汽车灯具室内检测

汽车灯具室内检测 第八章 汽车灯具的室内检测 车灯要装在汽车经受颠簸振动、风吹、日晒和雨淋甚至撞击，而且要在如此恶劣的使用下条件下，保证足够的可靠性和寿命。为了达到这些，必须对灯具的性能和质量进行严格的全面检验与考核。简单的办法，是装车在实际使用中考察。但这种方法耗时，费力又不经济。特别是不严格又不科学。因为不能控制条件，因而没有可比性。唯一可行的科学方法，就是建立灯具实验室，在实验室中，按照统一的标准，严格地控制试验条件，地进行试验操作，才能对灯具质量作出科学客观的评价。所以需要进行车灯的室内检测。 ?8.1 汽车灯具实验室 对车灯的基本要求，无非三个主要方面:一是发光亮度符合要求并且其光场分布也要符合要求，这些要求就是国家相关标准的规定;二是使用中始终保证性能稳定可靠，不发生明显的损坏;三是保证足够的使用寿命。对三个方面的检测考核，就分别在配光实验室、环境实验室和寿命实验室内进行。 8.1.1 配光实验室 配光实验室是为了测试灯具的配光性能而建立的场所。通常灯具配光性能测试包括三部分:灯泡光电系数、光场分布和光色。相应的检测设备主要有:球形光度计、前大灯(包括前照灯和前雾灯)配光测试系统(包括转台、控制系统、照准装置和配光屏幕)、光信号(包括信号灯和回复反射器)测试系统(包括转台、控制系统和光信号装置试验台)以及色度仪等。 一、 配光实验室的技术要求 1.场地楼层 配光实验室对楼层没有特殊要求，底楼和楼上都可以。如果有选择余地的话，放在楼上更好。因为楼上灰尘、温度和振动都小些，而且也安静。 2.振动影响 配光实验室不能受到明显的振动影响。一般计量室的地面振动允许振幅为1~2，工作台的振幅应小于1。当然，配光实验室没有精密的机械式仪表，不一定要求这么严格。但是，配光实验室一定得尽可能远离铁路、公路、压缩机、锻锤、冲床和水泵等震源。如果实际情况不能满足要求时，可加防震措施。在实验室四周加深度1m以上的防震沟，在沟内充填玻璃棉等隔振材料一防止横波内传。根据情况，也可以在设备周围局部加隔振沟或在设备下面加橡胶垫，以达到隔振目的，只要人主观感觉不到振动即可。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 3.温度 配光实验室的理想温度应是20?，一般要求控制在20??5?。温度过高或过低都将影响仪器仪表的性能和精度，尤其是稳定性。特别我国南方的酷暑天气更要注意，在这种情况下，实验室特别是其操作间内，应该安装空调设备。同时，在实验室的测试范围内，温度应基本一致，没有较大的温度梯度。 1. 湿度 配光实验室的标准湿度为相对湿度50%~60%，常温下，一般仪器的金属件生锈的临界湿度为55%，仪器上产生霉菌的湿度为75%，对于配光实验室一般要求相对湿度不能高于80%。在我国长江以南的高温高湿地区的夏季，温湿条件更为恶劣，实验室尤其是操作间内，应有除湿设备。在高温条件下，高湿的危害更加严重，无比给以充分重视。 5. 光透过性 实验室内洁净卫生，有良好的防尘措施，空气中没有灰尘及烟雾。当然，室内灰尘难免，但实验室内不能灰尘太大。一般计量检测实验室内的灰尘量应小于25mg/m3，如此严格的要求对配光实验室未必现实，也难于考核。一般来说，室内投一束光，从光束侧方观察，在光束内看不到灰尘飞舞，即可以满足要求。配光实验室内的灰尘对测试结果影响较大，由于灰尘对光的漫射和吸收，将使受光器获得的光信号减弱，尤其是光程较长时。被检照明灯泡通常距配光屏幕25m，灰尘的影响不容忽视，这个要求也是配光实验室的特殊要求之一。 6. 光密封性 配光实验室内不允许有漏光和杂光的存在。在室内无照明的情况下，将照度计置于室内任何位置，其示值不的大于0.005lx(lx—勒克司，光照度单位)。这也是配光实验室的特殊要求之一，而且是最主要的特殊要求。 7. 光反射性 配光实验室内部应规整无杂物。配备必须的遮光装置，室内上下四周各壁面均无反光。室内放置的各种设备及物品也不能反光。 二、配光实验室的建设 1. 实验室的建设 长、宽、高分别为30m、12m和4m比较合适。国家标准GB—4599—94《汽车前照灯配光性能》和GB4660—94《汽车前雾灯配光性能》都规定被测灯基准点到配光屏幕上的距离为25m，转台占据1m，操作间转台后应有3m的活动空军，配光屏幕后面最好也留1m的空间，以方便操作和维护。当然，大一些无妨，墙壁距配光屏幕越远其反射光影响也就越小。但室内空间不能过小，长度不能小于27m，宽度不能小于8m，因为前照灯近光测试点25R和25L距屏幕中央3.96m，太窄了这两个测试点就超过了配光屏幕。高度不能小administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 于2.5m，严格地讲，应该要求高度不小于 3.0m应为前照灯近光增加的八个测点中，前三个点距离HV点1.75m，而HV点距离地面1.25m，如果要增加的八个点都在配光屏幕上标出，室内高度就不应小于3.0m。不过，这八个测试点不一定必须在配光屏幕上标出，由于我国采用转台法，屏幕以外的点也照样测试，故如果条件不允许时，也可不在配光屏幕上标出增加的八个测点。至于前雾灯配光测试，仅B区和C区的宽度就是25m，C区要求测试到15?以上，要建立配光屏幕的话，高度至少在8?以上。如此大的屏幕显然是不现实的。事实上也不必要，只观察其中央部分就可以了。其他部分的测试，依靠转台都能完成。所以，配光实验室的宽度和高度是由前照灯配光灯的尺寸决定的。 (2)室内配置 如果是专门建造的配光实验室，墙壁和天棚表面要造成光漫反射的粗糙表面，然后再涂以黑色无光漆;如果利用原有房间，墙壁和天棚涂黑色无光漆即刻可。地面涂黑色无光漆或铺深色地毯均可。窗户要做成双层式，内层做遮光用，且内表面也要涂黑色无光漆。通过配光实验室的所有门窗都需要配备遮光帘，窗(门)帘由红黑双层色作成，使用时红面在外。在操作间与配光屏幕的地面上，需布置若干个挡光板(根据其大小，一般6~15块)。挡光板高度在1m一下，宽度不超过2.4m。板面不要光亮且要涂黑色无光漆。使用时要这样放置:在操作间到配光屏幕之间的地面上，凡是被检灯光照到的地面，均被挡光板的黑影所覆盖。以消除地面反光的影响。 (3)配光屏幕 配光屏幕的宽度大于8m(一般可取10m)，高度不低于2.5m(也无须高于3.2m)即可。屏幕要做的平稳牢固，垂直于地平面且垂直于配光实验室纵向中心面。幕布应是白色或浅蓝色的密质无反光布料。转台中心到配光屏幕的垂直距离为25m。针对前照灯在配光屏幕上绘出相应的点和线，具体布置如图8.1.1所示。 (4)配光实验室平面布置 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 配光实验室的布置并无定式，只要能正确实施采用标准即可。在汽车灯具领域中，我国基本等同或采用欧洲ECE(Econonomic Commission for Europe—欧洲经济委员会)标准。欧洲的UTAC(Union Technique deL”Automobile du Motorcycle et du Cycle—汽车、摩托车和自行车技术联合会)在不同的实验室分别进行照明灯(前照灯和前雾灯)与信号灯装置(信号灯与反射器)的检测。在我国几乎无一例外的于同一暗室内检测全部灯具的配光性能。这样也有一定的好处，即能节省场地也可节约一套转台系统。 我国灯光实验室的典型布置如图8.1.2所示。也有一些单位的灯光实验室，把反射器试验台安放在配光屏幕斜后方距转台中心30.48m的地方。而在转台另一侧的斜前方3.16m处置一小屏幕，做信号灯配光检测用。实际上，这并不是必须的。30.48m这个个距离是日本社会要求的，因为他们的ILD-2E型照度计(测试反射器CIL值用的光强计)是在100英尺(30.48mm)下标定光强度值的，RR实验台的观察角a也是在该距离下设定的。3.16的平方是整数10，根据照度急的示值换算光强度方便。在标准中对光信号的测试距离都没有规定，明确指出只要符合光学平方反比定律的距离就可以。欧洲UTACA就是在10米的距离上，进行光信号装置检测的。而且将反射器实验台适当拉近。将信号灯检测距离适当方远，在一个实验台上完成全部光信号装置的检测，如图8.1.2那样，即简化了系统又提高了信号灯的检测精度(因为此时是用光电倍增管照度计而不是硅光电池照度计测量)。不失为可取的办法。当然，在这种情形下，光信号检测系统就必须在这个距离标定。而且测定回复反射器CIL值时，光信号装置实验台上确定α=20’和α=1?30,角度的线位开关位置，也是在这个距离下设定。 8(1(2环境实验室 国家标准GB 10485—89《汽车即挂车外部照明和信号装置基本环境实验》中规定汽车灯具需要进行的基本环境实验有十项:(1)耐候性实验;(2)耐温实验;(3)震动实验;(4)冲击实验;(5)防尘实验;(6)防水实验;(7)盐雾实验;(8)反光镜劣化实验;强度、温度变化实验;(10)气密性试验。从对administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 实验室要求的 角度来讲，这些试验项目可分为三类:震动和冲击试验为第一类;反射镜劣化试验、盐雾试验和防尘试验为第二类;其余试验为第三类。 各种实验室的基本要求如下: 1.第一类实验室 震动和冲击实验台产生震动，而且设备本身也比较重，只能布置在底楼。起震动必然传给地基，从而给周围带来影响。同时也必须隔离周围震动对它的影响。因此必须对实验台甚至整个实验室采取隔震措施，必要时在实验台或实验室周围加防震沟。其他要求同第三类实验室。 2.第二类实验室 这类实验室都使用化学物质(或灰尘)，对接触的人员和周围的设备可能造成不同程度的伤害，因此这类实验室要远离人员集中的地方，且通风要好，同室内尽可能不布置其他实验设备。其他要求也和第三类实验室相同。 3.第三类实验室 属于这类的都是比较一般的通用设备。其要求也都是对一般实验室的要求。诸如: (1) 周围不能有强烈的震动; (2) 室内不能有较大的灰尘; (3) 室内温度在20??10?范围之内; (4) 相对湿度不超过85%; (5) 室内不能有腐蚀性液体或气体等等。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan ?8.2 汽车灯具室内检测(一) 2006-11-15 17:04:51 浏览量: 3006 ?8.2 汽车灯具室内检测 汽车灯具的室内检测包括两部分:配光性能检测和基本环境实验。配光性能检测通常包含灯泡光电参数、配光性能和光色的检测。陪光性能又分两种情形:照明灯(前照灯和前雾灯)测灯前25m处配光屏幕上的照度，信号灯则测指定范围内的发光强度。基本环境实验即前述的十项实验。 8.2.1配光性能检测 一、照明灯(前照灯和前雾灯) (一)检测设备 1.球型光计度 球型光度计由积分球和光度计两部分组成(图8.2.1)。是用来测量灯泡光通量的专用设备。光通量是光度学中一个基本的;量，光源在单位面积内所发出的光通量称为光源的光通量，单位为lm(流明)。 积分球是一个空心球体，之所以成为积分球是由于他可以得到光源的一个积分量，该量就是光源的光通量。所以我们以R代表积分球内表面半径，则积分球内表面积为S=4πR2，设内表面反射率为ρ。在积分球内任意位置放置光源L，记光源L，在球内壁任 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan意点A处的直射光照度为E0，A点处的小面积dS的漫反射对内壁其他任意点B处产生一次附加光照度为Ds1，则按光学定律应有 dE1=σEd0Ds/4πR2，那么整个球内表面对B点处的附加光照强度即为 公式中的B点的直射照度E0的大小不仅与B点的位置有关，也与光源在球内的位置有关。如果在B点和光源之间放一挡光板挡住直射光，则式中E0=0。在第二项中，对于一个具体的积分球而言，内半径R和孔半径r以及内表面漫反射率ρ都是定植。这就是说，在积分球内任意位置上的光源L对球内表面积任意点B产生的反射光(挡掉直射光)总照度和该光源的光通量ρ成正比，其比例系数和光源在球内的位置以及测试点在球内的位置有关。用硒光电池册球内壁某处的漫反射照度，则光电流和光源光通量成正比。这就是利用积分球测量光源光通量的原理。 积分球满足如下一些要求: (1) 球体以足够的精度接近精确圆球。 (2) 球体以相关支架有足够的刚度和强度。 (3) 球体表面(特别是内表面)必须平整光滑。 (4) 内表涂层对光的反射应达到尽可能均匀的漫反射。 (5) 内涂层对各种对各种波长的光有尽可能一致的光谱反射率。 (6) 内涂层的反光系数要尽可能的高。 (7) 作为传感器硒光电池是积分球的关键部位，要满足一系列要求，例如: ? 对可见光的敏感度要高; ? 在可见光范围内线性好，即产生的光电流和接受的光照度成正比; ? 在可见光的灵敏度与视觉函数V(λ)基本一致，其差别在允许的误差范围内; ? 长期工作稳定，重复性好，不产生饱和与疲劳现象。 积分球之所以用多硒光电池是因其价格低廉又实用，应用范围光。其性能也满足常用要求，尤其是它的光谱灵敏度比其他光电传 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 感器更接近人眼的光谱灵敏度V(λ)曲线。只要采用比较简单的方法就可将硒光电池的光谱灵敏度修正得与V(λ)十分接近。当然，硅光电池的灵敏度毕竟高得很多，近年来积分球也逐渐使用硅光电池。 当适应不同的需要，积分球的大小有多种规格，按直径分级为:100、150、200、250、300、500、1000、1250、1500、2000、2500、3000、和3500mm等多种。直径2000mm以上者，由于体积较大，开关操作比较费力，一般都做成机动操作。 积分球内表面通常涂白色漫反射涂料硫酸钡或氧化镁，漫反射率可达85%~95之间。漫反射涂层的质量对积分球的精度影响很大，因此要求很高。涂层要均匀牢固，化学稳定性好，日久不易泛黄等。常用的涂层配料如下: 低 层:硫酸钡100g，聚乙烯4g，蒸馏水200ml; 中间层:硫酸钡100g，聚乙烯2g，蒸馏水200ml; 表面层:硫酸钡100g，聚乙烯1g，蒸馏水200ml。 具体操作时，将聚乙烯醇加到蒸馏水中，在水浴加热溶解，不可用烧杯直接在电炉上加热，那样将使聚乙烯醇溶液发黄。待聚乙烯醇溶液变得无色清澈透明时，将磨细过筛的硫酸钡细酸钡细粉末加入溶好的聚乙烯醇溶液中，充分搅拌均匀即可喷涂。喷涂前要将积分球内表面(包括灯杆和挡光板)除锈脱脂擦干净。喷涂的原则是:少喷，多遍，均匀。低层喷厚0.5mm~1mm，中间层0.5mm，表面层喷0.3mm~0.5mm薄层即可。一般积分球使用(或停放)两年左右，发现内表面涂层出现脱落、泛黄或灰暗，就应该重新做喷涂处理。 在球形光度计系统中还包括显示西光电流的二次仪表。早期使用检流计或微安表。现在由于数字化仪表的广泛使用，基本上都使用数字式光度计，PM—2型光度计使用较多。该仪表设有调零旋钮和灵敏度调节旋钮，用于测光通量非常方便。新型的PM—2A型自动换挡数字式光度计的基本参数和技术指标为: (1)动作条件:温度20??5?，相对湿度,85%。 (2)稳定性:(读数),?0.2%?1个字，(满量程),?0.1%?1个字。 (3)重复性:(读数),?0.15?1个字 ，(满量程),?0.1%?1个字。 (4)线性:(读数),?0.2%?1个字，(满量程),?0.1%?1个字。 (5)零漂:(读数),?0.2%/h。 (6)响应时间:(读数95%),5s。 (7)复零时间:(满量程的0.2%),10s。 (8)照度测量 ? 示值误差:,?0.4%?1个字; ? 余弦特性:,?01.5%(30?)，,?5%(60?)，,?12%(80?); ? 量程:0.01lx~2 ×105lx; ?分辨率:0.0.1lx。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan (9)光谱灵敏度,?4%(380nm~780nm)。 (10)仪器的温度特性:(—20?~+40?),?3%。 作为一个完整的球形光度计系统，还应该包括被检灯泡的电源。灯泡电源应该具备控制电压和控制电流两功能，至少应该满足如下一些技术指标: (1) 输入电压:交流220V?10%，50Hz?5%; (2) 输出电压:直流0~30V; (3) 输出电流:直流0~10%A; (4) 控制电压误差:1mL; (5) 控制电流误差:3mA; (6) 显示精度:1%+3个字; (7) 可靠性:不低于5000h。 2.灯光转台系统(以九洋公司产TZ型为为例) 灯光转台系统是灯具光实验室的核心设备。它由转台和控制检测系统两部分组成。其中转台部分就是一个金属台体(图8.2.2)。其功能简言之有:两个?提供一个装卡平台，使被检灯牢固的固定在准确的位置上;?使被检灯以其基准点为中心在水平和垂直两个方向上旋转指定的角度。转台的台面可实现水平方向旋转360?和垂直方向俯仰?25?。转角精度0.02?。台面可升降旋转定位，也就是说，在台底座不动的情况下，可能故意改变台面的指向。目前世界各主要发达国家检测汽车灯具的转台结构和功能都大同小异。用这套系统读仪目前、世界上几种主要汽车灯具标准体系都可实施检测，例如:SAE (Socuety of Automotive Engineers——美国汽车工程师学会)标准、ECE (economic Cnmmission for Europe——联合过欧洲经济委员会)标准、JIS(Sapanese Industrial Standard——日本工业标准)、FMVSS(Federal Motoe Vehicle Safety Standard——美国联邦机动车安全标准)和KS(Korean Industrial Stabdard——韩国工业标准)等。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan (1)转台 转台由一些主要部件组成(对照图8.2.2): ? 圆形台面 被检灯具就张卡在这个台面上。通常法台面附近常带一个简单的卡具，可以张卡圆灯或矩形灯，因为卡口是爪形，对异性灯的形状非常复杂，可以说五花八门。简单的卡具完全无能为力，故一般台面上都备有若干螺孔，可以根据灯的具体形状选择若干支撑点和压紧点，用适当的螺栓和压板被检灯固定牢。 ? 水平旋转齿环 该齿环和台面联在一起并和食品驱动轴的蜗杆吻合，转动比为180:1。当摇动食品手柄或开动食品驱动点机时，随着蜗杆的转动就带动台面旋转，从而实现被检灯的水平转角。当蜗杆转动方向改变时台面旋转方向也跟着改变。 ? 水平角度传感器 它安装在水平蜗杆驱动轴的一端，该轴 的另一端安装着水平驱动电机，保证电机和传感器是完全同步的。传感器随时检测转台角并传给控制台上的角度显示仪器显示出来。 ? 水平旋转驱动电机 步进电机，步距角0.36?。驱动水平蜗杆从而使台面旋转。 ? 台面省俭经过手柄 升降台面以改变被检灯基准点高度，使之符合检测要求。改变行程一般为180mm。为了提高自动化程度，有的转台将次手柄改为电机驱动。 ? 垂直倾斜齿扇 其功能和水平旋转齿环相同，只不过它和垂直蜗杆吻合能使台面实现垂直方向?25?以内的俯仰角。其转动比也是180:1 ? 垂直角度传感器 安装在垂直驱动轴上的角度传感器，它与垂直驱动电机完全同步。随时检测垂直俯仰角度值，传给控制太上的角度显示仪。 ? 垂直驱动电机 也是一台步进电机，步距角0.75?。为台面的俯仰提供动力。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan ? 手柄 图中9号和10号的手柄都是人工操作而设的，摇动手柄可 使台面水平旋转或垂直俯仰。自动控制时将手柄拉出，可使手柄不随轴转。 ? 调平螺丝 用来调平台面，一般都有20mm以上的调程。 转台的精度是由其结构和加工精度以及装配精度决定的。如果加工和装配结 构都好，则水平转角精度可保证0.02?，垂直转角精度可保证0.05?。在绝大多数 情况下，角度的精确值处于步进电机?1步之间，也就是说，误差不超过步进电 机一步产生的转台转角，我们姑且称之为一步角。在水平旋转时，一步角α=0.36?× (1/180)=0.02?，适中前向为电机步进角后项是涡轮蜗杆传动化;当垂直俯仰时， 一步角β=0.75?×(1/180)=0.00417?。这部分误差我们记为δ1。当然，装配间隙 不可能完全没有，特别是涡轮蜗杆吻合的间隙最转角误差有直接影响我们用δ2 代表由各种间隙产生的转角误差。还有一种更重要的误差，那就是由于步进电机 负荷过大而使电机转动跟不上信号指令，即所谓的电机“丢步”。在下面三种情况下，容易发生“丢步”现象:?电机启动时，需要克服转动质量惯性;?滑动面间隙过小或润滑状况不良，从而增加运动阻力;?当垂直俯仰角θ较大时，电机举升齿扇的转动中心，假设C点是其重心，D点为举升里F的作用点，W为齿扇重量。则应有F=(OC/OD)?W?sinθ可见垂直步进电机负荷的增加程度。电机„丢步?产生的误差我们记之为δ3，在运动状况不良时，这部分误差可能相当大，达到前两部分误差之和的2倍以上，极端情况甚至达5倍。当然，系统中还存在其他诸多因素产生的误差，我们用δ4代表。则最终总误差?=δ1+δ2+δ3+δ4。如果装配得好，间隙也调得合适，润滑又很好，转台一般都能保证转角误差?在0.02?以内。仅就水平转角来讲，精度还可更高。 (2)控制检测系统 转台控制检测系统的形式各个不相同。有台式的、也有柜式的、还有两种形式结合的。但其基本组成部分大同小异，特别及格主要功能仪表都是有必要的。图8.2.4所示乃基本的台式控制检测系统。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 现就其主要部分加以说明: ? 角度显示仪 国产转台系统都配有高精度显示仪。一般都采用显示范围?99.999?的数显表，分辨率?0.001?。两个表头同时显示水平和垂直角度值。而且可随时给角度显示仪赋零，这就以为着转台的任意位置都可做为转角的初始零位。 ? 照度计 现在照度计的传感器都用硅光电池。这是由于硅光电池除了应用的波长区比硒光电池宽(硒光电池工作范围400nm~700nm，硅光电池工作范围350nm~1100nm，nm—长度单位，1nm=10—9m)外，还有其他许多优点。例如，在可见光范围内，它没有光疲劳效应;好的硅光电池在8个数量级范围内的线性优于0.2%，比硒光电池线性范围大近4个数量级;它的相应速度比硒光电池快5~6个数量级，达1μs;光电灵敏度也高，为0.3A/W~0.5A/W ;它的工作稳定，长期稳定性优于(1%~2%)/年。 按国家标准规定，计量用照度计分两个等级:一级照度计测量范围为10-1lx~2×105lx，示值允许误差为4%;二级照度计测量范围为10-1lx~2×104lx，示值允许误差为8%。配光测试系统中的光照度计必须是质量好的一级照度计。 光照度计应符合国家计量检定(JJG245—91)的要求。光照度计的探头应配有V(λ)修正滤光片和余弦修正器。现在光照度计多采用数显表头，至少为三位半表头。例举ST—900型光照度计的性能和技术指标如下: A.测量范围;0~1999lx，分4个量程，分别为: 0~1.999lx，分辨率为0.001lx; 0~19.99lx，分辨率0.01lx; 0~199.9lx，分辨率0.1lx; administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 0~1999lx，分辨率1lx。 B.准确度:?4%?1个字。 C(.光谱响应误差:f1?5%。 D.余弦响应误差:f2?4%。 E.重复精度:0.1%?1个字。 ?直流稳压电源 转台系统需配备两种直流稳压电源，一种为转台步进电机供电，这种电源对电压要求不严格，30V~80V均可，但供电流较大，应该在15A以上。另一种稳压电源为被测灯供电，这种电源对电压和电流的稳定程度都要求很高。实测表明，当电压(或电流)变化0.01V(A)时，照度计读数都发生明显变化。该电源的输出电压不能低于30V，输出电流不能低于10A。连续8h稳定工作。 恒压(CV)工作时其他技术指标如下: 源效应(由输入电压变化产生的误差):0.005%+1mV; 负载效应(由负载变化产生的误差):0.005%+2mV; 周期与随机偏移电压(PARD):1mV(rms)(有效值); 工作时电压漂移:0.05%+5Mv/h(20??2?)。 3.激光照准仪 激光照准仪的功用有两个:一是指出被检灯基准点对应处的正确位置，二是 转换受光器和照准受光器到对准屏幕HV点的位置。它的核心部分是伺服电机驱 动两边分别装有激光器和受光器的横轴旋转?180?(图8.2.5)。不论欧洲(ECE) 标准、美国(SAE)标准还是日本(GIS)标准，在检测灯灯具时都必须进行照 准，就是确定基准点的正确装卡位置，只是各国的解决方法不同，但也不外激光 和准值望远镜两种方法。在欧洲，检测前兆灯和前雾灯时转台不动而受光器移动， 在配光屏幕前借助于伺服电机沿着水平和垂直两根齿条，移动受光器到每一个测 点位置上。受光器不是固定在HV点处，这样照准用的激光器就可以固定HV点 处。光信号检测时是转台转动而受光器不动用激光器和受光器互换位置的方法，和激光照准仪同理，只不过激光照准仪是用旋转的方法互换位置，而欧洲是用平移的方法互换位置。在日本，不管检测什么灯都是转台旋转而受光器固定，把受光器固定在HV点处。这样照准激光器不能占据HV点位置，在被测灯后面用准值望远镜照准，增加一些麻烦。在美国，标准中规定用激光或准值望远镜照准。我国也用日本的检测方法，但觉得用准值望远镜不方便，就开发了激光照准仪，以经过10年的使用实践，确实方便快捷。 HM——3型(九洋公司产)激光照准仪技术指标如下: administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan A. 激光管中心距地面高度:125cm?0.1cm。 B. 转台中心处激光斑直径:,5mm。 C. 转台中心处激光斑位置重复误差:?5mm。 D. 旋转180?定位误差?50〃。 ,(色度仪 按照国家标准的要求，不论照明灯、信号灯还是回复反射器其光色和色度特性都必须符合GB4785标准的规定。因此，全部灯具配光检测都有色度检测项目。 科学家在混色试验中发现，所有颜色的光都可以有某三种单色光按单一的比例混合而成。这三种单色光中的任何一种都不能由其余两种混合产生。这三种单色光称为三原色。三原色可有多种选择，1931年国际照明委员会(CIE)(Commission Inteinationale deL?Eclairage)规定红光(Red)绿光(green)和蓝光(Blue)为三原色，称为RGB系统。用X、Y和Z分别代表单色光的百分比，称为色度坐标，显然X+Y+Z=1。可见，X和Y两个参数就可以确定一种颜色。在CIE1931色度图(图8.2.6)中，舌形面积内任何一点都代表一种颜色，同样，任何一种颜色都在舌形面积内有一个对应点。因此色度特性的测试就归结为测量色度坐标X和Y的值。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 测量色度特性的仪器称为色度仪(计)。早些年我过的有关单位多采用进口色度仪测量光色，如美国PHOTO RESEARCH 公司的PR系列色度仪和日本 株式会社的BM系列色彩辉度计。和进口色度仪一样，C—2001色度计也能同时测量光的其他相关特性，例如光度、亮度和色温等。 现将C—2001色度计(北师大产)主要技术性能摘录如下: A. 广度测量范围:0~1.999×104lx，分辨率:0.1lx。 B. 色温测量范围:2200K~15000K。 C. 测试误差: ?x=?y=?0.008(一般测量); y: ?3%(对照度测量)。 (二)检测方法 现阶段灯具配光性能标准要求都包括三项检测内容:灯泡光电参数、配光性能和光色。兹将各项检测方法简介如下: 1.灯泡光电参数检测方法 灯泡光电参数测量在球形光度计上进行。不同功率挡位的灯泡要在大小不同的积分球内进行测量。应按表8.2.1的规定选用积分球。两者不匹配将增加误差。这是对专业检测单位的严格检验而言，对一般工厂体验来说，如果条件不具备也可只用一个直径1m的积分球。 灯泡光点参数检测操作步骤: (1) 接好系统联线。灯泡供电导线截面积应尽可能用大些，并直接锡焊在灯座上或使用接触面积大的插件，测量灯泡电压导线 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 的引出点要尽可能接近灯座以便减小线路损耗带来的误差。 (2) 打开灯泡电源，将电压值调到光通标准灯泡电压值(一般为12V)的60%左右。打开光度计预热。关闭积分球快门。 (3) 打开积分球，带上操作手套拿出相应的光通量标准灯泡，用干净绒布擦净灯泡并装卡在积分球内灯座上。 (4) 调整灯泡位置到积分球中心附近，并且使积分球受光孔处处于挡光板黑影的中心。关闭积分球。 (5) 缓慢调高灯泡电压达到标准灯泡表明的电压值(如果电源有电流控制功能，应先将控流旋钮旋到开度80%左右，使电流不受限制)。同时观察电流值，应尽可能接近标准灯泡标明的电流值，如果相差较大，应查明原因加以解决。 (6) 待三分钟后，如果光度计有调零旋钮，对光度计进行调零。 (7) 如果这时灯电源电压值有变化，在调整一次。 (8) 开启积分球快门，测取光通量读数。这里有两种情况: ? 光度计有灵敏度调节旋钮。旋动该钮使读数和被测标准灯泡标明的光通量值 相同，下一步测汽车灯泡光通量时，显示值就是被测灯泡光通量值。 ? 光度计灵敏度不可调。记下显示值，将该标准灯泡标明的光通量值除以这个显示值，得出修筑系数。下一步测汽车灯泡光通量时显示值乘以修正系数就是被测灯泡的光通量值。 (9) 关闭积分球快门。将灯泡电源电压降为零。打开积分球，取下光通量标准灯泡(注意要带手套，灯泡可能很热要等待稍凉)。 (10) 把被检灯泡装卡在积分球内的灯座上关闭积分球。重复执行(5)~(9)的过程，注意加给灯泡的电压应该是标准规定的试验电压值(标称电压12V的灯泡试验电压为13.2V，标称电压24V的灯泡试验电压为28V，唯独R2灯泡的试验电压就是标称电压)。待光度计显示值稳定后记下该值，按第(8)条规定被检灯泡的光通量值。 每只灯泡都应该进行光度计调零，但不是每只灯泡都需要对积分球进行标定，标定一次可测一批灯泡，但每一次测量之前都应该标定。光通量标准灯泡也需要每过两三年送专门的计量部门进行检定。 2.配光性能检测方法 在灯具配光性能检测中，应该特别强调一下几点: ? 被检车灯的卡具应该由制造厂家提供，在够外都是样品和卡具一起提供，同时还要提供以确定基准轴有关的图纸使用，以便装卡参照。在我过完全达到这种要求，现阶段可能有一定难度，但确定基准轴的图纸是必须提供的。 ? 标准明确规定，光源可更换的灯具配光 性能检测时，要装用标准灯泡标准灯泡的型号和被检用的灯泡相同。由于对配光性能有要求的灯具有若干种，都需有相应的标准灯泡且每种应备三只以上，可见标准灯泡需要数量相当大。当我过不生产汽车标准灯泡，全世界也只有及少数几家生产，价格提高又不轻易对外供货。所以，拥有标准灯泡不是容易的事。目前，我过拥有全套车灯标准灯泡的检测单位可为凤毛麟角。在某些情况下——例如质量仲裁，特别是外贸纠纷中——每使用标准灯泡的检测结果根本无效。当然，尽管车灯标准灯泡如此重要，要求一般的车灯的企业单位使用标准灯泡也不现实，这些单位挑选一些质量上乘且灯丝尺寸标准的灯泡，到有标准灯泡的检测单位，用标准灯泡对比筛选，到不失为一种权益的方法。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan ? 装卡灯具的重要基准是灯具的基准轴。被检灯的基准轴必须垂直于配光屏幕且通过屏幕的HV点。什么是车灯的基准轴,用一句简单的话来讲，就是通过灯丝指向汽车正前方的那条直线。具体的说，假设汽车停在水平面上且车灯的安装位置正确，通过灯丝中心平行于汽车纵向对称面的水平直线，就是该车灯的基准轴。车灯基准轴虽然客观存在却看不见摸不着，只能有设计者提供卡具或图纸来确定。 ? 装卡被检灯时，基准点位置正确很重要，只有基准点位置正确基准轴位置才能正确，基准轴位置正确是检测科学、严格与合理的基点。 国家法规(我过目前称为强制性标准)，特别是全世界通用的法规，是长期实践的总结，是严禁的科学。在实施中也必须以严肃认真的科学态度来对待。上述几点就是其科学性的基本体现。 (1)前照灯配光性能检测方法 前照灯的配光性能检测是汽车灯具配光性能检测的重点项目。其检测要求与方法基本包容了灯具配光性能检测的核心内容。兹以图8.1.2的典型系统配置使用TZ型系统为例，参照图8.1.1，针对半封闭前照灯的情形介绍配光性能检测的大体步骤: ? 启动控制台，打开微机和照度计。选合适的照度计挡位，进行预热。 ? 将陪检灯用柔轻洁净的棉布擦干净，取下原装灯泡，换同种型号的标准灯泡。该灯泡应该已经在球型光度计上进行过标定，已知其在配光光通量下的电压值和电流值。 ? 打开激光照准仪并使激光转向转台。将被检灯放在转台上，基准轴朝向屏幕HV点，升降台面并在台面上移动使配光镜上的基准点标志刚好在转台中心又与激光斑重合，就在这个位置上把灯固定牢。固定方式要合理，不能对灯体施加可能引起反光镜或配光镜变形的装卡力。 ? 关闭激光照准仪的激光器并把受光器调转过来，对控制台上的照度计调整零点。 ? 打开灯电源并把电压值调整到零后在给被检灯近光供电。逐渐升高电压到标准灯泡近光标定值，同时监视电流值应该和标定值一致或相差无几。否则要查明原因并解决。 ? 调整转台的水平和俯视角，使明暗截止线拐点处于屏幕HV 点处。把控制台上的角度仪复零之后，摇动转台垂直手柄将明暗截止线下降0.75? ? 在垂直0~下0.75?和水平0~?1?的范围内进行调整。在这个范围内只要找到一个位置，使该前兆等近光符合标准要求即可。主要观察B50L、HV和75R三点的照度值调整灯位。 ? 启动LS自动检测程序系统，接下来的一些类检测和判断都由微机自动进行，并将检测数据和结论显示在屏幕上，而且自动形成表格存在微机中，也可打印输出。 ? 近光检测完成以后，将灯电压降到铃，保持转台和灯的状态和位置不变，把电源线接到远光灯丝上。逐渐调高电压到标准灯泡远光标定值(即远光配光镜光通量的对应电压)，同时检测电流值应该和标定值一致或相差无几。否则要查明原因并解决。 ? 待照度计显示稳定后，执行LS系统中远光检测程序，其功能和近光程序相同。远光检测完毕，这只前照灯配光检测即告 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 结束。接下来检测光色。 汽车配光检测软件系统通常都有绘制等照度曲线的功能。国家标准对照度曲线都没有要求，但灯具企业对此有一定的兴趣。等照度曲线图—特别是远光等照度曲线(图8.2.7)——对改善远光的光形有一定的参考价值，随着微机软件技术的飞速发展，现在有更多的手段描绘照度分布图。LS系统也具有这种功能。 如果没有自动检测软件，只能用人手动的方法。手工检测的最大缺点是检测不规范且无法进行区域检测，当然，不规范的方法也是一种方法，对条件不具备且要求不严格的单位，作为一种考核测量也不失其实际意义。在这种情形下，只能按各检测点在屏幕上的位置计算出转台应的角度，通过摇转转台手柄把投射点的光转到HV点的受光器上，区域的测试用其代表点的测量值代替。也可沿区域边界线摇转台进行扫描，但三区斜线不好处理。更进一步好可按一定步长角将区域分成网络，扫描网线取其最大(最小)值，此时三区斜线部分更无法处理。实际上作为手工检测，扫描的办法(特别是最后一种办法即不实现也没有意义。 好应该特别指出，标准上规定的照度值是屏幕上检测点、出的实际值。欧洲的检测方法是把受光器移到检测点处，照度计显示值就是测量值。我国采用转台法，把投射到各检测点的光束通过转台到HV点处的受光器上。这就使照度计显示值和检测点照度不是同一个值，因而必须加以修正(如果手持受光器到检测点处测量，则不必修正)。我们知道，光线投射到屏幕上各检测点(HV点除外)均为斜射，假设入射角为θ，投射到检测点的光束在该点的垂直照度为E0，则检测照度值应为 。同时，光束由检测点转到HV点后，光路的长度也变了。假定灯到检测点的距离为L0，到HV点的距离则为 。如果用E1代表光束转到HV点的照度计显示值(受光器处照度)，根据光学中的平方反比定律 ，从而得到 。 人工手动逐点测量前照灯近光各点的坐标位置和转角以及修正角在表8.2.3中给出。当自动检测时，这些修正在程序中自动进行。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 注:表中水平量以V-V线为起点，垂直量以H-H线为起点，修正角以HV点为起点。距离单位为毫米(mm)角度单位为(?)。 人工手动检测量前照灯远光，各测点的坐标位置和转角以及修正角在表8.2.4中给出。因为个检测点区域都在一条直线上，可以用扫描的方法。最大照度用摇动转台水平和垂直两受柄并同时监视照度计显示值来搜寻。 在前照灯配光检测中要注意以下几点: ? 所有控制台仪表特别是照度计，必须在预热至少三分钟，状态指示稳定之后才能进行检测。否则仪器工作不稳定，零点飘移，将加大检测误差。 ? 控制台电压表的信号线一定从被检灯的灯头处引出，否则将引起误差。现阶段配光检测都采用控制电压的方式，实际上控制电流的方式更为科学也更精确。也许将来会采用。 ? 在前照灯近光检测中，如果在调整区内一个合适位置都找不到，又相差不多，可更换标准灯泡重新调整，但更换不能超过三次。当然，相差太多更换标准灯泡也没有意义了。 (2)前雾灯配光性能检测方法 前雾灯配光性能检测方法和前照灯配光性能检方法基本相同。只是前雾灯的光场比前着灯宽阔的多。在配光屏幕上根本不可能一 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 览光形全貌。尤其是标准要求的都是区域检测(图8.2.8)，而且有的区域范围又相当大。这里只把前雾灯的几个特殊问题讲一下。下面的几种方法可供参考: ? 因为转台的俯视角范围有限，在装卡前雾灯时要尽可能使其台面前沿上倾斜，给C区检测留出较多的空间，当然也要保证D区和E区的检测空间够用。 ? 在制造厂家既没提供卡具也没有提供图纸(这种情况目前国内比较常见)的情况下，被检灯装卡完毕后可给灯供给标准电压，调好明暗截止线并摇转台水平手柄，记下明暗截止线两端对应的角度仪示值，这两个转角的中间位置就可以盯为等的检测位置。 ? 前扼灯配光检测都是对区域检测，而且D区和E区还要求区域内任意一条垂直线上，应至少能找到一点符合标准要求，要求严格且检测量也大，只适用于微机控制程序化自动检测，不易于人工手动检测。LS软件系统具有完善的 前雾灯检测功能。 ? 如果在特殊情况下只能采用人工手动检测的办法，那就只好检测A区上下两边的中点，下点代表A区，上点代表B区(兼考核A区)，测D区两端下角点取其中照度值小者代表D区，用D区同样的办法处理E区。当然这里也有计算转角和修正角的问题(表8.2.5) 3.光色检测法 在国家标准中对照明灯和信号灯装置都有光色和色度特性的要求，既要符合GB4785—1998标准的要求。衡量灯光的色度特性归 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 结为测量其色坐标x和y，因为x+y+z=1，从而也的到了z值。测量色标要使用 色度仪，如进口的色度仪PR—650和国产的C—2001色度仪。按照国家标准 GB/T7993—1987《照明光源颜色的测量方法》的规定，测光色时应用A光源， 也就是说灯泡发光的色温应该为2856K。由于在检测电压下标准灯泡发光的色温 与2856K相差不多，实测表明色温在2856K附近微小波动 ，色坐标值变化不大。 因此，在实验检测工作中常常简便地这样做:配光检测完毕后将转台水平转182? 让灯调转方向，然后把漫反射板立在灯前1mm左右的地方且与灯基准轴成45? 角，在把色度仪之余灯和漫反射板相同的高度切方向垂直于等的基准轴(图 8.2.9)，距离也是1m左右，即可进行光色测量。 二、信号灯(包括倒车灯) (一)检测设备:光信号装置实验台 光信号装置实验台(车灯立式实验台原本是日本生产的回复反射器专用实验台。早期我国有关单位的回复反射器都使用从日本进口的该实验台。1994年我国开发出这种产品，并增加了激光照准器部分，同时把信号灯和回复反射器的检测结合到这一台上进行。还把回复反射器的检测角(a)由固定该为可调，从而使实验台的距离也成为可变的了。 HL—,型(九洋公司产)光信号装置实验台(图8.2.10)主要技术指标如下: administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan A. 升降位精度仪:0.01mm; B. 转台处激光斑直径:〈5mm; C. 激光束回位误差:〈?5mm(转台中心处); D. 回复反射器测量角:α=20,~1.5?; E. 使用距离:可根据实验的场地条件在18m~15mm间选定。 1.光强计(光电倍增管照度计) 在1cd(坎德拉，光强度单位)以下的弱光甚至只能已mcd(毫坎德拉，1mcd=0.001cd)为计量单位的极弱光情形下—在信号灯和回复反射器配光检测中都可遇到这种情形—此时一般的照度计以不适用，必须使用极灵敏的光店倍增官照度计。光电倍增管照度计即可以做照度计(单位lx)，也可以在固定的距离下以cd为单位进行标定，做为光强计使用。光点倍增管是目前个中测光传感器中最灵敏元件，其光照灵敏度达30~250μA/lm之高。光电倍增管是响应时间也及短，达10—8s~10—9s，因此她可以用来测量高速变化的脉冲光。光电倍增管照度计的光谱灵敏度分布S(λ)也必须及其逼近的视觉函数V(λ)。 以前我过不能生产光电倍增管。各有关单位使用的光电倍增管照度计，绝大多数是进口日本神津精机的ILD~2EF(或ILD~2EI) administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 型光电倍增管照度计，价格提高。1998年我古哟自行开发出和日本产品相近的HZ型光电倍增管照度计。 HZ—1型(九洋公司产)光强计和基本参数和技术指标如下: A.量程:(A)100挡，0~1.9999cd(对应照度值0~0.0050lx); (B)101挡，0~19.999cd(对应照度值0~0.0500lx); (C)102挡，0~199.99cd (对应照度值0~0.5000lx); (D)103挡，0~1999.9cd (对应照度值0~5.0000lx); B.分辨率:0.0001cd。 C.稳定性:,?0.05%。 D零漂:,?0.04%/h。 E.响应时间:,0.2s。 2.激光照准仪 它是信号装置试验台的一个组成部分，为信号灯装卡时指明基准点的正确位置，和前大灯检测用的激光照准仪作用相同。 (二)信号灯检测方法 1.灯泡光电参数检测方法 信号灯使用的灯泡之光电灯泡的检测方法和前兆灯的完全相同。只是信号灯使用的灯泡功率都在25W以下，小的5W~3W。如果条件具备的话应该按照表8.2.1选用相应的积分球。 2.配光性能检测方法 信号灯配光性能的检测方式有两种: ?使用光信号装置试验台 信号装置试验台是为回复反射器和信号灯检测而制造的装置设备。在安装时经过严格的校准，本身又带有激光照准器，特别是用灵敏度及高度光电倍增管光强计检测，显示值就是光照度值。目前看来，这种检测方式是合理准确的检测方式。欧洲UTAC也是信号灯和回复反射器在一套系统上检测的。 ?利用前照灯的检测装备 把受光器放置在转台的正前方或斜前方距离转台中心3.16m处(其实只要二次方反比定律是用的任何距离都可以。由于配光检测量是发光强度，而照度计显示值为照度，根据二次方反比定律照度乘以距离的平方为光强度，这里3.16是10的平方根值，于是照度计显示值乘10就是检测量。可见选这个距离简化了数据处理)。受光器的离地高度仍是1.25m。如果受光器放在转台斜前方，把转台数轴松脱，转动俯仰平面对准受光器，就可以进行检测了。为了观察光型也可以在受光器后立一个小屏幕。 这种检测方式的优点是可以节省资金。但也存在如下几个问题: A. 前照灯和前雾灯的发光强度是信号灯发光强度的及时倍到几百倍甚至向上千倍。也就是说相差2~3个数量级，使用同一 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 套似乎军用系统检测这两种灯是不合理的，在小量值检测时将产生很大误差。 B. 为了解决这个矛盾，必须拉近检测距离以增加照度值，这样光场就变小了。照度梯度也就随之增大，受光器受光面积没相应变小，在位置上和数值上都带来误差。 C. 假定25m屏幕上测的是65mm×65mm面积的平均照度，次面积对应0.149?的光锥角，而在3.16m屏幕上此面积对应1178度的光锥角，相当25m屏幕上514mm×514mm的一块面积相差60多倍，可见差距之大。 总之这种方式不能认为是一种严格规范的检测方式。 转台法检测光信号装置可以说是全世界通用的方法。一般都是由微机控制转台自动检测，在个别情况下需要人工测试时也很简单，看着角度仪摇转台就可以了，也不存在修正的问题。 现就图8.1.2的系统中以使用HL——3光信号装置信号台为例，介绍信号灯的检测步骤: (1) 启动转台系统，打开微机，光强计和灯电源，注意输出电压调到零。 (2) 如果转台处于前照灯检测状态，需要千万道光信号装置检测状态。新型TV——2转台设有转换定位销，可以方便的转换两个位置。 (3) 打开光信号装置信号台的照准激光器并使之处在中心轴线位置上。 (4) 将被检灯擦镜后换装标准灯泡，对正装卡使被检灯和基准轴激光束重合。 (5) 关闭激光照准激光器并使之离开中心轴线位置。 (6) 取下光信号装置试验台上受光器的罩盖，光强计选到合适岗位，打开光达调零，注意调零要在光强计开机至少3min以后且数值显示稳定以后进行。 (7) 接上电源线缓慢升高电压到标准灯泡的标定值。 (8) 观察显示值稳定以后，启动检测程序进行检测。 3.光色检测方法 同前照灯光色检测方法。 ?8.2 汽车灯具室内检测 三.牌照灯 1985年我过就已经制定出台照灯的机械工业部部颁标准GB4150——85《汽车及挂车台照灯配光性能》。 该标准也是等效采用欧洲ECE标准。由于种种原因该标准基本没有执行。直到1999年才批准实施汽车行 业标准QC/T578—1999《汽车及挂车牌照灯配光性能》。 (一)牌照灯检测设备:牌照灯试验台。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 牌照灯试验台是一个简单的台架，模拟拍照和牌照灯在汽车上的安装位置设置拍照架与牌照灯固定座。可以安装不同规格型号的牌照板和灯泡。 (二)牌照灯性能检测方法 牌照灯的陪冠军感性能的检测与前述个中车灯都不相同。检测量即不是照度值也不是光强值，而是模拟牌照板上规定部位的亮度值。一般色度仪都有测亮度的功能，亮度(L)定义为发光强度(I)与给定方向垂直的面积(即正投影面积)(A)之比即L=I/A。亮度的单位是cd/m2，以前使用的亮度单位为nt(尼特)，1nt=1cd/m2，现在尼特以属淘汰的单位。 四、回复反射器 (一)检测设备:投光器 投光器就是检测回复反射器(以下简称反射器)发光强度系数(CIL)(以下简称光系数)时用的投射光源(A光源)(图8.2.11)。它发出一束色温为2856K的均匀白光，光束近乎平行光。 图8.2.11 HG——2型(九洋公司产)投光器的主要技术指标如下: A. 20m处光束直径约18cm; B. 广场内，照度不均匀度不大于10%; C. 反射器处照度不低于18lx; D. 发光色度2856K?1%。 (二)检测方法 1.反光器光度系数(CIL)检测方法 反射器随小需要的检测设备可不少，不仅要用光信号装置实验台而且要用灯光转台检测系统。光信号装置试验台上的投光器作为A光源，光强计测量反射光强度，升降受到光器确定观察角α。反射器要装卡在转台上，通过转台改变照射角β。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 光信号装置光性能的检测距离在标准中没有规定，信号灯配光检测中仅指出测量距离必须使用光度学二次方反比定律使用，反射器检测则对距离没有任何要求。早些年国内使用日本进口的专用试验台——神津精机(KOHZU SEIKI)的RRB——12M立式台、RRB—P2投光器、APT—RRB控制器(选择α=0.2?、0.33?和1.5?三个位置)以及LID—2EI光电倍管照度计。该试验台的使用距离为30.84m，我国就一直沿用，使用单位为此加大配光试验室的纵深，不仅增加了建设投资也增加了场地规模的困难。实际上并非必须如此，这30.48m是100英尺的距离，因为RRB—12M试验台是在这个距离下确定的，所以要在这个距离下使用。我国开发的HL——3光信号装置试验台在20m的距离下标定HZ—1光强计几系统其他部分，于是就在20m的距离使用这套设备，这样不仅节省了场地也使实验室布置更便当。 下面介绍反光器光度系数(CIL)的检测步骤，还是用前面所讲信号灯检测那套系统，这里需要增加投光器: (1)前面的步骤和信号灯检测步骤(1)~(3)大体相同。 (2)将受光器提高到观察角α=20?的位置上。拨转投光器光筒使之与试验台中心轴线一致。取下受光器和投光器光筒前端灯罩盖。 (3)装卡被检反射器，调整转台使照准激光束投射到被检反射器中心且法线与照准激光器重合。 (4)光笔照准激光器并使其离开试验台中心线移到旁边。 (5)打开投光器开光，被检反光器应该在正处光场中央，否则说明系统校正状态改变了，需要重新校正。 (6)待投光器发光稳定(约3min左右)后，一个人用便携照度计测量被检反射器表面的照度值，一个人调投光器光栏，使反射器表面照度值在10lx~15lx即刻(不象日本系统那样要求必须是10.76lx，那里是由于30.48?×10.76=1000的缘故)。这个照度值过低导致被测信号弱，降低检测精度，过高则降低投光器光场均匀性，也影响检测精度。 (7)光强机选择到合适挡位，盖上投光器盖对光强机调零，注意调零要在光强计开机至少3min以后切树枝稳定以后进行。 (8)打开投光器盖，观察显示值稳定后，启动检测程序进行检测。 人工手动检测时，只要通过转台和光信号装置试验台确定标准要求的不同观察角α和照射角β位置，记下每个位置的光强计读数，然后将读书单位转化为mcd并除以反射器表面照度值即刻，也不存在修正问题。 2(光色检测方法 检测系统仍如图8.2.9那样。让检测系统处于β=0?的状态下，投光器就是A光源，摇动转台水平手柄使反射器旋转45?，在投光器光束的垂直方向对准反射器反光面即可。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 3(反射器环境试验项目 反射器环境试验包括:(1)透水性式样;(2)耐撞击试验;(3)耐油性试验;(4)耐腐蚀性试验;(5)镜背试验;(7)光学性能的经时稳定性试验;(8)不退色性试验。这些项目基本上都不需要大型复杂设备，检测方法也比较简单，在标准中都有明确地说明，而且和后面将要介绍的车灯环境试验基本相同。故此从略。 五、配光竟检测 车灯配光竟的作用是将光源投射到灯前方的光加以调配，以使灯前25m处的光场满足相关标准的要求。设计者利用在配光竟上构成的各种光学单元(花纹)，将投射到该处的光束按照人的意愿加以会聚、扩散或偏移，以便使灯光束在25m处形成满足相关标准要求的理想光分布。各光学单元的形状和形状和尺寸是经过光学计算而确定的，但设计中的计算毕竟只是简单的近似计算，实际效果如何，需要进行检测，以便根据检测结果进一步改进设计。要进一步工作，就必须借助配光竟检测仪。 (一)检测设备:配光镜机检测仪 配光镜检测仪是配光镜设计必须的检验设备。它的功用是检验配光镜每个光学单元的配光效果。它以很细一束准直激光模拟车灯偏光镜后的光束单元，精确控制激光束在配光镜上的落点和入射角，在配光镜上形成很小的光斑(小雨每个光学单元的最小尺寸)，方能检验每个独立光学单元的配光效果。 配光镜检测仪见图8.2.12。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 其中激光器发出的细直光束模拟灯光中的单元光束。光栅位移传感器纪录激光束在配光镜平面内水平和垂直方向的位移量，其值在数码显示器上显示出来。光束角度显示仪则现实激光束对配光竟表面的入射角(分别显示水平和垂直方向的角度值)。配光镜固定架是用来夹持被检配光镜试件。HD型(九洋公司产)配光镜检测仪的技术指标与精度: A( 移动范围:水平300mm，垂直200mm。 B( 位移精度:0.005mm，位移分辨率:0.001mm。 C( 转角范围:水平?60?，垂直?30?。 D( 角度精度:0.1?。 E( 激光束直径:〈2mm(镜前4m范围内) F( 激光电源:DC3V。 (二)检测方法 见HD-2型配光镜检测仪说明书。 六、车灯在线检测 车灯在线检测就是装配线上的成品质量检测。当然也属于车灯室内检测的范畴。这项工作在我国车灯行业中是从近十年才逐渐开展起来，目前也只是少数厂家对自己的产品配光性能有在线检测手段。在即将全面进行的车灯国家认证工作中，质量保证体系认证方面明确规定在线质量保证设施是不可缺少的。 (一)检测设备:车灯在线检测仪。 车灯在线检测仪也是检查车灯配光指标的设备，但不是配光暗室的检验设备，而是用于装配线的质量控制设备。该设备以前我国没有，国外也是20世纪90年代才出现。我国1998年春开发出HJ型车灯在线检测仪(图8.2.13)。它将车灯的光型成像在设备内的像屏上，用CCD图像处理技术将图像输入微机，然后由系统软件进行分析处理。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan HJ型车灯在线检测仪即可用于汽车灯也可用于摩托车灯，既可检验照明等也可检信号灯。其主要作用是对产品进行质量监控。用来观测反光镜和配光竟的缺陷以及装配质量问题，以便随时调整。并控制成品质量，检查出不合格产品。 HJ型(九洋公司产)在线检测仪对于各种车灯的功能是: (1)汽车前照灯—检测如下各点照度或比对值: 近光;B50L、HV(代表?区)、75R和25L和25R。 远光:Emax、HV、HV/Emax、2250L和2250R。 (2)摩托车前照灯—检测如下点照度值比对值: ?卤钨灯泡(HS1)前照灯 近光;B50L、HV(代表?区)、75R和25L和25R。 远光:Emax、HV、HV/Emax、2250L和2250R。 ?白炽灯泡(S1，S2)前照灯 近光;HV、50L25V、 25L和25R。 远光:Emax、HV、HV/Emax、2250L和2250R。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan (3)汽车前雾灯—检测HV点和D区左、右端下角的照度值。 (4)各种信号灯—检测HV点和水平?10?与垂直?5?的4个焦点处的光强度比对值。 同时给出合格与否的结论。并将全部检测资料存入微机，可随时调用或作其他系统计处理。光形也可存储并随时调用。 HJ型汽车在线检测仪的技术指标与精度: A.直流稳压稳流电源 控制电压误差:1mV，控制电流误差:3mA，显示精度:1%+3个字。 可靠性:不低于5000h。 B.微机系统。 C.黑白工业摄像机 分辨率400线以上，芯片尺寸1/3??。 D.摄像镜头 视角22.1?，焦距12.0mm，光阑1.2，手动光圈。 E.图像处理卡 PCI总线，黑白，分辨率最大768*576。 F.光学成像系统 透镜组直径Φ280mm，畸变不大于0.5%，成像光场310mm×220mm。 G.光照度比对误差不大于10%。 (二)在线检测方法 HJ型在线检测仪的工作原理，是利用光场图像的灰度，转换成灯光在配光屏幕上的照度。它不是精密照度计，不同于灯具的暗室配光检测，也没有那么高的精度。不可做直接的精确数值测量，而应先将标准样品做精确的配光检测，然后以样品为基准，对同批次产品检测，借以控制整批产品与标准样品的偏差。 HJ型在线检测仪器的使用方法和步骤—按说明书进行。 七、照射位置和光强检测 车灯照射位置和发光强度不完全是对车灯本身的要求，这一要求是在关于整车的标准——GB7258—1997《机动车运行安全技术条件》中提出的。因其车灯有一定的联系，仅在此加以简单介绍。 (一)检测设备:前照灯检测仪。 前照灯检测仪本不是车灯配光检测设备，它是汽车整车装配线或者交通管理部门安全检测站使用的检测设备。其功能只是检测车灯的最大发光强度和光场两区中心位置。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 前照灯检测仪分手动和自动两种类型。其中QD——300A型是全自动的最新型(图8.2.14)，该设备能自动转移至第二只被检前照灯进行自动检测。检测完毕自动返回原始位置，检测结果可自动送出。 QD——300A型前照灯检测仪的主要技术性能摘录如下: A.测量范围 发光强度:0~40000cd。 光轴角:垂直方向;上1?30′,下,?,,′(上20cm/10m,下40cm/10cm); 水平方向:左,?,,′,右,?,,′(左40cm/10m,40cm/10m)。 前照灯中心高度:0.5m~1.3m. administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan B.示值误差 发光强度:?15%，光轴角:?15′，前照灯中心高度:?1cm。 C.检测距离;3m。 (二)检测方法 也就是前照灯检测仪的使用方法: 1. 使用前照灯检测仪需要在专门地基上铺设4.5m长的双股轨道。前照灯检测仪在轨道上来回移动。 2. 按照说明书前照灯检测仪安装在轨道上。使用时前照灯检测仪在被检车正前方3m距离上，即仪器的光接受箱正面距离车灯前表面3m。 3. 给仪器供电打开电源开关后仪器进入工作状态，启动自动检测程序即开始检测。 8.2.2灯具环境试验 车灯安装在汽车上在使用过程中经过自然界的严寒酷暑、风吹雨淋、阳光暴晒和泥沙灰尘以及各种腐蚀性气液体的侵蚀破坏，还要经受各种振动、冲击和碰撞。这些因素都会给车灯造成不同程度的损伤，也加速了车灯的老化因而缩短了车灯的使用寿命。为了抵御这些因素的侵害，设计者在这些灯具上采取了相应的结构和工艺措施，要考核这些措施的效果，换句话说要检测灯具承受这些损害因素的能力，就需要进行响应的检测这些就属灯具的试验环境。对灯具的环境的试验要求，世界各国相差很大，美国 SAE标准中有二十来项灯具环境试验，欧洲ECE标根本没有环境试验要求。这不意味着车灯环境实验不重要，也不等于厂家不对自己产品进行环境试验，只是不写入法规而已。我国GB10485——89《汽车及挂车外部照明和信号装置基本试验》中规定了振动、耐温和烟雾等十项试验要求。 车灯的环境实验大体可分为四个方面: 1. 强度方面:震动、冲击和强度试验; 2. 气候因素;温度、湿度和耐侯试验; 3. 密封性:防尘、防水和气密性试验; 4. 抗腐蚀性:烟雾和反射镜劣化试验。 一. 振动试验 概括的说，机械震动分周期震动和非周期的随机震动。只要汽车开动，车灯就随时随地都在承受着各种复杂的震动。这些震动有来自发动机的周期振动，更多更大的则是来自路面的随机振动。震动是汽车灯发生机械损坏的主要原因。这项试验也是车灯环境试验的重要项目。 1.实验目的 考核汽车的耐震性能和设计、制造、安装的合理性。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 2.震动试验台 表征震动台的技术指标主要有:额定位移(mm)、额定加速度(m/s2)、额定频率范围(Hz)、台面最大负载能力(kg)和震动方向(垂直和水平仅垂直)等。 振动台有机械振动台、电动震动台和液压振动台，这三种都是机械行业最常用的。 (1)机械振动台 这种振动台种类繁多，但主要是两种:偏心式和离心式。这种振动台的特点是: ? 能运行在低频和大位移的情况，使用频率不能太高，低于80Hz。 ? 理论上振幅不能使用频率变化，在使用频率范围内应该没有谐振频率存在; ? 震动台要求有坚固的基础，因为震动时基础会承受很大的震动力; ? 震动方向可以垂直的或水平的; ? 结构较简，价格相对较低; ? 由于轴承间隙等原因，高频震动时容易引起波形失真。 (2)电动震动台 电动振动台的工作原理与动圈扬声器相似，即带电线圈在磁场里受到磁力作用时产生与线圈内电流变化一致的运动。电动振动台的特点: ? 使用频率范围宽，从20Hz直到5000Hz以上; ? 输出加速度波形好，一般失真度在5%以下; ? 输出推力大，最大推力可达20t; ? 操作方便，易于实现自动控制; ? 工作时需要冷却; ? 结构较复杂，价格高。 (3)液压动台 利用液压系统推动台体系统。推动力更大，可达50t以上。是一套复杂庞大的系统。价格昂贵。 根据车灯震动试验的实际情况，选用苏州东菱公司产MV——25机械振动台或VS—300—2电动振动台都比较合适。MV—25机械振动台的主要规格及技术指标如下: A. 最大负载:25Kg; B. 频率范围:10Hz~80Hz; C. 最大位移:10mm(pp); D. 最大加速度:98m/s2; E. 震动形式:垂直、水平; F. 工作台面尺寸:400nm×400nm; G. 台体尺寸:L×W×H=1100nm×520nm×830nm; administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan H. 台体重量:550kg; I. 电控仪型号:MVC—1A。 VS—300—2电动振动台(图8.2.14)的主要规格及技术指标如下: A. 最大负荷:100kg; B. 频率范围:5Hz~400Hz; C. 最大位移:25mm(pp); D. 最大加速度:392m /s2; E. 震动形式:垂直、水平(选择TBH水平滑台够可实现); F. 工作台面尺寸:φ150nm可扩展); G. 台体尺寸:L×W×H=600nm×490nm×620nm; H. 台体重量:550kg; I. 控制柜尺寸:L×W×H=550nm×720nm×1400nm; 3.试验方法和检测规定 按使用说明书安装，操作。试验规范按GB10485—89《汽车及挂车外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第5.3条进行。 二、冲击试验 通常所谓的冲击可指两种现象:一种是某运动的物体 冲撞或打击到另一种物体上，这种现象确切地应该称之为碰撞或撞击;另一种是物体(或系统)受到瞬间的激励或脉冲激励，其力、位移、速度或加速发生突然变化的现象。质量种现象是同一种里学过程的不同表现形式。其数学描述完全相同。这两种情形车灯都能遇到。我们这里指后一种情形。它的特点是激励作用的时间远远小于系统运动的周期。汽车在经过较高的凸起或很陡的台阶与凹坑时以及车身受到剧烈撞击时，车灯就能经受这种载荷。前一种情形下面的强度试验项目中说明。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 1.试验目的 让车灯经受典型的冲击历程，以检验其抗冲击的性能。 2.冲击试验台 典型的冲击试验机有两种基本形式:摆锤式冲击试验机和跌落式冲击试验机。但这两种形式的试验机波形的重复性差，一台试验机又只能产生一种冲击波形，幅高和持续时间也不易调节。随着试验技术及电阻数字技术的发展，可以在电动或电动液压振动台上重现期望的波形。波形可有多种，如正弦冲击脉波、半正弦冲击脉波、梯形冲击脉波、前峰锯齿冲击脉波和后峰锯齿冲击脉波等等，而且重复性好，参数易调节。因此，它能大大提高冲击试验就年个第微 ，增强试验设备的灵活性并提高其经济效能。 目前我过内生产的冲击试验碰撞试验台多为大型的。用于车灯冲击试验，选其最小者也绰绰有余。动菱公司产SB—50型冲击碰撞试验台(图8.2.16)和试验仪器总厂产P——100型冲击碰撞试验台就是最小者。SB—50型冲击碰撞试验台(图8.2.16)和试验仪器总厂产P—100型冲击碰撞试验挑起就是最小者。SB——50型冲击碰撞台的主要技术参数如下: A. 最大负载:500kg。 B. 最大跌落高度:60mm。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan C. 台面尺寸:500mm~700mm。 D. 脉冲重复频率:0~80/min。 E. 脉冲持续时间:(使用DLM—1)50ms~2ms;(使用SBC—1)30ms~3ms。 F. 峰值加速度:49m/s2~1960m/s2。 G. 持续工作时间:8h。 H. 台体尺寸:L×W×H=700mm×1100mm×800mm。 (1)控制测量系统:SBC—1或DLM—1。 (2)试验方法和检测规定 三使用说明书安装，操作。试验规范按GB10485—89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第5.4条进行。 三、强度试验 1.试验目的 车灯在实际使用过程中难免遇到飞沙石流等物体的撞击，这就要求灯具的配光镜有必要的强度。为了检验车灯配光镜承受飞抛物体撞击的能力而进行此项试验。 2.强度试验台 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 这类试验通常都采用电磁铁吸刚球的方法。将灯的配 光竟朝上放在电磁铁正下方的固定架上，把吸附面调 到标准规定的高度，给电磁铁通电后把规定质量的 刚球吸附在电磁铁下面，并使刚球处于灯具配光镜中 心正上方，电磁铁断电的瞬间刚球就跌落在灯具的 配光镜上。这类试验用的落球式冲击试验机，国内已有现成商品，如XJL——12落球式冲击试验机。 3.试验方法和检测规定 按照GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第6.9.1条进行。 四、防水试验 1.试验目汽车在雨中行驶是常有的事，即便夜间在暴风雨中也能照行不误，这就要求汽车灯具有良好的防雨性能。本项试验就是为了检验汽车的防淋雨性能。 2.防水试验箱 目前国内未见防水试验箱商品，各使用单位多自行研制或委托加工。在GB10489——89标准中有详细的说明和图示。 3.试验方法和检验规定 按照GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第6.6条进行。 五、防尘试验 1.试验目的 自然界的灰尘无处不在，如果车灯不能防尘，灯内将很快不满灰尘，使灯光亮度大减甚至时期照明功能。因此必须对车灯的密封防尘性能有要求。此项试验就是为了检验车灯的防尘性能。 2.防尘试验箱 国内也未见防尘试验箱的商品，因为该箱结果简单(图8.2.17)，使用单位多自行制作或委托其他单位制作。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 3.试验方法和检验规则 按照GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第6.5条进行。 六、气密性试验 汽车的使用环境中，有时会遇到车灯完全浸泡在水中的情形，这种情况对车灯的密封性要比淋雨还要严格得多。实际上，防水、防尘和本项试验都是检验灯具密封性的，而此项试验条件是最苛刻，因此可以说气密性试验是对车灯密封性的最终检验。 1.试验目的 检验车灯浸水时的密封性能。 2.试验方法和检验规定 按照GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第6.10条进行。 七、耐温试验 汽车是全世界广泛流通的商品，每一台车所行驶的地域也可能及其辽阔，因而使用环境的温度变化也很大，通常工作在-40?~+50?的温度范围内，个别地区和个别时间还可能超出此范围。车灯绝大部分是塑料件和玻璃件，如果不采取必要的措施，可能在高温或低温环境下发生损坏，也可能在温度急剧变化时出现问题。因此，需要对车灯的耐温性能进行考核。 1.试验目的 检验低温(-40?)和高温(+50?)对车灯的影响程度，以确保车灯在各种自然气温下不至于因高温低温的影响而损坏。 2.耐温试验箱 国内的高、低温试验箱商品很多，只要温度范围和试验空间大小合适即可。 3.试验方法和检验规则 按照GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第6.2条进行。 八、温度目的 检验车灯耐受温度骤然变化的性能。车灯工作时本身温度很高，如果突然于雨水或突然接触冷空气，配光斤年个6可能炸裂。本试验为考核配光镜承受温度骤然猛烈变化的性能。 2.试验方法和检验规则 按照GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第6.9.3条进行。 九、盐雾试验 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 自然界中存在各式各样的腐蚀物质(酸、碱、盐等)日积月累附着在车灯的内外表明上遇到潮湿环境将对车灯表面造成腐蚀破坏，程度不同的酸雨和汽车行驶溅起的腐蚀性液体，落到车灯上也将造成腐蚀破坏。故要求车灯具有一定的抗腐蚀能力。盐雾试验和反射镜劣化试验，就是考核抗腐蚀能力的试验。 1.试验目的 检验车灯各部件表明抗腐蚀能力。 2.盐雾试验箱 我国早就有了盐雾试验箱的现成产品，只要箱体容积合适即可。 3.试验方法和检验规则 按照GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第6.7条进行。 十、反射劣化试验 1.试验目的 检验车灯反射镜表明耐高温和耐酸、碱、盐腐蚀的能力。 2.试验方法和检验规则 按照GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第6.8条进行。 十一、耐侯性试验 车灯在自然界的长期风吹日晒之下，光亮的表明将变得污暗粗糙，鲜艳的颜色将变得苍白浅淡，柔韧的塑料将变得硬脆。这个过程是必然的，虽然不可避免，但可采取一定的技术措施使之延缓。为了考核技术措施的效果并检验成品抗日晒的功能而进行此项试验。 1.试验目的 本试验主要目的是针对灯具的塑料件，特别是全塑料灯具，检验其抗辐照的性能。 2.耐侯试验箱 用耐侯试验箱进行此项试验。在GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》标准中有该箱的详细结构图。箱中用含有大量紫外线的光源模拟太阳光，GB10485——89标准中采用碳弧光做光源。现在多采用氙灯做光源，SH60B耐气侯试验箱就是以氙灯为光源的。 ,.试验方法和检验规则 按照GB10485——89《汽车及挂件外部照明和信号装置基本环境试验》中第6.1条进行。 国内长春汽车研究所和一汽大众公司等单位均使德国贺利氏(Heraeus)和富奇(Votsch)公司的环境试验设备进行汽车灯具的环境试验，目前使用中的设备有:快速温度变化试验箱(HTS系列)、湿热试验箱(HC系列)、温度冲击试验箱(HT系列)、沙尘试验箱(VST系列)、淋水试验箱(Heraeus，Votsch)administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 和盐雾试验箱(HSN系列)以及氙光仪等。这些设备性能都很完善，制作工艺也相当考究，当然价格也不菲。 8.2.3 寿命试验 现代车灯特别是照明灯基本都使用卤钨灯泡，白炽灯泡已属发热高的灯泡，卤钨灯泡发热比白炽灯泡高得多。由于密封性的要求车灯内部散热不良，因而车灯工作时灯体很热灯内更热，容易造成灯体镀层发黑或起皮脱落并加速灯体塑料的老化。这也是影响车灯使用寿命主要因素之一。虽然环境因素对车灯寿命有直接的影响，但不能代替寿命实验，车灯寿命试验也不属于环境试验的范畴，环境因素的影响已经在环境试验中加以检验，故还需进行车灯的寿命试验。车灯的寿命试验是检验灯体性能，不是考核灯泡寿命。灯泡寿命试验是灯泡领域内的事情。国家标准没有对车灯寿命提出单独要求，但车灯寿命对用户和企业都是致关重要的，企业对自己的产品必须进行寿命试验，相关的质量管理和监督部门也要做。 1.试验目的 检验灯具的老化寿命。 2.寿命试验台 国内没有现成的灯具寿命试验台产品，都是使用单位自行制作。这个系统应该包括几个基本部分: i. 容量足够大的供灯稳压电源(因为需要同时需要试验多个样品)。 ii. 安放检验样品的台架，样品固定要牢固且相互距离不可过近(以利散热)。 iii. 容量足够的供电路线(防止导线过热)。 iv. 记时装置，并且要有纪录灯泡断丝的措施。 v. 配制自动控制系统，因为寿命试验时间较长，不可能人工随时监视。 3.试验方法 关于车灯寿命试验，目前尚没有国家标准，行业中沿用的检验规程实在试验电压(12V和24V的灯试验电压分别为13.2V和28V)下连续点亮远光75h。经过试验后，车灯的反光镜表面不得有发乌、变黑和起皮现象。迄今为止，只对前照灯进行寿命试验。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan ?8.3灯具检测的相关规定 8.3.1 检测条件 一、检测规则 在灯光检测中应注意如下几点: 1. 检测系统必须保证技术状态良好。凡是计量仪表应定期校验，正常应每年校验一次(方法见 8.3.2)。特别要按国家规定的检定周期按时检定。 2. 检测环境必须保证良好，主要是暗室不得漏光，室内不得灰尘弥漫，检测过程中不得开门漏光。 3. 所用的计量仪表必须是在检定有效期内，计量结果方为有效。 4. 凡是电器计量仪表(包括被检灯)必须经过三分钟以上的通电预热，待显示稳定后方可测试。 特别是照度计属不可稳定的仪表，要余热较长时间才可稳定，加之灯光本身也不是很稳定的物 理量，照度计显示末尾有时甚至是末两位容易跳动，要耐心细致。 5. 原则上在一只灯的检测过程中照度计不应换档，以免引入换档误差。但要看所用照度计显示为 数的具体情况，如果经过考核证明换档后使有效数字位数增加带来的精度的提高量大于换档误 差，在检测两相差悬殊检测点之间换档也未常不可。但在操作时间上要掌握好，不能使前后两 点或其中之一发生误测。 6. 计量数据要客观真实，不能受检测者主观意识的影响或干预。误差是客观存在的，误差分析处 理也是科学客观的理论，不能主观评估。 二、读数注意 1.受光器本身的响应时间很短，一般都在毫秒(ms)级，但线路传输特别是信号量的模数转换需要时间，所以每个测点停留时间已不能少于照度计的响应时间，但显示值稳定在测取。 照度计现实的有效位数、至少应比标准限值多一位。例如，前照灯近光B50L点的标准限值为?0.3，照度计至少应选在×、×、××档，如果用××、×档测量，将产生很大误差，而且结论也可能不对。例如，当实际照度值为0.349时，显然不符合标准要求，如果用××、×测量，照度计显示值将是0.3确实符合标准要求的，此时的相对误差达到14%;如果用前一个档位测量，照度计显示值将是0.35，结论正确切误差也只有0.3%。当然着是极端情形。在这个档位上如果实际照度值为0.304时，也会得出错误的结论。但此时的误差是1.3%，最大误差也只有1.6%，都在允许范围内，是正常合理的。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 8.3.2 设备检验及检定 一、检验方法 交验方法一般都是使用单位自行拟定的自检方法，随不具备法定效益，却可验证检测系统状态是否异常。任一种检测系统或设备都应该经常校验，以防设备失常而得出错误的检测结果。下面举三台配光检测设备的检验方法例子，仅供使用者参考。相信使用者回根据自己的具体情况拟定出更好的校验方法。 (一)灯光转台系统的交验方法(以,,系统为例) ,.概述 本系统为检测汽车和摩托车灯具配光性能的专用设备系统，它有机械转台和机械检测系统两部分组成，其中控制检测系统中又包括照度计、角度显示仪和被检灯的直流稳压电源。照度计需按期检定，转台转角的准确性和精度以及照度计的示值准确性和精度，应有计量部门通过检定检验。机械转台以及其他技术指标则需定期校验。 ,.技术要求 (,) 水平回转角:,,,?; (,) 垂直俯仰角:?,,?; (,) 回转角精度:,.,,?; (,) 硅光电池照度计:量程,,,,,,,,，精度,,; (,) 灯稳压电源:,,,,,，稳压精度?,,,。 ,.校验项目 (,) 水平回转角正确性及角度显示仪随动性; (,) 垂直回转角正确性及角度显示仪随动性; (,) 照度计示值的正确性; (,) 照度计档位一致性; (,) 被检灯供电的正确性与稳定性。 ,.交验条件 (,) 校验转台回转角时使用带聚光透镜的准值激光器或准值望远镜; (,) 校验照度计示值准确性用光强标准灯泡; (,) 校验在转台系统使用的状态下进行; (,) 全部校验在灯光检测暗室内进行; (,) 检验电源电压正确性使用高精度电表，如五位半显示的,,,,,,,多用表。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan ,.交验方法 (,)水平回转角正确性及角度显示仪随动性 ? 在配光屏幕,,点左右各,,,,,,、,,,,,,和,,,,,,处贴上标志; ? 对准水平转台水平零度刻线，将准值激光器卡在台面中心并使激光束透向屏幕,,点; ? 由微机输入水平转角左右各,?,″和,?，配光屏幕上的激光斑应与标志重合，角度显 示仪示值也应分别在,、,和,(不含误差)，如果不对应并解决。 (,)垂直回转角正确性及角度显示仪随动性基本同(,)，但因垂直方向条件所限，只能校,?、,?和,.,?三个位置，最上面的标志点如果不方便，也可省去。 (,)照度计示值的正确性 在转台中心卡上光强标准灯泡，加给规定的电压，待照度计显示值稳定后，其示值和光强值除以,,,的商数值应该相同(不包含误差)。 (,)照度计档位一致性 在转台上卡一发光强度适当的光源，供给三级电压，在每一级下都分别用照度计各档测照度值，比较各测值之间差别是否超过换档误差。 (,)被检灯供电的正确性与稳定性 在转台上卡一只,,,(,,,也可)车灯，分五级供电(级差,,或,,)。电压值稳定后，用检定有效期内高精度电压表，(如,,,,,,,)测量电源输出段和灯泡插脚段电压值，与电压表头显示值比较。并对其中几个值进行,,,,稳定性观察。 ,.校验周期 一般为一年，必要时随时校验。 (二)光信号试验台校验方法(以,,型为例) ,.概述 本系统为检测汽车和摩托车光信号装置配光性能的饿专用设备，其上装备有,,型光强,,型透光性以及照准用激光器，光强计需要按期检定，其他技术指标则需要定期校验。 ,.技术要求 (,) 激光束中心高度,,,,mm?,mm; (,) 受光器三个定位高度距离激光束中心分别为,?, mm、,,,mm?,mm和,,,mm?,mm ; (,) 在转台中心处，投光器光场中心点和激光束光斑中心点之间距离不大于,mm; (,) 在转台中心处，照准激光束光斑直径不大于,mm。 ,.校验项目 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan (,)激光束中心高度 (,)受光器定位距离; (,)投光器光场和激光束光斑的同心度 (,)转台中心处照准激光束光斑直径。 ,.校验条件 (,) 距离测量用在检定有效期内有毫米刻度的直尺; (,) 校验同轴度使用带激光透镜的准值激光器; (,) 校验在光信号装置试验台的使用状态下进行; (,) 全部校验在灯光检测暗室内进行。 ,.校验方法 (,)激光束中心高度 用直尺测量激光束中心距离地平面的高度，要考虑到光信号试验台和转台所在地面的水平高度差(如 果存在的话)。如不正确，调节地脚螺丝。 (,)受光器定位距离 ? 将受光器降到最底位置，光信号装置试验台的照准激光器离开中心位置; ? 在转台中心卡上准值激光器，调节台面高度是激光束距离地平面,,,,mm; ? 调节转台是激光束透到光西南好装置试验台的受光器中心上; ? 移动照准激光器到中心位置，转台上的激光束应投射到照准激光器中心，如果不对则按使 用说明书调节; ? 受光器的其他位置用光栅位移传感器显示值校验。 (,)投光器光场和激光束光斑的同心度 ? 照准激光器处在离开中心的位置，打开激光器投向转台，在转台中心立一块白板，记下投光 器广场中心位置，并是白板位置不变。 ? 关闭投光器拨转离开中心线。移动照准激光器到中心位置，开启激光器，记下白板上激光斑 中心位置。如果两标记距离超过,mm应按说明书调整。 (,)转台中心出照准激光束光斑直径 仍在上述白板上测量，如果光斑过大，调节照准激光器前端透镜前后位置即可。 ,.校验周期 一般为一年，必要时随时校验。 (三)激光照准仪校验方法(,)以,,型为例 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan ,.概述 本设备是为检测汽车和摩托车照明灯具配光性能时，确定被检灯基准点正确装卡位置的专用设备。为防止使用中发生变化，需定期校验。 ,.技术要求 (,) 激光束中心高度,,,,mm?,mm;, (,) 转台中心处激光束光斑直径不大于,mm; (,) 转台中心处激光器和受光器的转换回位重复误差不大于?,mm。 ,.校验项目 (,) 激光束中心高度; (,) 激光束光斑直径; (,) 转换回位重复误差。 ,.校验条件 (,) 距离测量用在验定有效期内有毫米刻度的直尺; (,) 全部校验在灯光检测暗室内进行。 ,.校验方法 (,)激光束中心高度 用直尺测量激光束中心距低平面的高度，要考虑大激光照准仪和转台所在地面的水平高度茶(如果存在的话)。如不正确，调节地脚螺丝。 (,)激光束光斑直径 同上面(二),(,)条。 (,)转换回位重复误差 让激光照准仪由“照准”状态转换到“测试”状态，到位后再转回到“照准”，如此重复六次，后三次在转台中心处的白板上记下激光斑中心位置。如果三个标志之间的距离超过,,,，说明激光照准仪的微度开关有故障或转动速度，查出原因并解决。 ,.校验周期 一般为一年第二次随时校验。 二、检定系统与规程 ,,,,年,月,日中华人民共和国第,,号主席令公布了《中华人民共和国计量法》。这套文件还有国务院批准发布的《中华人民共和国计量法实施惜得》和《中华人民共和国强制检定的工作计量器具检定的管理办法》。可见计量国内工作在国际名声中的重要地位，而且表明了国家实施计量检定是国家的指法行administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 为。各计量器具的使用的单位和个人，必须依法对使用的计量器具按期检定，坚定工作必须由国家授权的计量部门进行。 计量检定系统是国家实施检定的组织程序和实施系统文件。它规定了计量单位的国家基准的用途，基准所包的全太基本计量器具，基准的计量学参数和借助于幅基准、工作基准、标准向工作计量器具传递单位量值的程序，并指明其不确定度和基本坚定方法等。 计量检定规程是国家事实检定的标准，他使用于新制造、使用中和维修后的标准及工作一级、二级计量器具的检定要求及方法。 (一)光度计量检定系统与规程 国家技术监督局对常用的光强度和光照度以及角度等已经颁发了一系列计量检定形态以计量检定规程，目前已经实施了和灯具检测有关的有: ,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——《总光通量计量器具》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 ,.,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统规程——《总光通量标准白炽灯》(,,,,年公布实施)。 ,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——《发光强度计量器具》(,,,,,月,日实施)。 ,.,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统规程——《发光强度标准灯》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 ,.,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——光照度计量器具(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 ,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——《光亮度计量器具》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 ,.,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定规程—《光照度计》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 ,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——《弱光光度计量系统》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 ,.,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定规程——《微弱光照度计》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 ,,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——《色度计量系统》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan ,,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——《色温度(分布温度)计量器具》(,,,,年, 月,日实施)。 ,,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——《平面角计量器具》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 ,,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统,《直流电动式计量器具》(,,,,,月,日实施)。 ,,.,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定规程——《 汽车前照灯检测仪》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 ,,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——《震动计量器具》(,,,,年,月,日)。 ,,.,,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定系统——《冲击加速度计量器具》(,,,,年,月,日实施)。 (二)光照度计量检定规程 ,,,,,,——,,中华人民共和国国家计量检定规程——《光照度计》实际上是照度计的过季度法规。该规程照度计(标准照度计、一级照度计和二级照度计)的各项技术指标之定义和检验方法。现将其中技术要求部分内容概要于后供使用者参考。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan ,,.读数不稳定的时间 照度计的读数不稳定时间不得超过,,。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 8.4灯具检测报告 8.4.1原始记录 一、记录要素 原始记录就是检测样品的档案。对样品的各个方面都应有足够详尽的记载。原始记录至少应包括如下一些内容 : 1. 检测样品的自然状况一一名称、品牌、规格型号和结构以及外貌特征等。 2. 检测样品的附件状况一一装用灯泡品牌、规格型号、生产厂家和使用电压等。 3. 检测样品的从属关系一一生产厂家、生产时间和配套车型等。 4. 检测样品的交接情况一一供样人、收样人、交接时间和交接地点等。 5. 样品的检测条件一一检测单位、检测地点、检测环境 ( 温度和湿度 ) 、检测用设备以及设备的当前技术状况等。 6. 检测依据的标准一一注明标准级别和版本以及依据其中的条款 ( 如果部分采用的话 ) 。 7. 检测内容或检测数据一一检测资料要真实完整 , 保持客观原貌 , 排除主观干扰。 原始记录不允许用铅笔书写 , 不可随便更改 , 如确需改动 , 也不应抹掉原文 , 而要用杠线划 去作废部分 , 在旁边写明替换内容 , 由更改人注明原因并盖名章。对于于写原始记录尤其 要注意。如果是一人读数 , 一人记录 , 记录人应复述读数值。测量结束后 , 操作人和记录 人都签字。当然最好是利用自动打印 , 或电子、磁性媒体进行自动记录。 8. 检测人员一一检测员、主检员、校核员及主管员应逐级过目签字。 9. 需要记载的其他备忘事项或特殊情况。 原始记录作为技术档案应妥善保存 , 以备查用。并应确定一个保存期限。 二、记录格式 原始记录没有统一要求的固定格式 , 都是各使用单位或个人根据具体情况编制。本章附录 1 的示例仅供参考。 8.4.2 检测数据处理 一、数字规则 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan ( 一 ) 准确数与近似数 不带近似性的数称为准确数。真值、理论值和规定值等都属于准确数。技术标准中规定的限值 , 例如照度值最大不得超过 0.3lx, 最小不得低于 12lx 等就是准确数。仅和真值近似的数称为近似数。一切测量值都是近似数。对同一个物理量的不同测量值 , 只是近似程度不同而已。 ( 二 ) 有效数字 1. 通常把测量结果中可靠的几位数字加上可疑的一位 ( 有时加上两位 ) 数字称为测量结果的有效数字。例如 1.25 的有效数字为 3 位 ,726.184 是 6 位有效数字 ,12000 的有效数字位数是 5, 同一个数写成 1.2 × 104 有效数字就是 2 位 , 虽然数值相同 , 含意却不一 样。 2. 有效数字的位数与小数点的位置元关 , 用来表示小数点位置的 " 。 " 不是有效数字 O 例如长度测量数据 12.5mm, 以厘米为单位是 1.25cm, 如果把单位换成米则为 0.0125m 。 而有效数字的位数没变 , 都是 3 位有效数字。但要注意 , 当 "0" 不是用作表示小数点位置 时 ,0 和其他数字 1,2,3, „ , 一样都是有效数字。例如 ,1.00 万的有效数字是 5 位 , 1.OOOm 的有效数字是 4 位。可见 , 数据末位的 "0" 既不能任意加上 , 也不可随便去掉。 3. 一个测量数据的有效数字末位 , 是由测量工具的精度决定的。对同一个物理量 , 测量工具精度越高 , 测量数据的有效数字位数就越多 , 如果测量工具的精度不高 , 取过多 的位数没有意义。换句话说 , 超出有效数字位数的读数没有意义。特别在光度测量中 , 都 是数字显示表头 , 容易产生位数越多越精确的错觉。实际上 , 超过照度计误差的低位显示 值已经没有意义。一般是取测量数据 ( 不确定部分 ) 的有效位数比测量装置误差的有效位 数多 1~2 位 , 以便通过修约使二者相适应。 ( 三 ) 近似数 ( 小数 ) 运算规则 当测量数据进行加减运算时 , 计算结果小数点后保留的位数应与参加运算数据里小 数点后最少的位数相同 ; 当进行乘除运算时 , 计算结果的有效数字位数应与参加运算数据 里有效数字最少的位数相同 O 例如 :25.38+0.1046-3.237=22.25 24.38 × 2.5 ? 3.1416=19.411~19 183.6 × 8456.47 ? 2.4=646919.96 勾 6.5 × 105 ( 囚 ) 数据修约规则 修约规则即数据舍入规则 , 是数据整齐化的基本方法。数据修约的基本规定为 : 1. 拟舍弃数字的最前一位数字小于 5 时 , 舍去 ( 保留部分不变 ) 。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 2. 拟舍弃数字的最前一位数字大于 5 时 , 进 1( 保留部分末位加 1)0 3. 拟舍弃数字的最前一位数字等于 5 时 , 分两种情况 : (1)5 后有非 0 数字时 , 进 10 (2)5 后无数字或皆为 0 时 , 又分两种情形 : ? 5 前为奇数进 1; ? 5 前为偶数舍去。 在数据修约规则中还有修约间隔和 25 间隔修约法等 , 因不常用故此从略。应该特 别强调的一点是在数据舍进时不允许连续修约。例如 : 修约 15.4546 成整数。正确的做 法是 :15.4546 ? 15; 不正确的做法 ( 连续修约 ) 是 :15.4546 ? 15.455 ? 15.46 ? 15.5 ? 16 。 二、误差处理 任何一个量值 , 其真值都是一个理想的概念 , 一般来说真值是不能通过测量获得的 ,但都可通过测量获得接近真值的量值。满足规定准确度可用来代替真值使用的量值称为 实际值。用高一等级的计量标准器测得的量值即可作为下一级测量时的实际值。 在任何一种测量中 , 元论使用的仪器多么精密 , 方法多么完善 , 操作者多么有经验又 多么细心 , 测量结果都不可能完全一致 , 必然有一定的误差。在一切测量中误差总是客观 存在的 , 测量误差只能设法减小却不可能完全消除。 按照定义 , 误差 = 测量结果一真值。因为真值实际上往往是无法获得的 , 所以在实际使用中采用下面两个公式 : 绝对误差 = 测量结果实际值 ; 相对误差 = 绝对误差 / 实际值。 当误差很小时 , 还可以采用 : 相对误差 = 绝对误差 / 测量结果。 ( 一 ) 误差的分类 根据误差的性质和产生的原因 , 可将误差分为三类 : 1. 系统误差 也称恒定误差。这种误差是由测量系统或其中某些环节不良或受到不利影响而产生 的 , 例如仪器不准 , 环境 ( 温度和湿度等 ) 变化以及操作者个人习惯等。该误差在同一项测 量中是恒定的 , 始终偏向一个方向 , 大小和符号都不变。系统误差经逐一校正是可以减小 甚至消除的。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 2. 随机误差 也称偶然误差。在测量中 , 虽然已经消除了系统误差 , 测量数据的末一位或未两位还 是难免不一致 , 这就是随机误差。随机误差有时大 , 有时小 , 有时正 , 有时负 , 飘忽不定。 随机误差产生的原因不详 , 因而也就无法控制。但随机误差服从统计规律 , 在测量数据足 够多时就可用统计方法对该项误差进行评估。 3. 过失误差 又称粗大误差。过失误差是一种显然不符合实际的 , 超出在规定条件下预期值的大误差 , 粗大误差值都明显的大 , 它会严重的歪曲测量结果。因此 , 测量结果中不允许含有 粗大误差。在数据处理时 , 带有粗大误差的数据应该剔除。粗大误差主要是由于操作者 粗心大意 , 过度疲劳或操作不正确引起的。找到原因即可消除。 误差的来源是多方面的 , 例如设备误差、标准器误差、测量装置误差、附件误差、环境 ( 温度、湿度、气压、振动、灰尘 , 电磁场和光照射等 ) 误差和方法误差以及人员误差等等。 此处不再详述。 在检测工作中常用到精确度、准确度和正确度的概念。这三个术语是对测量误差的 一种概括。精确度好即测量数据的重复性好 , 也就是说随机误差小 , 所以精确度代表随机 误差状况 ; 准确度指所测数值与真值的符合程度 , 它代表系统误差和随机误差的综合结 果 ; 正确度则反映测量结果和实际情况的接近程度 , 它代表系统误差和过失误差的综合结 果。在一项检测中 , 尽管精确度很高 , 但准确度却不一定好 ; 相反 , 若准确度好 , 则精确度 一定高 , 同时正确度也一定好 ; 而正确度好时 , 精确度和准确度都不一定高 ( 即测量数据分 散 , 但算术平均值接近真值 ) 。可见衡量一项测量的关键指标是准确度。 ( 二 ) 误差的表示方法 常用的误差表示方法有 : 1. 算术平均误差 此种误差表示方法是最简单也是最常用的方法。其定义为 式中 n 为观测次数 ,x 为第 i 次测量值 ,a是测量值的算术平均值 [α=(x1+x2+ „i +x)/n]。算术平均误差法的缺点是不能反映出各次测量之间彼此符合的情况。 n 2. 标准误差 也称均方根误差 , 其定义为 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 式中各符号含义同上。标准误差不仅是一组测量之各测量值的函数 , 而且对一组测量值中的较大误差或较小误差反应比较灵敏 , 故标准误差为表示精确度的较好方法。在各种 科技测量中被广泛采用。 3. 引用误差 对于测量仪表还有一种专用的误差表示方法 , 即引用误差 , 其定义为 引用误差 = 示值误差 / 满量程值 这种误差是测量工作中最实际也是接触最多的误差。所谓示值误差就是仪表的显示值和实际值之间的误差 , 仪表的每个挡位都可显示无穷多个示值 , 因而有元穷多个示值误差 , 其中误差值最大的称为最大示值误差 , 对应的引用误差值称为该挡的最大引用误差。实 际上每一挡的最大示值误差就是该仪表这一挡的允许误差。对于单量程仪表或多量程仪 表的每个挡 , 最大示值误差是惟一的 , 所以最大引用误差也是惟一的 , 因而可以用最大引用误差评定仪表的准确度高低。 关于误差和测量数据处理 , 国家技术监督局已于 1991 年 8 月制定出技术规范 ,1992 年 10 月 1 日起实施。编号为 JJG1027-91 《测量误差及数据处理》。文中推荐贝塞尔法 ( 即标准误差法 ) 为误差处理的基本方法。国家标准 GB8107-87 早对数据规则有明确规定。 ( 三 ) 减小误差的注意事项 具体针对车灯配光性能检测而言 , 为了减小测量误差应该充分重视如下几点 : 1. 要严格执行操作规程 , 任何环节都不可随意或马虎。如果发现意外误差 , 要找出误差源加以消除。 2. 检测设备和系统应适时校验 , 以确保检测系统状态正常。 3. 按期检定 , 检定要在使用现场并保持检测时工作状态下进行。这样一方面避免设备在拆装搬运过程中改变状态或造成损坏 , 另一方面能消除系统误差(至少可将系统误差降到最低限度) 。 4. 在被检灯装卡到位后给灯供电之前对照度计调零。这样可以消除环境杂光对灯 光照度值的影响。 5. 根据被测量的大小 , 选定合适的挡位 , 这点对减小误差尤其重要。一般来说 , 被测值在量程的 80% 附近为合适。以前照灯近光检测为例 ,B50L 的照度值在 0.5 左右 , 一级照度计administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 1 的允许误差为 4%, 用 10?挡 ( 该挡量程0~1.999) 最大示值误差为 0.08, 如果用 10挡 2 ( 该挡量程0~19.99) 最大示值误差将为 0.8, 即误差值比被测值都大 , 如果误用 10挡甚至 310 挡 , 后果就更严重了。由此可见挡位选择的重要性。当然被测值未必正巧 碰上最大示值误差 , 这里不过为了说明问题而已。 6. 经过检定己知系统误差大小和方向时 , 可采用加修正值的方法。将修正值反号与检测值相加 , 即在检测结果中消除了系统误差。最终的测量结果中不应该含有需要修正的系统误差。 8.4.3 检测报告 国家计量部门和技术监督部门根据《中华人民共和国产品质量法》和《中华人民共和国计量法》实施检测而出具的检验报告 , 是具有法律效力的文书 , 必须严肃对待 , 严格要求 , 充分体现公正性、科学性和准确性。即便是企业内部的检测报告 , 也是产品质量评审和技术改进的重要依据 , 不可马虎草率。 一、一般要求 检测报告要求简明严谨 , 用词准确 , 表达清楚 , 数据完整 , 结论明确 , 程序完备。内容至少应包括如下一些项目 : 1. 检测样品的自然状况一一名称、品牌、规格型号和结构等 ; 2. 检测样品的附件状况一一装用灯泡品牌、规格型号、生产厂家和使用电压等 ; 3. 检测样品的从属关系一一生产厂家、生产时间和配套车型等 ; 4. 检测依据的标准一一应注明标准级别和版本以及依据其中的条款 ( 如果部分采用的话 ); 5. 检测结论一一要求语言精炼 , 用词准确 , 表达清楚 ; 6. 检测内容或检测数据一一要真实完整 , 不可涂改 , 不可空白 ( 如有空缺要加盖空白章 ) 。 7. 检测单位一一必须加盖齐备的公章和检测业务章。 8. 报告人一一检测、审核及主管人员签字。 二、报告格式 检测报告没有统一要求的固定格式 , 有些推荐的格式也是仅供参考。本章附录 2 为仅供参考的示例。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 附录1 前照灯原始记录示例 2006-11-15 18:12:42 浏览量: 1313 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 附录2 前照灯检测报告示例 2006-11-15 18:17:57 浏览量: 1313 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan 文章来源:现代汽车灯具 文章录入:黄佐贤主… , 上一篇文章: 附录1 前照灯原始记录示例 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan