routine functions. However, it is the courteous and professional manner that is exhibited in carrying out these functions (not simply seizures), which ensures a totally successful examination and inspection operation. Today’s Customs officer is faced with an ever-changing complex working environment. Over the last decade, the Customs General Administration has been trying to provide the best training and equipment required to accomplish the sublime mission. The Customs officers have the utmost confidence that they will project the image of professional civil servants while, simultaneously, defending the country’s borders against economic and social dangers. 第二课课文 海关关员与旅检 外与形象 海关关员们身着整划一的海关制服，审核申报单，检查旅客及其行李，并在海关查验室 中检验旅客的手提包。执勤时，海关关员干净利落、忙忙碌碌，制服不得有破损或其可见的 污点，他们必须戴上徽章和肩章，黑色的鞋子时刻保持干净，发型不得影响到工作时的正常 活动，头应该整齐、干净、精心梳理，身着制服的关员不能戴项链及首饰。在作为执行海关 法的角色中，海关关员应时刻牢记自己不仅是代表海关执法，而且也代表中国执法。他们的 外表，不仅是海关的骄傲，也是全中国的骄傲。 一个海关关员在一个工作日内会接触到许许多多的旅客。在每位旅客看来，海关员塑造 的是他自己以及他所代表的机构的形象。他是旅客在到达中国时所遇见的第一关员，而且这 第一印象是在公众心目中塑造中国海关和中国政府形象的一个基本因素。 海关关员必须对执行法律在行。他们坚决执行所有有关旅客及其行李的规定，同时 给诚实的旅客带来的不便利达到最小化。尽管从哲学上说，在最大化的执行与最小化的不便 利之间存在明显的矛盾，然而海关关员个人会以他们各自摸索出的检查形式，使二者达到平 衡。 海关关员的外表、风格、彬彬有礼的举止、行为以及安全的程序提高了他们的形象， 而所有这些都是海关关员职责的一部分。 友好的态度和准确的判断 大多数旅客都明白海关查验的必要性，并会适当地所提出的问题，海关关员通常在旅客情绪不佳的时候检查行李。最好的情况是，他们可能只是累了，并且渴望毫不耽搁地继续回家的旅程。另一种情况则是，他们可能试图走私或者伪报所购货品。在任何一种情况下，精神经常都是高度紧张的。海关关员的态度则可以成为控制上述可能出现冲突情形的因素。海关关员可以通过它的态度使旅客们对于检验程序的权威性和规范性产生深刻的印象，并且对于旅客的问题表现出深切地关心和理解。海关关员友好、放松的态度能减轻诚实旅客的担心和紧张，而且通常有使人镇定的作用。当然，有时也会要求关员扮演出一种完全权力主义者的姿态，尽管这样的时候不多。 海关关员享有特殊广泛的权力来询问旅客，搜查、扣留或者没收货物。这种权力的适当运用需要不断做出正确的判断。这样的权力必须受到积极的保护以防滥用。 精明的执法关员是在通过执法领域的教育、培训和经验所获得的知识的基础上采取行动的。作为海关关员，如果能够好地理解法律规定以及如何运用，他就会更有把握地做出判断。当允许海关关员在执法时有适度自由的情况下，关员执法工作的基本原则允许其利用信心、智慧和敏感来运用处理权。 旅 检 大多数海关关员(海关检查人员)，尤其是新的海关关员，将他们绝大部分的时间用来检查旅客。海关关员欢迎回国居民以及来中国的访客。海关关员必须了解各种监管体制和他们的工作模式，以便在口岸有效的发挥作用对海关机构(它的目标、原则、程序、人员)了解得越多，就可以越出色地跟单个旅客打交道。值班的关员仅仅通过一次简单专业的对话就可以分辨出试团走私禁限物品的旅客。 关员对旅客的举止、身份和对查问的反应的细心观察可提供一个真实有效的检查。 海关关员在检查旅客及其行李时要彬彬有礼，同时要对那些违反海关法和其它法律的人员绳之以法。为完成以上两目标，海关关员必须能够挑选出那些可能的违法者，对其实行深入细致的检查，也能通过简单的检查后放行其它旅客。这种选择过程是以许多技术和信息来源为基础的。 情 报 情报是关于有可能出现违法行为的个人或地点的信息。旅客的外表举止和对查问的反应均包含有助于确定检查程度的重要信息，试团通过专门检查最新隐藏手段的方法是徒劳无益的，隐藏手段五花八门，从超薄的伪装行李底到液态的毒品，再到着身衣服内和无辜儿童的尿布内藏匿可卡因等一系列最新的稀奇古怪的“技术”。当发现新的隐藏手段时，情报会立刻在所有的机场和口岸公告。 查问与技巧 一些人经常“祸从口出”。对他们有一个告诫:说话前要用脑子。技巧是为了与他人保持良好关系或者避免冒犯他人该做什么或该说什么的一门学问。 在检验过程中会遇到许多情况，在这些情况中，明智的使用技巧可以使检查减少困难，并使旅客们抱怨的可能性尽可能的最小化。 海关会借用在新闻行业中长期使用的一个方法来构筑旅检的基础。这个方法叫做“五,法”。这五个“,”是什么人(,,,)、什么地点(,,,,,)、什么时间(,,,,)、做什么事情(,,,)以及为什么(,,,)，可以不按以上排序。有时做为一种好办法也可增加“怎么样”(,,,)的问题。有经验的关员将这五个“,”用于他对旅客的提问中，因而它可以在任何时候停止询问却仍然十分了解该旅客、其旅行的原因以有其是否有可能携带违禁品。 在问这些问题时，海关关员必须最终为一个目标而努力，即确定该旅客是否极有可能携带毒品、未申报物品、仿造发票物品、农作物禁运品，或者该旅客是否违反了海关所要求执行的法律中的某一项。为达到此目的，海关关员必须进行几何推理式的查问，在前一个问题的基础上问下一个问题。每一问题都以前一个回答为先决条件，使提问不断线。每一个问题都应检验事情的细节，必须得到证实。问什么问题以及怎样来证实答案是这里讨论的焦点。 检查行李时，海关关员(海关查验员)独立的检查每位旅客。当关员对每份行李申报单进行检查、评估、分类以及征税时，他执行的是海关其它的专门职能。 海关关员检查物品，判断已申报的完税价值是否精确。关员决定该物品归入哪一类，他计算并稽征适量的关税。海关关员应熟练地履行职能、正确的从事工作，成为专业的海关关员。执法与保持国家税收在海关关员的日常职能中发挥着重要作用。然而，在执行这些职能时(不仅仅是没收)他们所表现出的彬彬有礼和专业的风格，确保了检查与查验工作的完全成功。 如今海关关员所面临的是一个复杂多变的工作环境。在过去的十年中，海关总署一直设法提供所需的最好的培训与设备，以完成崇高的使命。海关关员们有最大的信心来突出专业国家公务员的形象，同时保卫国家边境，使经济和社会免受危险。 WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS image n. 形象，印象，意象 coordinated adj. 形式相同的，同等的 declaration =declaration form n. 申报单，申报 businesslike adj. 正经的、认真的、实事求是的 blemish n 污点，瑕疵;缺点 badge : n. 徽章、标记 epaulet n. 肩章、标记 interfere v. 妨碍，有害;干涉 groom v. 梳理，修饰;打扮 mould v. 塑造，成形 intent adj. 决心;专心，一心一意 notwithstanding prep.(正式)尽管，虽然 enhance v. 提高;增加，增色 frame n. 精神状态;框架 undue adj. 过分的，不适当的 potentially adv. 潜在的，可能的 explosive adj. 易爆发的，易引起争论的 impress v. 使„去做，使(人)印象 convey v. 表达;传达，传送 apprehension n. 焦虑，忧虑，恐惧 assume v. 采用;假装 posture n. 姿态，态度 authoritarian adj. 专横的，强制的，发号施令的 exception n. 例外，特殊的事物 zealously adv. 一心一意地，热诚地 abuse v. 滥用，妄用 prudent adj. 慎重的，谨慎的 secure adj. 有信心的，有把握的;可靠的 latitude n. 自由;回旋余地;纬度 discretion n. 判断，斟酌;自行决定 process v. 验放，处理;检查 categorize v. 分类，归类;分辨 demeano(u)r n. 举止，行为 apprehend v. 抓获，查获;逮捕 violation n. 违犯，侵犯;妨害 exclusively adv. 唯一地，只是 concealment n. 隐藏，隐匿 futile adj. 无用的，无益的 narcotic n. 毒品，麻醉品 bizarre adj.(F)(法语)奇怪的，奇妙的 cocaine n 可卡因，古可硷. diaper (BrE. Colloq.) =napkin n. 尿布，尿片 tact n. 机智，圆滑，练达 hoof n.(动物)蹄 admonition n. 忠告，箴言，警告，训诫 offence n. 生气，动怒 overabundance n. 大量，超量 judicious adj. (正式)有见识的，明智的 adapt v. 变化，改变;适应 ultimately adv. 最后，最终，根本 fraudulently adv. 欺诈地;虚假地 geometric adj. 几何学的 presuppose v. 预先，假定;以„为先决条件 prior adj. 前一个 fabric n. 结构，情节;织物 verify v. 核实，证实，证明 classify v. 归类，分类，分等级 liquidate v. 结算、清盘、清偿 proficiency n. 精通，熟练 revenue n.(国家)税收，关税，总收入 sublime adj. 崇高的 project v. 增加，增色，突出 simultaneously adv 同时地;同时发生