价值尺度和流通手段的对比

价值尺度和流通手段的对比 价值尺度 流通手段 货币现和衡量其他一切商品价值 货币充当商品交换媒介的职含 义 大小的职能 能 观念上的货币 现实的货币 表现形式 货币之所以具有该职能，是因为货币 商品流通:以货币为媒介的商 也是商品，也有价值 品交换。 价值与价格的关系: 其公式为: 价值是价格 的基础， 商品—货币—商品 其 他 价格是价值的货币表现 价值尺度 基本职能 流通手段货 币 货币(退出流通领域)作为社会的贮藏手段财富的代表保存起来(应为足五值金属货币) 种 职赊购赊销中支付债务，或支付地支付手段租、利息、税款、工资等能 购买外国商品，支付国际收支差 额、在国家之间转移财富世界货币 纸币产生的原因、纸币的含义、优点、发行规律 (了解) 产生原因:因为磨损而不足值的金属铸币可同足值的铸币一样使用，启发人们发明了作为价值符号的纸币。 含义:纸币是国家发行的、强制使用的价值符号。 优点:制作成本低、易于保管携带运输，避免了金属铸货币在使用过程中的磨损 发行规律:纸币的发行量必须以流通中所需要的货币量为限度。 Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number 商品流通过程中实际所需的货币量既不是越多越好，也不是越少越好，而是受客观规律——货币流通规律支配的。 提示:商品流通中实际需要的货币量是受货币流通 规律支配的，在一定时期内，流通中所需要的货币量 同商品价格总额成正比，同货币流通速度成反比。 待售商商品价×品数量格水平商品价格总额 == 货币流通次数货币流通次数 纸币的本质:价值符号(金属货币的代表) 国家有权发行纸币，但不可以任意发行纸币。纸币的发行量要以流通中所需要的货币量为 限度。 解决通货膨胀和通货紧缩的方法 控制纸币发行量和信贷规模采用适 度从紧的货币和财政政策 抑制通货膨 控制固定资产投资规模胀的方法 发展工农业生产，增加有效供给 综合运用投资消费出口等拉动经济增长 抑制通货紧 缩的方法 扩大内需 信用卡含义、功能、优点分别是什么 (了解) 含义:银行对资信状况良好的客户发行的一种信用凭证。 功能:信用卡和支票都是经济往来转帐结算中使用的信用工具。信用卡集存款、取款、消 费、结算、查询为一体。 优点:能减少现金使用，简化收款手续，方便购物消费，增强消费安全，给持卡人带来诸 Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number 多便利 外汇和汇率(了解) 1、外汇: 用外币表示的国际间结算的支付手段。 2、汇率(汇价) 表示为:用100单位外币可以兑换成更多的人民币 外币对人民币的汇率升高 汇率的变动与进出口的关系(假定其他条件不变) ?本币汇率升高等同于外汇汇率下跌，有利于扩大进口，即不利于扩大出口。 ?本币汇率下跌等同于外汇汇率升高，有利于扩大出口，即不利于扩大进口 本可以买到更多的外国产品有利于进口 币 升 值本国产品的价格升高不利于出口 • 金钱在现代经济生活中有什么意义,什么金钱观才是正确的,(理解) • (1)货币是财富的象征。在社会主义初级阶段，各种经济活动，都离不开货币。 • (2)?对于金钱，要取之有道，用正当手段赚钱，靠诚实劳动和合法经营致富。 • ?对于金钱，要用之有益、用之有度。把钱用到有利于国家、社会、他人和自己全 面发展的地方。花钱要有所节制。 Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number (理解)供求影响价格 供求关系是影响价格的直接因素。 (1需求量上升，价格上涨;需求量下降，价格下降。 (2供给量增加，价格下降;供给量减少，价格上涨。 供不应求时，形成卖方市场，价格上涨;供大于求时，形成买方市场，价格下降。 卖方市场 买方市场 价值决定价格(理解) (1)价值是价格的基础，价格是价值的货币表现。 (2)价格与价值成正比。商品价值量越大，价格越高;商品价值量越小，价格越低。 价格不可能无限制上涨或下跌，始终围绕价值上下波动。从较长时间看，商品的价格总的来说仍然与价值相符合 商品的价值量是如何确定的(理解)1、商品的价值量———指商品价值的大小 2、商品价值量的决定 价值由劳动形成价值量由劳动量决定 劳动量的天然尺度是劳动时间 不是个别劳动时间 而是社会必要劳动时间 社会必要劳动时间——是指在现有的社会正常的生产条件下，在社会平均的劳动熟练 程度和劳动强度下制造某种 使用价值所需要的劳动时间。 商品的价值量由生产这种商品的 Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number 社会必要劳动时间决定的， 商品价值量与社会必要劳动时间成正比。 个别劳动时间对具体商品生产者的影响 个别劳动时间 , 社会必要劳动时间 在竞争中处于有利地位 ( 盈利) 个别劳动时间 ? 社会必要劳动时间 在竞争处于不利地位 ( 亏本) 个别劳动时间决定商品生产者的命运，降低个别劳动时间的惟一办法是 ————提高劳动生产率 劳动生产率的提高 对商品价值量与价值总量的影响 单位时间生产商品 单位商品 单位时间 数量 价值量 生产商品 价值总量 社会劳动 增多(正比) 减少(反比) 不变 生产率提高 个别劳动 增多(正比) 不变 增多(正比) 生产率提高 劳动时间缩短对商品价值量与价值总量的影响 单位时间生产商品单位商品 单位时间生产商品 数量 价值量 价值总量 增多 减少 不变 社会必要劳动 时 间缩短 增多 不变 增多 个别劳动 时间缩短 商品生产者(企业)为什么要提高劳动生产率 (理解) (1)社会必要劳动时间对于每个商品生产者有重要意义。用高于或低于社会必要劳动时间生产的商品，都只能按照社会必要劳动时间决定的价值量出售。 (2)个别劳动时间对商品生产者也有重要意义.只有努力提高个别劳动生产率,才能使个别劳动时间低于社会必要劳动时间,从而处于有利地位;如个别劳动生产率低,个别劳动时间高Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number 于社会必要劳动时间,会处于不利地位.因此商品生产者要努力提高劳动生产率. 价值规律的内容和表现形式(应用) ( 1 )商品的价值量是由生产商品的社会必要劳 动时间 决定。 ( 2 )商品交换要以价值量为基础，实现等价交换。 2. 价值规律的表现形式 价格围绕价值上下波动是价值规律的表现形式 在市场上发生价格与价值相背离,主要是由市场 上的商品供给和需求不平衡引起的。 价值规律的表现形式 (1)、价格与供求相互影响、相互制约 一方面:供求关系变动会影响格 一方面:价格的变动会影响供求系 Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number (等价交换原则的贯彻) (1)价格的波动是以价值为轴，不是脱离价值无限 地上升或下降，所以仍然是价值决定价格。 (2)供求关系影响价格，价格反过来也影响供求关 系，供求关系与价格之间是一种相互制约的关系。 (3)虽然每一次交易中价格与价值不一致，但从较 长时间看，价格上涨部分和下跌部分是可以相互抵消的， 商品的平均价格还是和商品的价值一致。 总之，价格终究还是由价值决定的，说明价值规律在起作用。 价格变动的影响(理解) 一、价格变动对人们生活的影响 价格上升需求量减少价格变动会引起需求量的变动 价格下降需求量增加价格变动对生活必需品的影响较小，对高档耐用品的影响较大需求量的变动不仅受该商品价格变动的影响，还受相关商品价格变动的影响 两种商品的功用相同或相近，满足消费者的互为替代品:同一需要 两种商品共同满足人们的一种需要互补商品: Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number 二、价格变动对生产的影响 1、调节生产 供过于求价格下跌获利减少 生产扩大生产缩小 获利增加价格上涨供不应求 ,、提高劳动生产率 价格降低 提高劳动生产率 减小个别劳动时间 3、生产适销对路的高质量产品 适应市场变化 人无我有 人有我优 人优我创 二、价格变动对生产的影响 1、调节生产价格下跌生产缩小 生产扩大价格上涨 2、提高劳动生产率劳动时间产品数量价格 3、生产适销对路的高质量产品 影响消费的因素(了解) 根本因素:经济发展水平。与消费水平成正比。 Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number 主要因素:收入水平和物价水平。收入水平与消费量成正比，物价水平与消费量成反比。 其他因素:商品的性能、质量、外观、包装、广告等。 有形商品消费 按产品类型分 劳务消费 消 费钱货两清消费 的贷款消费 类按交易方式不同 租赁消费型 ) 了生存资料消费解 发展资料消费)按照消费的目的 享受资料消费 消费结构的变化与恩格尔系数(了解) 恩格尔系数 = 食用支出额 / 消费总支出额 消费结构随着经济的发展、收入的变化而变化。经济发展水平和收入水平提高，有形商品消费、钱货两清的消费、生存资料消费的比重会相对下降，劳务消费、贷款消费、租赁消费、发展资料消费、享受资料消费的比重会上升。 联合国粮农组织提出了一个划分贫困与富裕标准 恩格尔系数:59%以上 为绝对贫困 50%——59%为勉强度日 40%——50%为小康水平 30%——40%为富裕 30%以下 为最富裕 不同的消费心理与消费行为(了解) (1)从众心理引发的消费行为:消费是否应该从众，要具体。盲目从众不可取。 (2)求异心理引发的消费行为:要考虑社会的认可和代价，过分求异不值得提倡。 (3)攀比心理引发的消费行为:不健康。 (4)求实心理主导的消费行为:是一种理智的消费。 要做一个理智的消费者，树立正确消费观，必须遵循哪些原则,(运用) (1)量入为出，适度消费:无计划消费、举债消费缺乏理智，过于节俭也不可取。 (2)避免盲从，理性消费:避免跟风随大流、避免情绪化消费、避免只重物质消费忽视精神消费。物质消费和精神消费并重。 (3)保护环境，绿色消费:绿色消费以保护消费者健康和节约资源为主旨，核心是可持续性消费。 (4)勤俭节约，艰苦奋斗:?勤俭节约、艰苦奋斗是中华民族的传统美德和优良作风。这种精神可以帮助我们克服物质生活上的困难，获得新的成就。?我国是一个发展中国家，更要戒奢从俭。实践证明，艰苦奋斗作为精神财富，任何时候都要发扬光大。 Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number Therapy. (D) respiratory diseases (2 months) 1. Rotary objective diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in respiratory medicine, familiar with the imaging changes of common respiratory diseases; correct analysis of arterial blood gas analysis, sputum culture result, familiar with application of antibiotics. 2. basic requirements (1) learning disease species and the cases number requirements: disease species cases number (?) Shang respiratory infection 10 pneumonia 10 acute or chronic support bronchitis 5 chronic blocked sex lung disease 5 breathing failure 5 (2) basic skills requirements: type cases number (?) sucking phlegm operation 10 times chest puncture operation 2 cases lung x line read tablets 20 Zhang lung CT read tablets 20 Zhang breathing machine operation 5... (G) psychiatric 2 months 1. purpose rotary master mental illness history, physical examination and scale testing requirements and methods. Learn about common diseases in psychiatric clinical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic principle. 2. basic requirements for studying diseases and the number of cases required: name number (?) 20 20 emotional disorder of schizophrenia 20 neurosis (VIII) medical imaging department 1 1 purpose, rotary control system, normal CT, MRI reading methods and neuroimaging manifestations of common diseases of the nervous system. 2, basic requirements for studying diseases and the number