TheTelephoneandItsInventor电话与其发明者

TheTelephoneandItsInventor电话与其发明者 1.In the nineteenth century, the invention of the telegraph made it possible to send noises, signals, and even music over wires from one place to another. However, the human voice had never traveled this way. Many inventors tried to find a way to send a voice over wires, and in 1876 some of their efforts were crowned with success. Two American inventors, Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray, succeeded at almost the same time. The United States Supreme Court finally had to decide which of the two was the first inventor of the telephone. The Court decided in bell's favor. 在19世纪，电报的发明使得把噪声、信号甚至音乐通过电线从一个地方传到另一处成 为可能，然而人类的声音从来没有用过这种方式传送过。很多发明者试图把声音通过电线传 送的方法，1876年，他们中的一些人获得了成功。两个美国发明者，BELL 和 E.G， 几乎 在同一个时候成功了。美国联邦最高法院最终判决谁是电话的第一个发明者。法院认定BELL 是发明者。 2.Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Bell grew up in a family that was very interested in teaching people to speak. His grandfather had been an actor who left the theatre to teach elocution, his father was a teacher who helped deaf-mutes learn how to speak. 出生在苏格兰爱丁堡的BELL在一个对教人们说话感兴趣的家庭里长大。他的祖父曾经 是个演员，离开舞台后教演说术，他的父亲是一个教严重口吃者说话的老师。 3.After studying in Edinburgh and London, Bell moved to Canada with his family. Bell was frail and, since two of his brothers had died of tuberculosis, his family felt that the climate of Canada would be less damp and more healthy for Alexander. 在爱丁堡和伦敦学习之后，BELL 和他的父亲来到加拿大。BELL 很瘦弱，又因为他两个 兄弟死于肺结核，他的家庭认为加拿大的气候不太潮湿，对 BELL 的健康有利。 4.In 1871, the year after the Bells' arrival in Canada, young Alexander found a job in the United States. He was hired as a teacher in a new school for the deaf in Boston, Massachusetts. He taught there and at other United States schools. Eventually, he opened a school of his own. One of his pupils later became his wife. 在 1871 年，BELL 到加拿大的次年，年轻的 BELL 在美国找到了一份工作。 他被雇在 麻省波士顿的一所新的聋人学校当老师。他在那里和其他的美国学校里教学。最后他开了一 所自己的学校，他的一个学生后来成了他的妻子。 5.Bell thought that if he could make speech visible by actually showing the vibration of the voice, he could teach his deaf. Bell tried to find a way to reproduce the vibrations by electrical means. He was led to believe that if a wire could carry vibrations, there was no reason why it could not carry the words spoken by a person. After all, he reasoned, spoken words are only a series different vibrations. 贝尔认为如果他可以实际上用声音的振动使言语可视，那么他就可以教他的聋学生们自 己做同样的振动。贝尔试图找到一种用电仪器再生振动的方式。他确信如果一根电线能传递 振动，那么它就有理由传递人发出的词语。总之，他认为"言语不过是，,系列不同的振动。 6.Bell spent his evening experimenting with tuning forks (forkshaped pieces of metal which always produce the same musical note and which are used to tune pianos),metal springs, and magneto batteries. His assistant, named Watson, worked with him for almost four years. They spent all their spare time, as well as their spare money, on their experiments. When their money ran out, they persuaded some businessmen to help them financially. 贝尔整晚用调音叉(叉状的金属条，它可以产生相同的音符，并且可以用来调钢琴、金 属线、磁电池进行试验。他的助手沃森和他一起工作了,年。他们把闲暇时间和余钱都用在 试验上。他们的钱用完了，就说服一些商人给些赞助。 7.Finally, one day in 1874, Bell was at his receiver in the room, trying to catch the signals sent by Watson from another room. Suddenly he heard a faint twang. Rushing into Watson's room, Bell shouted, "What did you do then?" He found that the sound had been made accidentally when two pieces of metal had stuck together and closed to Bell over the wire. After this discovery, all they had to do was to find the best kinds of materials for carrying the human voice over wires. The basic principle had been discovered. 终于在,,,,年的一天，贝尔在他房间的接收机上工作，想接受从另一间房子由沃森 发出的信号。突然他听到微弱的拨弦声。贝尔就冲进沃森房间大叫:"你刚才在干什么," 他发现当两根金属线偶然相撞井接通电路时，才产生了这声音。沃森把金属线分开，金属的 振动已经通过电线传到贝尔那里。这一发现后，他们所要做的就是要找到一种最好的能在导 线上传递人类声音的材料。最基本的原理已被发现。 8.After much experimentation, the first telephone was exhibited at the Centenial Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia. At first few people paid any attention to the young man whose table held a curious box with an unexciting appearance. There were many other things to see at the exposition, and Bell was not the "barker" type who painted big signs and shouter about the wonders of his display. However, when the judges came to inspect the new machine, they were amazed. Some if the visitors at the exposition included the English scientist, William Thomson said the telephone was " the greatest marvel hitherto achieved by the electric telegraph." The Emperor of Brazil exclaimed, " It talks" Soon crowds were gathering around the exhibit and, From that time on, Bell was famous. 经过多次试验之后，第一台电话机在,,,,年费城一百周年展览会上展出。起初没有 几个人注意到那个年轻人在他桌子摆放着古怪的盒子，展览会上要看的太多了。贝尔又不是 那种爱卖弄的人，他没有画巨大的招牌，也设有高声吹嘘他展品的奇迹。然而，当评委们来 检查这一新机器时，他们都大吃一惊。观看展览的人中有以前曾见过贝尔的英国科学家(威 廉，汤姆森开尔文勋爵)和巴西皇帝。汤姆森说电话是"电报发明以来最伟大的奇迹"。巴西 的皇帝喊道:"它竟能说话～"很快，这一展品周围挤满了人。从此(贝尔就出名了。 9.Bell never lost his interest on helping the deaf, After all, it was because of his work with them that he had begun his search for a way to reproduce the human voice electrically. If he had not tried to make speech visible to the deaf, he might never have discovered the telephone. Bell established a fund fir the study if deafness was increasing in America, because deaf people were kept in institutions where they met and married one another. This policy, he warned, was producing a deaf variety of the human race. He strongly advocated a policy where deaf people could be taught to use language instead of being limited to the use of sign language. Bell said that the deaf should also live among normal people, so that they would nit consider themselves inferior to others and fail to develop their powers of speech. 贝尔从末失去帮助聋人的兴趣。不管怎样，为聋人工作才使得他开始探求一种用电重现 人类声音的途径。如果他没有试图让聋人听见言语，他就不"可能发明电话。贝尔建立了聋 症研究基金。他的研究明在美洲聋入不断增加，因为聋人被局限于他们见到的都是聋入， 并且相互嫁娶也是聋人这样的习俗中生活。他警告说这一政策正不断增加人类种族中的聋 人。他强烈呼吁应建立让聋人受教育、学会使用语言的政策，而不仅仅局限于使用手势语。 贝尔说聋人应和正常人生活在一起，这样，他们就不会觉得自己低人一等，也就会更好地去 开发言语能力。 10.Not long after Bell's invention, telephone companies were established in the United States, Great Britain, France and many other countries. It is said that in Bell's later life, when telephones had become quite common, the telephone disturbed him because it was always ringing and interrupting his experiments. 贝尔的发明不久，在美国、英国、法国和其它许多国家里都建立了电话公司。据说到了 贝尔的晚年，电话已十分普及，他总是受电话的干扰，因为电话铃总是打断他的试验。 11.Bell invented other things besides the telephone, but none of them were as important to mankind as the telephone, which carried the sound of the voice for a short distance over a vibrating beam of light. Another invention of interest was the graphophone, an ancestor of the phonograph, which used wax records similar to those we know today. 除电话以外，贝尔还发明了其它东西。但那些都不如电话对人类那么重要。他最有趣的 发明之一，就是光音机，它可以在振动光束上将声音短距离传播。另一个有趣的发明是留声 机，也就是唱机的前身，这种机器使用的蜡片与我们今天所用的唱片极相近。 12.However, probably none of these later inventions gave Bell the same feeling of triumph as he had on the day when he spilled some acid from his batteries. It was after he worked fore months to find ways to send something more than metallic twangs over the wires. Thinking Watson, his help, was in the next room, Bell called, "Mr. Watson, come here. I want you." Watson was not in the next room. He was down in his laboratory, next to the receiver. To Watson's surprise, he heard the words perfectly. He ran to tell Bell the news: the wires had carried Bell's voice perfectly. 然而，或许这些后来的发明都没有像某天他发现电池漏酸而偶然喜获成功那样令他满 足。他已经花了好几个只来寻找在电线上传递其它声音的方法，而不是金属拨弦声。以为他 的助手沃森就在隔壁，贝尔喊?quot;沃森，到这边来，我找你。"沃森当时不在隔壁房间。 他在楼下他实验室里接收器附近。使沃森吃惊的是，他极其清楚地听到了说话声。他跑过去 告诉贝尔这个消息:这电线传递贝尔的声音极其清楚。