界门纲目科属种（The gate of a class）

界门纲目科属种（The gate of a class） 界门纲目科属种(The gate of a class) After the Swedish biologist Linnaeus named the creature, the latter biologists used the domain (Kingdom), the gate (Phylum), the class (Class), the target (Order), the family (Family), the genus (Genus), and the species (Species) to classify. The top of the world, with the five proposed by Tucker, more and more people accept respectively; prokaryotes Protista fungi, plant and animal kingdoms The definition of the door is the use of bio medica genera appearance, life characteristics, structure, physiological function and other characteristics of the difference in dichotomy way, by biological classification to classification. From the upper boundary to the "seed", the closer the layer is, the more closely the features of the creature being attributed. If you belong to the creature, its appearance or physiological characteristics are extremely similar, is in the process of evolution, is a source of biological relatives, but there are differences between them in genetic material, which belong to the species, although able to breed, but a new generation does not have reproductive ability. Kingdom Monera in prokaryotes Primary Kingdom Kingdom Protista Protozoa Phylum Protozoa Flagellates Class, Mastigophora Class Class Sarcodina Ciliates Class, Ciliophora Class Class Sporozoa Phylum Euglenophyta Golden brown plant door Phylum Chrysophyta Dinoflagellate Phylum Pyrrophyta Fungal kingdom Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae in plant kingdom Naked door Euglenophyta Green algae gate Chlorophyta CHAROPHYTES Charophyta Chrysophyta Dinoflagellate Pyrrophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Blue-green algae Cyanophyta Phylum Bacteriophyta Myxomycophyta Fungal portal Eumycophyta Lichen gate Lichens Bryophytes, Bryophyta Ferns, Pteridophyta Gymnosperm Gymnospermae Angiosperm Angiospermae Animal kingdom Kingdom Animalia Sponge door Phylum Polifera Class Calcarea Six put sponge class Class Hexactinellida Class Demospongiae vulgaris Coelenteron animal door Phylum Coelenterata Class Class Hydrozoa Class Class Scyphzoa Class Class Anthozoa of coral polyps Flat phylum Phylum Platyhelminthes Tubellaria Class Turbellaria Class Class Trematoda Class Class Cestoda Round phylum Phylum Nematoda Phylum Phylum Annelida Class Class Polychaeta Class Oligochaeta Hirudinoidea Class Hirudinea Mollusca Phylum Mollusca Gastropod Class Gastropoda Class Amphineura Class Pelecypoda Class Scaphopoda Cephalopod Class Cephalopoda Phylum Phylum Arthorpoda Crustacea Class, Crustacea Class Class Diplopoda Class Chilopoda Spider class Class Archnida Six foot class Class Hexapoda Incision class Class, Merostomata Phylum, Echinodermata, M. Class Class Asteroidea starfish Ophiuroidea Class Ophiuroidea Sea urchin class Class Echinoidea The sea spray with water in one's mouth: Class Holothuroidea Class Class Crinoidea Phylum Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordata cable head animal subphylum A subdivision of Subphylum animal Urochordata Vertebrate Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes Class Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Class Osteichthyes Amphibia Class Amphibia Reptile Class Reptilia Aves Class Aves Mammalian class Class Mammalia China The classification of origin of species: modern taxonomic phylum medica was born in eighteenth Century, its founder is a Swedish scholar plant linnaeus. Linnaeus solved two key problems for taxonomy: first, the double name system was established, each species was given a scientific name, consisting of two Latin nouns. The first one represented the genus name and the second were the generic name. Second is the establishment of order system, the Linnean nature is divided into the plant, animal and mineral realms, in animal and plant community, and a class order, genus and species level Four, which established the order element classification system. Biological classification step size from large to small: boundary - Gate - - class - - - - - - - - - - - - - species - are classified in detail: Boundary (Kingdom) Door (Phylum) Linzhi (Subphylum) Master (Superclass) Class (Class) Department (Cohort) Head (Superorder) Item (Order) Suborder (Suborder) Superfamily (Superfamily) Department (Family) Subfamily (Subfamily) Tribe (Tribe) Genus (Genus) Subgenus (Subgenus) Species (Species) Subspecies (Subspecies). According to the classification for all organisms of the genus classification is a compendium of the gate: 1. Biological taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with the methods and principles of biological classification. Classification is the classification and classification of biological groups according to the principles and methods of taxonomy. There are millions of species on earth that are ever-changing and different from each other. If they are not classified, they will not be able to understand and make use of them. The categories are diverse and are the product of evolution. Thus, in theory, taxonomy is a historical summary of biological evolution. Taxonomy is a comprehensive discipline. The various branches of biology, from ancient morphology to modern molecular biology, can be extracted as a basis for classification. It also has its own branches, such as chromosome based cytology, serum based serum taxonomy, chemical systematics based on chemical systematics, and so on. Animals, plants, and bacteria each have their own characteristics as a three species of taxonomy, but the classification of viruses has not been formally conducted using a two name system and a hierarchical system. The history of biological systematics Humans were able to identify objects and give them names long before. At the beginning of Han Er "the animal is divided into insects, fish, birds and mammals in 4 categories: insects including most invertebrates; fish including fish, amphibians, reptiles and other lower vertebrates and whales and shrimp, crab, shellfish and other birds, birds are mammals; animal. This is the earliest classification of animals in ancient China. The period of the emergence of the four types of names seems not later than the Western Zhou dynasty. This classification, compared with Linnaeus's six systems, leaves only two classes of amphibians and worms. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle used the method of character comparison to distinguish the species, such as the classification of warm blooded animals in order to distinguish them from cold-blooded animals. He arranged the animals according to the perfection of the structure, giving the concept of the natural ladder. At the end of seventeenth Century, the British scholar Ray had plants known as plant species, genus and species description, the "new method" is the study of plants before Linnaeus a most comprehensive summary of plant classification, the thunder also proposed "hybrid sterility" as the standard to distinguish between species. Modern systematics was born in eighteenth Century, and its founder is a Swedish botanist, linnaeus. Linnaeus solved two key problems for taxonomy: first, the double name system was established, each species was given a scientific name, consisting of two Latin nouns. The first one represented the genus name and the second were the generic name. Second is the establishment of order system, the Linnean nature is divided into the plant, animal and mineral realms, in animal and plant community, and a class order, genus and species level Four, which established the order element classification system. Each species belongs to a certain classification system, and has a certain taxonomic status. Linnaeus in 1753 published "plant records" and in 1758 tenth edition of "nature" in the system was first applied in plant and animal order system. These two classics mark the birth of modern taxonomy. Linnaeus believed that the species remained unchanged. His natural system was not related to each other, six of which were arranged in order of mammals, birds, amphibians, fishes, insects, worms. The system emphasizes the Lamarckian upside down over, from low to high as the evolutionary system. He also divides animals into two groups: vertebrates and invertebrates, which are still used today. Since the evolution of Linnaeus was not recognized at that time, it had little impact on taxonomy. It was not until 1859 when Darwin's publication of the origin of species was published, Evolutionary thinking is carried out in taxonomy, and it is clear that classification studies involve the exploration of phylogenetic relationships among organisms, and that the taxonomic system becomes biological genealogy -- the birth of systematics. The basic content of biological systematics A classification system is a subsystem of a hierarchy and usually consists of seven main levels: species, genera, families, orders, classes, gates, and boundaries. Species (species) are the basic unit, the close species belong to the genus, the close genera belong to the family, the division is subordinate to the order, the order is subordinate to the class, the class is subordinate to the door, and the door is subordinate to the world. With the progress of the study, the classification level increasing unit can be attached secondary unit, such as the master (super class), class, subclass, time head (super mesh), the next day, families (suborder, chaoke) subfamily, etc.. In addition, new units may be added, such as stocks, groups, families, groups, etc., of which the most permanent is the clan, between the subfamily and the genus. There is a scientific name for all the units in the hierarchical system. The basic procedure of classifying work is to classify objects into a certain system and level and become a unit of things. Therefore, classification and naming are inseparable. The names of the species and genera are often named after the names of the names of the people in order to identify the source and facilitate the search of documents. A variety of scientific names are also used in the three system, and the classification name requires stability. One genus or species (including the seed plant) has only one scientific name. A scientific name can only be used for an object (or species). If there are two or more objects, it is the name of the foreign body, and the first named object must be approved, while the other object with the same name will be given another name. This is called the priority law, and the animal and plant taxonomic communities have each developed the nomenclature act, so there is no question of the same name between the animal world and the plant community. "Priority law" is an important measure to stabilize scientific names. The start date of the priority law. Animals are 1758, plants are 1820, and bacteria begin in January 1, 1980. Identification of scientific names is a means of obtaining information about a species, even if it is a previously unknown new species, as long as its classification is identified and its characteristics are foreseen. The classification system is the retrieval system, and also the information access system. Many works such as classification, based on the investigation of the flora of flora and fauna, of a country or region of the animal and plant species, as basic data are for identification, search service. Refers to a species of animal or plant group, all its members are very similar in morphology, and they can be assumed to be some variation is very small in the same organism, all members of the group are between normal mating and breeding of fertile offspring, the species is the basic unit of biological classification, is the basic unit of biological reproduction the. The concept of species reflects the trend of the times. In the days of Linnaeus, it was believed that species were immutable, and conspecific individuals were consistent with the same pattern". The concept of schema originates from the ancient concept of ancient Greek philosophy and applies to the whole classification system. The concept assumes that all levels of matter and units in all the hierarchical systems are in conformity with one model. With the constant change of species evolution and creationism is used to focus on the struggle, is irreconcilable opposed to the view. However, the fact that the taxonomy of each species, each with its own characteristics, no two exactly the same species; and each species and a series of ancestral features, according to the can decide the classification status of community, door, species and families and genera, and reflect their evolutionary history. The basic content of the classification work is to distinguish between species and species, the former is species and sub species, and the latter is species classification. The population concept improved the species classification level and improved the species classification. The main point was to replace subspecies with subspecies. Subspecies generally refer to geographical subspecies, which are the geographical differentiation of populations, and have some distinctive characteristics and distribution range. Subspecies classification reflects species differentiation, highlighting the spatial concept of species. The term "variation" used to be very miscellaneous, with variations of individuals, groups, types, meaning that was not clear, and was eliminated in animal classification. In plant classifications, commonly used as discontinuous variants within the divided population. Ecotype is an intraspecific type which has certain ecological characteristics in a given habitat, and is often used in plant classification. The artificial breeding plants and animals are called varieties. Because of intraspecific and interspecific variation, the classification of species is sometimes very divergent. According to the similarities and differences between the degree of morphological basis of division as a division of species called species, because of the importance of various morphological characteristics is not a recognized, the division of the It differs from man to man. especially the classification, scholars on some characteristics of the "weighted" usually makes them more important than other characteristics, caused by subjective prejudice. A species or species, and even the entire plant and animal kingdom, has its own history. Phylogenetic research is to explore the historical origin of species, in order to elucidate the relationship and to provide theoretical basis for classification. Although there are three schools of synthesis (Evolution), taxonomy, cladistic and numerical taxonomy in the taxonomic school, there are many similarities in their basic principles, but each emphasizes different aspects. Feature comparison is the basic method of classification. Contrast is the contrast between similarities and differences: "difference" is the basis for distinguishing kinds, and "same" is the basis of the kind of merger. To analyze classification features, we should first consider the common features that reflect the common origin. But there are differences between homologous and non homologous. For example, the wing of birds and the forelimb of mammals are homologous tubes, which can be traced back to common ancestry, and are "cognate features"". Is the origin of the constant temperature individual birds and animals, not from a common ancestor, "non homologous features". The systematic classification uses homologous features without taking non homologous characters. Linnaeus divides organisms into two major groups: sessile plants and action animals. Over the past two hundred years, with the development of science, people gradually found that the two world system has many problems, but it was not until 1950s, is still the general textbook to follow, no change in the basic. The first problem arises from the intermediate type, such as the comprehensive dynamic characteristics of plant Euglena double two circles, both chloroplast and camp photosynthesis, and action and food intake. Botanists consider them as algae, known as Euglenophyta; animal scholars consider them as protozoa, called euglena. The intermediate type is evidence of evolution, but becomes a puzzle of classification. In order to solve this problem, in 1860s, it recommended the establishment of a third composed of lower organisms, named Protista, including bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoa. The three system solves the hard problem between animals and plants, but was not accepted, for 100 years, until 1950s, became popular for a period of time, the number of textbooks. The history of life has undergone several important stages, the initial life should be non cellular life, of course, before the emergence of cells, there must be a "non cell" or "pre cell" stage. Viruses are a class of non - cellular organisms, but the origin of them is either primitive or secondary, but not yet conclusive. From non cells to cells are second important stages of biological development. The early cells are prokaryotic cells, and the early organisms are called prokaryotes (fine seedlings, cyanobacteria). Prokaryotic cells are simple in structure, without nuclear membranes and without complex organelles. From prokaryotic to eukaryotic is third important stages of biological development. Eukaryotic cells with nuclear membrane, the entire cell differentiation into two parts: the nucleus and cytoplasm with chromosome device complex in the nucleus as genetic center; cytoplasmic organelles with complex structure, become the center of metabolism. Eukaryotic cells differentiated from prokaryotic cells, whose body levels are much higher. From single celled eukaryotes to multicellular organisms, they are fourth important stages in life history. With the emergence of multicellular bodies, complex tissue structures and organ systems have evolved, resulting in advanced angiosperms and mammals. Plants, fungi and animals constitute three parts of the ecosystem. Green plants are autotrophic and are producers of nature. They are photosynthesis by chlorophyll, the synthesis of inorganic substances, organic food, providing themselves, but also supply heterotrophic organisms. A fungus is a heterotrophic organism, a decomposer in nature. They get food from plants, and the organic food is decomposed into inorganic substances, in turn for the supply of raw materials for the production of plants. Animals are also heterotrophic, they are consumers, and they are the last species on the planet. Even without animals, plants and fungi can still exist because they already have two basic elements of the natural cycle of matter that can be completed during the cycle of synthesis and decomposition-. But without animals, the biological world could not be so colorful and less likely to produce human beings. Plants, fungi, and animals represent three routes or three directions for the evolution of organisms. The most popular classification at present is a five - bounded system. The five boundary system reflects the three stages of biological evolution and the three branches of multicellular stages, which are classified vertically and horizontally. It does not include non cellular forms of the virus, perhaps because of the unclear status of the viral system. Protista its content is complex, including other eukaryotic algae except all protozoa and red algae, brown algae, green algae, including different animal and plant. 2, the original is between species form has the common characteristics as the basis for classification, according to the degree of similarity to each other and gradually broken down, such as legumes have shaped fruit pods; some can be classified as reference according to the living habits of different features such as cats are carnivorous and animal nocturnal. But the food habits just not sufficient classification conditions, not simply according to the type of food classification, because animal feeding is vegetarian, vegetarian and omnivorous, as if the animal is divided into three big classes, is too rough, an important basis for the classification of animal reproductive isolation or bone structure and life habit and distribution by region. In recent years, the biological community has also classified animals according to their biological, genetic, and material properties. Animals with similar DNA are classified as similar.