建设项目总投资包括固定资产投资

建设项目总投资包括固定资产投资 1、 建设项目总投资包括固定资产投资(又叫工程造价)和流动资产投资(又叫流动资金)。 2、 固定资产投资包括:设备工器具购置费(设备购置费、工器具及生产家具购置费)、建筑安装工程费(直接费、间接费、利润、税金)、工程建设其他费(土地使用费、与项目建设有关的费用、与未来企业生产经营有关的费用)、预备费(基本预备费、涨价预备费)、建设期贷款利息、固定资产投资方向调节税。 3、 基本预备费=(设备工器具购置费+建筑安装工程费+工程建设其他费)*基本预备费率 固定资产投资方向调节税=(设备工器具购置费+建筑安装工程费+工程建设其他费+预备费)4、 *费率。更新改造项目依实际完成的投资额为计税依据—按投资项目的单位工程年度投资预缴 5、 静态投资包括:设备工器具购置费、建筑安装工程费、工程建设其他费、基本预备费 6、 动态投资包括:涨价预备费、建设期贷款利息、固定资产投资方向调节税 7、 流动资金=流动资产-流动负债 8、 建筑安装工程税金是指应计入建筑安装工程费用的营业税、城乡维护建设税、教育费附加 9、 世界银行工程造价构成:项目直接成本(土地征购费、场外设施费、场地费用、服务性建设费用)、项目间接成本(项目管理费、开工试车费、业主的行政费用、生产前费用、运费和保险费、地方税)、应急费(未明确项目的准备---肯定发生、不可预见准备金---不一定发生)建设成本上涨费 10、 国外建筑安装工程费用的构成与我国大致相同，其中计算基本一致的是(直接费---而开办费、管理费、利润税金不同) 11、 非标设备的原价的计价方法一般有:成本估算法、系列设备插入估价法、分部组合估价法、定额估价法 12、 非标设备的原价一般由以下几个部分:材料费+加工费+辅助材料费+专用工具费+废品损失费+外购配套件费+包装费+利润+税金(主要是指增值税=当期销项税额-当期进项税额)+非标设备设计费(其中外购配套件费不计取利润) 13、 设备运杂费的构成:运费和装卸费+包装费+设备供销部门手续费+采购及仓库保管费 14、 工器具及生产家具购置费=设备购置费*定额费率 15、 为测定安装工程质量，对单台设备进行单机试运转、对系统进行联动无负荷试运转工作的调试费计入安装工程费 16、 人工费:生产工人基本工资(岗位工资、技能工资、年工工资)、工资性补贴、生产工人辅助工资(非作业日发放的工资和工资性津贴)、职工福利费(书报费、洗理费、取暖费)以及劳动保护费(劳保用品、徒工服装费、防暑降温费、保健津贴费) 17、 材料预算价格:材料原价、供销部门手续费、包装费、运输费、采购预保管费。 18、 机械台班单价:折旧费、大修理费、经常修理费、安拆费及厂外运输费、燃料动力费、人工费及运输结斜保养费、车船使用税及保险费 19、 国外建筑安装工程费用构成中工程施工发包承包价格包括:各单项工程费用(各分部分项工程费用{含人工费、材料费(其中含有国内无有的预涨费=(材料原价+运杂费+税金)*x)、施工机械费、管理费(现场管理费—占20%~30%、公司管理费—占70%~75%)、利润和税金、其他摊销费}、单项工程开办费(按单项工程分别单独列出—占工程总造价的10%~20%))+分包工程费用(各分包工程费用(包括分包工程直接费、管理费、利润)与总包利润)+暂定金额(工程师批准才能使用) 20、 国外建筑安装工程费用构成中承包商的报价由三种形式:组成分部分项工程单价、单独列项、分摊进单价 21、 分摊比例:固定比例、浮动比例、测算比例、公式法 22、 土地征用及迁移补偿费---指建设项目通过无偿划拨方式取得的无限期的土地使用权 23、 土地使用权出让金---指建设项目通过土地使用权出让方式取得有限期的土地使用权。 24、 与项目建设有关的其他费用:建设单位管理费[(建设单位开办费、建设单为经费)=单项工程费用之和(设备工器具购置费+建筑安装工程费)*建设单位管理费率]、勘察设计费()、研究试验费(区别于检验试验费)、建设单位临时设施费、工程监理费、工程保险费(建筑工程一切险、安装工程一切险、机器损坏保险等)、引进技术和进口设备其它费用(包括出国人员费用、国外工程技术人员来华费用、技术引进费、分期或延期付款利息、担保费以及进口设备检验鉴定费)、工程承包费(不实行总承包的项目不记取) 25、 与未来企业生产有关的费用:联合试运转费(整个车间的负荷或无负荷联合试运转发生的费用大于试运转收入的亏损部分---包括试运转的材料、燃料、油料动力费、机械使用费用、低值易耗品及其它物品的购置费和施工单位参加联合试运转人员的工资等==按试运转车间工艺设备的购置费的%计算)、生产准备费(生产人员培训费、生产单位提前进厂参加施工、设备安装、调试等人员工资)、办公及生活家具购置费 26、 基本预备费:指初步设计及概算内难以预料的费用?变更及局部处理费用?自然灾害造成的损失以及预防自然灾害所采取的措施费用?竣工验收未鉴定工程质量对隐蔽工程进行必要挖掘及修复费用; 27、 涨价预备费:指建设项目在建设期间由于价格变动因期工程造价变化的预测预留费用，费用包括:人工、材料、施工机械的价差费、建筑安装工程费及工程建设其它费用调整、利率、费率调整等增加的费用。 包括:设备工器具购置费、建筑安装工程费、工程建设其他费、基本预备 28、 当总贷款是分年均衡发放时，监设期利息的计算可按当年借款在年中支用考虑，即当年借款按半年计息，上年贷款安全年计息 29、 按定额反映的生产要素消耗内容分类劳动消耗定额(人工定额—表现形式为时间定额、同时也表现为产量定额)、材料消耗定额、机械消耗定额(表现形式为机械时间定额、同时也表现为产量定额) 以下为工程建设定额的划分(27-30) 30、 按定额的编制程序和用途分为:施工定额(以工序为研究对象，是企业定额性质，是工程建设定额中分项最细、定额子目最多的一种定额，也是工程建设定额中的基础性定额，由劳动定额、材料定额、机械定额组成—编制工程施工设计)、预算定额(以建筑物或构筑物各个分部分项工程对象编制，是一种计价定额—编制工程施工组织设计)、概算定额(以扩大的、分部分项工程对象编制，是一种计价定额—确定建设项目投资的依据)、概算指标(以整个建筑物或构筑物为对象，是一种计价定额)、投资估算指标(以独立的单项工程或完整的工程项目为计算对象) 来源:考试大-造价工程师考试31、 按照投资的费用性质分为:建筑工程定额、设备安装工程定额、建筑安装工程费用定额(其它费用定额、现场经费定额、间接费定额)、工器具定额以及工程建设其它费用定额(一般占项目总投资的10%) 32、 按照专业性质划分为:全国通用定额、行业通用定额、专业通用定额 33、 按主编单位和管理权限分为:全国统一定额、行业统一定额、企业定额、地区统一定额、补充定额 34、 工程建设定额的特点:科学性、系统性(有多种定额结合而成的有机整体)、统一性、权威性、稳定性于时效性 35、 编制建设工程造价最基本的两个过程是:工程量计算和工程计价 36、 定额消耗量在编制该预算造价或价格中的具体与用主要体现在对概预算定额结构与内容、正确套用定额子项和正确计算工程两三个方面的把握与运用 37、 我国建筑产品价格市场经历了―国家定价(国家是唯一的价格决策主体)—国家指导价(出现了预算包干价格形式和工程招标投标价格形式—国家和企业是价格的双重决策主体----价格形成特征是计划的控制性、国家指导性、竞争性)—国家调控价(根据市场行情，承发包双方协商 ----价格形成特征是计划的自发形成、自发波动、自发调节)‖三个阶段，利用工程建设定额计算工程造价就价格而沿介于国家指导价和国家调控价之间。 38、 工程定额计价制度第一阶段的改革核心思想是―量价分离‖(控制量、指导价、竞争费)、第二阶段的改革核心问题是工程造价计价方式的改革 39、 动作研究也称之为工作方法研究，时间研究的直接结果是制定时间定额 以下为施工过程分类(37-40) 根据施工过程组织上的复杂程度，施工过程可以分解为工序(特征是:工作者、工作对象、40、 劳动工具、工作地点不变-----从施工的技术操作和组织观点看，工序施工艺方面最简单的施工过程，从劳动过程的观点看，工序可以分解为操作和动作—编制定额时，只要分结合标定到工序为止)、工作过程(特征是:工作者、工作地点不变，而材料和工具可以变换-如砌墙河勾缝，抹灰和粉刷)、综合工作过程(在组织上有机的联系在一起，并可获得一种产品的施工过程总和); 41、 按照工艺特点可分为:循环施工过程合非循环施工过程 42、 根据使用的工具设备的机械化程度分为手动施工过程和机械施工过程 43、 按施工过程的性质不同可以分为:建筑过程、安装过程额建筑安装过程 44、 施工过程的研究常常采用模型分析方法(实物模型、图式模型和数学模型，常用图式模型) 45、 图式模型常采用线图(适用于研究流动作业性的施工过程)和各种流程程序图(适用于分析和研究连续作业的施工过程) 46、 动素研究的目的有二:?改善复杂的操作方法?训练工人，使之有动作的概念;一般不用于其它用途 47、 定额时间=基本工作时间+准备于结束的工作时间+辅助工作时间+休息时间+由工艺特点引起 的不可避免的中断时间+偶然工作时间+非施工本身造成的停工时间 48、 施工本身造成的停工时间是由于组织不善、材料供应不及时、工作面准备工作时间做得不好、工作地点组织不良等情况引起 机械工作时间(46-47): 49、 损失时间=多余工作时间+停工时间(施工本身造成的停工时间、非施工本身造成的停工时间)+违背劳动纪律时间+低负荷下工作时间 50、 必须消耗的工作时间=有效工作时间(正常负荷下、有根据的降低负荷下)+不可避免的无负荷工作时间+不可避免的中断时间(与工艺过程的特点有管、与机器有关、工人休息时间) 51、 计时观察法适用于研究人工手动过程和机手并动过程的工时消耗，局限性表现为考虑人的因素不够 52、 施工过程的影响因素包括技术、组织和自然因素 53、 计时观察法包括测时法(选择法测时、接续法测时---精确度较高，一般可达到0.2~15s)、写实记录法(数示法—精确度可达到5s，可同时对两个工人进行观察、图示法--精确度可达到30s，可同时对三个以内的工人进行观察、混合法--可适用于三个以上工人的小组工时消耗的测定与分析)和工作日写实法(研究整个工作班内各种工时消耗的方法—目的:1、取得定额的基础资料;2、检查定额的执行情况，找出缺点，改进工作---技术简便、费力不多、应用面广和资料全面的优点，是我国一种采用较广的编制定额的方法) 54、 测时法主要适用于测定那些定时重复的循环工作的工时消耗，精确度比较高的一种方法，有选择法测时(间隔选择施工过程中非紧联接的组成部分测定工时，精确度为0.5s)、接续法测时(它比选择法测时更准确、完善)。 55、 整理观察资料的方法基本上有两种:平均修正法、图示整理法 56、 写实记录法是研究各种性质的工作时间的消耗方法，可以获得分析工作时间消耗的全部资料，是一种值得提倡的方法 57、 工作日写实法，记录时间时不需要将有效工作时间分为各个组成部分，只需要划分为适合于 技术水平何不适合于技术水平两类 58、 根据施工过程影响因素的产生和特点，施工过程的影响因素可分为技术因素和组织因素 59、 根据施工过程影响因素对工时消耗数值的影响程度和性质可分为系统因素(单一重大影响因 素)和偶然因素(双向微小因素) 60、 当测时数列不受或很少受产品数量影响时，采用算术平均值可以获得可靠的值，若受产品数 量影响时，采用加权平均计算值适当 61、 拟定施工的正常条件:拟定工作地点的组织、拟定工作组成、拟定施工人员编制 62、 拟定机械工作正常条件:拟定工作地点的合理组织、合理的工人编制 63、 时间定额和产量定额是人工定额的两种表现形式 64、 拟定工作时间可采用计时观察法取得，也可由工时规范或经验数据取的 65、 利用工时规范计算劳动时间定额:(作业时间(工序作业时间)=基本工作时间+辅助工作时 间=基本工作时间/(1-辅助时间%))、(规范时间=准备于结束的工作时间+辅助工作时间+休息时 间)、定额时间=作业时间/(1-规范时间%) 66、 机械纯工作1h正常生产率=机械纯工作1h正常循环次数*一次循环生产产品的数量 67、 连续动作机械纯工作1h正常生产率=工作时间内生产产品的数量/工作时间(h) 68、 施工机械台班产量定额=机械纯工作1h正常生产率*工作班纯工作时间=机械纯工作1h正常 生产率*工作班延续时间*机械正常利用系数 69、 必须消耗的材料包括:直接用于建筑和安装工程的材料(编制材料的净用量定额)+不可避 免的材料损耗+不可避免的施工废料(编制材料的损耗定额) 70、 确定材料消耗的基本方法:现场技术测定法—编制材料损耗定额;利用实验室试验法编制材 料的净用量定额;采用现场统计法—由于不能分清材料消耗的性质，不能作为材料损耗定额和材 料的净用量定额的依据;理论计算法 来源:考试大-造价工程师考试 71、 材料消耗中应计算材料摊销量 72、 企业定额的编制原则:平均先进性原则、简明适用性原则、以专家为主的编制原则、独立自主的原则、时效性原则、保密原则 73、 企业定额的作用:?计划管理的依据;?组织和指挥施工生产的有效工具;?计算工人劳动报酬的根据;?企业激励工人的条件;?有利于推广先进技术;?编制施工预算，加强成本管理的基础;?施工企业进行工程投标、编制工程投标报价的基础和依据 74、 工程结算是建设单位和施工单位按照工程进度对已完的分部分项工程实现货币支付的行为 75、 预算定额的编制原则:按社会平均水平确定、简明适用性原则、坚持统一性和差别性相结合原则 76、 预算定额的编制步骤:准备工作阶段—收集资料阶段—定额编制阶段—定额报批阶段—修改定稿、整理资料阶段 77、 施工定额的计量单位一般按照工序和施工过程确定;而预算定额的计量单位主要是根据分部分项工程和结构构件的形状特征及其变化确定 78、 的两种确定方法:?劳动定额为基础;?现场观察测定资料为基础(现场工作日写实法) 79、 人工工日数包括基本用工(完成定额计量单为的主要用工+按劳动定额规定应增加计算的佣工量+另外增加用工)和其他用工(超运距用工+辅助用工+人工幅度差) 80、 人工幅度差=(基本用工+辅助用工+超运距用工)*人工幅度差系数 81、 实际工程现场运距超过预算定额取定运距时，可另行计算二次搬运费 82、 材料消耗量(测定方法分为现场观察法和试验室法)按用途分为:主要材料、辅助材料、周转材料、其他材料(材料消耗量=材料净用量(1+损耗率)) 83、 预算定额机械耗用台班=施工定额机械耗用台班(1+机械幅度差系数) 84、 占比重不大的零星小型机械按劳动定额小组成员计算出台班使用量，以机械费或其他机械费表 示，不再列台班数量 85、 年非作业工日:指职工学习、培训、调动工作、探亲、休假、因气候影响，女工孩子期，6个月以内的病假以及产、婚、丧假，在年应工作天数之内而未工作的天数 86、 年有效工作天数=年应工作天数-年非作业天数 87、 影响人工单价的因素:社会平均工资水平、生活消费指数、人工单价的组成内容、劳动力市场供需、政府推行的社会保障和福利政策 88、 影响材料预算价格变动的因素:市场供需变化、材料生产成本的变动、流通环节及供应体制、运输距离和运输方法、国内市场行情会对进口材料价格产生影响 89、 材料的预算价格时指材料从其来源地到达工地仓库后出库的综合平均价格。一般由材料原价(出厂价格、进口材料抵岸价、销售部门批发价和零售价)、供销部门手续费、包装费、运杂费、采购及保管费组成; 90、 材料的预算价格=(材料原价+供销部门手续费+包装费+运杂费+运输损耗费)(1+采购及保管费率)-包装材料回收价值 91、 材料供应价=材来原价+供销部门手续费 92、 包装材料回收值=包装原价*回收比例*回收价值比例 93、 运杂费(按照外埠运费(包括调车费、装卸费、车船运费、保险费)和市内运费)是指材料由采购地点或发货点到施工现场仓库或工地存放地点，含外埠中转运输过程中所发生的一切费用和过境过桥费，包括调车驳船费、装卸费、运输费以及附加工作费等 94、 采购及保管费=材料运到工地仓库的价格*采购及保管费率=(材料原价+供销部门手续费+包装费+运杂费+运输损耗费)*采购及保管费率 、 施工机械台班单价包括:折旧费、大修理费、经常修理费、安(装)拆费及厂外运费(非场内95 运费)、燃料动力费、人工费、车船使用税等 96、 台班折旧费=机械预算价格*(1-残值率)*贷款利息系数/耐用总台班;机械预算价格为出厂价和运杂费之和计算;贷款利息系数=1+(n+1)i/2;耐用台班即机械使用寿命，可分为技术使用寿命和经济使用寿命(同一定额中采用的定额)，耐用台班=折旧年限*年工作台班=大修间隔台班*大修周期(其中大修周期=寿命期大修理次数+1) 97、 台班大修费用=一次大修理费用*寿命周期内大修理次数/耐用总台班 98、 台班燃料动力消耗量=(实测数*4+定额平均值+调查平均值)/6 99、 工程单价通常是指建筑安装工程的概算单价和概算单价;包括人工费、材料费、机械费; 100、 分部分项工程单价:按使用对象分建筑工程单价和安装工程单价;按用途划分为预算单价、概算单价;按使用范围分地区单价和补充单价;案编制依据分定额单价和补充单价;按单价的综合程度划分为基本直接费单价(人工费、材料费、机械费)、全费用单价(人工费、材料费、机械费、现场经费、其他直接费和间接费)和完全单价(人工费、材料费、机械费、现场经费、其他直接费、间接费、利润和税金) 来源:考试大-造价工程师考试 101、 分部分项工程单价的编制依据:预算定额、人工单价、现场经费取费 102、 工程单价是计划价格、市场价是自由价格，两者均具有表价、经济核算和经济调节职能 103、 工程单价的编制依据:预算定额和概算定额、人工单价、材料预算价格和机械台班价格、现场经费、其他直接费和间接费的去费标准 104、 单位估价汇总表略去了―人工、机械台班、材料‖的消耗数量(三量)，保留了―人工费、机械台班费、材料费‖(三价)和预算价值。 编制地区单价的方法主要是加权平均法 105、 概算定额又叫扩大结构定额，主要用于设计概算的编制，由国家计划委员会备案 106、 概算定额的编制原则:社会平均水平和简明适用原则，其加权平均水平比综合预算定额子增加造价2.06% 107、 概算定额的编制一般分为三个阶段:准备阶段、编制初稿阶段、审查定稿阶段 108、 投资估算的编制一般分为三个阶段:收集整理资料阶段、平衡调整阶段、测算审查阶段 109、 概算指标是以整个建筑物和构筑物为对象，概算指标与的区别:?确定各种消耗量指标的对象不同，概算定额是以单位扩大分项工程或单位扩大结构构件为对象;?确定各种消耗量指标的依据不同;概算定额是以预算定额为基础，概算指标主要来自预算或结算资料 110、 概算定额的编制原则:平均水平确定原则、简明适用原则、依据具有代表性 111、 概算指标的分类为建筑工程概算指标和安装工程概算指标，表现形式为综合概算指标和单项概算指标 112、 投资估算指标一般分为建设项目综合指标(包括单项工程投资、工程建设其它费和预备费，一般以综合生产能力单位投资表示)、单项工程概算指标(包括建筑工程费、安装工程费、设备工器具及生产家具购置费和其他费用，一般以单项工程生产能力单位投资表示)和单位工程概算指标(即建筑安装工程费) 113、 工程量清单是由招标人提供的文件，编制人是招标人或其委托的工程造价咨询单位 114、 工程量清单(主要用在工程招投标阶段)是招标文件的组成部分，主要包括工程量清单说明和工程量清单表，是进行投资控制的前提和基础，工程量是招标人估计得出，结算以实际完成的工程量为依据 115、 工程量清单项目编码由12位阿拉伯数字表示(1~4级全国统一规定、5级招标人编制)，1级(2位)分类码、2级(2位)章顺序码、3级(2位)节顺序码、4级(3位)清单项目码、5级(3位)具体清单项目码 116、 工程量计算规则按主要专业划分包括建筑工程、安装工程、装饰装修工程、市政工程、园林绿化工程五个专业 117、 措施项目一览表为通用项目(措施费内容)、建筑工程(垂直机械运输)、安装工程(垂直机械运输、室内空气污染测试)、装饰装修工程、市政工程 118、 分部分项工程量清单应包括项目编码、项目名称、计量单位、工程数量4个部分 119、 其它项目清单:招标人部分(包括预留金、材料购置费)、投标人部分(总承包服务费、零星工作费)---由投标人按照招标文件的要求编写 120、 其它项目费:包含招标人部分(不可预见费、分包工程费、其它)、投标人部分(察看现场费用、履约保证金手续费、工程保险费、总承包服务费、零星工作费) 121、 零星工作费表:招标人提供的零星工作费表应包括详细的人工、材料、机械名称、计量单位和相应的数量 122、 国家、地区或行业的定额资料*工程量清单--------------建设项目的标底价格;企业定额*工程量清单--------------建设项目的投标报价 123、 分部分项工程费= 分部分项工程量*分部分项工程单价(单价=人工费+机械费+材料费+管理费+利润+风险费用) 措施项目费= 措施项目工程量*措施项目综合单价(构成类同分部分项工程单价)---发生 于该工程项目施工前和施工过程中的技术、生活、安全等方面的非工程实体项目所需费用 单位工程报价=分部分项工程费+措施项目费+其他项目费(该项目可能发生的其他费用)+ 规费+税金----------------也是工程量清单计价按招标文件完成工程量清单所需的全部费用 单项工程报价= 单位工程报价 建设项目总报价= 单项工程报价 124、 工程量清单(要求采用单价的计价方式)单价的套用有两种—工料单价法(按预算定额的工、料、机消耗标准及预算价格确定)和综合单价法------评标坚持倾向于合理低价中标的原则 125、 工程量清单计价方法的特点:?满足竞争的需要?提供料一个平等的竞争条件?有利于工程款的拨付和工程造价的最终确定?有利于实现风险合理分担?有利于业主的投资控制 126、 工程量清单计包括编制招标标底、投标报价、合同价款的确定与调整和办理工程结算，是一种独立的计价模式、一种市场定价模式 127、 工程量清单由于漏项或设计变更引起新的工程量清单，其相应综合单价由承包方提出，经发包人----工程量清单变更等均由发包人确认后作为结算的依据 128、 工程量清单及价过程中，其核心作用的是统一的工程量计算规则;工程量清单与定额及价相比，其改革的核心是工程量清单实现了市场的参与与双方主体自主定价 129、 分部分项工程费、措施项目费和其他项目费均采用综合单价(综合单价=人工费+机械费+材料费+管理费+利润+风险费用) 130、 分部分项工程量清单综合单价和措施项目费分析表由招标人根据需要提出要求后填写 131、 英国工程量清单计价模式的核心是—SMM7,一般由开办费、分部工程概要、工程量部分、暂定金额和基本成本组成 132、 工程造价信息的特点:?区域性?多样性?专业性?系统性?动态性?季节性 133、 对工程造价信息进行分类，应准循以下原则:稳定性、兼容性、可扩展性、综合适用性 134、 工程造价信息的主要内容有以下三类:价格信息、指数、已完工程信息、在建工程造价信息 135、 工程造价资料积累的内容应包括―量‖和―价‖，还包括对造价确定有重要影响的技术经济条件，建设项目和单项工程造价资料、单位工程造价资料、其他 136、 工程造价的资料的运用:?编制固定资产投资计划的参考，作为建设成本分析(建设成本节约额=批准概算现值-建设成本现值 建设成本降低率=建设成本节约额/批准概算)?单位生产能力投资分析(单位生产能力投资=全部投资完成额(现值)/全部新增生产能力(使用能力))?编制投资估算的依据?编制初步设计概算和审查施工图预算的重要依据?用作确定标底和投标报价的参考资料?用作技术经济分析的基础资料?编制各类定额的资料?用于测定调价系数，编制造价指数?用于研究同类工程造价的变化规律 137、 工程造价指数按其所反映的:现象范围不同(个体指数、总指数);现象的性质不同(数量指标指数、质量指标指数);基期不同(定基指数、环比指数;)编制方法不同(综合指数、平均指数)依据资料的期限长短(时点指数、月指数、季指数、年指数) 138、 工程造价指数是反映一定时期由于价格变化对工程造价的影响程度的一种指标，反映了基期到报告期价格的变动趋势 139、 各种单项价格指数------个体指数;设备、工器具价格指数------总指数，用综合指数的形式表示;建筑安装工程造价指数-----总指数，用平均指数的形式表示;建设项目或单项工程造价指数------总指数，用平均指数的形式表示; 140、 设备工器具价格指数是一种质量指数，拉斯贝尔体系是以基期数量为同度量因素， 派许体系: KP—综合指数;q0—基期数量;q1—报告期数量;p0—基期价格;p1—报告期价格 141、 确定同度量因素的一般原则:质量指标指数应以报告期的数量指标作为同度量因素，即使用派氏公式，而数量指标指数应以基期的质量指标作为同度量因素，即使用拉氏公式 142、 设备工器具价格指数 143、 建筑安装工程价格指数: (即报告期建筑安装工程费/建筑安装工程造价指数) 144、 建设项目或单项工程指数:公式基本同上，主要包括建筑安装工程费、设备工器具费用以及工程建设其它费 145、 工程造价指数的应用:宏观调控、工程估算及概预算依据、提供投标报价的依据，此时可称为投标价格指数 146、 香港发布的工程造价指数主要是成本指数和价格指数;美国、日本、中国香港都是通过政府和民间两种渠道发布工程造价信息，我国是通过政府的工程造价管理部门发布 147、 项目决策与工程造价的关系:?决策的正确性是工程造价和理性的前提?项目决策的内容是决定工程造价的基础?造价高低、投资多少也影响项目决策?项目决策深度影响投资估算的精度，也影响工程造价的控制效果 148、 投资估算作为限额目标 149、 项目决策阶段影响工程造价的主要因素:?项目的合理规模(项目规模合理化的制约因素:市场因素(是项目规模确定需要考虑的首要因素)、技术因素、环境因素)?建设标准水平的确定(建设标准的主要内容有:建设规模、占地面积、工艺装备、建筑标准、配套工程、劳动定员等方面的标准和指标)?建设地区及建设地点(厂址)的选择(靠近原材料、燃料提供地和产品消费地的原则、工业项目适当聚集的原则)?工程技术方案的确定(主要包括生产工艺方案的确定和主要设备的选择两部分---主要设备的选择应处理好:尽量选用国产设备、注意进口设备之间以及国内外设备之间的衔接配套问题、进口设备与原有国产设备、厂房之间的配套问题、注意进口设备与原材料、备品、备件及维修能力之间的配套问题) 150、 可行性研究作用:?投资决策的依据?编制设计文件的依据?向银行贷款的依据?建设单位与各协作单位签订合同和有关协议的依据?环保部门、地方政府和规划部门审批项目的依据?施工组织、工程进度安排及竣工验收的依据?项目后评估的依据 151、 工程项目建设全过程可分为三个阶段:投资前时期(包括机会研究阶段 项目设想:?30%、0.2%~1%、1~3月、初步可行性研究阶段 项目初选:?20%、0.25%~1.25%、4~6月、详细可行性研究阶段 项目准备:?10%、大0.2%~1%、小1%~3%、8~12月(---建设项目投资决策的基础，其主要目标时提出项目建设方案、效益分析和最终方案选择、确定项目投资的最终可行性和选择标准依据)评价和决策阶段 项目评估?10%、)、投资时期、生产时期 152、 在项目可行性研究中，项目经济和理性的研究包括财务分析和经济分析，建设项目的可行性研究的内容可概括为3大部分:市场研究—---必要性问题、技术研究---—可行性研究问题、效益研究-----合理性问题(核心问题) 可行性研究中，项目的净及合理性研究包括财务分析和经济评价两个方面 153、 大中型建设项目的可行性研究报告—--全国性专业公司负责预审，国家计委审批或由国家计委委托有关单位审批;重大型项目的可行性研究报告-----国家计委会同有关部门预审，报国务院审批;小型项目的可行性研究报告不经过预审，由全国性专业公司审批 154、 国外项目投资估算的阶段划分与精度:?项目的投资设想期--无工艺流程图、平面布置图—毛估阶段(比照估算)---??30%;?项目的投资机会研究期---有初步的工艺流程图、主要的设备生产能力---初估阶段(因素估算)---?30%?项目的可行性研究时期---具备设备表格和主要设备的生产能力---初步估算(认可估算)---?20%?项目的详细可行性研究时期---确定估算(控制估算)----?10%?项目的工程设计阶段---具有全部的设计图纸---详细估算(投标估算)----?5% 155、 在可行性研究时期，基本预备费、涨价预备费、建设期利息一并计入固定资产，流动资金(财务中的营运资金)主要用于购买原材料、燃料、支付工资以及其他经营费等所需的周转资金，等于流动资产(主要考虑现金、应收账款和存货)—流动负债(主要考虑应付账款) 建设项目静态投资的估算的方法(148—152) 156、 单位生产能力法(精度可达到70%):把建设项目的投资于生产能力的关系视为简单的线性关系，主要用于新建项目或装置的估算;(估算应注意地方性、配套性、时间性)--考虑时间的差异性C2=C1(Q2/Q1)f 157、 生产能力指数法(精度可达到70%):主要应用于拟建装置或项目与用来参考的已知装置或项目的规模不同的场合。C2=C1(Q2/Q1)xf------在承包上报价大都采用这种方法 158、 系数估算法:分为设备系数法C=E(1+f1p1+f2p2+…….)+I---以拟建项目的设备费为基数、主体专业系数法C=E(1+f1p1’+f2p2’+…….)+I----以拟建项目的工艺设备投资为基数、郎格系数法(估算误差10%~15%)C=E(1+?ki)kc-- ki –管线、仪表、建筑物等项费用的估算系数-- kc –管理费、合同费、应急费等项费用的总估算数(1.43----1.1、1.25、1.6----1.5----1.31、1.35、1.38)、 159、 比例估算法(根据已有主要设备投资占全厂建设投资的比例计算) 160、 指标估算法，主要适用于项目建议书阶段 161、 动态投资估算:主要考虑价格变动部分和建设期利息两部分，以及汇率的影响，其计算是以基 准年(而不是编制的年)静态投资(It—由资金使用计划表得出)的资金使用计划为基础: 162、 建设期利息使指项目借款在建设期内发生并计入固定资产投资的利息，当年借款按年计息，以上年度借款按全年计息(本年度借款=本年度固定资产投资—本年度自有资金投入) 163、 流动资金的估算方法:分项详细估算法和扩大指标估算法;流动资金=流动资产(主要考虑现金[年工资福利费、年其它费用]、应收账款[全年的销售收入--应收账款的周转额为全年应赊销销售收入]、存货[外购原材料、燃料、在产品(年外购原材料、燃料+年工资福利费+年修理费+年其它制造 流动负债(主要考虑应付账款[年外购原材料、燃料]) 例如:某企业费)、产成品(年经营成本)]— 全年的销售收入为300万元，赊销占全部收入的40%，应收账款年周转次数为60次，则应收账款估算额为300*40%/60=2万元 164、 经营成本=总成本费用---折旧费---摊销费---维简费---利息(为固定资产贷款和流动资产借款所发生的利息) 165、 销售税金=消费税+营业税+资源税+城市维护建设税+教育费附加 166、 销售利润=销售收入---总生产成本费用--销售税金及附加(贷款还本付息的主要来源)，企业销售利润除了缴纳所得税(33%)以外，还应从利润中弥补以往亏损和提取盈余公积金、公益金后，才能作为偿还借款的资金来源 生产成本费用构成:(157—158) 167、 按制造成本法计算 总成本费用{产品制造成本[直接费用---直接计入成本(直接材料费、直接工资及福利费、其他直接支出)、制造费用----分摊计入成本(间接费用)]、期间费用----不计入成本(管理费用、财务费用、销售费用)} 168、 按生产要素为基础计算 总成本费用{可变成本[外购原材料、外购燃料动力、计件工资及福利费]、固定成本[计时工资及福利费、修理费、其他费、折旧费、维简费、摊消费、利息支出]} 169、 销售税金及附加的计征依据是项目的销售收入，其中不含增值税，建设期的投资中应包含增值税，经营期间的现金流量系统中不考虑增值税 170、 贷款还本的资金来源为包括可用于归还借款的利润、固定资产折旧、无形资产计递延资产和其他还款资金来源，固定资产投资和流动资金贷款的利息，均计入项目总成本费用财务费用，由以上所列资金偿还 171、 财务基础数据应包括:生产成本费用、销售收入与税金、贷款还本付息测算 172、 财务评价的方法:以现金流量表为基础的动(静)态性获利性分析、以资产负债表为基础的财务比率分析、考虑项目风险的不确定性分析 财务评价的内容为偿债能力评价和风险评价 173、 盈利能力分析的主要报表包括:全部投资现金流量表、自有资金现金流量表、损益表 偿债能力分析报表包括:资金来源与资金运用表、资产负债表 不确定性分析(在信息不足，无法用概率描述因素变动规律的情况下)包括盈亏平衡分析和敏感性分析 风险分析(在可变因素已知的情况下)包括概率分析和定性分析 174、 全部投资现金流量表(用来计算财务内部收益率、财务净现值、投资回收期):现金流入(产品销售收入、回收固定资产余值、回收流动资金、其他收入)、现金流出(固定资产投资----包含固定资产投资方向调节税、不包含建设期贷款利息、流动资金、经营成本、销售税金及附加、所得税) 175、 自有资金现金流量表(用来计算财务内部收益率、财务净现值):现金流入(产品销售收入、回收固定资产余值、回收流动资金、其他收入)、现金流出(自有资金、借款本金偿还、借款利息支出、经营成本、销售税金及附加、所得税) 176、 利润总额=营业利润(主营业利润+其他业务利润(主营业务收入-主营业务成本-销售费用-销售税金及附加--管理费--财务费)+投资净收益+营业外收支净额 177、 法定盈余公积金按照税后利润扣除弥补损失的金额后的10%提取，盈余公积金达到固定资产的50%时不再提取 178、 损益表:销售收入---销售税金及附加---总成本费用---利润总额---所得税---税后利润---弥补损失 ---法定盈余公积金---公益金---应付利润---未分配利润----累计未分配利润 179、 资金来源与运用表:资金来源表包括利润、折旧、摊销、长期借款、短期借款、自有资金、其他资金、回收固定资产余值、回收流动资金等;资金运用表包括固定资产投资、建设期贷款利息、流动资金投资、所得税、应付利润、长期借款还本、短期借款还本、其它短期借款还本等 180、 资产负债表(用于清偿能力分析):资产=负债+所有者权益 资产包括:流动资产、在建工程、固定资产净值、无形资产及递延资产净值 负债包括:流动负债、长期负债 所有者权益包括:资本金、资本公积金、累计盈余公积金及累计未分配利润 181、 外汇平衡表:外汇来源=外汇运用 182、 财务评价指标体系主要包括:盈利能力评价和清偿能力评价 考虑时间分为静态评价指标和动态评价指标(动态投资回收期、财务净现值、财务内部收益率)根据指标的性质分为:时间性指标、价值性指表、比率性指标-------反映盈利能力的比率性指标有FIRR和投资收益率(包括投资利润率、投资利税率、资本金利润率)-----反映清偿能力的比率性指标有资产负债率、流动比率、速动比率; 183、 静态投资回收期是指以项目的每年得净收益(=税后利润+折旧)回收项目全部投资(固定资产+流动资产)所需要的时间 184、 静态投资回收期(考察项目财务上投资回收能力的重要指标)小于等于基准投资回收期(动态投资回收期小于等于寿命期时)，项目可行; 185、 投资利润率=利润总额/投资总额 投资利税率=(利润总额+销售税金及附加)/投资总额 资本金利润率=税后利润/资本金 资产负债率=负债总额/资产总额 流动比率(反映偿还短期债务，一般为2:～好)=流动资产总额/流动负债总额 速动比率(反映偿还很短期债务，一般为1:～好)= 速动资产总额/流动负债总额=(流动资产-存货)/流动负债总额 例如一组财务数据显示，流动比率为3，流动负债为160万元，存货120万元，则速动比率=(2.25) 解流动资产=160*3=480 速动比率=(480-120)/160=2.25 186、 项目不确定性分析的指标有:盈亏平衡产量、不确定性因素临界值、盈亏平衡生产能力利用率、敏感度 187、 设计程序:设计准备、初步方案(对于不太复杂的工程，可以省略)、初步设计(关键性阶段，也是整个设计构思形成的阶段)、技术设计(着眼点，各种技术方案的定案阶段，除体现初步设计的意图外，还要考虑施工的方便易行)、施工图设计(满足设备材料的选择与确定、非标设备的设计与加工制作，预算的编制，建筑安装施工的要求)、设计交底和配合施工 188、 工业项目初步设计包括:总平面图设计、工艺设计、建筑设计 189、 设计阶段影响工程造价的因素:总平面设计(指总图运输设计和总平面配置—主要包括的内容有厂址方案、占地面积和土地利用情况、总图运输、主要建筑物和构筑物及公用设施的配置、外部运输、水、电、气及其它外部协作条件-----影响工程造价的因素由占地面积、功能分区、运输方式的选择)、工艺设计(工程设计的核心)、建筑设计(影响工程造价的因素有平面形状(K周=单位面积所占外墙长度，越低设计经济)、流通空间(设计目标，流通空间减少到最少)、层高(多层建筑造价增加幅度比较大的原因是因为建筑的承重部分占造价大，而单层建筑的墙柱部分占造价少，单层厂房的高度主要取决于车间的运输方式)、建筑物层数(工业厂房层数的选择应重点考虑生产性质和生产工艺的要求-----确定多层厂房的经济层数主要有两个因素:厂房展开面积和厂房的长度和宽度)、柱网布置、建筑体积与面积(住宅结构面积与建筑面积之比称为结构面积系数，这个系数越小越经济)、建筑结构(砌体结构、钢筋混凝土结构、钢结构、木结构---消耗大量木材资源并会对生态环境带来不利影响，少用)) 190、 在设计阶段进行工程造价分析:?使造价结构更合理，提高资金利用效率?提高投资控制效率?控制工作更加主动?便于技术与经济相结合?效果最显著 191、 优选应遵循以下原则: ?经济合理和技术先进?兼顾建设于使用，考虑全寿命费用?兼顾近期与远期的要求 192、 工业项目总平面设计的评价指标:建筑系数、土地利用系数、工程量指标、经济指标 193、 工艺技术方案的评价就是互斥投资项目的比选，主要由净现值、净年值、差额内部收益率; 194、 建筑设计的评价指标:单位面积造价、建筑周长与建筑面积之比、厂房展开面积、厂房有效面积与建筑面积之比(主要用于评价柱网布置是否合理)、工程全寿命成本 195、 民用建筑一般包括公共建筑和住宅建筑两类，小区规划设计的核心是提高土地的利用率 196、 建筑体积指标=建筑体积/建筑面积 是衡量层高的指标 197、 居住建筑净密度=居住建筑基底面积/居住建筑占地面积 衡量用地经济性和保证居住区必要卫生条件的主要技术经济指标 198、 设计方案的评价方法主要有多指标对比法(指标全面、分析确切，目前采用比较多的一种方法)和多指标综合评分法(优点:避免了多指标对比法指标间发生矛盾的现象，结果唯一)，设计方案评价时，静态经济的评价方法有投资回收期法、计算费用法 199、 差额投资回收期是不考虑时间价值的情况下，投资大的方案比投资小的方案所节约的经营成本，业务量相同时?Pt=(k2-k1)/(c1-c2) ?Pt?PC 投资大的方案为优 业务量不同时?Pt=(k2/Q2)-(k1/ Q1)/(c1/ Q1-c2/Q2) 200、 差额投资回收期的倒数就是差额投资效果系数，?R= (c1-c2 )/(k2-k1) ?R?RC 投资大的方案为优 利用AC=C+RC*k RC----投资效果系数 201、 工程设计优化的途径:?通过设计招标和设计方案竞选优化?运用价值工程?推广标准化设计?实施现额设计 202、 价值工程的工作程序:?對象的選擇?組成價值工程領導小組?收集與研究對象相關的信息資料?功能系统分析—价值工程的核心?功能评价?方案创新及评价?由主管部门进行审批?方案实施与检查 203、 价值工程在新建项目设计方案由选中的应用:设计阶段实施价值工程的步骤一般为功能分析、功能评价、方案创新、方案评价 204、 价值工程在设计阶段工程造价控制中的应用:对象的选择常用ABC法 205、 优化设计通常是通过数学模型进行的，投资分解是实行限额设计的有效途径和主要方法 206、 一般说来，对于一些确定性问题，如投资、资源消耗、时间等有关条件已知的，可采用线性规划，非线性规划、动态规划的理论和方法进行优化;而对于一些非确定性问题，可采用排队论、对策论进行优化，对与设计流量的问题，常采用网络理论进行优化。 207、 限额设计中，初步设计的主要工作时多方案的比选;进行施工图设计要把握两个标准:质量标准和造价标准 208、 工程造价指数上涨4%，工程建设4年，头哦资分配的设计限额为960万元，则实际设计限额为960/(1.04)4=820。61 209、 对影响工程造价的重大设计变更，要采取现算账，后变更的办法;凡因设计单位错误，漏项、扩大设计规模、提高标准而导致静态投资超支，相应扣减设计费，累计超过院批准概算(2%~3%、3%~5%、5%~10%、10%以上的)，要扣减全部设计费的(3%、5%、10%、20%) 210、 限额设计的完善:?合理确定、正确理解限额;?合理分解和使用限额 211、 设计概算的编制应包括静态投资和动态投资两部分，静态投资作为考核工程设计和施工图预算的依据;动态投资作为筹措、供应和控制资金的使用限额，招标单位编制的标底是以设计概算造价为依据 212、 总概算表反映静态投资和动态投资两部分，静态投资是按设计概算编制期价格、费率、利率、汇率等头确定的投资;动态投资是指概算编制时期到竣工验收前因价格变化多等种因素形成的投资 213、 设计概算可分为单位工程概算、单项工程概算、建设项目总概算***;其中总概算由单项工程综合概算(单位建筑工程概算、单位设备及安装工程概算、工程建设其它费用概算---不编总概算时列入)、工程建设其它费用概算、预备费、建设期贷款利息、投资方向调节税概算以及经营性流动资金概算 214、 建筑概算的编制方法有概算定额法(又叫扩大单价法或扩大结构定额法—要求初步设计达到一定的深度，建筑结构比较明确)、概算指标法(当初步设计深度不够，不能准确计算出工程量，有类似工程概算指标可以利用)、类似工程预算法(适用于拟建工程初步设计与已完工程或再建工程的设计类似没有可用的概算指标时采用，但必须对结构和价差进行调整);设备及安装工程概算的编制方法有预算单价法(初步设计较深，有详细的设备清单)、扩大单价法(初步设计深度不够，设备清单不完备)、设备百分比法(初步设计深度不够，只有设备的出厂价而无有详细的规格、重量时---常用于价格波动不大的定型产品和通用设备)和综合吨位指标法(当初步设计提供的设备清单由规格和重量时，常用于设备价格波动较大的非标设备和引进设备的安装计算) 215、 概算指标采用的是直接费指标 216、 单项工程综合概算文件一般包括编制说明和综合概算标两大部分;工业项目综合概算表由建筑工程和设备安装工程两大部分、民用工程项目综合概算表由建筑工程一项 217、 审查设计概算的编制依据:合法性、时效性、适用范围 218、 审查概算编制深度:审查编制说明、审查概算编制深度(一般大中型项目应有完整的―***‖概算)、审查概算编制范围 219、 审查工程概算的内容:?审查编制方法、计价依据和程序是否适合规定?审查工程量是否正确?审查材料用量和价格?审查建筑安装费的记取是否符合国家或地方有关规定?审查工程建设其它费用?审查项目的―三废‖治理?审查技术经济指标?审查投资经济效果?审查建设规模、标准，概算超估算10%以上的应查明原因，重新上报 220、 审查设计概算的方法:对比分析法、查询核实法、联合会审法 221、 施工图预算有单位工程预算(建筑工程预算、安装工程预算)、单项工程预算、建设项目总预 算 222、 单价法:单位工程施工图预算直接费=?(工程量*预算定额单价) 223、 单价法(只能反映定额编制年的价格水平)编制施工图预算的步骤:收集资料---熟悉图纸和定额---计算工程量---套用预算定额单价---编制工料分析表---计算其他各项应取费用和汇总造价---复核—编制说明和封面 224、 实物法(与市场经济相适应的方法)编制施工图预算的步骤:收集资料---熟悉图纸和定额---计算工程量---套用预算定额用量---求出各分项人工、材料、机械消耗数量---按当时当地价格计算人工费、材料费、机械费---计算其他各项应取费用和汇总造价---复核—编制说明和封面 225、 审查施工图预算的重点，应该放在工程量计算、预算单价的套用、设备材料预算价格的取定是否正确---各项费用标准是否符合现行规定等方面 226、 审查施工图预算的方法:全面审查法、标准预算审查法、分组计算审查法、筛选审查法(归纳为工程量、造价、用工三个单方基本表---适用于住宅工程或不具备全面审查条件的工程)、重点抽查法、对比审查法、利用手册审查法、分解对比审查法 227、 发包管理主要是指工程报建制度和招标制度 1999年10月1日---《中华人民共和国合同法》 2000年1月1日---《中华人民共和国招标投标法》 228、 关系社会公共利益、公众安全的基础设施项目包括:新能源、交通、通讯、水利、城市设施、生态环境保护、其他基础设施项目 229、 关系社会公共利益、公众安全的公用事业项目包括:供水(电、气、热)等市政项目;科技教育、文化、体育、旅游、卫生、社会福利等项目;商品住房(含经济适用房)、其他公用事业项目; 230、 强制招标的范围包括主体和限额两部分;主体部分:大型基础设施、公用事业等关系社会公共利益、公共安全的项目;全部或部分使用国有资金投资或国家融资的项目;使用国际组织或者外国政府贷款、援助资金的项目;限额部分:施工单项合同估算价在200万元以上? 231、 可以不进行招标的:使用专利或专有技术、建筑有特殊造型的，经项目主管部门批准;涉及国家安全、国家秘密、抢险救灾、利用扶贫资金实行以工代辰、使用农民工等特殊情况 232、 建设工程招标的种类:建设工程项目总承包、勘察、设计、施工、监理、工程材料设备招标 233、 建设项目的招标最多可以将一个项目分解为单位工程及特殊专业工程分别招标，不允许以分部分项工程招标; 234、 标段的划分应考虑以下因素:招标项目的专业要求、招标项目的管理要求、对工程投资的影响(直接影响是由管理费引起)、工程各项工作的衔接 235、 招标公告应当按照相对集中、适度竞争、受众分布合理的原则发布 236、 指定媒介发布公开招标项目的公告，不得收取费用(发布国际招标公告的除外)，指定媒介应当在受到招标公告文本7日内发布 237、 资格预审的程序:发布资格预审通告、发出资格预审文件(资格预审的内容包括基本资格与审核专业资格预审审查)、对潜在投标人的资格的审查和审定(重点是专业资格预审查)、发出预审合格通知书(申请人过多时，选中不少于7家) 238、 招标文件由招标单位或其委托的咨询机构编制发布，招标文件的价格一般等于编制和印刷招标文件的成本，标底由招标单位、招标代理机构、工程造价咨询单位以及监理单位等中介组织编制 239、 施工招标文件编制还应遵循以下规定:?质量标准必须达到国家施工验收规按要求，要求达到优良时，计取补偿费;?要求工期比定额工期缩短20%(含)，计取赶工措施费;?要求按合同工期提前竣工交付使用，计取提前工期奖; 240、 时间顺序:招标文件修改或澄清应在投标文件截至日期前至少15天、勘查现场一般安排在投标预备会前1~2天、投标预备会可安排在发出招标文件7日后28日内举行、投标人发现项目或数量有误，应于收到招标文件7日以书面形式向招标人提出、为中标单位的投标保证金(无息)应尽快退还，不超过有效期满后14天 241、 投标人可以是法人或其它组织，不能是自然人 242、 开标、评标、定标是招标程序中极为重要的环节，投标文件必须由投标单位法定代表人亲自签署并加盖法人单位公章和法定代表人印签 243、 招标人办理招标的应具有:由专门的施工招标组织机构、有同类工程的施工招标经验、熟悉有关工程招标法律规范的工程技术、概预算以及工程管理的专业人员 244、 甲级招标代理机构:3年内?3000万*10个 累计8亿元 中?20人 注册2人 法代10年 已级招标代理机构:3年内?1000万*10个 累计3亿元 中?10人 注册2人 法代7年 245、 联合体应当共同签订投标协议，并将共同投标协议连同投标文件一并提交招标人，联合体中标的，联合体各方应共同与招标人签订合同 246、 标底是招标任对建设工程的期望价格，由成本(直接费、间接费)、利润、税金等组成，一般控制在批准的总概算和投资包干限额以内 247、 标底的编制程序:确定标底的编制单位---收集编制资料---参加交底会及现场勘查---编制标底---审核标底价格 248、 我国目前建设工程施工招标标底主要采用定额计价和工程量清单计价来编制 249、 定额计价编制标底是采用分部分项工程量的直接费单价(或称工料单价法---分为单位估价法、实物量法两种)，仅仅包括人工费、材料费、机械费 250、 工程量清单计价的单价按所综合的内容不同，可以划分为3种:工料单价、完全费单价、综合单价法 251、 标底编制还需考虑因素:目标工期、质量要求、材料价差、地理条件-招标范围、风险费用 252、 投标报价的策略:?根据招标项目的不同特点采用不同的报价(对自己有利报底价、不利报高价)?不平衡报价法?计日工单价的报价?可供选择项目的报价(可供选择是针对叶柱而言)?暂定工程量的报价?多方案报价法?增加建议方案?分包商包价的采用?无利润算标 253、 一般投标保证金数额不超过投标总价的2%，最高不得超过50万元(RMB)。投标保证金的有效期应超过投标的有效期，银行保涵或担保书的有效期应在投标有效期满后28天内继续有效 254、 无效标:?密封不符合要求?无印章?关键字模糊?未提供投标保涵和保证金?联合体投标无共同协议 废标处理的情况:弄虚作假、保价低于其个别成本、投标人不具备资格或投标文件不符合形式要求、未能在实质上响应的投标 255、 评标原则应遵循:公正、公平、科学、择优原则，在严格保密的情况下进行 256、 招标文件应对汇率标准和汇率风险做出规定，未作规定的，风险由投标人承担 257、 初步评审的内容包括对投标文件的符合性评审、技术性评审、商务性评审 258、 投标偏差分为重大偏差和细微偏差(不影响投标文件的有效性---评标结束前予以更正，不更正者，做不利于投标人的量化) 259、 评标方法包括经评审的最低投标价法(适用于具有通用技术、性能)、综合评估法或法律(不宜采用经评审的最低投标价法—常用百分法)、行政法规允许的其它评标方法 260、 评标和定标应当在投标有效期结束日30个工作日前完成。 261、 中标人的投标应当符合下列条件之一:能够最大限度地满足招标文件规定的各项综合评价标准;能满足招标文件的实质性要求，并且经评审的投标价格最低，但是投标价格低于成本的除外 262、 工程合同价有:固定合同价(固定合同单价、固定合同总价)、可调合同价(可调合同单价、可调合同总价—发包人承担了通货膨胀风险，承包人承担其它风险—一般适用于工期较长)、成本加酬金确定的合同价(成本加固定百分比酬金确额定的合同价、成本加固定酬金确额定的合同价、成本加奖罚确额定的合同价---承发包双方不会承担太大的风险，应用较多、最高限额成本加固定最大酬金额定的合同价---首先要确定限额成本、报价成本、最低成本，有利于控制造价，并能鼓励承包商最大限度地降低工程成本) 263、 建设工程施工合同:总价合同(工程量不大，能精确计算)、单价合同(风险合理分摊，关键在于工程量计算方法的确认和单价的确定)、成本加酬金的合同(需要立即开展的项目、新型的工程项目、或对象目的工程内容及技术经济指标未确定、风险很大的项目) 264、 选择和同类型应考虑的因素:?项目规模和工期长短?项目的竞争情况?项目的复杂程度?项目的单项工程的明确度?项目准备时间的长短?项目的外部环境因素 265、 《施工合同文本》由《协议书》、《通用条款》、《专用条款》三部分组成，并附有三个附件《承包人承揽工程项目一览表》《发包人工应材料设备一览表》《工程质量保修书》 266、 施工合同文件的组成及解释顺序:施工合同协议书(有关工程的洽商、变更等书面协议或文件)---中标通知书----投标文件及附件---施工合同专用条款---施工合同通用条款----标准、规范及有关技术文件---图纸----工程量清单----工程报价单或预算书 267、 施工承包方办理施工场地的交通、施工噪音以及环境保护和安全生产，发包人承担费用 268、 项目经理是由承包人单位法定代表人授权的，派驻施工现场的承包人的总负责人，其职责为代表承包人向发包人提出要求和通知、组织施工 269、 工程师不能按时参加验收，须在开始前24小时向承包人提出书面要求延期，延期不能超过2天 270、 试车:单机无负荷试车 承包人组织 试车前48小时通知工程师 工程师签字 联动无负荷试车 发包人组织 试车前48小时通知承包商 通过 双方签字 投料试车 发包人全部负责 若要求承包人参与 挣得同意后另签订补充协议 271、 工程预付款:建筑工程一般不超过当年建筑(包括水、电、暖、卫)等工程工作量的30%，安装一般不超过当年安装工程量的10%、质量保修金一般不超过施工合同价款的3% 272、 安全措施费:正常安全措施费—施工承包商负担费用、特殊的安全施工措施，承包人报计划、工程师认可，由发包人承担费用;专利技术:谁要求、谁负担费用 273、 不可抗力事件是指合同当事人不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的事件(战争、动乱、空中飞行无坠落或其他非发包人责任造成的爆炸、火灾以及专用条款约定的风、雨等自然灾害(原则各自损失各自承担，工程损失以及第三方损失发包方承担) 274、 可以解除合同的条款:协商解除、发生不可抗力、当事人违约 275、 设备、材料采购招标的方式:?公开招标?邀请招标(适用于金额不大、供应商数有限、尽早交货的场合)?询价方式(适用于现货采购或价值角的标准规格产品)?直接订购方式(适合于增购) 276、 设备、材料的采购报价应已指定的交货地为基础，价格应包括成本、保险费和运费，如为进口设备，还应包括关税和进口税 277、 招标设备标底应当由招标单位和设备需方及有关单位共同协商确定，设备标底价格应当依招标当年现行价格为基础，生产周期长的设备应考虑价格的变化，设备招标的评标工作一般不超过10天，大型不超过30天，设备不仅考虑报价、还要考虑运费、使用费等 278、 设备、材料的采购评标中可采用综合评标价法(采购机组、车辆等大型设备时--一般还要考虑以下几个方面:运输费用、交货期、付款条件、零配件和售后服务、设备性能和生产能力)、全寿命费用评标法(采购生产线、成套设备以及后需费用较高的货物)、最低投标价法(技术规格简单的初级商品、原材料、半成品)或百分评定法。 279、 国际工程招标:评标主要有审标、评标、资格定审 280、 FIDIC---99合同包括以下4份新的合同文本:施工合同条件(影响最大，应用最广)、永久设备和设计—建造合同条件、EPC/交钥匙项目合同条件、合同的简短格式 281、 FIDIC合同条件由通用合同条件和专用合同条件组成，且附有合同协议书、投标函和争端仲裁协议书 282、 FIDIC合同条件适用的工程类别:房屋建筑和各种工程，包括工业于民用建筑、疏浚工程、土壤改善工程、道桥工程、水利工程、港口工程 283、 FIDIC合同条件在传统上主要适用于国际工程施工;FIDIC合同条件注重业主、承包商、工程师三方关系的协调，强调工程师在项目管理中的作用，应用条件前提:通过竞争性招标确定承包商、委托工程师对工程施工进行监理、按照单价合同方式编制招标文件 284、 FIDIC《施工合同条件》指定分包商是由业主(或工程师)指定、选定，完成某项特定工作内容并与承包商签订分包合同的特殊分包商，他与一般分包商处于同等地位，处于承包商的管理之中，给指定分包商的付款从暂定金额内开支 285、 不论何原因，承包人无权对修改进度计划的工作要求额外支付 286、 业主提前占用，业主占用日为竣工日;因非承包商原因导致不能进行规定的竣工检验时，以本该进行竣工检验日为竣工日 287、 由于非承包商原因导致缺陷通知期内进行的补检，属于承包商在投标阶段不能合理预见的情况，该项检查试验比正常检验多支出的费用由业主承担 288、 缺陷通知期:竣工日开始至工程师颁发履约证书(按合同规定完成全部施工义务的证明)为止的日历天数，次要部位半年、主要工程及设备大多1年，个别重要设备1.5年 缺陷通知期的延长不应超过竣工日后2年 289、 合同价格进行调整的原因:合同类型的特点、发生应由业主承担责任的事件、承包商的质量责任、承包商延误工其或提前竣工、包含在合同价格之内的暂列金额 290、 预付款的保函金额==预付款额 291、 保留金的返还:分两次返还，第一次时颁发工程接受证书后，将保留金的一半支付给承包商，如果只限于一个取段或一部分，则返还金额=保留金的一半*移交部分的估算价/最终合同的估算价*40% 保修期满颁发履约证书后，剩余保留金偿还，例如:某项工程保留金总额为300万元，当获得一各工段的接收时，该区段的合同占总额的30%，则反还保留金(=150*30%*40%=18 )万元 292、 争端发生后，承包商和业主应采取的措施:将争端交给工程师、承包商应继续进行施工 合同双方应当共同对争端裁决委员会的支付条件，由双方各支付酬金的一半 仲裁裁决具有法律效力，但仲裁机构无强制执行，如一方当事人不履行裁决，另一方可向法院申请强制执行 293、 工程变更可分为设及变更和其他变更，建设工程施工合同条件下的变更，能构成设及变更的事 项包括?更改有关部分的标高、基线、位置和尺寸?增减合同中约定的工程量?改变有关工程的是施工时间和顺序?其它有关工程变更需要附加的工作; FIDIC合同条件下的工程变更:?合同中任何工程量的变更?任何工程质量或其他特性的变更-----非设计变更?工程任何部分标高、位置和尺寸的改变?删减任何合同约定的内容?改变原定施工顺序和时间安排?新增工程按单独合同对待 294、 调整合同单价的原则:?此项工作实测的工程量比报表规定量变动大于10%?变更的工程量*单价超过了接受合同款额的0.01%?变更造成该项工作每单位工程量费用变动超过1% 295、 删减原定工作后，合同价款中包括的直接费部分没有受到损害，但摊销在该部分的间接费、利润、税金则不能合理回收，需要业主补偿 296、 工程索赔产生的原因:?当事人违约(表现为没有按合同约定履行自己的义务)?不可抗力事件?合同缺陷?合同变更?工程师指令(工程师要求的加速施工、谋项工作的更换等)?其它第三方原因 297、 按索赔的合同依据:明示的索赔和默示的索赔 按索赔的目的:工期所赔和费用索赔 按索赔事件的性质分类:工程延误索赔、工程变更索赔、合同被迫终止索赔、工程加速索赔、意外风险和不可预见因素所赔和其它索赔 298、 索赔处理的原则:以合同为依据、及时、合理地处理索赔、加强主动控制、减少工程索赔 299、 索赔意向通知-----索赔报告的资料------工程师审核索赔申请-----工程师与承包商谈判---发包人审批工程师的索赔处理证明----承包商是否最终接受的索赔决定 300、 索赔的依据:?招标文件、施工合同，认可的计划、图纸等?双方来往的信件和会议纪要(要经过签署)?进度及化和现场条件?气象资料、工程检查报告?国家有关法律、指令等 301、 可索赔的费用包括:人工费、材料费、机械费、保函手续费、贷款利息、保险费、利润、管理费 302、 合理补偿承包商索赔的条款:业主的直接原因---工期、费用、利润均索赔;不可抗力---工期和费用索赔;发包人应承担的风险事件---工期索赔 303、 费用索赔的计算方法:实际费用法和修正总费用法 304、 工期索赔的计算:网络图计算法和比例计算法(不适用于变更施工顺序、加速施工、删减工程量等时间的索赔);比例计算法的公式为:对于已知部分工程的延期的时间: 工期索赔值=受干扰部分的合同价*该受干挠部分工期拖延时间/原合同总价 对于已知额外增加工程量的价格:工期索赔值=额外增加的工程量的价值*原合同总工期/原合同总价 305、 一个完整的索赔报告应包括如下内容:总论部分、根据部分(说明具有索赔的权利---索赔能否成立的关键，主要包括以下内容:索赔事件的发生情况、已递交的索赔意向通知书、索赔事件的处理过程、索赔要求的合同根据、所附的证据资料)、计算部分、证据部分(索赔报告的重要组成部分) 306、 工程价款结算的意义:?反映工程进度的主要指标?加速资金周转的重要环节?考核经济效益的重要指标 307、 工程价款的主要结算方法:?按月结算?竣工后一次结算(工期12个月以内，承包合同价在100万元以内)?分段结算?目标结款方式(实质是运用合同手段、财务手段对工程的完成进行主动控制)?结算双方约定的其他结算方式 308、 预付备料款限额由主要材料(含外购件)占工程造价的比重、材料储备期、施工工期决定 备料款限额=年度承包工程总值*主要材料所占比重*材料储备天数/年度施工日历天数 对于只包定额工日(不包括材料定额)的工程项目，可以不付预料款 309、 备料款的扣回:方法，可以从未施工工程尚需的主要材料及构件的价值相当于备料款数额时起扣，公式是 T=P-M/N T—起扣点，即预付款备料开始扣回时累计完成工作量金额 M—预付备料款限额 N---主要材料所占比重 P---承包工程价款总额 310、 工程进度款支付的步骤 工程量测量与统计---提交已完工程量报告---工程师核实并确认—建设单位认可并审批----支付工程进度款 311、 超出设计图纸和(或)因自身原因造成返工的工程量，不予计量; 312、 合同收入包括两部分:合同的初始收入、合同因变更、索赔、奖励等构成的收入 313、 预付款7天，进度款14天，竣工结算款28天 314、 发包人应承担防护措施费:在动力设备、输电线路、地下管道、密封防震车间、易燃易爆地段已及临界交通要道附近的施工 315、 发包人应承担安全保护费:实施爆破作业、在放射、毒害性环境以及使用毒害性、腐蚀性物品施工时 316、 办理竣工结算一般为:竣工结算工程价款=预算(概算)或和同价款+施工过程中的调整数额-预付款及已经结算工程价款-保修金 317、 竣工结算的审查一般从以下几个方面入手:?核对合同条款?检查隐蔽验收记录?落实设计变更签证?按图核实工程数量?认真核实单价?注意各项费用计取?防止各种计算误差 318、 工程价款价差调整的方法有:工程造价指数调整法、实际价格调整法、调价文件计算法、调值公式法(对建设项目工程价款的结算，一般均采用该法) 319、 建筑安装工程费用价格调值公式一般包括:固定部分、材料部分和人工部分 调值公式中有关的各项费用，按一般国际惯例，只选择用量大、价格高、具有代表性的一些典型的人工费和材料费 a---固定要素，代表合同值附中不能调整部分占总合同价的百分比---A---于特定付款证书有关期间最后一天的49天对应的现行指数 320、 专制机械设备的结算一般分为3个阶段:预付款(签订合同后制造前10%~20%)、阶段付款、最终付款(保证期结束后的付款) 321、 卖方信贷:卖方通过向本国银行贷款，将产品赊销给卖方，一般签订合同后付10%，最后一批或武装船后付10%，验收后付5%，待质量保修期满再付5% 322、 设备、工器具和材料价款的动态结算依据 式中a---管理费用和利润在合同的百分比 M0、L0指原料和人工成本的基本指数，取投标前28天的指数 建筑安装工程费的价格调整中， 323、 关于工程进度预付款:建设工程施工合同无有规定;FIDIC规定承包商提交履约保函和预付款保函认可后开据;NEC由项目经理签证支付 324、 建设项目的设计阶段包括:设计前准备阶段—初步设计-扩大初步设计-施工图设计-设计较低和配合施工，其中，可行性研究报告、设计方案、施工图预算是施工阶段造价计价与控制的重要关键因素 325、 与施工阶段造价计价与控制有直接关系的是施工组织设计，施工组织设计包括施工组织规划设计、总设计、单位工程和分项工程施工组织设计 326、 施工阶段资金使用计划的编制方法:按不同子项目和按时间进度编制资金使用计划(用横道图形适和时标网络图形式) 327、 资金使用计划编制重要注意ABC控制法 A类因素为重点因素B为次要因素C为一般因素 328、 施工阶段投资偏差:投资偏差=已完工程实际投资-已完工程计划投资(―+‖----投资增加) 进度偏差=已完工程实际时间-已完工程计划时间 进度偏差=拟完工程计划投资-已完工程计划投资(―+‖----工期拖延) 329、 投资偏差又具体分为局部偏差和累计偏差，累计偏差分析是以局部偏差分析的结果进行综合分析，其结果更显示规律性，对投资控制在较大范围内具有指导作用 分为绝对偏差和相对偏差 相对偏差=绝对偏差/投资计划值=(投资计划值-投资实际值)/投资计划值 相对偏差比绝对偏差更有意义 330、 常用偏差分析的方法有横道图法(主要反映累计偏差和局部偏差---注意如果拟完工程计划投资和已完工程实际投资已经给出，确定已完工程计划投资时，应注意已完工程计划投资表示线与已完工程实际投资表示线的位置相同，已完工程计划投资单项工程的总值与拟完工程计划投资的单位工程的总值相同)、时标网络法、表格法(进行偏差分析最常用的一种方法---投资局部偏差程度=投资局部偏差/已完工程计划投资、进度)和曲线法() 331、 引起投资偏差的主要四个方面:客观原因(人工费、材料费、自然因素、地基因素、交通原因、社会原因、法规变化)、业主原因、设计原因、施工原因 332、 偏差可以分为4种类型:投资增加、工期拖延;投资增加、工期提前;投资节约、工期拖延;投资节约、工期提前; 333、 纠偏的主要对象是由于业主原因何设计原因造成的投资偏差;纠偏措施分为组织措施、技术措施、经济措施、合同措施 334、 交工验收----单项、单位工程 动用验收----工程整体验收(竣工验收) 335、 建设项目竣工验收的主要任务有:?建设、勘察、设计、施工单位对项目进行最后的评价，对各自在项目建设进展过程中的经验和教训进行客观的评价?办理建设项目的移交手续，并办理竣工结算和决算，以及建设项目档案资料的移交和保修手续 336、 建设项目竣工验收的内容分为工程资料的验收(技术资料、综合资料和工程财务资料)和工程内容的验收(建筑工程验收、安装工程验收---建筑设备安装工程、工艺设备安装工程、动力设备安装工程) 337、 竣工验收条件来自于《建设工程质量管理条例》 338、 竣工验收标准:生产性项目和辅助性公用设施---满足生产使用;工艺设备---生产出规定产品;必要生产设施—按要求建成;生产准备—适应投产需要;环保、劳动安全、消防设施—与主体同时建成使用 339、 竣工验收的依据:?上级批准文件?可行性研究报告?施工图计变更?国标及验收规范?承包合同文件?技术设备?建安统一规定及主管关于工程竣工规定?引进设备签订的合同及设计文件 340、 质量核定的范围包括新建、改建、扩建的工业与民用建筑，设备安装工程、市政工程 341、 建设项目竣工验收的形式分为三种:事后报告验收的形式(小型项目或单纯的设备安装项目)、委托验收形式(对一般工程)、成立竣工验收委员会 342、 验收程序:?承包商的竣工验收(又称预验)分为***:基层施工单位自检、项目经理自检、公司级预检;?监督工程师现场初验?正式验收(由监理工程师或业主组织，由业主、监理单位、设计单位、施工单位、工程质量监督站等参加正式验收，由质检部门会同业主、监理工程师正式讨论是否合格，由业主或总监理工程师宣布验收结果，质检站宣布工程质量等级，办理竣工验收签证、三方签字(业主、监理工程师、质检部门)?单项工程验收(业主组织的竣工验收)?全部工程的竣工验收(国家主管部门组织的验收) 343、 《竣工验收通知书》---组织验收---《竣工验收证明书》---验收合格证书---工程档案资料移交---办理固定资产移交手续---办理工程决算(建设单位编制)----竣工验收鉴定书 344、 大中型和限额以上基本建设和技术改造项目，由国家计委或国家计委委托项目主管部门或地方政府部门组织验收，小型和限额以下基本建设和技术改造项目，由项目主管部门或地方政府部门组织验收 345、 竣工决算:竣工验收报告的重要组成部分、正确核定新增固定资产价值、考核分析投资效果、反映建设项目实际造价和投资效果的文件 346、 竣工决算由―竣工决算报表‖和―竣工情况说明书‖两部分组成，一般大中型建设项目的竣工决算报表包括:竣工财务决算审批表、竣工工程概况表、竣工决算财务表、建设项目交付使用财产总表、交付使用财产明细表;小型建设项目的竣工决算报表包括:竣工财务决算审批表、竣工决算总表和交付使用财产明细表 347、 具备竣工验收条件的，三个月内应及时填报审报表，不办理，视为项目已正式投产，所实现的销售收入作为经营收入，不再作为基本建设收入管理 348、 大中小型竣工决算包括:?竣工决算报告情况说明书?竣工财务决算报表(采用平衡表的形式，即资金来源合计等于资金支出合计)?建设工程竣工图?工程造价比较分析 349、 大中型建设项目竣工工程概况表的基建支出包括形成资产价值的交付使用资产，如固定资产、无形资产、流动资产、递延资产，还包括不形成资产价值应核销的非经营项目的待核销基建支出和转出投资(包括专用道路、专用通讯社时、送变电站、地下管道等—不属于本单位的投资支出) 350、 建设成本:建筑安装工程投资支出、设备工器具投资支出、待摊投资支出和其它投资支出 351、 待核销基建支出是指非经营项目发生的江河清障、水土保持、城市绿化、取消项目可行性研究费、项目报废等不能形成资产部分的投资。对于能形成资产部分的投资，应计入交付使用资产价值 352、 大、中型建设项目交付使用资产总表:该表反映建设项目的建成后的新增固定资产、无形资产、流动资产、递延资产，小型项目不编制建设项目交付使用资产总表，大、中型小型均编制建设项目交付使用资产明细表(交付使用资产属于资金占用) 353、 工程造价比较分析应主要分析的内容有主要实物量、主要材料消耗量、考核建设单位管理费、建筑安装 工程其它直接费、现场经费和间接费的取费标准 354、 编制竣工结算的要求:及时性、完整性、正确性 355、 竣工决算的编制步骤:收集资料---清理债务—填写决算报表—编制说明—造价对比分析—清理、装订竣工图—上报主管部门 356、 新增资产按资产性质可分为:固定资产、无形资产(专利权、非专利技术、商标权、商誉)、流动资产(现金、存货、银行存款、短期投资(包括股票、债券、基金)、应收账款、预付账款)、递延资产(开办费、租入固定资产的改良支出)、其他资产(银行冻结存款、冻结物资、涉及诉讼的财产)等 357、 建设单位管理费按建筑工程、安装工程、需安装设备价值总额按比例分摊，而土地管理费、勘察设计费等则按建筑工程造价分担 358、 运输设备及其他不需要安装的设备、工具、器具、家具等固定资产一般仅计算采购成本，不及算―待摊投资‖;而动力设备和生产设备等固定资产的成本包括需要安装的设备采购成本、安装成本、以及应分摊的―待摊投资‖;房屋、建筑物、管道、线路等固定资产投资包括建筑工程成本和应应分摊的―待摊投资‖ 359、 无形资产:?购入--按照实际支付的价款计价?自创—开发过程中的实际支出?接受捐赠—按发票金额或同类无形资产市价作价?在其使用有效期内，分期摊销 360、 专利权的计价:包括自创(主要包括研制成本和交易成本)和外购两类，专利权的转让价格不按成本估价，按照其所带来的超额收益计价 361、 非专利技术的计价:自创---不作为无形资产入账，发生的费用，按当期费用处理;外购—往往采用通过产生的收益采用受益法进行估价 362、 商标权的计价:自创---不作为无形资产入账，将商标设计、广告等所发生的费用作为销售费用计入当期损益;计价一般根据被许可方新增的收益估价 363、 土地使用权的计价:支付金额----作为无形资产，行政划拨----不作为无形资产， 364、 递延资产:开办费---开办期间，在经营开始时，一次计入生产经营的当期损益，以经营竹林方式租入固定资产的改良支出，在租赁期间摊入制造费用或管理费用 365、 其它资产:按实际入账价值计算 366、 基础设施、房屋建筑的地基基础和主体结构，为设计文件规定工程的使用年限;屋棉纺水、挖墙面的防渗等5年;供热于供冷2个采暖期和供热期;电气管线、给排水、设备安装和装修2年;保修自竣工验收合格之日计算 367、 保修费的处理:因地震、洪水、台风的等不可抗原因造成的损坏，建设单位负责处理;使用单位使用不当造成，由使用单位自行负责 368、 工程建设定额是工程建设单位产品(资金消耗、人工消耗、材料消耗、机械消耗)的规定额度 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.