IL 这次真的好烦那=.=

IL 这次真的好烦那=.= 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 2 2. The Type of Inventory Decisions by ZK ....................................................................................... 3 2.1. Stock Level ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.2. The Way to Store ................................................................................................................ 3 2.3. Costs ................................................................................................................................... 3 2.4. Inventory Strategy .............................................................................................................. 4 3. Factors of Transport Methods ....................................................................................................... 5 4. Customer needs in Warehousing Facilities and Location .............................................................. 6 5. Service from International Logistic Firms .................................................................................... 8 6. The Influence to Distribution Strategies from these Services ................................................. 10 7. Benefits of in-house and outsourced logistics. ........................................................................ 11 7.1. Outsourced Logistic .................................................................................................... 11 7.2. In-house Logistic ......................................................................................................... 11 8. The Technological Changes on the Logistics Industry............................................................ 13 9. Reverse Logistics .................................................................................................................... 14 10. Green Logistics ................................................................................................................... 15 11. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 16 12. Reference ............................................................................................................................ 17 1 1. Introduction This report describes the difference factors which affect the international logistics systems and its decision. Some discussion is about the future trend of the logistic systems. 2 2. The Type of Inventory Decisions by ZK 2.1. Stock Level The stock level is considered as the stored cargos in the stock. There are something need to pay attention by ZK to the stock level. Firstly, the stock level can?t be 0 or near 0. If the stock is occurred this kind problem, it wouldn?t have any commodities in reserve for using. In the other side, the stock can?t be filled than the maximum level. As in this situation, ZK would suffer the damage from costs? increase for the reason of there would be more wastage in their stock. Keeping more cargos in the stock means more inventory cost to the company. Furthermore the stock level also can affect the honor of ZK if they don?t have any products to sell when the product are selling hot. 2.2. The Way to Store The store mode may also affect the utility from different parts such as money, place and time. An excellent mode can save much time when carry these products from the stock and a lot of place in order to store more things. One of the control modes is the packaging which influence the cost of floor space and operating time. If the cargos are packaging and placed by a better way - same classify toys place and package in one place, they can easier to be found in the using time. 2.3. Costs There are four costs in the holding costs: capital costs, inventory service costs, storage space costs and inventory risk costs. The inventory investment is one of capital costs, it is a big costs which should concerned by ZK as there are many storages in order to meet the high speed distribution target. Additionally, the handling cost is another part of the capital costs which would be using in each product?s handling. Difference with that, insurance and taxes are parts of inventory service costs from the outside. To ensure the successful logistic and safety of products a insurance distributes a lot in this purpose. The taxes for inventory from government are another parts fare to ZK. In the storage space costs, the costs are consisted by the warehouse fare (from using plant warehouse, publish warehouse, rented warehouse and company –owned warehouse). From the long-term purpose, ZK should choose to own a warehouse. The cost from rental will be a high in the long-term than to built a company-owned one. According to the existing risk, the cost from pilferage and damage also need to be 3 calculated in the amount. If ZK decrease the spending in the security of stock, it would lead to the higher loss from the malicious action such as pilferage and destroy by others. Without the costs from holding a stock it may also come from placing an order which is a necessary process in the business running. Furthermore ZK may suffer an odium from its customers if they made a shortage in their logistic process. The bad honor would occur to a decrease in customer loyalty. 2.4. Inventory Strategy There are two kinds of strategies in inventory – pull or push. The business terms push and pull originated in the logistic and supply chain management. A push-pull-system in business describes the movement of a product or information between two subjects. With a push-based supply chain, products are pushed through the channel, from the production side up to the retailer. The manufacturer sets production at a level in accord with historical ordering patterns from retailers. It takes longer for a push-based supply chain to respond to changes in demand, which can result in overstocking or bottlenecks and delays. In a pull-based supply chain, procurement, production and distribution are demand-driven so that they are coordinated with actual customer orders, rather than 1forecast demand. For ZK Company, the push strategy is more suitable than the other one for the reason that it is planed one. ZK uses the stock level by the demand of products forecasting which is a planed strategy. The advantage from this strategy can bring the supply commitment to ZK by the excellent logistic distribution. 1 Concept from “; 4 3. Factors of Transport Methods The transport methods may affect many factors in the whole process, each method has its different advantages and disadvantages to ZK. The fundamental factor is the cost spending in the whole transportation process; ZK should choose its suitable method for difference jobs. As the distance of each mission is difference, the methods also should be different to choose. The air transportation take the largest costs than other 3 (truck transport, water way and rail transport), however, the water way shows the cheapest cost than other two ways for the reason of its large burden. For ZK it is important to consider in order to reduce the huge costs from the hug amount products. The second factor is time using in the distribution work, various transport methods also have different speed to achieve the mission. It is easy to understand that the air transport has the most efficient utility in long-distance work which is contrary to the truck. The water way may be chosen for the special terrain which shows total difference with truck and rail. As ZK has a large-scale market in whole world, it is important for ZK to consider which way is the most time saving one. The third factor to consider is from customers? demand which may ask a long-term supply. For the purpose to satisfy the requirement, ZK should choose a most efficient way to control cost and time. The risk may be the fourth factor in the decision, it is related with the quality of product to prevent the damaging during the transport and whether products can deliver on time. The damaging may mainly happen in rail way include pilferage and spoilage. And the transportation can?t ensure there would always be smooth; traffic accident would lead to the time wastage and the shortage to the stock. Usually, air transport has the least accident probability on the contrary to the truck. After that, ZK may pay attention to the control part. In the control part, it may relate to time, cost and flexibility. The truck transport way is a flexible way to be controlled when the destination had any changing. But it is hard to do in other three ways for the reason of regular shipping lines. In time control, the air does well it won?t take time to waste after take-off. The final factor is the multimodal transport which means in some distribution mission, it need more than two ways of transport methods. For example when ZK provide its product from China to a retailer in Ohio it may need both air transport for long-distance transport and truck transport for local freight. The multimodal transport means the diversity to the different transit line. 5 4. Customer needs in Warehousing Facilities and Location Firstly, when making the decision on warehousing location, ZK may consider the links to international market and the competitors? location. ZK have a warehouse at each factory for the purpose of fluent process to the international customers, it ensure the link between production and distribution in the logistic. Furthermore, ZK also should set the warehouses in the countries which have ZK?s service to meet the international market. And the specific warehouse location should be considered to its competitor warehouses? location. ZK should choose far away from its competitors if they are in the same area to avoid some competition in the logistic service. Secondly, there are more specific factors should be considered when make decision on facilities from customer need. The costs may be the first one to think over from its facilities? costs, operating cost and maintenance cost. Although the higher price of facilities means the higher quality and services but it also means the high investment and operating cost. However, to meet the customer need may be would cost more than it expected. The customer may ask for a high standard of accuracy in control the logistic system. For this requirement, ZK may use an IT system to support that for its precise operation. The most fundamental factor is decided by the product which is produced by ZK. For example the weight and size would influence the decision of what kind facilities to choose. When purchasing facilities for the warehouse, ZK also should take into account about the problem whether its stuff have the skill to use them. Furthermore, the services supplied by ZK and the requirement from would also affect the decision. If one customer asks for an order such like a special packaging which means ZK need to purchase another facility for the order. The sixth factor may relate to some special factors in the geographic problems which are occurred by the customer need. Facing with this kind issue, ZK should purchase these special facilities for its business extension. Thirdly, there is a policy names sales order processing (SOP) which can link all chain members together to bring many benefits. It is a tool that can both automate your processes and integrate with your existing enterprise systems. It provides an 6 automated system for capturing orders and integrant that data with all chain members. The SOP may bring many benefits to ZK such as reducing manual labors with the labor costs? decrease through the automation. Furthermore, it shows a faster order processing which can help ZK to gain more customers? satisfactory. 7 5. Service from International Logistic Firms As ZK provide an international logistic system to its customers by both itself and specialist dedicated international logistics organisations. There are many kind services in its logistic work. The inventory management is one of them in its logistic service. Inventory management is primarily about specifying the size and placement of stocked goods. Inventory management is required at different locations within a facility or within multiple locations of a supply network to protect the regular and planned course of 2production against the random disturbance of running out of materials or goods. In the case, there is a large semi-automated warehouse facility attached to each factory. ZK use a computerised stock control system and integrated production management techniques to aid the flow of stock and to equipment is efficiently utilised. The transport is the basic and prerequisite service for an international logistic firm. The transport service uses different methods to service the each kind of users. The transport service includes a strict delivery schedules. Furthermore ZK employed two specialist international logistics organisations to deal with their international deliveries and to help them meet their customer service and fulfillment targets. ZK setting its production facilities near the major road, rail and air freight links is also for the purpose of convenient transport service. The information flows and order processing may affect the efficiency in the whole processing of its logistics, such as market trend, customer? deviance and so on. In the ZK, the high efficiency performance can be showed as that they guarantee the delivery of sample products within 14–21 days of order; For ZK, they need deal with the whole world customer?s requirement and order, the important point is that they should have a suitable solution. Through the SOP which has been mentioned above, it bring the saving time in order process which may make its customer feeling more satisfied. The customer service is the working after its regular works, such as the customer satisfaction survey and complaint fix. It bring more insurance to the customers for the smaller losses. ZK employed a specialist team of research and development staff to ensure the company?s products matching the changing markets trends. It is another kind of customer service to check the customer need and whether the products meet them. Demand forecast is the company gives demand expectations in the products with in a 2 #Inventory_Management 8 period of time in the future. The demand expectations also relate to the decision making in the planning and strategy. The customers? order and market trend would influence the decision mostly. The demand forecasting and production operations are most closely to each other. For ZK?s customers, they can accept more information from its forecasting. ZK uses its specialist team to forecast the market trend which can help both its customers and itself to avoid risk. Nowadays, the concentration and the big scale of logistics operation have become a trend. Logistics can link these complicated relationship (different company, department and industry), it makes the relationship among each section to achieve the economic target. 9 6. The Influence to Distribution Strategies from these Services These services can help ZK?s distribution strategies in different sides, such as: time, location, method and cargo. In the inventory management, it may affect the location and cargo parts. As the inventory management in ZK is effective with the computer semi-auto technology, it may help the company to increase the distribution efficacies and less cost from the labor saving. The international transport influence both time and location factors in the distribution strategies. The correct using of different kind transport ways can ensure the delivery time and the avoidance of shortage in products. For example of the running of a fleet of delivery lorries on a more local level to supply adjacent provinces is the suitable choice by ZK shows a outstanding performance. The information flows and order processing may relate to the method and time factors. The method 14-21 days time limiting is the time factor which was influenced by it. Customer service would affect the method decision in distribution strategies for the reason of different kind customers has its own requirement with others. The most suitable method to ZK?s customer should be decided by the research and analysis, Demand forecast is an advanced work which can give the strategies a clear remind. The demand forecast may advise to the company and its customers of the cargo quantities? change in the future and new method of transportation?s appearance. Furthermore, there are two kinds of using (dedicated and shares) in these services. The dedicated means ZK?s services are operated by itself on the contrary to shares way which means the services are in a public using condition. For ZK, there are both advantages and disadvantages in each services: the inventory management can have a low cost if it choose to share with others in a public warehouse but existing risk of uncontrollable at meanwhile. The customer services? public information can share with other companies but also means risk. The international transport would lead to a low cost in a share way and traffic problem also. 10 7. Benefits of in-house and outsourced logistics. 7.1. Outsourced Logistic The outsourced logistic means using the outside resources such as some international ogistic company for the purpose of achieve its target. It can offer a more efficient l way for ZK in some places. In the case study, the two specialist dedicated international logistics organisation which were employed by ZK to deal with their international deliveries belong to outsourced logistic. The outsourced logistic in the transport and distribution have both advantages and disadvantages to ZK. Firstly, the using of outsourced logistic means more resource can be spent on the building of core competence. The external partners of outsourcing would bring more professional knowledge to help the company fulfill its objects. ZK would have more time, labors and resources to strong its core competence such as the quality of products. Secondly, with the increase of the services quality which comes from these two international logistic companies, it would make the customers feeling more satisfactory. Thirdly, the capacity management may increase by the help from these companies to alleviate the bottleneck pressure. Fourthly and fifthly, through this way the company can save not only labor resources but also time spending. On the contrary, this way of logistic also brings disadvantages into the company. Firstly, the employment need a lot of costs which affected the financial chain in the company. Secondly, as the logistic service isn?t operated by itself, the quality would be a risk to ZK. If the customers can?t get the products on time, they won?t blame the logistic company but ZK. Thirdly, there also is a risk for ZK to take care about the contract relationship among the logistic company, customers and itself. The contract?s changing would lead to a serious problem in the whole operating which would affect not only the specific customer itself. Fourthly, the information share with the logistic company may occur an information safety problem which may benefit to its rivals. 7.2. In-house Logistic In-house logistic means the company uses its own resource to deal with the logistic works without rely on partners. 11 In the logistic system, ZK used a semi-auto IT system to control the process. Different from outsourced logistic it was the work done by ZK itself. The advantages of in-house logistic may bring an easy control by itself which is different with the working entrusted by another. ZK can change its logistic policy easier if there are any problems happened in the process. Furthermore the whole process is controlled by ZK means the insurance of quality. In disadvantage part, ZK operated the IT system by itself means the higher risk as its profession is not focus on that part. The capital chain may suffer some works as the spending on IT system may invest on other work. The choice of the mixture by ZK is considered with the trend of logistic development. As the trend is to increase the amount of services and coverage of services, ZK can meet these demand by this mix way. 12 8. The Technological Changes on the Logistics Industry EDI: the exchange of information between members (trade, transport, insurance, banks, custom and etc) of the supply chain. It uses the information with an international recognized standard format in each structure through the computer net to exchange the date with every related department, industry and company. ZK may use this technology for its business to exchange the date with its logistic company, custom, other transport company and the customers. The EDI technology make the whole run more unhindered by the information obstacle. It can bring many benefits from the high speed date communication such as: the guarantee of delivery time which ZK takes much count of it. The faster speed in feedback from order is another part can be improved by this technology to ZK. Satellite Technology: Allowing communication across a wide geographic area a such as a region or even the world through the satellite in the space. This technology can help ZK to locate the newest position of its product when doing transport. It also can help ZK to control its logistic service if there are anything need to change, the order can be transmit no matter in where. The satellite technology is another kind of communication ways without the boundedness. RFID: used within relatively small areas, such as distribution centres, to facilitate two-way information exchange to identify a container or its contents as it moves through facilities or on transportation. RFID technology can be used in ZK?s outputting goods, incoming goods and storage. Basic employee can use RFID technology for identification purpose and office employee can use computer to cheek the trade flows. It can make ZK?s service become more accurate and specific. The information communication technology (ICT) bring these points to the business and make them different. It can save the burden in the beginning and offer more services. But it is also show the risk in the information security. 13 9. Reverse Logistics Reverse logistics is for recycling waste disposal with high efficient and appropriate cost, the target covers the control of raw materials, products, producing products and related information. Some reverse logistics is used for the purpose the promise to customers. For example of the Toyota motor recovery is one of reverse logistics which is focus on its products quality. The reverse logistic can save aggregate costs, increase the service and the satisfactory from customers. In the case for ZK, the reverse logistic can use in product recall if there are any problems with the quality standard. Furthermore ZK may use the reverse logistics in raw material recall when the raw material shows availability. Using with the reverse logistic can offer ZK less cost in material and the loyalty gain from the promise of production. 14 10. Green Logistics The green logistic means to ensure the logistics process won?t be damage to the environment when it does its work, to achieve the purification object and fully utilized resources. Firstly, Green Logistics is related to the economic, social and environmental problems. It does not affect only currently problem but also future world. Secondly, it includes all aspects of strategic logistics process of the green, and the related process of production and consumption of green. Thirdly, the trend of the world policy is focusing on the green-environment problem. . In terms of ZK, its a fleet of lorries to supply adjacent province and the decision of three production facilities? location which are close to the major road, rail and air freight links all ensure the ability of delivery. The correct decision made the lowest cost of the system which save more resource means green logistic. However, as the logistic job?s need the fuel of transport and the noise from them also are serious which should be thought more. ZK?s product also should take care about the green problem. The raw material of its product may also have some dangerous elements to the environment. For Tobacco industry: The tobacco industry has the most dangerous to the environment not only the producing but also its products. These industries need to pay attention on the green logistic for its obvious damage to the world. The tobacco industry may occur to more utilization resource and the more environmental pollution such as the air pollution. The tobacco products also include the paper, plastic and other specific chemical products which are also affected to the environment and resource. The green logistic can show in the replace of its addition product, the technology?s improve to reduce the damage. Iron and steel company: The iron and steel company need large energy to provide the heat in order to fulfill its target. In its transport time, there are some consumption in the process. The green logistic can reduce the consumption amount by the technology. The factory and warehouses? building and its facilities are also connected with green logistic. 15 11. Conclusion This report describes the various factors affecting the logistics which may affect the decision and it illustrates some trend in the future about important of green logistic. The strategy in the report has been analysed well of the decision. 16 12. 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