最完全的基本英语语法

最完全的基本英语语法 动词 1)根据动词在句中的功能，可分为四类，分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、 情态动词(Modal Verb)。 2) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb)，缩写 形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 3)动词有五种形态，分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、 过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。 系动词 系动词亦称连系动词(Link Verb)，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语(亦称补语)，构成 系表结构主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 说明: 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3)表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 Food goes bad easily in summer. 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如: The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out (to be)a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果) 助动词 协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用， 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, should, will, would 例如: He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。 (doesn't是助动词，无词义;like是主要动词，有词义) 2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来: a. 表示时态，例如: He is singing. 他在唱歌。 He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态，例如: He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句，例如: Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗, Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗, d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如: I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如: Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know(=knew) that. 他的确知道那件事。 短语动词 动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。例如: Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词) 短语动词的构成基本有下列几种: 1) 动词+副词，如:black out; 2) 动词+介词，如:look into; ) 动词+副词+介词，如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。 3 动词的时态 1 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 2 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day(=several days ago), in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3)句型: It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了" It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事' I'd rather you came tomorrow. I'd rather come tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较: 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 3 used to / be used to used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。 Scarf used to take a walk. Mother used not to(=did not use to) be so forgetful. (过去常常散步) be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。 He is used to a vegetarian(素食) diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) The book is used to take notes.被用来做 。。。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 4 一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。 will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +to do不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4) be about to +do不定式，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 5 be going to / will+ do 用于条件句时， be going to 表将来 will 表意愿 If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 6 be to+do和be going to +do be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) 7 一般现在时表将来(位移)---物 1)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes. 2)倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3)在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they will have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 8 用现在进行时表示将来 意为:"意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I'm leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week? 9 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成: have (has) +过去分词done。 10 比较过去时与现在完成时 1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past/last ten years, always, 不确定的时间状语 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 举例: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了。) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响，电影的已经知道了。) Why did/ do you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了。) Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。) ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? ---He's already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 2)This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This/ it is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题 ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.. 注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。) 13 since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work for 2 hours. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……" He didn't go to bed until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才睡觉。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 15 过去完成时 ) 概念:表示过去的过去，其构成是had +过去分词done构成。 1 2) 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时;发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此 前一句应用过去进行时。 注意: had hardly done … when 还没等…… 就…… had no sooner done … than 刚…… 就…… He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 16 用一般过去时代替完成时 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。 When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 17 将来完成时 1) 构成will / shall/ be going to have done sth. 2) 概念 a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。 b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 18 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法: a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you. b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. c. 表示渐变的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. It's getting warmer and warmer. d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind. 典型例题 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found. Be missing=be lost 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 19 不用进行时的动词 1) 事实状态的动词 have, belong to, possess, cost, owe,欠 exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理状态的动词 Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. He loves her very much. 3 ) 瞬间动词 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4) 系动词 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired. 20 过去进行时 1) 概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2) 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3) 常用的时间状语 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 典型例题 1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同 时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如:fall sick。 21 将来进行时 1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。 She'll be coming soon. I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 注意:将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her. 2)常用的时间状语 Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 22 一般现在时代替将来时 时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时 When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 典型例题 (1)He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment. A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。 (2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。 The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。) 23 一般现在时代替过去时 1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 2) 叙述往事，使其生动。 Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 24 一般现在时代替完成时 1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时: hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember. I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …" 3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 25 一般现在时代替进行时 1) 句型:Here comes… ; There goes… Look, here comes Mr. Li. 26 现在进行时代替将来时 1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。 Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。 2) 渐变动词，如:get, run, grow, become, begin及die。 He is dying. 27 时态一致 1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. He told me last week that he is eighteen. 2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 28 时态与时间状语 时间状语 一般现在时 every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday, 一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+时间, 现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently 过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while 将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 动词的语态 语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。Be done 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。 1)感官动词宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态 时，该不定式前要加"to"。。 feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch The teacher made me go out of the classroom. --> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). We saw him play football on the playground. 2 短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing has never been heard of before.. 3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组 believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that… 据说 It is reported that… 据报道 It is believed that… 大家相信 It is hoped that… 大家希望 It is well known that… 众所周知 It is thought that… 大家认为 It is suggested that… 据建议 It is taken granted that… 被视为当然 It has been decided that… 大家决定 It must be remembered that…务必记住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 4 不用被动语态的情况 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态: After the fire, very little remained of my house. 5 主动形式表示被动意义 1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。 2)blame, let(出租), rent remain, keep, , build I was to/ would blame for the accident. Much work remains. 3) 在need, require, want, be worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 The door needs repairing. = The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 4) 特殊结构:make sb.self heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。 I speak louder to make myself heard by all. 6 被动形式表示主动意义 be determined to do, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared to do(for), be occupied (in), get married He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意: 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。 He married a rich girl. He was/got married to a rich girl. 7 need/want/require/worth 注意:当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。 Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。 The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 1)不定式 < 时态\语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 "to have done not to have been done 2)动名词 时态\语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done be done 完成式 having done not having been done 3)分词 时态\语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done done 否定形式: not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词 动词不定式 1 不定式作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire be determined to do expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 举例: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式 ask sb to do , beg, choose, expect , hate, help， intend， need， prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3) 动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 How to put it into practice is a question. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 2 不定式作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade induce inform remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句: a. Father will allow us not to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法: Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题: The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案:A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. Consider sb. To do A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、 明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。 3) to be +形容词 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. It is believed that the book is uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there. We didn’t expect that there were so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。 注意 : 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 3 不定式主语 1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 To do that is easy easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。 2) It's very kind of you to help us. 帮助我们，他真好。 You are very kind to help us. Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 注意:1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。 (错)It is to believe to see. 4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等: It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 )of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 2 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 for 与of 的辨别方法: 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如: You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。) 5 不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如: My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 6 不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如: I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light. 7 不定式作状语 1)目的状语 To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2)作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 He searched the room, only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you. 典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末 尾。 The knife is used to cut with. 8 用作介词的to 省to 的动词不定式 1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to, used to ): 2) 使役动词 let, have, make: 3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。 注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4) would rather(not) do ，had better (not) do: 5) Why… / why not…: why come so early? why not come so early? 6) help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth: 7) but和except:but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。 He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去: 9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be: He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。 举例: He wants to move to France and marry the girl. 典型例题 1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。 2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. Make sb. Do sth.-----be made to do A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。 9不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1)too…for sb.to 太…以至于不 … He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。 谢谢您。 2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。 It's never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。 3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是:非常… 等于very。 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 10 不定式的特殊句型so as to 1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2) so kind as to ---劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 11 不定式的时态和语态 时态\语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing 1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 进行时: 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成进行时: She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 15 动名词与不定式 1) 动名词与不定式的区别: 动名词表达的是: 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是: 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2) 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组: 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested (in)doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing be starting/ beginning to do 特殊词精讲 1 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。 They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking.. 我必须戒烟了。 典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 答案:C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件 事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。 2 forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做) The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作) Don't forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做) 典型例题 ---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh，I forgot___. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案:C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth. 而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。 3 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做) remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 4 regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做) regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做) I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。 典型例题 ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ___ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 答案:D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。 5 cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。 cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。 That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。 6 try doing/to do try to do 努力，企图做某事。 try doing 试验，试着做某事。 You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。 7 go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习 8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"; be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。 She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。 She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 9 be interested in doing/to do interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。 interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。 I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解) I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法) 10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味着 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。 11 begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth. 1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing. How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴, 2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry。 我开始生起气来。 3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。 I begin to understand the truth。 我开始明白真相。 4) 物作主语时 It began to melt. 12 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性;+doing 表示 动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作) 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 典型例题 1)They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案:A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。 2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。 动名词 1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1)作主语 Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2)作宾语 a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 miss 想念 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent阻止 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续 举例: (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. b. 词组后接doing admit to prefer doing A to doing B be used to doing lead to devote oneself to doing , as well as, object to stick to be busy doing look forward to doing It's no use /good doing It's worth…can't help doing/ to do , be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold off put off keep on insist on count on / upon set about be successful in good at take up give up burst out prevent sb from doing 3)作表语 Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children. worth 的用法 worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为"值得"。 1. worth: be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……" be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做" The question is not worth discussing again and again. 2. worthy: be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……" be worthy of being done be worthy to be done "某事值得被做" The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again. 3. worth-while: be worthwhile to do sth "值得做某事" worth while: It is worth while doing sth It is worth while sb to do sth. 典型例题 It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again. A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while 答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。 分词 8.1 分词作定语 分词前置 We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 iii 修饰不定代词 something等) 分词后置 (i分词词组;ii 个别分词如given, left; There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given. 这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西 过去分词作定语 与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists. 典型例题 1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词睁定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written 2)What's the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。 spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为: What's the language (which is) spoken in German? 2 分词作状语 As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. -> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. -> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。 典型例题 1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by(被…跟随)。本题可改为: With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 2)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。 3)_______, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的;过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，… 注意: 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之 就用过去分词。 (Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中， 我发现这本书很有用。 3 连词+分词(短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有: when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如: While he was waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. waiting 和saw 的主语相同。 4 分词作补语 通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如: I found my car missing/ lost. 我发现我的车不见了。 I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。 5 分词作表语 现在分词: 表示主动，正在进行 过去分词: 表示被动，已经完成 She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。 He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。 6 分词作插入语 其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。 generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从…判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来 Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作) 7 分词的时态 1)与主语动词同时， Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。 典型例题 The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因 前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。 2)先于主动词 While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。 分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。 Having finished his homework, he went out. =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。 典型例题 ___ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写 信)之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为:Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again. 8 分词的语态 1)通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如: He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。 He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…) 他就是那个被车拦住的人。 2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生 gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned 例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人 a much-travelled man 一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴 独立主格 1 独立主格 (一): 独立主格结构的构成: 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词; 名词(代词)+不定式 名词(代词)+形容词; 名词(代词)+副词; 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 (二) 独立主格结构的特点: 1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例: The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 = When this was done, we went home. Having done this, we went home. When we had done this, we went hone. The meeting (gone) over=when the meeting was over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears were red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book was under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 2 With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题: 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth were set, his hand was clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例题: Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能 够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit 在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然 后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。 宾语---不定式 动名词 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested (in)doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing be starting/ beginning to do 主语---不定式 动名词 to clean the room every day is My work. cleaning is My work. 表语---不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 My work is to clean the room every day. My work is cleaning. My work()物体 is interesting/ easy. I人 am very tired. 定语---不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 a tired man an interesting story a walking stick===a walking machine His wish to become a doctor comes true. He wishes to become a doctor A fallen branch A factory being built A factory built A factory to be built 补语---不定式 现在分词 过去分词 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise warn 例句: a. Father will allow us not to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. I saw him dancing in the next room. I saw the president assassinated I will my hair cut tomorrow. 状语---不定式 现在分词 过去分词 1)目的状语 To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2)作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 He searched the room, only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you. Having finished his homework, he went out. =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。 Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Having been treated carefully, the cat recovered quickly. Given more time, I could do it better. 虚拟语气 1) 概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。 2) 在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 真实条件句 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。 时态关系 句型: 条件从句 主句 一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形 If he comes, he will bring his violin. 典型例题 The volleyball match will be put off if it ___. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。 注意: 1) 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will. (错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (对) If you leave now, you will never regret it. 2) 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。 非真实条件句 1)时态:可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 a. 同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 : 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you. b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。 句型: 条件从句 主句 过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含义:He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it. If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含义: He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress. c. 表示对将来的假想 句型: 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 should+ 动词原形 were+to do / should+ do would + 动词原形 If you succeeded, everything would be all right. If you should succeed, everything would be all right. If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. 混合条件句 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. (从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。) If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在). 虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. 注意: 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。 the other day= several days ago 典型例题 _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do. 特殊的虚拟语气词:should +do 1) It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略。 句型: (1)suggested It is (2)important that…+ (should) do (3) a pity (1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted; + (should) do (2)important, necessary, natural, strange a pity, a shame, no wonder (3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow. 2)在宾语从句中的应用 在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。 order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (should ) be sent there. 注意: 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 判断改错: (错) You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill. (错) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. (对) I insisted that you were wrong. 3)在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用 在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. wish的用法 1)用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为: 真实状况 wish后 从句动作先于主句动词动作 现在时 过去时 (be的过去式为 were) 从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时 过去完成时 (had + 过去分词) 将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could + 动词原形 I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。 He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。 )Wish to do表达法。 2 Wish sb / sth to do hope to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.) 比较if only与only if only if表示"只有";if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。 I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。 If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。 It is (high) time that It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式 It is time that the children went to bed=…for chilfren to go to school It is high time that the children should go to bed. need "不必做"和"本不该做" didn't need to do表示: 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。. needn't have done表示: 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。 John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。 John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。) 典型例题 There was plenty of time. She ___. A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried 答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。 Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。 If条件句 a. 同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 : 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you. b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。 句型: 条件从句 主句 过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 c. 表示对将来的假想 句型: 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 should+ 动词原形 were+to do / should+do would + 动词原形 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 特殊的虚拟语气词:should +do 1) It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略。 句型: (1)suggested It is (2)important that…+ (should) do (3) a pity 2)在宾语从句中的应用 order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (should ) be sent there. 注意: 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气 3)在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用 在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。 wish其宾语从句的动词形式为: 真实状况 wish后 现在时 过去时(be的过去式为 were) 过去时 过去完成时(had + done过去分词) 将来时 would/could +动词原形将来不大可能实现的愿望 I wish I were as tall as you. It is (high) time that It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式 It is time that the children went to bed=…for children to go to school it is reported that the bank was robbed the bank is reported to have been robbed assertion that economy recovery is just around the corner/about economy recovery being just around the corner the remark gives a reason be lost… , and each makes one major point in contrst with the other. , and each worker was assigned a separate task. As all flights were cancelled, If there should be a sudden loud noise, If it had not been for the…., If Paul had received…., … if it had been all possible, 情态动词 must not have done can’t/couldn’t not have done can /could have done must do / mustn’t do he must be in the next room. you must do that. May/ might have done should have done should not have done , you maight/ may go by train as well. 表示推测的用法 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下: 1)情态动词+动词原形。 表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。 I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。 表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。 At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时，我们老师想必在批改。 3)情态动词+动词完成时。 表示对过去情况的推测。 We would have finished this work by the end of next December. 明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。 The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。 4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。 表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。 Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。 5)推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。 Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。 注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。 情态动词+ have +过去分词 1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。 Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。 ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. ---She must have gone by bus. 3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。 You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。) ought to 在语气上比should 要强。 4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事 I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot. 5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事 I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. should 和ought to should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。 ---Ought he to go? ---Yes. I think he ought to. 表示要求，命令时，语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。 had better表示"最好" had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。 had better do sth had better not do sth It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. She'd better not play with the dog. had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。 You had better have come earlier. would rather表示"宁愿" would rather do would rather not do would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。 还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。 If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 典型例题 ----Shall we go skating or stay at home? ----Which ___ do? A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather 答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。 will和would 注意: 1)would like; Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。 Would you like to go with me? 2)Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。 Would you like some cake? 3)否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。 Won't you sit down? 情态动词的回答方式 问句 肯定回答 否定回答 Need you…? Yes, I must. No,I needn't Must you…? /don't have to. 典型例题 1)---Could I borrow your dictionary? ---Yes, of course, you____. A. might B. will C. can D. should 答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习: will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。 2)---Shall I tell John about it? ---No, you ___. I've told him already. A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't 答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。 3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. ---______. A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't 答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。 带to 的情态动词 带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意: Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month? She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen. You ought not to have told her all about it. Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.? ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。 典型例题 Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm. A.have told B.tell C.be telling D. having told 答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用have。 比较need和dare 这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。 1) 实义动词: need (需要, 要求) need + n. / to do sth 2) 情态动词: need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。 Need you go yet? Yes, I must. / No, I needn't. 3) need 的被动含义:need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动: need doing = need to be done 主谓一致 主谓一致是指: 1) 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。 2) 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3) 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语， 一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 There is much water in the thermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 14.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important. 注意: 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 典型例题 The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were 答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。 14.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则 1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2)当either… or… 与neither… nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or she is to go. Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 14.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating. 14.4 谓语需用单数 1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 3) 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough. Ten thousand years is too long. 14.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1) 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 All is right. (一切顺利。) All are present. (所有人都到齐了。) 2) 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。 His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 Are there any police around? )有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。 3 A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English. 14.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致 1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2) 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。 倒装 倒装句之全部倒装 the children became so involved with their computers that leaders often have to force them to break… so involved with their computers did the children become that leaders often have to force them to break… than do other fuels ==burn as gasoline combustion offers= does as exercise is to the body. 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有: 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。 Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance. The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题 1) Why can't I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit 答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time. 2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know 答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。 改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。 3 以否定词开头作部分倒装 如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 典型例题 No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。 注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。 Not only you but also I am fond of music. so, neither, nor作部分倒装 表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。 Tom can speak French. So can Jack. If you won't go, neither will I. 典型例题 ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? ---I don't know, _____. A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also 答案:B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。 注意: 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. ---It's raining hard. ---So it is. only在句首要倒装的情况 Only in this way, can you learn English well. Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。 注意: 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。 其他部分倒装 1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中: May you all be happy. 3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。 Were I you, I would try it again. 典型例题: ) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is 1 A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know 答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。 2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize 答案为B。 3) Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, ___. A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also 解析:答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。 定语从句 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有:when, where, why等。 17.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗,(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (=of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语) 17.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗, 2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如: His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 17.3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 17.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如: This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 17.5 介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。 3) 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 17.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。 As 的用法 例1. the same… as;such/so…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as(which/ that) he (has). As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 17.7 先行词和关系词二合一 1)Whoever(=anyone who) spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what(all/everything that) they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) 17.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever 1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything What (= the thing which) you want has been sent here. Whatever = anything which you want makes no difference to me. 2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who (错)Who breaks the law will be punished. (错)Whoever(anyone who) robbed the bank is not clear. (对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. (对)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 3) that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。 I think (that) you will like the stamps. What we need is more practice. 17.9 关系代词that 的用法 1)不用that的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b) 在不定代词，如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。 举例: All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 16.1 引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词:that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分) 连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which. 连接副词:when, where, how, why 不可省略的连词: 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较:whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代: 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. It is not clear Whether he will come 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 16.2 名词性that-从句 1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如: 主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。 宾语:John said (that) he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 例题讲解 : 1( the muscles of my leg 2( With+O. 6.although he was punctual himself, be used to do; be used to doing…== students’being late for 7.object to doing 8. confess to doing/ telling 10. I have directed that we (should) take all measures… I have directed that all measures (should) be taken-------would be taken 13. each town which has (=having)50 households or more. 14. if/when a new technique has been worked out. 15. many of us=more of us==a lot more of us 16. a ten dollars’ bill=a ten-dollar bill 19. if they were to/should/arrive(arrived)… 21. and leads to===as well as leading to solar enery or fission energy may give us all energy satellites which circle the earth 23. and (they are)asked to report what they have been dreaming several times 24. so great that if there had only been somewhere to escape, she would have run… do but do 26. light(that)produced by ordinary electric light 27. the refrigerators/ those 29.as its soil and the water… are 30 whether he is a soldier or a cook = be he a soldier or a cook 32( all/ the things that…(先行词+关系词) = what。。。(名词性从句-宾语从句 ) 33( Though slight of build ,his body had = though he is slightly built, he had… athlete 35 be expected to do…= is expected to have done by 2010… 37. there are two horses pulling ... with might 38. if people had left things as they were = if things had been left as they were 41. to do well a bit of work is far better than to have a large fortune be worth doing be worthy of being done =be worthy to be done 42. one 泛指 单数可数名词---another the one 特指 that 不可数名词 特指单数可数名词- 44( There lived/ was an old monk. There stands/is a tall tower in the city center. If there is an accident like this,…. 45. in this/ that/no 48. though they have many advantages, = though having many advantages, 49. be encouraged to do sth. 55. Not… any more than… 56. spend … (in)doing/ with his study 58. just as…so… 59. on which= where 60. …accept whoever(=anyone who was the best tourist guide conflict is useful in that(=because) it forces people to test…. 62. unless (it is )made to do so 63. it is 3rd time …have done 64. sevices which are to(= will) be paid for by.. sevices which residents will pay for sevices to be paid for 65. there is such contradiction 66. and let= letting 69. to be early is better than a fraction of a minute too late (to catch the train) 71.write for the one(=age) more thought than the thought 75. … which has been given thus far=so far not any more than= no more than.. none= no one other than what=things which /that be known to to be known to have been doing take measures to do sth. As/which are taken by the government Thw way that/ in which… What you write After centuries passed, they took note of Ways of doing= ways to do Be exposed to…