红山文化和先红山文化7

红山文化和先红山文化7 红山文化和先红山文化 --赤峰红山考古之一 ,日,秋山進午 1988年恰好是1938年滨田耕作、水野清一两位先生出版《赤峰红山后》这部大作的50周 ,1,年。由于日本对中国大陆的侵略，从而使日本得以在中国进行考古调查。《赤峰红山后》这部学术著作使我们了解到假定的由彩陶、 ,2,“之”字纹陶、细石器 构成的“赤峰第一期文化”和所包含的特有青铜器，也总括当时绥 远青铜器在内的“赤峰第二期文化”。这部著作直至近年，在考察中国东北地区史前史、文明时代方面仍占有重要地位，是最基础性的文献。本文首先想以《红山后》这部著作为轴弄清楚“赤峰第一期文化”(红山文化)的源头。 “赤峰第一期文化”(红山文化)的研究，进入20世纪80年代以后，由于新中国考古调查发掘的不断进展，获得了惊人的发展，这在后面将叙述到。这些调查发掘使我们弄清楚了特有的玉器陪葬墓和大规模祭祀建筑遗址发掘的详细情况，其中包括早期维纳斯塑像和大型神像在内的祭祀遗址的发现，在中国考古学史上还是第一次。根据这些资料来改写“赤峰第一期文化”(红山文化)的内容，这是本文的第二课题。同时由于“赤峰第一期文化”(红山文化)的诸文化的相继发现，也使探索这一地区的文化发展序列成为可能。虽然依据上述资料还有很多地方在年代上尚有间隔，但是笔 者愿意就此问题作一探讨。 出版已经整整半个世纪的《红山后》这部著作，时至今日，其内容确实已到了该改写的时候了。但是，目前只是有线索，问题的分歧面还很大，令人头痛的调查发掘之不足还很多，所以本文的副标题才是笔者的意图所在。作为达到这个目的的里程之一，在此，笔者想从搞清楚红山文化研究的新阶段开始，专心于红山文化的渊源问题，以及由此而产生的几个问题。 由于笔者才学浅陋，会有很多过错，因而作为半个世纪以后的后学者，深恐玷污了《红山后》这部大著的名誉。这里，但愿诸位先辈不吝赐教，正其谬误，以期日后补充修订。 赤峰红山调查沿革 赤峰是蒙语“红色的山” (WlanHatak)(乌兰哈达)的汉译地名。 ,3,在内蒙古自治区赤峰市红山区的东北角有一裸露出红色地的石山，即是“红山”。其实，山并不高，但因其特异的地貌，自古以来就引起了人们的注意。 1903年(明治40年)鸟居龙藏在赤峰地区的实际考察，是考古学上第一次在这一地区所进行的调查。其后，在1924年(大正13年)桑志华、德日进牧师也对这一地区作了访问调查。1930年(民国19年)在内蒙古林西进行史前遗迹调查之际，赤峰周边地区的遗迹引起 ,4,了梁思永先生的注意。 这时任赤峰代理领事的牟田哲二从1930年前后开始收集赤峰附近出土的资料，1933年委托访问赤峰的上治寅次郎把收集到的资料 ,5,赠给京都大学文学部。同年秋，八幡一郎作为第一届满蒙学术调 ,6,查团成员访问了赤峰，在赤峰红山后发掘了数座方形石棺墓。由于牟田所收集的遗物的性质和八幡所发掘调查的情况一致，因而引起了京都大学文学部考古学教研室的注意。1935年(昭和15年)由东亚考古学会组织对这一地区进行了发掘调查。 因为发掘调查的详细情况已作为《红山后》一书公开刊行，所以这里仅做一简单介绍。发掘是在赤峰红山的东面，即从赤峰市市区就能看见的红山的后侧进行的。调查发掘了方形石棺墓群和与此同时期的居住址(第一居住址)。在调查期间，还发现了包含彩陶的另一文化的遗迹(第二居住址)，对此也进行了调查发掘。在调查发掘的中，把兼有第二居住址发掘出的彩陶、“之”字纹陶、细石器的文化定名为新石器时代的“赤峰第一期文化”;而把包含有特有青铜器遗物的石棺墓和第一居住址的金石并用期定名为“赤峰第二期文化”。但是，由于受到从中日战争到第二次世界大战持续不断的战火影响，使这一地区的考古调查也和其他地区一样，被迫中断。 (一)关于红山文化 解放后，新中国最早着眼于赤峰地区史前文化研究，认识到其重要性，并促使人们注意的是尹达先生。在1955年出版的《中国新石器时代》一书中，他以“关于赤峰红山后的新石器时代遗址”为题发 表了篇幅很短的论考 ,7,，简洁地分析了“赤峰第一期文化”的陶器和石器，指出:这一 文化引人注目之点是，有可以看出是受仰韶文化影响的彩陶和与此同时期的中国长城以北新石器时代细石器文化所特有的表面饰有篦印纹(后来的“之”字纹)和刻画纹(条痕纹)的陶器，石器上兼有细石器文化特征的打制细石器和具有长城以南仰韶文化特征的磨制石器，强调红山后的文化是细石器文化和仰韶文化相互影响而产生的一种新文化，也就是含有细石器文化和仰韶文化两种因素的文化;为此，改正了《红山后》这部著作中因既承认细石器因素，又重视仰韶文化向东北地区波及的观点而假定的“赤峰第一期文化”的名称，重新命名为“红山文化”。 这个论考被收进《中国新石器时代》一书，是以此书的论考补充说明为题而执笔的。正如尹达先生自己在后记中所记那样，是由于校阅此书原稿的梁思永先生的提示他才动笔的，把本来应纳入论考中的内容另立一篇，作为论考的补说。如前所述，1930年梁思永先生在赴林西调查的途中，曾在赤峰附近进行过地面采集。过去他对细石器文化就深为关注，这次调查的经验，使他对这一地区的文化更加重视，更使他转向从细石器文化的观点对这一地区文化进行研究。本文也根据梁思永、尹达的认识，自此以后停止使用“赤峰第一期文化”的称谓，采用“红山文化”的名称。 (二)红山文化调查发掘的进展 《红山后》这部著作中所列举的同类遗迹，在赤峰林西附近、大 ,8,庙附近也有发现。解放后，在新中国的主持下，1956年再次对赤 ,9,峰红山进行了调查;1960年在赤峰附近调查发掘了药王庙、夏家 ,10,,11,店遗址，1963年调查发掘了赤峰西水泉、蜘蛛山遗址。夏家店遗址的调查发掘，确认了夏家店下层与上层的地层层位关系，从《红山后》这部书所假定的“赤峰第二期文化”中，明确地区分出两种文化类型，蜘蛛山遗址的调查发掘明确了红山文化、夏家店下层文化、夏家店上层文化、战国——汉代文化的地层层位关系。西水泉遗址的调查发掘也明确了红山文化与夏家店下层文化的地层层位关系。 进而，1960年在内蒙古赤峰市的石羊石虎山的调查发掘中发现 ,12,了后来被称为“小河沿文化”的线索。1962年在内蒙古赤峰市巴 ,13,林左旗富河沟门的调查发掘，假定了“富河文化”。同年，在内蒙古林东南杨家营子的调查发掘，确认了富河文化比红山文化要早的地层层位关 ,14,,15,系。1973~1974年在敖汉旗小河沿各地进行了发掘调查，其中在三道湾子、四棱山和南台地分别发现并调查发掘了红山文化的窖 ,16,穴、窑址和小河沿文化与夏家店下层文化的地层层位关系。这样，到1970年末，这一地区的红山文化的各种情况和红山文化以后的各种文化以及这些文化之间的相互地层层位关系基本明确了，弄清了这一地区从红山文化到秦汉时代的文化发展的梗概。 红山文化的情况 在上章介绍了从“赤峰第一期文化”开始到“红山文化”的认识变化和解放后在这一地区开展的考古调查发掘使“红山文化”的内容比《红山后》所报告的更加明确的一般情况。在叙述最新成果之前，我想先谈一下1970年以前已明确的红山文化情况，以便于弄清 ,17,楚红山文化的内容。 (一)特征 红山文化有三大特征:第一是彩陶，这也是《红山后》这部学术著作最富特色的地方;第二是“之”字纹陶器;第三是细石器，这就是尹达先生所重视的，广泛地分布于内蒙古草原地带的细石器文化因素。在中国北方，细石器自鸟居龙藏 调查以来，到1930年为止，已在西至新疆东到今天的东北三省的广 阔区域都有所发现。其中要掌握细石器和“之”字纹陶器共存的文 ,18,化是中国从北方到东北的具有一定广延范围的土著化因素，它与以彩陶为代表的黄河流域的新石器时代相混合便是红山文化。但是，问题在于土著因素和外来因素哪一个重要，分歧还很大。 (二)分布 红山文化大致分布在从今天的辽宁省西部到内蒙古东部的赤峰市地区的南半部。大体上以内蒙古赤峰市地区为中心，以东西流向的西拉木伦河为北限，也包括与之汇合的老哈河、教来河流域;南至大凌河河源地带、黑山山脉;东至成为辽宁省朝阳和阜新市边界的牤牛 河流域边缘;西至河北省东边的滦河流域，方圆400公里的范围。 (三)陶器 ,19, 红山文化的陶器有红色精质(细泥) 和黑褐色粗质(夹砂)两种质地。彩色纹饰施在细泥红陶器的器身上，和黄河流域的彩陶一样，是施黑、紫色的彩绘后烧制成的。纹饰有平行线纹、平行斜线纹、三角形纹、鳞纹、涡纹等。器形在《红山后》中，大致区分为钵类和壶类。钵类有碗和浅腹钵。壶又有五类:A类，大型双耳壶，器身饰有“之”字纹;B类，小型敞口壶，器身施水平旋转的平行线彩纹;C类，细颈壶，器身施鳞状彩纹;D类，无颈球形大型壶(敛口壶)，有双耳，西水泉遗址出土;E类，是作为形体很高的筒形壶报告的，可是据近年来的调查发掘，才弄清楚实际上是像冥器那样的圆筒形无底,20,器。除上述《红山后》所列的器形之外，A类还有长颈的。还有，《红山后》第52图的1、2、4并不是红山文化的器形，而应该是小 ,21,河沿文化的。 还有一种夹砂褐色陶器，多为敞口，形体较高、底小的深腹钵或瓮(大口深腹罐)，还有为同一器形的小型杯。解放后的发掘调查新弄清楚的夹砂褐色陶器，为《红山后》所没有的，有斜口壶(斜口罐),这是一种具有把深腹钵的上半部分斜着砍掉这一特征的器形。 这种夹砂褐色陶器所施纹饰有两种，一种是把幅度较宽的细施纹 器具压到器表上，使其一端不离开器表，交替作为支点，上下或左右连续不断地压印线，现在沿用中国的称谓叫“之”字 ,22,纹。还有一种是用梳齿状的工具，从上到下划出平行直线的条痕纹，还有施于器肩部的附加堆纹、乳丁纹。这种陶器的特征之一是器底全部为平底，且大部分沾有网眼儿。 (四)石器 石器有打制、磨制和细石器三种。磨制石器种类很多，有大小石斧、磨盘、磨棒、环状石斧、握斧以及石刀(桂叶形双孔石刀)等。富有特色的是大型的掘土工具，呈扁平的杏叶形状，长30~35厘米，刃部为打出的。因为纵方向上有使用过的擦痕，所以被认为是作为犁而使用的工具。打制石器中最有特色的是被称为石犁的大型勺子型器。 细石器是以燧石、碧玉、玛瑙、水晶等为原材料制作的。石核多为圆锥体。石条是长3~4厘米、宽0.5~ 1厘米的长条形，断面呈三角形或梯形。石镞为三角形，也有凹底 三角形的。 (五)骨角器 《红山后》也列举了若干用途不明的骨角器。在西水泉遗址发现了贝刀、贝饰、骨饰。 (六)居住址 在《红山后》一书中，没有发现明确的居住址。解放后，在南杨 ,23,,24,家营子发掘了4座，西水泉3座，还有近年在城子山和东山嘴各发掘了1座，都是半地穴式的方形或长方形居址，内部有灶址。 (七)窑址 这也是解放后发现的。在四棱山的半山腰发现了四座窑址。根据报告，窑址可分三种式 ,25,样，?式Y—3是在黄土中掘进一横开口式的单室窑，内部有2根分焰柱。?式有3座(Y—1、4、5)，石砌，比I式稍大，有4根分焰柱。?式有2座(Y—2、6)，为2座石砌的左右相连接的连室窑，使用的好像是栎木炭。这个窑用来烧制彩陶和夹砂褐陶，其中有大小壶形、钵形陶器和器台、器座。纹饰占半数以上为“之”字纹;彩陶只是少数，占0.2,。据此可知，红山文化的陶器全部都是在当地烧制的。 (八)动物骨 遗址出土的动物骨有牛、羊、猪等家畜的和猎获的野生动物鹿、獐鹿的。据此可以推断当时这一地区为温带森林乃至亚寒带森林地带。栎木炭的出土也证明了这一推断。从以上红山文化的居住情况可以判明红山文化先民是以经营定居农耕和畜牧、狩猎、渔猎相结合而生活的，其详情见后。此外，红山文化与仰韶文化的关系、红山文化 的渊源、红山文化的归宿等问题，由于现在考古调查发掘的新进展而逐渐获得了更新的见解，这在下一章将就其中的几个问题进行详述。 近年来红山文化研究的新发现 如前章所述，解放后由于中国考古界的多次调查发掘，加上《红山后》的发掘成果，红山文化的性质已基本清楚。进入1930年以后，由于辽宁省西部地区考古调查的进展，红山文化的研究发生了巨大变 ,26,化。其一是玉器陪葬墓的发掘，其二是祭祀建筑遗址和遗物的发,27,,28,现，紧接着的就是兼有两者的，构成大规模遗迹群的牛河梁遗迹的发现和调查发掘。这些大多是从1970年开始调查发掘的，见之于报道则是20世纪80年代以后的事了。至此，对红山文化的见解开始大为改变。下面将在介绍发掘简报的同时，论及一些有关问题。 (一)玉器陪葬墓的发现 ,29, 最早调查发掘的是辽宁省阜新县胡头沟墓群遗址处在把朝阳市北票县和阜新市蒙古族自治县分开的牤牛河东岸的丘陵上。丘陵已被牤牛河洪水冲蚀大半，在临河的断崖上，墓葬裸露出来，被发现。墓地南北长约20米，东西现存8.5米，在直径20米的圆形范围，用石头围绕垒成墙，圈成墓区。在石围墙的东北部的不连续处为入口，这段石围墙外侧紧靠石墙并排立着11个彩陶无底筒形器。在石围墙内的中部地下约4~5米处，为一号石棺墓。一号墓为长方形石棺墓， 陪葬玉器15件，因为调查发掘前即被取出，所以原位置不明。在距一号墓石围墙南方2.7米处有三号墓，是由5个单室构成的多室石棺墓，其中3~5号室分别出土了一件玉器。胡头沟墓群出土的动物形玉器和勾云形玉器是红山文化特有形状的玉器。此墓地除红山文化墓外，还发现了三座东周墓(M2、4、5)。 辽宁省凌源县三官甸子城子山遗址是1979年调查发掘的。城子山在凌源县河下村西，因山顶上筑有夏家店下层文化时期的石墙，看起来如城墙一般而得名。最初，这个山顶建有红山文化时期的住宅，废弃后，成为红山文化的墓地。进而到夏家店下层文化时期，围起石墙，又成了住宅地。红山文化墓有3座，都是方形石棺墓，其 中二号墓保存完好。二号墓的石棺是由石板组合而成的，长2米， 宽45厘米，高60厘米的大型石棺。出土的9件玉器和陶片都是在原位置上被发掘出来的。陪葬的玉器，在死者头部是勾云形的，胸部是斜口形和环形的，身体右侧是璧和臼形的，右下侧是鸟形的。一号墓已全部被破坏，在残土中同时出土了石锥和饰有动物头的三连环形玉饰。 除上述两处遗址外，在后面将要谈到的牛河梁?地点建筑遗址1中，还有很多有陪葬玉器的方形石棺墓。据报告在东山嘴祭祀建筑遗址中也出土了玉器，其形状有鸟形的和双兽(龙)首形的。 另外，据报告，最近在内蒙古巴林右旗那斯台遗址也出土了数量 ,30,很多的玉器，但因大部分为地表采集，故暂当别论。 (二)大型祭祀建筑遗址和遗物 使人们对红山文化的认识更进一步的还有一点，就是祭祀建筑遗址及其出土的遗物。辽宁省西部的喀左县东山嘴遗迹，坐落在背山南向的台地上，风景优美，向下能俯视大凌河两岸的平原。1979~1982年的两次调查发掘，大体揭示了其全貌。遗址东西长约40米，南北长约60米，北部中心地区还有一处1.8×9.5米的石砌建筑基址(g)，1上面提到的动物形玉器就是在此墓址内外出土的。以这个建筑基址为中心，东西对称分布有建筑基址和垒石，在西侧的基址下面还半埋压一座居住址。g建筑基址的南面为广场，离基址15米处有圆形石砌1 的台基(g)，直径2.5米，用条石围圈一周，表面铺有一层河卵石，6 看来是用于祭祀的设施大致无误。在这个圆形基址周围还出土了竖穴土坑葬遗骨、孕妇塑像即所谓早期维纳斯像，这些也都有助于上述推测的成立。从这个圆形基址再向南4米，还有一重复叠压的圆形旧基址。 在出土的陶器中，细泥红陶约占80,，这使我们了解到该遗址所呈现的特殊性。出土的钵形陶器(双腹盖盆)腹处有格，形成双腹，器外侧施彩色的横弦纹，内侧施彩色的错综复杂的纹饰，和通常所理解的红山文化的彩陶钵不同。其他陶器中也有很特殊的，如:大型透雕圈足瓢形器、黑陶钵形陶器、黑陶高杯形陶器等。 在这个遗址出土器物中，最引人注目的就是两具所谓早期维纳斯像，均为腹部隆起、臀部肥大的裸体孕妇立像，缺头部和左胳膊，残高为5厘米和5.8厘米。一具通体磨光并涂有红色陶衣，另一具没有磨光。除小型塑像外，还有大型人物塑像的残部，其一为上半身的一部分，在胸前，右手握住攥成拳头的左手碗。其二为下半身，好像是右脚放到左膝上那样“胡座”的下肢一部分。两者被看做是同一个体的部分，相当于真人大小的二分之一。同时还出土了缠着带子的腰部装饰部分的残块。像这样的表明原始宗教活动的具体资料的发现，这个遗址还是第一次。 (三)牛河梁遗迹 1983年以来，使考古调查发掘获得进展的是辽宁省凌源—建平县的牛河梁遗迹。此遗迹是由大型祭祀建筑遗址、积石建筑遗址和玉器陪葬墓群组合成的大规模红山文化遗迹。值得庆幸的是1988年5 ,31,月下旬，作为日本研究学者的我第一次被允许参观了牛河梁遗迹。在此我想把见闻和遗迹一同梗概地介绍一下。遗迹处在辽宁省西部朝阳市建平县和凌源县的边界线上，前述的凌源县城子山遗址在其西北山脊余脉约8公里处，喀左县东山嘴遗址在其东南35公里。东距沈阳直线距离约350公里，西南距北京300公里。沿大凌河而东可达东北平原，向西越燕山山脉可出现在河北平原，向北沿老哈河可至内蒙古草原地带。时至今日，这里也是交通的要冲，从北京经承德、朝阳到沈阳的铁路和连接北京与沈阳的干线公路(京沈北路)都正好横穿 其附近。 牛河梁据说过去因是牛河的源头而得名。遗址正好处在分水岭上，河水向西流入凌源县，向东流入建平县，其先头都和大凌河汇合，注入渤海，为大凌河的发源地。正北是努鲁儿虎山脉，为北流的老哈河发源地。遗址目前横跨 5公里的范围，也许在以后的调查中，还会进一步扩大。遗址现由6 个地点构成，牛河梁I地点位于牛河梁山脊的顶部从正面向下的最高位置上，有两个建筑遗址，南侧为东西6米、南北2.65米的三环玉形的半地穴式建筑遗址，内出土有彩色壁画的残块。北侧为呈“t”字形平面，南北18.4米、东西6.5米的建筑遗址。主室是跨度约3.7米的圆形，前后左右各附加建有圆形、长方形的附属建筑，详细情况不明，建筑物的构造是从半地穴式的地面起，用剥皮圆木纵横编织成骨架，再涂上粘土作墙壁，绘上壁画。在主室的西北角除发现了和真人大小的大型人物塑像的脸部外，还发现了女性身体的部分残块、动物偶像塑像残块、彩陶片、陶器等，因此把这个建筑物起名为“女神庙”。在女神庙北面的山脊顶部，最近又探明有一处175×159米的广场(平台),广场的四周砌有石护坡。 从牛河梁I地点下了斜坡便是牛河梁?地点，这是一处大型积石建筑遗址。积石冢从东至西排成一列，从西至东依次为Z。是一处1—4126.8×19.5米的东西向长方形积石建筑遗址，中心部位因后世破坏而情况不明，东南部四层石砌墙的角保存良好，西北端部排列有彩陶 无底筒形器。 Z的南壁外侧有15座方形石棺墓群，棺是用石板筑成侧壁和盖，1 没有底石，有的好像是紧接着建的，共用棺侧壁。发掘简报报告了其中6座墓。这6座墓葬式各异，4、14、15号3座墓，长1.8~2米，宽30~70厘米，为仰卧伸肢葬，各陪葬3~5件玉器;6、7、11号3座墓，长0.9~1.5米，宽25~65厘米，墓较小，从人骨出土情况看，据认为是二次葬。只有7号墓为三人合葬墓。6号墓没有遗物;7、11号墓陪葬有玉器。这些出土的玉器在用途上，和前面提到的城子山墓相比，有若干的不同。 东3.3米处为。这是一个边长17~18米的正方形积石建筑遗 Z12 址。中心部位有一大型石椁墓，呈边长为3.6米的方形台状，表面经过仔细加工。内部是2.2×0.85米的长方形椁，室因早期被盗，没有发现遗物。 Z东约2米是Z，这是有三层圆形积石的建筑遗址，各个石圈的23 边石都是用花岗岩加工成长方形竖着排列。外圈跨度22米，中圈比外圈高40厘米，跨度为15.6米，内圈比中圈又高30厘米，跨度为11米。从中圈向内漫散有众多的积石和红陶筒形器的残片，据认为是和东山嘴圆形基址一样的祭祀用坛。 Z东稍离开一点为Z，在笔者今年5月现场参观学习期间，Z已344全部发掘完闭,但未见报告，Z呈和Z一样的三重圆形建筑基址和方43 形基址叠压的样子，内部各处也发现有排列着的红(彩)陶筒形器。 牛河梁?地点位于?地点大致正南方向的山上，处在上山的途中。从?地点能眺望到山顶上和城子山一样的石围墙的远景。牛河梁?、?地点都位于?地点西南的山丘上，其中，V地点最近进行了调查发掘，据说被发掘的这个墓是座有玉器陪葬的大型积石冢，在地下3米深处，从死者的头部出土了璧，胸部出土了勾云形、环形(2个) ,32,玉器，在两手处出土了龟形玉器(各1个)。这些出土的玉器同过去出土的玉器形状相同，只是要大数倍。场地工作站还收集到3件在附近采集到的大型斜口筒形玉器(箍形玉器)。牛河梁VI地点是I地点西邻山脊上的积石冢。 另外，据报告在牛河梁还发现三座窖穴遗址，位于牛河梁?~?地点间。这些窖穴中出土了各种彩陶、红陶、夹砂褐陶以及细石器和人物像残片等。 目前，牛河梁遗迹的全貌还不清楚，但是，仅这些已发表的资料，包括祭祀建筑遗址、积石建筑遗址和陪葬玉器墓等在内的调查发掘报告，就不但为红山文化的研究提供了新资料，而且还使红山文化的研 ,33,究进入了一个新阶段。如果结构复杂的有真人大小神像的祭祀建筑遗址的发现也 是第一次的话，那么表现出种种形态的积石建筑遗址和多种情况的 石棺墓群大规模地合成，这一规模巨大的遗迹在红山文化中应该占 有什么样的地位呢,这在今后进行的调查发掘工作中和相应的研究中不能不引起注意。 先红山诸文化的发现 在第二章谈到红山文化的研究现状时，笔者作为保留问题之一的，即是红山文化的渊源问题。在《发现与研究》中，把过去关于红 ,34,山文化的渊源的见解汇总成四说。1.红山文化是仰韶文化系统的原始文化或仰韶文化的地方变种。2.红山文化是河北磁山文化的继承。3.红山文化是细石器文化和仰韶文化相互影响后产生的新文化，含有两种文化因素，或细石器文化和仰韶文化接触后产生的一种混合文化。4.该地区一种独特的新石器时代文化，在发生、发展过程中又受到其他文化的影响。由于后来考古调查发掘的进展，在年代上先于红山文化的诸文化相继被发现。但是，这些文化的情况及相互之间的文化继承关系还有很多不甚明了的地方，在此把这些文化总括称为先红山文化的诸文化，以此作为搞清楚辽西地区史前文化情况的线索。 (一)兴隆洼遗址 ,35, 在内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗宝国吐乡，1983~1984年间调查发掘。遗址在村东南1.3公里的牤牛河上游，在一高出四周约20米的丘陵西侧边缘上。丘陵从东北到西南、从东南到西北，分别被长183米、宽166米的沟围起来，中间是挖有环壕的聚落，沟宽1.5~2米，深 0.55~1米。这条沟深深地切入了红山文化的居住址。环壕内的居住址据说有11~12列，每列有10座左右。调查发掘了其中的7座，每座都是圆角方形或圆角长方形的半地穴式，最大的为8.5×7米，最小的为5.1×3.8米，中间有灶址，有6个柱穴。 出土陶器是夹砂褐陶，胎厚重，火候低,易坏，系用泥条盘制，平底。器形只有深腹钵形和浅腹钵形。深腹钵高10~45厘米，大平底、直腹、侈口。纹饰在口沿以下施数段凹弦纹。凹弦纹带下沿或中间为附加堆纹，其下器腹部分，全都用刻画线施以斜方格纹、席纹、压印“之”字纹或“坑点纹”。浅腹钵在圆形鼓腹部施有六段旋转斜格子纹带。 石器多为打制，器形也很大。亚腰形石斧长10~20厘米，环状器直径8~10厘米，都不太厚，还有砍砸器，磨制品中有石磨盘、石磨棒、石斧等。石磨盘呈不规则形状，宽25~30厘米。磨棒为长26.7厘米的棒状，直径5.9厘米。石斧长10.6厘米，厚2.4厘米，刃部呈蛤蜊状。还有单刃的小型石凿、用途不明的棒状器。骨器种类也很多，有锥、匙形器、棒状器和一侧有倒刺的钻等。骨器中最引人注目的是镶嵌刀刃的扎枪，扎枪的一侧和一头磨出刃，另一侧制出槽，镶 ,36,嵌上石条，出土时枪上还留有三片。石条长1~1.8厘米，宽3~4毫米，厚1毫米，呈短竹筒形。扎枪因中间断了，所以全形不清楚。除此而外，遗址还出土了数量很多的鹿骨和猪骨以及胡桃。据C14测 ,37,定为公元前5300~前4900年,表现出这个地区最古老的年代。 据说兴隆洼遗址和同一系统的遗迹分布几乎与红山文化的分布重合，但这些多是依据地表采集的资料。在北部的内蒙古克什克腾旗富顺永遗址、东部的哲里木盟奈曼旗福盛泉五号地点、哲里木盟通榆 ,38,县霍林河附近所能指出的资料惟有陶片而已。把向西和向南的范 ,39,围限定的河北省三河县孟各庄遗迹出土了陶器口沿部分的残片三片，器形是深腹钵，有大小之分。如把含有细石核等出土了上述陶片的壕沟作为和兴隆洼遗址是同一性质，也许是可能的，但是，其他的壕沟、居住址也都和兴隆洼遗址是否为同一性质，这还有必要加以详 ,40,细的研究。 (二)小山遗址 位于内蒙古敖汉旗宝国吐乡兴隆洼村东1.3公里，在前述的兴隆洼遗址西南约 ,41,500米，其东面约300米有红山文化的石砬山遗址。这说明，这 一地区长期以来是适合人居住的地方。1984~1985年调查发掘了2座居住址，都是圆角长方形半地穴式的，面积为4.2~4.75×5.6~6.9 米，中央有灶址。陶器90,以上是夹砂褐陶，细泥红陶，只有少量的红顶碗出土。 陶器的器形和纹饰都和兴隆洼有相当差异，更接近于红山文化。器形加上兴隆洼的深腹钵和浅腹钵，又增加了碗、杯、盘、高圈足碗、盖等。深腹钵的器高降低，口径增大，器腹呈略向外鼓的曲线形。还 出现了磨光夹砂褐陶类，发现了新的器形种类敞口壶即尊形器。 纹饰，夹砂褐陶中，器表全部施“之”字纹的很多。出现了新的纹饰，即用刻画线组成的幅度较宽的勾云纹。在红山文化彩陶中，屡见不鲜的纹饰，在这里用刻画线表现出来。饶有趣味的纹饰是在一个敞口壶(尊形器)上雕刻有动物像，描绘的是带羽冠的鸟、有牙的猪及鹿。这些各自有复杂曲线的动物形体，在雕刻出轮廓线后，内部充满了网格。在猪的鼻子前面，还有一个长有双角的另一只动物的正面图，但因有剥落，细部不清楚，有可能是羊。这些动物能否看做是灵兽，暂当别论，但其造型却都是非常生动、漂亮的。 石器是大型磨制石器和细石器的组合，没有打制石器。磨制石器中，有大型的犁、斧、凿、环状器等，也发现了扁平的石磨盘和石磨棒。细石器有石核和石条，石条发现有2490件，其中，2481件出土于二号居住址中，分长2厘米左右的镶嵌用石条和长3~4厘米略呈长方形的石条。在石器中，另外还有沟研磨器、砥石、刮刀等。自然遗物和兴隆洼一样出土了胡桃。 (三)赵宝沟一号遗址 ,42, 是和小山遗址同一种类的文化遗迹。在内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗新惠镇东北2.5公里的山区，有一赵宝沟村，遗址位于村西北2公里山麓的缓斜坡面上。1986年发掘了其中的2000平方米，发现7座居住址。居住址为方形或长方形的半地穴式，有四个柱穴，中央有方形 的灶址。在发掘报告中，用图展示的9号居住最大，面积10×9米，深0.5~1.1米，柱穴最大的直径有50厘米，在南壁还建有两层台阶。出土的陶器大部分是夹砂褐陶，火候低，器内侧多经擦磨。和小山遗址同样，除深腹钵外，其他种类的陶器，表面都经过磨光。器形也和小山遗址一样，引人注目的有平底深腹钵(筒形罐)、浅腹钵、敞口壶(尊形器)和椭圆形底深腹钵等。除上述器形外，高圈足的浅腹钵类、鼓腹高圈足壶是这个遗址特有的器形。 纹饰有压印“之”字纹和由刻画线构成的勾云形纹。器表全部施纹，所施纹饰与小山遗址同样精巧。但是，在表现主纹饰之前，器表全都施细条痕纹(琐印纹)，这点与小山遗址不同。敞口壶(尊形器)和小山一样表现有动物纹式，但不是成形品。遗址还出土了小型人面。石器有磨制石器和细石器，磨制石器中，有大型的石器，有刃部呈木制勺子展开状的扁平石犁和矩形石斧。把石犁和石斧的头部打缺成凹形，是赵宝沟一号遗址的特色。图中所没有的，也和小山一样，有石磨盘、石磨棒。细石器有石条、石核。在石条中有石条镞，就是把石条一端左右边缘加工掉一半，形成细刃，使之变成尖头的。此外，还出土了骨锥和施纹用的棒状工具。 和上述小山、赵宝沟遗址同类型的遗址分布，据报告北方的教来河中游有大沁他拉遗 ,43,址，西拉木伦河中游有翁牛特旗头分地遗址，老哈河中游有吴家 ,44,营子和三成美。但这些遗址的详细情况还不清楚。南方有河北省 迁安县安新庄遗址，虽然报告的作为建筑遗址的居住面积和窖穴都处于试掘阶段，各种遗物也大部分是地表采集品，但是却表现出了大体上的一致。陶器从很多方面看顺序是细泥红陶、夹砂红陶、夹砂灰陶、细泥灰陶、细泥黑陶、夹砂黑陶。平底深腹钵饰“之”字纹，浅腹钵、高圈足钵饰勾云纹。红陶有红顶碗、壶、杯，也发现有彩陶几何纹残片，但带有很细琐印纹的彩陶片是其他地方所未见的。石器有磨制的各种石斧、凿、石磨棒等，未见报告的有石磨盘、大型犁;打制石器有打制成的石锤、边刃器。 细石器有石核、石条和把石条的前端进行加工而成的石镞及小刀形石器。骨器有针、锥、笄、镞等。这处遗址的性质可能是和小山、赵宝沟为同一类型的。 先红山文化的诸问题 在前文梗概地介绍了先红山文化的遗迹，尽可能地指出了问题之所在。在此想重新从那些问题中，就几个主要问题进行论述 。 (一)年代和序列 在上面所介绍的兴隆洼、小山、赵宝沟遗址都分别有各自的C14年代测定值。在此想把上述这些资料作为参考，还原先红山诸文化的序列。兴隆洼遗址的年代公布的有5个。19号居住址的2~4层木炭 测定年代分别为:公元前(b.c)4945?205年(~1390)、公元前(b.c)5520?115年(~1391)、公元前(b.c)5290?95年(~1392);121号居住处二层木炭的测定年代是公元前(b.c)5015?95年(~1393)， ,45,都超出了年轮校正值表，处在公元前(b.c)5300~4900年之间。但是，和101号居住址三层上堆积物中的兽骨的年代差就过大，兽骨的年代是公元前(b(c)3700?170年(~138 ,46,9)。因为同时测定的兴隆洼遗址中红山文化层中的木炭的年代为公元前(b.c)3710? 85年和公元前(b.c)3915?90年，和兽骨的年代相吻合，所以兽骨的年代就排除于兴隆洼遗址的年代之外了。这表明兴隆洼遗址具有与黄河流域的裴李岗、磁山文化年代为公元前(b.c)5500~4900年相匹敌的古老性。 小山遗址中，2号居住址的一、二层出土的木炭C14测定年代分别是:公元前(b.c)4200?85年(~2061)和公元前(b.c)4110?85年(~2062)，年轮校正为公元前(b.c)4800~4700年左右。 赵宝沟遗址三个居住址出土的木炭，据测定年代分别是:公元前(b.c)4260?85年(~2135)、公元前(b.c)4270? 85年(~2136)和公元前(b.c)4205士95年(~2137)，测定值相近。年轮校正为公元前(b.c)4900年前后。 上述三个遗址不论哪一个在C14年代上都先于年代为公元前(b.c)3600~3000年的红山文 ,47,化，比红山文化古老。如前所见，这些遗址的同类遗址的分布范 围几乎是和红山文化重合的，因此，也就有了把它们之间的关系作为序列关系来把握的可能性。虽然明知资料缺乏，但我还是想在尽可能的限度内试着作一研究。 在相信C14年代的限度内，辽西地区最古老的兴隆洼遗址的年代是和中原地区最古老的新石器文化裴李岗、磁山文化相并行的，可是，两者在文化内容上却表现出广泛的不同。也正如已发表的简报所指出 ,48,的那样,裴李岗、磁山、大地湾、老官台等黄河流域的早期新石器文化的陶器有圆底、三足的很多，器物种类在使用上也是多种多样的，装饰以素面无纹饰为多，除裴李岗而外，大量的陶器有绳席纹。与此相对，兴隆洼的陶器都是平底，种类极少，无纹饰的特别少，器表全部施纹。文饰有刻画直线的组合和连续压印的“之”字纹。 磁山遗迹自发现以来，其陶器上所见的连续点线的“之”字纹， ,49,有人认为，始于红山文化的东北地区的“之”字纹是其起源，甚 ,50,至还有红山文化的渊源应到裴李岗、磁山文化中去寻求的见解。仅从照片、拓片来观察，如果加以仔细的研究，是很难同意磁山的“之”字纹和兴隆洼、红山的“之”字纹在施于器表的技巧上是同一的见解。东北地区的“之”字纹，因为是连续不断地施纹，必须是施纹工具的一端交替按到器表上，反复移动，因此，弧线纹的两端在分别作为压印支点的时候，必然出现很深的压痕。可是，从裴李岗、磁山的同种类型“之”字纹拓片中，完全看不到那种施力不均等的痕迹。我想这些好像是一样的连续弧线纹，是这样施纹的，即在施纹之 际，让施纹工具一下子从器表上离开，为了连续作纹，再同先施的纹 的一端重叠，反复地施纹。正是着眼于这种施纹方法的不同之点，所 以才否定了磁山和东北“之”字纹陶器的序列关系，摆正了始源于兴 隆洼的东北“之”字纹陶器的位置，肯定了其具有和黄河流域不同的 独特之处。 在兴隆洼的石器中，从大型犁形器能看出其特色。这种大型犁形 器是一种从中间到头呈木制勺子展开状的石器。进一步明确表现出兴 隆洼遗址和黄河流域不同的是细石器的存在。自旧石器时代晚期以 来，特别是在北方草原地带广泛分布的细石器，即使是进入新石器时 代，在东北地区仍然表现了根深蒂固的传统。虽然现在仅从现有的资 料来断言这一地区和黄河流域没有任何文化联系还为时尚早;但是， 具有独特陶器形制和细石器传统的兴隆洼遗址所表现出的文化内容 却能说明其所处的地位，它是和到目前为止所发现的其他任何一种文 化都不相同的、具有独特性的东北地区最古老的文化。 (二)小山和赵宝沟遗址 继兴隆洼遗址之后，在这一地区发现的是小山和赵宝沟遗址。遗址出土的陶器强烈地继承了兴隆洼文化的传统。陶器基本上是由器表全部施有纹饰的平底深腹钵组成，但口径比器高大的，敛口鼓腹钵的器形却出现了很大变化，器种也显著增加，有敞口壶(尊形器)、高圈足器等。在纹饰上，“之”字 纹是直接地继承了兴隆洼的传统，出现了新的用刻画线组成的勾云纹。就是这种纹饰后来成了红山文化的彩 ,51,色纹饰，又被后来的青铜短剑时期(即考古学上的夏家店下层文化时期——译者注)所继承。另一方面出 现了显然是黄河流域陶器器形和烧制技巧的红顶碗及其他细泥红陶，这就很难否定黄河流域农耕文化的影响。小山遗址出土了表面磨制精美并钻有孔的大型石斧，不难看出，这是农耕文化的产物，或是受到已相当发达的农耕文化的影响。与此相对应，为数众多的细石器在生产生活中依然起着主要作用，在这一点上大概能让我们认识到接近于北方草原地带的这一地区文化传统的根深蒂固性。 再者，小山和赵宝沟的细石器情况的差异也应引起注意。在赵宝沟遗址的发掘报告中，把在陶器方面有鼓腹圈足壶存在、纹饰上使用琐印纹、顶部呈凹形的石斧(耜)、有台阶的居住址等作为依据假定了和小山遗 ,52,址有区别的赵宝沟文化。因为现在缺乏资料，所以两者之间的文化差异是否能进行讨论还暂当别论。在此我想把注意力放到其固有的传统文化细石器传统的差异上。小山和赵宝沟除都有农耕外，还都有为数众多的细石器存在，表现出在很大程度上对狩猎、渔猎的依赖。这样细石器的差异就成了难以忽视的文化因素。在此想就把石条加工成石镞这一问题加以论述。石镞有两个种类，一种为赵宝沟遗址中所见的石条镞，这种石镞是把石条的尖端部从两侧加工出细刃，把尖端加工成尖锐的三角形。这种石镞在东北各地，除辽宁新乐遗 ,53,,54,迹外，均有发现。还有一种就是红山文化中所常见的三角镞，有凹底的，也有不是凹底的。这种石镞也是把石条经过再加工制造出来的，在其形状中还留有石条的痕迹。现在已没有时间来详细论述其分布了，但是，辽西地区的三角镞好像能和辽西以外的北方乃至东方的石条镞区分开来。小山遗址中没明确报告有石镞出土。至此也包含上述这点，小山和赵宝沟的差别已明确了，因此，这里暂时想把二者一并作为小山文化及小山文化赵宝沟类型来处理。 (三)小山文化和红山文化 据C14的年代测定，在小山文化和红山文化之间有相当长的时间差，约1000年。位于这期间，兴隆洼遗址中的红山文化遗物也有C14的年代测定，是公元前3900~3700年(年轮校正4500~4300年)。但是，在发掘简报中，关于红山文化的遗物只发表了2件陶器的照片，其他情况不明，期待着今后调查发掘获得进展。因此，现在只能从现有资料入手，在可能的范围内进行比较论述。 在小山遗址的发掘简报中，把一敞口壶(尊形器)所表现的动物图形解释为和红山文化的兽形玉器相联结,55,。陶器中，在器形和纹饰两方面，比动物图形更能明显地追溯出其序列关系;器表全部施“之”字纹的装饰手法，在红山文化中不但更为盛行，而且还能看出相似的陶器器形。在小山文化中，和“之”字纹并行的由刻画线构成的勾云纹，在红山文化中以彩色纹形式表现得非常繁盛。生产工具中，石器尤其是细石器，对于排出小山文化的序列大概是没有什么问题的。 (四)东北地区的农耕问题 黄河流域文化的影响波及到辽宁省西部地区，这在比红山文化要早的小山文化时期就已清楚了，这当然意味着黄河流域文化的主要因素复合农耕文化向辽西地区的波及。从此以后，这一地区具体的农耕情况就不清楚了。但是，在牛河梁建造那样大规模的建筑物的背景下，依靠农耕当然会出现剩余 产品积蓄的。问题是先于小山文化的兴隆洼文化时期有无农耕存在。和中国不同，在日本虽然经济停留在采 集经济阶段，但是，却有了发达的陶器的绳纹文化。因此，我们对有和绳纹陶器极为相似器形的中国东北地区早期陶器非常关心这也是情理之中的。佐原真先生在论及起源时期陶器的世界性时，比较了依赖大自然的恩惠采集食物先民的陶器和定居农耕先民的陶器，指出:农耕先民的陶器器物种类多，运用质地灵活;与之相比，采集先民的陶器，因为他们是处于以移动为主的生活中，所以，陶器制造不那么繁荣，只是在有比较定居倾向的人群中，才使用陶器，而且这些陶器几乎都是以实用为宗旨的煮炊用的深腹钵，器高超过口径， ,56,装饰也比较简单，器物种类缺乏变化。如果这个见解也适用于兴隆洼文化和裴李岗、磁山或河姆渡文化的陶器对比，那么，后者的陶器就是农耕先民的陶器，前者即兴隆洼文化的陶器则非常适合于以采集为主的先民，是具有定居倾向的人群的陶器。 在石器中，细石器强烈地表现出和采集先民联系在一起。在兴隆洼文化遗址中出土有石磨盘和石磨棒，这除在绳纹文化中也能指出其存在外，也不排除石磨棒作为杵状使用的可能性。因此，能否以石磨盘、石磨 棒的存在就直接地作为农耕的证据，我认为还有再研究的余地。作为更为确切的农耕标志应是石刀(或贝制刀),其出土的时间在中国东北地区，要到红山文化时期。 在对兴隆洼文化有无农耕这个问题抱有疑义的时候，和兴隆洼为同种类型遗迹的新乐遗址二号居住址中，出土了数量很多的碳化谷粒又成了问题。这些谷粒据辽宁省农业科学院育种研究所鉴定为近似于东北大葱黍,57,，因为未能记住其学名，所以不清楚是不是栽培种，如果是稻黍(P(miliaceum var(ruderale)或其变种， ,58,那就是在中国东北地区普遍存在的野生黍子。这还寄希望于今后更为细致的研究。笔者的结论是:在兴隆 ,59,洼文化时期，也包括新乐遗址，是以采集为主的经济生活，从事农耕的可能性很低。 红山文化的诸问题 进入1980年以后，在红山文化的研究上，新的事实开始不断被弄清楚，其详细情况在第三部分已做过介绍，这里想就几个重要问题加以探讨。 (一)玉器 红山文化存在玉器这是最近的调查发掘成果之一。如前所述，自胡头沟玉器陪葬墓的简报发表以来，从城子山、牛河梁的石棺墓到东山嘴遗址，都相继发现了玉器，笔者期待今后有更多的发现。 在中国各地陆续发现的新石器时代的玉器，已超出了人们过去的估计。在长江下游的河姆渡——崧泽——良渚文化中，中游的大溪文化中，南方广东省的曲江石峡文化中，黄河下游的大汶口、大河村、陶寺等遗址 ,60,,61,中，都发现了玉器。东北地区，早在二战前，辽东半岛尖端发现玉器就已为人所熟知。黄宣佩先生在纵观那些新石器时代玉器的论考中，把玉器分为两大群，一类为以玦、璜、琮、璧、佩饰、锥形器为主的群;二类为龙、虎、龟、鱼、鸟等动物为主的 ,62,群。其中一类以长江下游的太湖周围为中心，广泛地分布于黄河、长江、珠江流域地带。二类是红山文化 的产物。目前，除中原地区不清楚是否存在玉器，一类玉器分布圈已占据从华北到华南的大陆大部分地区，和有二类动物形玉器的辽西地区红山文化的对比极其鲜明。在新石器时代，祭祀和生产活动是有深刻联系的。如果我们不否认玉器的用途是和祭祀有关系的话，那么以玉器的不同点为基础，暗示出了或用于生产活动，或用于祭祀活动的差异。一类玉器群分布的地带为有粟作、稻作之分的农耕地带。与此相应，如果红山文化的生产活动是以二类动物形玉器为象征的话，那么红山文化的生产活动肯定不是农耕，而是以玉器所表现出来的动物为对象的狩猎和渔猎。说红山文化中有明显的农耕传播，这可以理解为其大部分生产活动仍然是由采集活动来承担的，至少我们已能看到举行和农耕社会不同的祭祀活动的表现。红山文化时期，加上自兴隆洼以来的传统，虽然农耕在小山文化时期就已传播进来了，但是也正像有特色的玉器所表现出来的那样，继续凭借细石器依赖狩猎和渔猎，保持着和南方的农耕社会不同的特色。 ,63,中国发表了红山文化的兽形玉器为龙的起源说。在这篇论考中，把红山文化特有的兽形玉器和内蒙古三星 ,64,他拉发现的大型玉龙联系起来，用图展示了它们之间的器形的发展。但是，三星他拉的玉龙是采集品，缺乏明确的地层证据，且年代也 不明确。即使其论述正确，并给与“龙”的名称，但是，这个龙和殷周时代盛行的龙是不能同等对待的，和 殷周时代的龙有关系的证据是一点儿也表现不出来的。所以，这里仍把红山文化的兽形玉器理解为一种动物形玉器。 (二)积石建筑遗址 认为前面提到的玉器陪葬墓是和积石建筑遗址共同存在的，这也是一种新见解。过去，把东北地区出现积石冢追溯到龙山文化时期，但这在性质上却有问题。胡头沟遗址中，在筑有圆形石围墙的中心部位掘地很深建一号石椁墓，其附近的三号墓是一多室石棺墓，没有石围墙。因为这两座墓都遭到破坏，所以已不可能进行详细的比较;但是，大体上能肯定这两座墓有很大的等级差别。 牛河梁?地点有Z、Z两个积石建筑遗址。Z在正方回字形的积石建筑遗址中心同一级上建大型石椁墓，122 内部已被盗掘。Z是长方形积石建筑遗址，中心部位也已被破坏。这一部位或者也和Z一样，可能建有大型12 墓。Z东南部是由15座石棺墓组成的墓群，其中有陪葬玉器的，有二次葬的。 1 上述两处遗址的共同因素是围有圆形或方形的石墙，在石围墙内的中心部位建有石椁，内葬遗体，并有玉器陪葬。周围筑小型石棺墓，构成墓区。 据了解，在接近新石器时代晚期，就出现了建造从氏族公共墓地独立出来的，有数量众多陪葬品的，并有大规模墓区的墓。近年来，这在各地已开始被认识，表现出了向阶级社会过渡的情 ,65,况。可是，用上述观点同样来解释红山文化的这些建筑遗址却是有困难的。在此我认为上述那些大墓是那些在和农耕社会不同的社会条件下，保持有强大掌管祭祀权利人的，或者是特殊的管理祭祀人的墓。 (三)祭祀遗址 东山嘴祭祀建筑遗址和早期维纳斯、牛河梁女神庙和陶塑神像群的相继发现，使人们对红山文化的认识大为改观。在牛河梁遗址大概能看到山上女神庙对面?地点的由Z、Z祭坛构成的大规模祭祀建筑遗址。关34 于神像和神像祭祀，目前还没有达到能准确地掌握其内容的阶段。如上所述，从以玉器为首的各种遗物中，能够看到浓厚的采集先民的性格。我们应该从这个性格所表现出的和到目前为止所发现的其他地区的农耕社会种种的不同现象中，去理解这些神像和祭祀活动的内在意义。 早期维纳斯，从旧石器时代到新石器时代，在欧亚大陆的西部、北部都有广泛的发现。红山文化的发现是其最东端的发现，这使人们预想到在其背后存在着细石器文化传统。从旧石器时代极端变形的孕妇像到新石器时代的女神像，其姿态多种多样，但是，不论其在哪里出现都是为祈祷丰饶的。弄清楚包括女神庙的神像 ,66,在内的那些具体的祭祀活动，对于统一阐述红山文化的性质是必要的。 结 论 已故的夏鼐先生根据C14的年代测定，分别弄清了几种文化的年代，并以此基础，于1977年在《考古》 ,67,第4期上确定了和黄河流域很早就发展起来的仰韶文化——龙山文化系列并列的、与之同样古老的长江中下游地区河姆渡——马家浜——良渚的新石器文化系列。相对于黄河流域的粟作农耕文化，长江流域的第二新石器文化系列是以稻作农耕为基础的。 这篇论考发表以后，在时至今日的10年时间里，中国的新石器时代研究获得了更新的发展。以裴李岗、磁山文化为首的先仰韶文化的发现即是其成果之一。本文所涉及的辽西地区新开展的新石器文化的探索与研究，也是应引起人们注意的成果之一。 辽西地区最古老的兴隆洼文化在C14所测定的年代上，表现出了和黄河流域最古老的裴李岗、磁山文化相匹敌的古老。其文化内容，如前所述，表现出了浓厚的具有定居倾向的采集先民的情况:陶器只有种类极少的煮炊用具，有镶嵌石条的扎枪，细石器使用广泛。这反映出和目前任何一种新石器文化都不相同的独特的文化性质。 继之，小山文化这时已明显地看到了黄河流域农耕文化的影响。陶器种类增加，使用质地灵活，纹饰以继承兴隆洼文化传统的“之”字纹和用刻画线组成的勾云纹为主。但是，在工具中，依然能看出细石器是多种多样的。根据细石器，依据石镞的制造方法，把东北地区北部和东部的石条镞和西部地区的三角镞区分开已成可能，这也就指出了小山文化和赵宝沟类型能区分开的可能性。 从小山文化到红山文化约有一千多年的年代差，但是陶器形态的类似、“之”字纹、勾云纹的一致性等，使追寻两者的序列关系有了可能。小山文化中由刻画线组成的勾云纹在红山文化中以彩色纹的形式表现出来。同时，使用细石器的传统在红山文化中也确确实实继续地保持着。这样，在辽西地区一带，从兴隆洼文化到 小山、红山文化的两千数百年间，就能追寻出文化序列。这个文化系列具有以细石器文化传统为基础的独特性，它与到目前为止已清楚了的黄河、长江流域的农耕文化系列完全不同，成为独特的中国新石器时代第三文化系列，有着重要的意义。根据这个认识，红山文化的渊源问题也就能得出结论，保持有细石器文化传统的兴隆洼文化就是其起源。小山文化以后，虽然有了农耕文化的传播，但不是完全的农耕社会，这里依然是继续保持细石器文化传统的独特地区。 在这一地区，农耕问题依旧是个非常复杂的问题。其中兴隆洼遗址是否存在农耕是一个大问题。如前所述，综合陶器、石器两种情况，兴隆洼文化先民的生活是以采集为主的，从事农耕的可能性很低。 据近年来的调查发掘成果，红山文化的内容是多种多样、丰富多彩的。其一就是红山文化的玉器。以动物形为主的，加上勾云形、筒形的红山文化玉器和从华北到华南农耕地带的玉器几乎一致的状况形成了鲜明对比。当我们考虑这些玉器在红山文化中起什么作用的时候，重点应放在依然继续保持的强烈传统即细石器文化传统上，也应注意仿照动物的玉器形态，重视和农耕不同的采集社会的礼仪因素，这样解释我想也许不会招致牵强附会的非难。我认为，只有重视这些被发现玉器的性质，才能开始有助于阐明以牛河梁遗迹为首的大规模祭祀建筑遗址和积石建筑遗址的性质。 纵观红山文化及先红山文化问题，现在好不容易才刚有了阐明它们的线索。本文只是以过去发表的资料为基础提出了几个问题。关于红山文化和东北地区的其他几种文化的关系、红山文化以后的问题等等，本文仅仅涉及我的部分见解，其他问题还有待于以后继续研究。(肖爱民译) 注 释: ,1, 滨田耕作、水野清一:《赤峰红山后——热河省赤峰红山后史前遗迹》，《东方考古学丛刊》， 甲种第6册，东亚考古学会，东京、京都，1938年。以下略称《红山后》。 ,2, 在《红山后》第50页“梳痕陶器和同工的弧线纹”中，所谓的保险图案，现在按照中国最近的称呼，以下改称“之”字纹。 ,3, 包括赤峰在内的周边地区的行政区划多次变更，文献中所采用的是过去的行政区划，以下本文采用现在统一的行政区划进行论述。 ,4, 鸟居龙藏、德日进、桑志华、梁思永的报告见《红山后》第3页。 ,5, 其间的经过参看《红山后》。 ,6, 八幡一郎:《热河省北部的史前时代遗迹及遗物》，《第一次满蒙学术调查研究团报告》第6部第3编，1940年。《八幡一郎著作集》第4卷， “北亚考古学”，雄山阁，东京，1980年收入。 ,7, 尹达:《中国新石器时代》，三联书店，北京，1955年。再版《新石器时代》，三联书店，北京，1979年。 ,8, 江上波夫:《石器时代的东南蒙古》，《考古学杂志》，第22卷4、5号。又见赤掘英三、三上次男，《大庙》，《考古学杂志》，第27卷5号。八幡一郎:《热河省南部史前时代遗迹及遗物》，《第一次满蒙学术调查研究团报告》第6部第3编，1940年，收入《八幡一郎著作集》第4卷。 ,9, 吕遵谔:《内蒙古赤峰红山考古调查报告》，《考古学报》1958年第3期。 ,10, 中国科学院考古研究所内蒙古工作队，《赤峰药王庙、夏家店遗址试掘报告》，《考古学报》1974年第1期。 ,11, 中国科学院考古研究所内蒙古工作队，《赤峰西水泉红山文化遗址》，《考古学报》1982年第2 期。中国科学院考古研究所内蒙古工作队，《赤峰蜘蛛山遗址的发掘》，《考古学报》1979年第2期。 ,12, 内蒙古自治区昭乌达盟文物工作站，《内蒙古昭乌达盟石羊石虎山新石器时代墓葬》，《考古》1963年第10期。 ,13, 中国科学院考古研究所内蒙古工作队，《内蒙古巴林左旗富河沟门遗址发掘简报》，《考古》1964年第1期。 ,14, 南杨家营子的新石器遗址未报告。此地层层位关系是根据中国社会科学院考古研究所《新中国的考古发现和研究》，文物出版社，北京，1984年，177页。以下此书略称《发现与研究》。 ,15, 辽宁省博物馆、昭乌达盟文物工作站、敖汉旗文化馆，《辽宁敖汉旗小河沿三种原始文化的发现》， 《文物》1977年第12期。 ,16, 李恭笃、高美璇，《内蒙古敖汉旗四棱山红山文化窑址》，《史前研究》1987年第4期。 ,17, 这章的执笔在《发现与研究》172页以下有记述，并承担了刘观民、徐光冀:《辽河流域新石器时代的考古发现与认识》(《中国考古学会第一届年会论文集——一九七九年》，文物出版社，北京)论考的很多地方。此外，还参考了日本国以下诸研究论文:小川静夫;《远东史前陶器的考察》， 《东京大学文学部考古学研究室纪要》第1号，东京大学文学部考古学研究室，东京，1982年;宫本一夫:《中国东北地区史前陶器的编年和地域性》，《史林》第8卷第2号，1985年。宫本一夫:《中国东北地区的早期新石器时代的石器群》，《历史学和考古学——高井悌三郎先生喜寿纪念论集》，真阳社，京都，1988年。 ,18, 江上波夫、水野清一，《蒙古细石器文化》，《内蒙古?长城地带》《东方考古学丛刊》乙种第1册，东亚考古学会，东京、京都，1835年，47页、56页。 ,19, ( )中的用语是中国发掘简报中的用语，以下同。 ,20, 方殿春、刘葆华:《辽宁阜新县胡头沟红山文化玉器墓的发现》， 《文物》，1984年第6期, 5页。 ,21, 李恭笃、高美璇:《试论小河沿文化》，《中日考古学会第二届年会论文集—一九八O年》，文物出版社，北京，1982年，144页。 ,22, 同,2,。 ,23, 李恭笃:《辽宁凌源县三官甸子城子山遗址试掘报告》，《考古》1986年第6期。 ,24, 郭大顺、张克举:《辽宁省喀左县东山嘴红山文化建筑群址发掘简报》，《文物》1984年第11期。[],25, 同,16,。 ,26, 参见,20,,23,。 ,27, 辽宁省文物考古研究所，《辽宁牛河梁红山文化“女神庙”与积石冢群发掘简报》，《文物》1986年第8期。 ,28, 同,27,。 ,29, 同,20,。 ,30, 巴林右旗博物馆，《内蒙古巴林右旗那斯台遗址调查》，《考古》1987年第6期。 ,31, 三宅俊成、三宅俊彦和笔者三人访问的日本人中，在笔者之前，同志社大学大学院学生、在北京大学留学的志贺和子先访问了该遗址。 ,32, 根据笔者现场参观的笔记，如果有误，由笔者负责。 ,33, 这也是在现场参观的时候，看到除真人大小而外，还有二倍、三倍于真人大的残块。 ,34, 《发现与研究》，175页。此四说是根据1979年以前的调查结果。 ,35, 中国社会科学院考古研究所内蒙古工作队，《内蒙古敖汉旗兴隆洼遗址发掘简报》，《考古》1985 第10期。 ,36, 另外兴隆洼×号遗址出土的镶嵌石条的骨器下列文献也有介绍:杨虎:《试论兴隆洼文化及其相关问题》，《中国考古学研究——夏鼐先生考古五十年纪念论文集》，文物出版社，北京，1986年，74页。云翔，《试论石刃骨器》，《考古》1988年第9期，827页。 ,37, C14测定的年代在第五章“年代与序列”节有详述。 ,38, 同,35,， 873页，参见(3)~(7)。 ,39, 河北省文物管理处、廊坊地区文化局，《河北三河县孟各庄遗址》，《考古》1983年第5期。 ,40,同,35,，河北省文物管理处，《河北迁安安新庄新石器遗址调查和试掘》，《考古学集刊》第4集，也是作兴隆洼文化的，但如下注则是小山文化。 ,41, 中国社会科学院考古研究所内蒙古工作队，《内蒙古敖汉旗小山遗址》，《考古》1987年第6期。 ,42, 中国社会科学院考古研究所内蒙古工作队，《内蒙古敖汉旗赵宝沟一号遗址发掘简报》，《考古》1988年第1期。 ,43, 朱凤瀚:《吉林奈曼旗大沁他拉新石器时代遗址调查》，《考古》1979年第3期。 ,44, 同,41,，503页，参见注,2,、,3,。 ,45, 中国社会科学院考古研究所，《放射性碳素测定年代报告(十三)》，《考古》1986年第7期，657页。 ,46, 中国社会科学院考古研究所实验室，《放射性碳素测定年代报告(十四)》，《考古》1987年第7期，654页。 ,47, 在,45,中，牛河梁有C14年代测定，是公元前(B(C)3630~3195年，北京大学考古学系碳十四实 验室《碳十四年代测定报告(六)》，《文物》1984年第4期，94页。东山嘴的年代为公元前(B.C)3535?110年。b(c是无年轮校正，B(C是依照年轮校正。 ,48, 同,35,，872页。 ,49, 河北省文物管理处、邯郸市文物保管所，《河北武安磁山遗址》，《考古学报》1981年第3期，338页。 ,50, 严文明:《黄河流域新石器时代早期文化的新发现》，《考古》1979年第1期，48页。 ,51, 同,42,，5页。 ,52, 沈阳市文物管理办公室、沈阳故宫博物馆，《沈阳新乐遗址第二次发掘报告》，《考古学报》1985年第2期，217页。 ,53, 《红山后》，53页。 ,54, 同,41,，502页。 ,55, ]佐原真:《世界范围内的绳纹陶器》，《绳纹陶器大成》第五卷，“续绳纹陶器”，讲谈社，东京，1982年。 ,56, 同,52,，220页。 ,57, 阪本宁男:《从亚欧大陆民族植物志看杂谷传来的道路》，《NHブツクス》，546，日本广播出版协会，东京，1988年，112页。 ,58, 当然包含植物采集。 ,59, 黄宣佩:《略论我国新石器时代玉器》，《上海博物馆集刊》第4期，1987年。 ,60, 梅原末治:《关东州史前文化所见》，《东亚考古学论考》，第一，星野书店，京都，1944年。 ,61, 同,59,，151页。但是关于二类的龙，参见本文第六章“玉器”一节。 ,62, 孙守道:《三星他拉红山文化玉龙考》，《文物》1974年第6期;孙守道、郭大顺:《论辽河流域的原始文明与龙的起源》，《文物》1984年第6期。 ,63, 翁牛特旗文化馆，《内蒙古翁牛特旗三星他拉村发现玉龙》， 《文物》1984年第6期。 ,64, 汪遵国:《良渚文化“玉敛葬”述略》， 《文物》1984年第2期。 ,65, 女神庙也有动物和鸟的神像，表现出红山文化的祭祀仍然和狩猎、采集有很深的关系。 ,66, 夏鼐:《C14测定年代和中国史前考古学》，《考古》1977年第4期。 ,67, 秋山进午译:《放射性碳素测定年代和中国史前考古学》;夏鼐:《中国考古学研究》，学区社，东京，1981年。 参考文献: 1. 滨田耕作、水野清一:《赤峰红山后——热河省赤峰红山后史前遗迹》，《东方考古学丛刊》甲种第6册，东亚考古学会，东京、京都，1938年。 2. 尹达:《中国新石器时代》，三联书店，北京，1955年。再版《新石器时代》，三联书店，北京，1979年。3. 中国社会科学院考古研究所，《新中国的考古发现和研究》，文物出版社，北京，1984年。 来源:《草原文化研究资料选编第一辑》 (经内蒙古社科院授权) 第 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 页 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.