英语四级阅读

英语四级阅读 主要概括:?Section A 选词填空 5% 5-10min Section B 快速阅读 10% 10-15min Section C 精细阅读 20% 20-25min ?Section A具体要求:先慢后快 A.根据词性选项分类(n.) C)attachment H)insistence K)intention (adj.) F)weak G)illegal I)intimate... 根据线索进行匹配...The ‘reading circuits’ we construct in the brain can be37__or they can be robust ... ?Section B具体要求:信息检索能力;先做有特殊字符的，再做没有特殊字符的(充分利 用文章脉络，文章意向等信息) A.特征符号检索:It will be possible for students to spend as little as ,2.99【特 殊符号】 to buy individual chapters of the textbook rather than the whole thing.(特殊符号所在段落即为正确) B.特征概念检索:One of the disadvantages of traditional print edition textbooks is that they have heavy. (标志信息所在段落即为答案) ? Section C具体要求:选最佳选项 最佳选项的特征:A.相关性:不可答非所问(精确定位) B.抽象性:不可以偏概全(不用细枝末节作答) C.纯粹性:不可节外生枝(不可自我幻想，不可私加条件，不可自己拓展文章) E.g.相关性:2013.6-66. What was Kodak’s fatal mistake? A) Its blind faith in traditional photography. B) Its failure to see Fuji photo’s emergence. C) Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics. D) Its overconfidence in its corporate culture. 原文: Kodak’s downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace. E.g.抽象性:2013.6-57. What does the author say about junk food? A) People should be educated not to eat too much. B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation. C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist. D) It causes more harm than is generally realized. 原文: Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway. 【判断感情色彩为褒还是贬】 Section C主要考点 考点:主题，情感，逻辑 主题考点:?复现信息:(Repetition) ?人物观点(Viewpoint) ?概括信息(Summary) E.g.1-2013.12-61. What kind of education does the author think is ideal? A) It benefits the great majority of the general population. B) It prepares students to meet the future needs of society. C) It encourages students to learn throughout their lives. D) It ensures that students’ expectations are successfully fulfilled. 原文:When we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddled with unbearable levels of debt the conversation is almost always about student loan debt. But there’s a growing body of evidence suggesting that today’s young adults are also drowning in credit-card debt-and that many of them will take this debt to their graves.(suggesting后的内容为观点态度，又为反复出现的信息) E.g.2-2013.12-57. What do Irving Kahn and Ruth Bader Ginsburg have in common? A) Neither of them is subject to forced retirement. B) Neither of them desires reward for their work. C) Both cling to their positions despite opposition. D) Both are capable of coping with heavy workloads. 原文:Unlike many Americans compelled into early retirement【反复出现】 by company restrictions, the average nevertiree often has no one forcing his hand. If 106-year-old investor Irving Kahn, head of his own family firm, wants to keep coming to work every day, who's going to stop him? Seventy-eight-year-old Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s job security is guaranteed in the Constitution. E.g.3-2013.12-58. What is the finding of Howard Friedman【信息词，用于定位】’ s research? A) The harder you work, the bigger your fortune will be. B) The earlier you retire, the healthier you will be. C) Elderly people have to slow down to live longer. D) Working at an advanced age lengthens people’s life. 原文:It may seem that these elderly people are trying to cheat death. In fact, they are. And it’s working. Howard Friedman, a professor at UC Riverside, found in his research that those who work hardest and are successful in their careers often live the longest lives. "People are generally being given bad advice to slow down, take it easy, stop worrying, and retire to Florida，" he says. He described one study participant, still working at the age of 100, who was recently disappointed to see his son retire. E.g.4-2013.12-59. What is the traditional view of retirement according to the passage? A) It means a burden to the younger generation. B) It is a symbol of a mature and civilized society. C) It is a compensation for one's life-long hard work. D) It helps increase a nation’s economic productivity. 原文:"We're beginning to see a change in how people view retirement，" says George Leeson, co-director of the Institute of Population Ageing at Oxford. Where once【传统观点的标志词】 retirement was seen as a brief reward after a long struggle【作者观点】 through some miserable job, it is now akin (近似)to being cast aside. What Leeson terms "the Warren Buffett effect" is becoming more broadly appealing as individuals come to "view retirement as not simply being linked to economic productivity but also about contribution." E.g.5-2013-12-60. What do critics say about【反对者观点】 "nevertirees"? A) They are an obstacle to a company’s development. B) They lack the creativity of the younger generation. C) They cannot work as efficiently as they used to. D) They prevent young people from getting ahead. 原文:Observers are split on whether this is a wholly good thing. On the one hand, companies and financial firms can benefit from the wisdom of a resilient (坚 韧的)chief【该部分为支持者观点，则On the other为反对者观点】. On the other, the new generation can find it more difficult to advance—an argument that typically holds little sway to a nevertiree. E.g.6-2012.6-63.What does the author say about most Facebook users? A)They are reluctant to give up their personal information. B)They don't know their personal data enriches Facebook. C)They don't identify themselves when using the website. D)They care very little about their personal information. 原文:People are being lured (引诱)onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service without realizing【潜在观点】 they're paying for it by giving up toads of personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages. Most Facebook users don't realize this is happening. Section C逻辑考点 逻辑:•共性比较(Comparison) •差异对比(Contrast) •因果关系(Cause and effect) 共性比较，差异对比:E.g.1-2013.6-58. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity? A) They should be implemented effectively. B) They provide misleading information. C) They are based on wrong assumptions. D) They help people make rational choices. 原文:...suggestion...: offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson(吸取经验) from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold... “Many policy measures to control obesity(肥胖症)assume【积极假设】 that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat ... (“In contrast,”)【与第二段的对比】 the researchers continue, “many regulations(等同于measures) that don’t assume【消极假设】 people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol... 【基于乐观假设不奏 效，则悲观假设奏效】 E.g.2-2013.6-59. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions? A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations. B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol. C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems. D) Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption. 原文:Density restrictions:...These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink. (Similarly), the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets... 【找两段之间的共性——外在诱因导致的进食量的差异】 E.g.4-2013.6-61. What is the general guideline(普遍法则，指导方针) the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control? A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food. B) Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health. C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures. D) Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means. 原文:take a lesson(吸取经验) from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold...【从文章前面段落或题设中中借鉴经验】 因果关系:E.g.1-2013.6-62. Why do young people have to pay a higher interest on their credit card debt? A) They tend to forget about the deadlines. B) They haven't developed a credit history. C) They are often unable to pay back in time. D) They are inexperienced in managing money. 原文:More than 20% overspent their income by more than $ 100 every single month. |Since they haven’t built up their credit histories yet|, it's a safe bet that these young adults are paying relatively high interest rates on the resulting credit card debt. E.g.2-2013.12-63. What is said to be the consequence of |young adults relying on credit cards to make ends meet|? A) It will place an unnecessary burden on society. B) It will give them no motivation to work hard. C) It will exert psychological pressure on them. D) It will affect their future spending power. 原文:?To a disturbingly large extent, the young and the broke are |relying on (当前情况)credit cards to make it until their next payday|. ?This obviously is n’t sustainable in the long run, and it’s going to【将来情况】 |put a huge drag on their spending power|【因果关系潜藏于两个不同时态中】 even after they reach their peak earning years, because they’ll still be paying interest on that bottle of orange juice...they bought a decade earlier.【凭借时态判断因果关系】 E.g.2-2013.12-64. What will happen to【果】 young adults |if their credit card debt keeps accumulating according to Lucia Dunn|【因】? A) They will have to pay an increasingly higher interest rate. B) They may experience a financial crisis in their old age. C) Their quality of life will be affected. D) Their credit cards may be canceled. 原文:A new study out of Ohio State University ..."|If what we found continues to hold true|【当前信息】, |we may have more elderly people with substantial financial problems in the future|’" warns Lucia Dunn, professor of economics at Ohio State. "If our findings persist, we may be faced with a financial crisis among elderly people who can’t pay off their credit cards."【信息再次出现，时态序列即因果关 系】 E.g.3-2012.6-64.Why does Facebook make changes to its rules according to Elliot Schrage? A)To render better service to its users. B)To conform to the Federal guidelines. C)To improve its users' connectivity. D)To expand its scope of business. 原文:According to Facebook's vice-president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve its service, and if people don't share information They have a "less satisfying experience". 感情:?肯否褒贬(Positive or Negative) ?取舍关系(Acceptance or Denial) E.g.1-2013.6-62. What do we learn about Kodak? A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden. B) It is approaching its downfall. C) It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry. D) It is playing a dominant role in the film market. 原文:?Kodak’s decision? to |file for bankruptcy(破产)protection|? is a sad, though not unexpected, |turning point| ?for a leading American corporation ?|that pioneered consumer photography ?and dominated the film market for decades, ?but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution. |【该句实际顺序为? ???，???】 E.g.2-2013.6-65. What does the author say Kodak’s history has become? A) A burden.{【贬义色彩】由于沉迷于过去的成功而无法面向未来，也就成为企业的负担} B) A mirror.【中性色彩】 C) A joke.【可褒可贬】 D) A challenge.【中性或贬义】 原文:?Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, ?its corporate(企业的) culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it ? to |make the clean break| ?that is necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability. 其它经典考点:词汇释义:•参考同位成分:e.g.1:Obesity or fatness,has become a global epidemic affecting the lives and health of millions of people. About 300 millions yeas ago the amphibians the animal able to live both on land and in water,appeared.[用同位语解释生词] •参考文中定义:e.g.2:Jack is now a florist,who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district. Over the past centuries,the earth has been struck by meteorites which are fragment(碎片) from other parts of the solar system.【用文中可看懂的句子解释 词义】 •参考逻辑关系:e.g.3:Green loves to talk,and his brother are similarly loquacious. In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid,and the summers hot and dry.【用文中出现的逻辑关系(正义或反义)解释词义】 E.g.1-2013.12-56. What do we learn about the so-called “nevertirees”, A) They are passionate about making a fortune. B) They have no choice but to continue working. C) They love what they do and choose not to retire. D) They will not retire unless they are compelled to. 原文:A recent global survey..."Many of these people made their wealth by doing something they're passionate (有激情的)about," says Daniel Egan, head of behavioral finance for Barclays Wealth Americas. "Given the choice, they prefer to continue working." Barclays calls these people “nevertirees”. E.g.2:The word ‘ homogenizing ’ most probably means_____. A.Identifying.(鉴别) B.associating.(联系) C.assimilating.(同化，均匀，一致) D.monopolizing.(垄断) 原文:In spite of ‘endless talk of difference ’,|American society is a amazing machine for homogenizing.... Section C考场关键策略 注意事项:•时间原则:?10min •顺序原则:先题后文，依次作答[命题顺序与行文顺序是伴随关系] •篇章原则:精确定位，紧扣‘主题，情感，逻辑’ •选项原则:只为作者代言，前后基调一致 E.g.1-2012.6-57(In the initial stage, the current economic crisis is likely to __________. A)tear many troubled families apart B)contribute to enduring family ties C)bring about a drop in the divorce rate D)cause a lot of conflicts in the family 原文:In times of economic crisis. Americans turn to their families for support. If the Great Depression is any guide, we may see a drop in our skyhigh divorce rate. But this【代替but之前所有内容】 won't necessarily represent. an increase in happy marriages. In the long run, the Depression weakened American families, and the current crisis will probably do the same. E.g.2-2012.6-58.In the Great Depression many unhappy couples close to stick together because A)starting a new family would be hard B)they expected things would turn better C)they wanted to better protect their kids D)living separately would be too costly 原文:We tend to think of the Depression as a time when families pulled together to survive huge job losses, By 1932...... But this doesn't mean people were suddenly happier with their marriages. Rather, with incomes decreasing and insecure jobs, unhappy couples often couldn't afford to divorce. They feared neither spouse could manage alone. E.g.3-2012.6-59.In addition to job losses. What stands in the way of unhappy couples getting a divorce? A)Mounting family debts B)A sense of insecurity C)Difficulty in getting a loan D)Falling housing prices 原文:Today, given the job losses of the past year, fewer unhappy couples will risk starting separate households, |Furthermore, the housing market meltdown will make it more difficult for them to finance their separations by selling their homes. E.g.4-2012.6-60.What will the current economic crisis eventually do to some married couples? A)It will force them to pull their efforts together B)It will undermine their mutual understanding C)It will help strengthen their emotional bonds D)It will irreparably damage their relationship 原文:After financial disasters family members also... The problem is that such an impulse is hard to sustain Across the country, many similar families were unable to maintain the initial boost in morale(士气). For some, the hardships of life without steady work eventually overwhelmed their attempts to keep their families together. The divorce rate rose again during the rest of the decade as the recovery took hold. E.g.5-2012.6-61.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A)The economic recovery will see a higher divorce rate. B)Few couples can stand the test of economic hardships. C)A stable family is the best protection against poverty. D)Money is the foundation of many a happy marriage. 原文:Millions of American families may now be in the initial stage of their responses to the current crisis... |Today's economic crisis could well generate a similar number of couples whose relationships have been irreparably(无法弥补地)ruined|. So it's only when the economy is healthy again that we'll begin to see just how many broken families have been created. Section B解题高分策略 显性线索:•大写字母 隐形线索:•句中概念 •货币符号 •文章结构 •连字符号 •前题印象 •汉字注解 •数字符号 ?显性线索:特殊字符:•大写字母:Caplan,Americans •货币符号:,，?，?，? •连字符号:Middle-class •汉字注解:subsidized(补贴的) •数字符号:100%。10% E.g.1-特殊字符-大写字母:2013-12-46. Caplan suggests that kids who don’t love school go to work. 原文:A) Why are we spending so much money on college? And why are we so unhappy about it? We all seem to agree that a college education is wonderful, and yet strangely we worry when we see families investing so much in this supposedly essential good. Maybe it's time to ask a question that seems almost sacrilegious (大不敬的):is all this investment in college education really worth it? B) The answer, I fear, is no. For an increasing number of kids ’ the extra time and money spent pursuing a college diploma will leave them worse off than they were before they set foot on campus. C) For my entire adult life, a good education has been the most important thing for middle-class households. My parents spent more educating my sister and me than they spent on their house, and they're not the only ones... and, of course, for an increasing number of families, most of the cost of their house is actually the cost of living in a good school district. Questioning the value of a college education seems a bit like questioning the value of happiness, or fun. D) The average price of all goods and services has risen about 50 percent. But the price of a college education has nearly doubled in that time. Is the education that today’s students are getting twice as good? Are new workers twice as smart? Have they become somehow massively more expensive to educate? E) Perhaps a bit. Richard Vedder, an Ohio University economics professor, says, ‘.I look at the data, and I see college costs rising faster than inflation up to the mid-1980s by 1 percent a year. Now I see them rising 3 to 4 percent a year over inflation. What has happened? The federal government has started dropping money out of airplanes." Aid has increased, subsidized (补贴的)loans have become available, and "the universities have gotten the money." Economist Bryan Caplan, who is writing a book about education, agrees: "It’s a giant waste of resources that will continue as long as the subsidies continue." F) Promotional literature for colleges and student loans often speaks of debt as an "investment in yourself." But an investment is supposed to generate income to pay off the loans. More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and the amount of student- loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999. These graduates were told that a diploma was all they needed to succeed, but it won't even get them out of the spare bedroom at Mom and Dad's. For many, the most visible result of their four years is the loan payments, which now average hundreds of dollars a month on loan balances in the tens of thousands. G) It’s true about the money—sort of. College graduates now make 80 percent more than people who have only a high-school diploma, and though there are no precise estimates, the wage premium (高出的部分)for an outstanding school seems to be even higher. But that’s not true of every student. It's very easy to spend four years majoring in English literature and come out no more employable than you were before you went in. Conversely, chemical engineers straight out of school can easily make almost four times the wages of an entry-level high-school graduate. H) James Heckman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist, has examined how the returns on education break down for individuals with different backgrounds and levels of ability. "Even with these high prices, you’re still finding a high return for individuals who are bright and motivated," he says. On the other hand, "if you’ re not college ready, then the answer is no, it's not worth it." Experts tend to agree that for the average student, college is still worth it today, but they also agree that the rapid increase in price is eating up more and more of the potential return. For borderline students, tuition (学费)rise can push those returns into negative territory. I) Everyone seems to agree that the government, and parents, should be rethinking how we invest in higher education—and that employers need to rethink the increasing use of college degrees as crude screening tools for jobs that don’ t really require college skills. "Employers seeing a surplus of college graduates and looking to fill jobs are just adding that requirement," says Vedder. "In fact, a college degree becomes a job requirement for becoming a bar-tender." J) We have started to see some change on the finance side. A law passed in 2007 allows many students to cap their loan payment at 10 percent of their income and forgives any balance after 25 years. But of course, that doesn't control the cost of education; it just shifts it to taxpayers. It also encourages graduates to choose lower-paying careers, which reduces the financial return to education still further. "You’re subsidizing people to become priests and poets and so forth," says Heckman. "You may think that's a good thing, or you may not." Either way it will be expensive for the government. K) What might be a lot cheaper is putting more kids to work. Caplan notes that work also builds valuable skills一probably more valuable for kids who don’t naturally love sitting in a classroom. Heckman agrees wholeheartedly: **People are different, and those abilities can be shaped. That’s what we’ve learned, and public policy should recognize that." L) Heckman would like to see more apprenticeship-style (学徒式)programs, where kids can learn in the workplace—learn not just specific job skills, but the kind of "soft skills，" like getting to work on time and getting along with a team, that are crucial for career success. "It’s about having mentors (指导者) and having workplace-based education,” he says. "Time and again I’ve seen examples of this kind of program working. M) Ah, but how do we get there from here? With better public policy, hopefully, but also by making better individual decisions. ‘‘Historically markets have been able to handle these things,” says Vedder, "and I think eventually markets will handle this one. If it doesn't improve soon, people are going to wake up and ask, ‘Why am I going to college?" 注:特殊情况:数字符号:100%。10%【注意换算】 E.g.2-2013.12-51. Over the years the cost of a college education has increased almost by 100%. 原文:见上 E.g.3-2013.12-52. A law passed recently allows many students to pay no more than one tenth of their income for their college loans. 注:One tenth=1/10=10%=... 原文:见上 ?隐形线索:•句中概念 •文章结构, •前题印象, e.g.1—句中概念+文章结构-2013.12-49. More and more kids find they fare worse with a college diploma.【提出问题】 原文:见上 E.g.2-句中概念+前题印象-2013.12-48. Subsidized loans to college students are a huge waste of money, according to one economist. 原文:见上 Section A解题高分秘诀 ?根据词性选项分类:名词(n.) 动词(v.) 形容词(adj.) 副词(adv.) 介词(prep.) 分词(-ed/-ing) E.g.1-2013.6- A) allowing F) helping K) prevent(v.) B) avoidable(adj.) G) increasingly(adv.) L) principle(n.) C) briefly(adv.) H) lowest(adj.) M) provoke(v.) D) component (n.) I) maintain(v.) N) seriously(adv.) E) determined J) maximum(adj.)/(n.) O) topic(n.) 注～:此处的-ed/-ing词性不明，仅标注即可 ?根据选项进行匹配:•主题线索 •情感线索 •搭配线索 根据线索进行匹配: 原文:Walking, if you do it vigorously enough, is the overall best exercise for regular physical activity. It requires no equipment, everyone knows how to do it and it carries the 47(H)【作者观点为最小风险】 risk of injury. The human body is designed to walk. You can walk in parks or along a river or in your neighborhood. To get 48 (J)【作者观点为最大收益】 benefit from walking, aim for 45 minutes a day, an average of five days a week. Strength training is another important 49 (D)【another强调的是另 一因素】 of physical activity. Its purpose is to build and 50 (I)【与build并 列】 bone and muscle mass, both of which shrink with age. In general, you will want to do strength training two or three days a week, 51(A)【recovery days between sessions提示为留下恢复的时间】 recovery days between sessions. Finally, flexibility and balance training are 52 (G)【as...as... 结构提示为越来越重要】 important as the body ages. Aches and pains are high on the list of complaints in old age. The result of constant muscle tension and stiffness of joints, many of them are 53 (B )【them指上文的constant muscle tension and stiffness of joints】 , and simple flexibility training can 54 (K)【由53 题可知为消除上述症状】 these by making muscles stronger and keeping joints lubricated (润滑 ). Some of this you do whenever you stretch. If you watch dogs and cats, you’ll get an idea of how natural it is. The general 55 (L) 【冒 号后面的内容提示答案】 is simple: whenever the body has been in one position for a while, it is good to 56 (C) 【伸懒腰应为简单的】 stretch it in an opposite position.