三苏父子在中国文化史上的地位

三苏父子在中国文化史上的地位 “时名谁可嗣 父子尽贤良” ——三苏父子在中国文化史上的地位 演讲人:曾枣庄 光明日报刊发时间:2010-04-08 演讲地点:四川省眉山市纪念苏洵诞辰1000年会 曾枣庄～1937年1月20日生～四川简阳人。1960年中国人民大学历史系毕业。 四川大学古籍整理研究所退休教授～现为四川师范大学文理学院教授。与刘琳共同主 编有《全宋文》1.1亿字～另主编有《中华大典?文学典?宋辽金元文学分典》1200万 字。在个人研究方面～早年从事杜诗研究～著有《杜甫在四川》。后从事三苏研究～ 先后著有《苏洵评传》、《苏轼评传》、《苏辙评传》、《三苏传》、《苏诗汇评》(全四册)、 《苏词汇评》、《苏文汇评》、《苏轼研究史》。后研究领域有所扩大～出版有《论西昆 体》、《宋文纪事》(全二册)、《集部要籍概说》、《宋文通论》等。 一提起“三苏”，人们都会想到他们是文学家;一提起苏轼，人们就会想到他是通才。其实，“三苏”都是通才、全才，父子三人不仅在文学史，而且在政治史、思想史、史学史、艺术史上都有巨大的成就，崇高的地位，只是苏轼的贡献更大，影响更深远而已。《宋史?苏辙传》说:“辙与兄进退出处无不相同。”但世上没有什么“无不相同”的人和事，三苏父子的性格、政治态度、学术思想及文学风格的差异都很大，苏辙政治主张的激烈、学术思想的复杂都超过了苏轼。 这里，我想比较全面地讲述他们在文化史上的地位及其异同。 大器晚成与少年得志 苏洵年近五十才成名～成名后的他地位也很低。苏轼一生八典名郡～地方政绩显著～在朝廷官至礼部尚。苏辙一生的政绩主要表现在元祐年间～由一个小小的县令升至副相～比苏轼的官位还高。 苏洵(1009-1066年)字明允，少不喜学，而喜欢游览祖国的名山大川。他二十七岁才开始发愤读书，但应进士及茂材异等试皆不中。如果说苏洵初举进士不中可能与他“少不喜学”分不开，那么他二十九岁再举进士不中，特别是三十七岁举茂材异等亦不中，就要怪科举考试窒息人才了。 苏洵在《广士》中说:“人固有才智奇绝，而不能为章句、名数、声律之学者，又有不幸而不为者。苟一之以进士、制策，是使奇才绝智有时而穷也。”“不能为”，是说不长于 此道;“不幸而不为”，是说不屑于此道。苏洵兼有二者，结果他这位“奇才绝智”之人就难免“有时而穷”了。 苏洵的可贵就在于，他没有继续让自己去适应不合理的科举考试制度。相反，在“举茂材异等不中”之后，他得出的结论是“此不足为学也”(欧阳修《苏洵墓志铭》)，于是决心走自己的路。他在《上韩丞相书》中说:“及长，知取士之难，遂绝意于功名，而自托于学术。”他在二十七岁后“发愤”于科举，而在三十七岁后则开始“发愤”于学术。这是苏洵生活道路上的一个转折点。他告别了科举考试，烧掉了为应付考试而作的数百篇文章，开始凭兴趣读书，想读什么就读什么。过去是为应付科举考试不得不为文而文，没话找话说，现在是“胸中之言日益多，不能自制”(《上欧阳内翰第一书》)，才著《几策》、《权书》、《衡论》数十篇，系统提出涉及政治、经济、军事等各个领域的革新主张。 苏洵48岁那年，他送苏轼兄弟入京应试，知益州张方平向欧阳修极力举荐苏洵。张方平与欧阳修是有矛盾的。叶梦得《避暑录话》卷下说:“张安道(方平)与欧文忠素不相能。„„嘉祐初，安道守成都，文忠为翰林。苏明允父子自眉州走成都，将求知安道。安道曰:‘吾何足以为重，其欧阳永叔(修)乎～’不以其隙为嫌也。乃为作书办装，使人送之京师谒文忠。文忠得明允父子所著书，亦不以安道荐之非其类，大喜曰:‘后来文章当在此。’即极力推誉，天下于是高此两人。”欧阳修上其书于朝，公卿士大夫争传诵之，苏轼兄弟又于次年同科及第，父子三人遂名动京师，苏氏文章遂擅天下。苏洵可说是大器晚成，年近五十才成名。但他成名后的地位也很低，“爵不过于九品”，只做过试秘书省校书郎、霸州文安县主簿、礼院编修，相当于现在的科级干部。 苏轼兄弟的经历与苏洵刚好相反，是少年得志而一生坎坷。进士及第，名动京师时，苏轼二十二岁，苏辙才十九岁，五年后又同举制科入等。苏轼一生八典名郡，先后知密、徐、湖、登、杭、颍、扬、定八州，地方政绩显着，在朝廷官至礼部尚书。苏轼《应制举上两制书》自称他参加制科考试的策论是“直言当世之故，无所委曲”。而苏辙的《御试制科策》比苏轼更加激列、尖锐，矛头直接对准了年老的仁宗，指责仁宗“沉湎于酒，荒耽于色，晚朝早罢，早寝晏起，大臣不得尽言，小臣不得极谏。左右前后惟妇人是侍，法度正直之言不留于心，而惟妇言是听”。结果在朝廷引起轩然大波，进行了一场激烈的争论。苏轼制科考试“入三等”。宋王朝的制科考试，一二等都是虚设，从没有人入一二等，因此三等实为一等，在此以前只有吴育一人入过三等。司马光参与崇政殿复试，认为苏辙在应试者中最为切 直，也第以三等。初考官胡宿认为，苏辙之策以致乱之君况盛世，力请黜之。但仁宗不同意，他说:“吾以直言求士，士以直言告我，今而黜之，天下其谓我何!”(苏辙《遗老斋记》)仁宗同时还读到苏轼的《制科策》，高兴地说:“朕今日为子孙得两宰相矣。”(《宋史?苏轼传》)于是以苏轼入第三等，苏辙入第四等次。但斗争还没有结束。苏辙既入等，于是以他为试秘书省校书郎，充商州(今陕西商县)军事推官。知制诰王安石认为苏辙袒护宰相，专攻人主，不肯撰制词。苏辙深感失望，奏乞留京侍父，辞不赴任。这当然只是表面理由，正如苏轼的《病中闻子由得告不赴商州三首》所说:“答策不堪宜落此。”《御试制科策》对苏辙一生的影响是深远的，不仅迫使他当时辞官，而且使得他“自是流落凡二十余年”(《遗老斋记》)，一直担任幕职，直至神宗去世前不久才任绩溪(今属安徽)县令。 苏辙一生的政绩主要表现在元祐年间，由一个小小的县令升至副相，比苏轼的官位还高。南宋何万在《苏文定公(苏辙)谥议》中说:“元祐九年之间，朝廷尊，公路辟，忠贤相望，贵幸敛迹，边陲绥靖，百姓休息，君子谓公之力居多焉。”这段话对元祐之政虽有过份美化之嫌，但对苏辙在元祐之政中的作用的估计，是大体符合实际的。苏辙的政治才能只在哲宗元祐年间才得到比较充分的发挥。 清朝冯绘所作《三苏图》 北宋变法前后的政论家、政治家 苏洵虽被誉为“王佐才”～但无法施展自己的政治抱负～而只能算作政论家。苏氏兄弟是“言之者而又行之者”～都是当时著名的政治家。 苏洵虽被誉为“王佐才”，但从未成为“王佐”，也无法施展自己的政治抱负，而只能算作政论家。苏氏兄弟是“言之者而又行之者”，都是当时著名的政治家。 在政治上，北宋王安石力主变法时，三苏强调革新吏治。在苏洵生前，王安石变法还未开始，但争论已经开始。苏洵在《衡论》中已经提出了“政之失，非法之罪”的观点。嘉佑三年(1058)，苏洵与王安石分别有《上皇帝书》和《上仁宗皇帝言事》。他们未必看到过对方的上书，故很难说是谁反驳谁。但比较一下这两篇上书的内容，便能看出苏、王分歧的实质。王安石认为，当时形势危急的原因是“患在不知法度”，出路在于“变革天下之弊法”。苏洵却认为，“法不足以制天下，以法制天下，法之所不及，天下斯欺之矣。且法必有所不及也。先王知其有所不及，是故存其大略而济之以至诚。使天下之所以不吾欺者未必皆吾法之所能禁，亦其中有所不忍而已。”正是从这一观点出发，苏洵在《上皇帝书》中才大谈改革吏治，主张重爵禄，罢任子，严考课，尊小吏，复武举，信大臣，重名器，专使节，停郊赦，远小人。其中除停郊赦一条外，其余九条都谈的是吏治改革。 苏轼兄弟后来对王安石变法的态度，实为苏洵与王安石分歧的的继续。熙宁二年初，兄弟二人守父丧期满返京时，王安石变法已经开始，以苏轼为殿中丞、直史馆、判官告院，以苏辙为变法机构制置三司条例司检详文字。王安石以吕惠卿起草的青苗法向苏辙征求意见。苏辙说:“以钱货民，使出息二分，本以援救民之困，非为利也。然出纳之际，吏缘为奸，虽重法不可禁;钱入民手，虽良民不免非理之费;及其纳(还)钱，虽富家不免违限。如此，则鞭棰必用，自此恐州县事不胜繁也。”王安石变法期间还加强盐禁，严禁私人煮盐贩盐。王安石也曾同苏辙讨论这个问题。苏辙说:“利之所在，欲绝私贩，恐理难也。”王安石有办法，他说，一村百家俱贩私盐，败者止一二，故贩不止;“若二十家至三十家败，则不敢贩矣!”苏辙回答道:“如此，诚不贩矣。但恐二三十家坐盐而败，则起为他变矣!”(苏辙《龙川略志》卷三)熙宁二年八月，他写了《制置三司条例司论事状》，对新法作了全面批评，同时要求外任，免去他在条例司检详文字的职务。为人“谨重”的苏辙，上书反对新法比苏轼早四个月，而要求离京外任比苏轼将近早两年。 熙宁二年(1069年)，王安石准备变科举，兴学校。神宗对此有些怀疑，征询意见，苏轼上《议学校贡举状》。神宗对苏轼的意见很重视，他说:“吾固疑此，得轼议，意释然矣。”神宗立即召见苏轼，问“方今政令得失”，并说:虽朕过失，指陈可也。苏轼也不客气，批评神宗“求治太急，听言太广，进人太锐”。神宗当即表示:“卿三言，朕当熟思之。”并鼓励苏轼说:“当为朕深思治乱，无有所隐。”(《宋史?苏轼传》)故苏轼又有《上神宗皇帝书》，对王安石变法作了全面批评。变法派于是下决心把他赶出朝廷。御史知杂事谢景温诬奏苏轼扶父丧返川时，曾在舟中贩运私盐，并追捕当时船工进行拷问，想获得“罪”证。苏轼“实无其事”，不屑同这些人争辩，只求出任地方官避祸。于是被命通判杭州。苏轼一生多次被诬陷，这是其中的第一次。 对元祐之政的态度，也表明苏辙在政治上往往比苏轼更激烈。苏辙在元祐元年二月至十一月担任右司谏期间共上奏章七十四篇(苏轼同期所上奏章为二十篇)，几乎涉及当时所有的重大政治问题。他主张严惩推行新法的朝廷大臣，而对执行新法的小臣给予改过自新的机会。八次上书要求责降右仆射韩缜，三次乞诛窜吕惠卿，并一论章惇，再论安焘，五论蔡京。大家都知道，苏轼草拟的《吕惠卿责授节度副使制》是一篇著名的制词，却不一定知道这篇制词主要是根据苏辙的《乞诛窜吕惠卿状》起草的。此状历数吕之过恶说:“吕惠卿赋性凶邪、罪恶山积。自熙宁以来所为青苗、助役、市易、保甲、簿法(手实法)皆出于惠卿之手”;“兴起大狱，以恐胁士人”;“排击忠良，引用邪党，惠卿之力十居八九”;其为人更加阴狠险毒:“(王)安石之于惠卿有卵翼之恩，有父师之义。方其求进则胶固为一，更相汲引，以欺朝廷;及其权位既均，势力相轧，反眼相噬，化为仇敌。”以致“发其私书，”“其一曰‘无使上知’，安石由是得罪。夫惠卿与安石出肺腑，托妻子，平居相结，唯恐不深。故虽欺君之言，见于尺牍，不复疑问。惠卿方其无事，已一一收录，以备缓急之用。一旦争利，遂相抉择，不遗余力，必致死地。此犬彘之所不为，而惠卿为之曾不愧耻。”苏辙主张对这样的人应“略正典刑，纵未以污鈇锧，犹当追削官职，投畀四裔”。 苏轼兄弟在元祐年间的主张也不尽相同。例如苏轼只是私下劝告章惇说，司马光“时望甚重”，“不可慢”(《亡兄子瞻墓志铭》)。苏辙却上章要求罢免章惇枢密使之职。在役法问题上，苏轼认为:“差役免役，各有利害”，“以彼易此，民未必乐”。苏辙却认为，“差役可行，免役可罢，不待思虑而决”(《论罢免役钱行差役法状》)。司马光恢复诗赋取士，苏轼作《复改科赋》称美此事，但苏辙比哥哥冷静得多，他虽然不反对司马光恢复诗赋取士， 但主张推迟一届施行，并因此得罪了司马光，“君实(司马光)始不悦矣”(《颍滨遗老传》)。 三苏祠，位于四川省眉山县城西 三苏都是我国历史上著名的文学家 三苏都名列唐宋八大家。苏洵的散文“辞辩闳伟～博于古而宜于今”～对改变北宋文坛风气起了巨大作用。苏轼具有多方面的文学艺术才能～在各个领域都富有创造性～都是开派的人物。苏辙的诗文成就也较高。 苏洵强调文章要“得乎吾心”(《太玄论》)，要有自己的真知灼见;强调文贵自然，反对为文而文，认为不能不为之文才是“天下之至文”(《仲兄字文甫说》);强调文贵有用，要“言必中当世之过”(《凫绎先生诗集叙》)，如五谷可以疗饥，药石可以伐病。他的散文“辞辩闳伟，博于古而宜于今”，“不为空言而期于有用”(欧阳修《荐布衣苏洵状》)，对改变北宋文坛风气起了巨大作用，“士争传诵其文，时文为之一变。”(张方平《文安先生墓表》)南宋朱熹从正统儒家观点出发，斥苏氏父子兄弟之学为“杂学”，但对苏洵文章却很佩服，称“老苏文雄浑”(《朱子语录》卷一三九)。元人朱夏《答程伯大论文》说:“老苏之文，顿挫曲折，苍然郁然，镵刻削厉，几不可与争锋。”苏洵存诗不多，但诸体皆备，尤以五、七古诗见长。叶梦得《避暑录话》称其诗“精深有味，语不徒发，正类其文”。其五古《欧阳永叔白兔》诗，结构谨严，形象生动，意味隽永;七古《赠陈景回》诗，波澜起伏，活泼跌宕而又情致委婉。《九日和韩魏公(琦)》更是洵诗压卷之作:“晚岁登门最不才，萧萧华发映金罍。不堪丞相延东阁，闲伴诸儒老曲台。佳节久从愁里过，壮心偶傍醉中来。暮归冲雨寒无睡，自把新诗百遍开。”前两句写参加韩琦重阳节的家宴;三四句感谢韩琦以他为太常寺礼院编纂，曲台指太常寺，但从“闲伴诸儒老曲台”的“闲”、“老”二字， 也不难看出他那郁郁不得志之情;五六句写得最好，“佳节久从愁里过”，可见他一直不得志;“壮心偶傍醉中来”，可见他仍雄心勃勃，希望有所作为;末二句写宴后归来的心情，暮色沉沉，寒雨萧萧，辗转反侧，夜不能寐，给人以凄凉之感，表现了他壮志不酬的苦闷。 苏轼具有多方面的文学艺术才能，在各个领域都富有创造性，都是开派的人物。他的散文平易自然，笔力纵横，挥洒自如，雄辩滔滔，与欧阳修一起并称欧苏。他的诗内容丰富，境界开阔，格调清新，与黄庭坚一起并称苏黄。他的词一洗五代绮丽柔靡的词风，成为豪放词派的创始人，并提高了婉约词的境界，对后世影响很大，与辛弃疾一起并称苏辛。苏轼存词三百多首，苏辙存词仅四首，写得最好的是《水调歌头?徐州中秋》:“离别一何久，七度过中秋。去年东武(今山东诸城)今夕，明月不胜愁。岂意彭城(今江苏徐州)山下，同泛清河古汴，船上载《凉州》。鼓吹弄清赏，鸿燕起汀州。坐中客，翠羽帔，紫绮裘。素娥无赖西去，曾不为人留。今夜清樽对客，明夜孤帆水驿，依旧照离忧。但恐同王粲，相对永登楼!”从此词可知，苏辙并非不能作词，只是不喜作词罢了。此词上阙从长年离别写到今朝欢聚。一、二句写兄弟离别之久，从熙宁四年颍州之别至熙宁十年，已经整整七年了。“去年东武今夕”二句指苏轼为怀念苏辙而写的《水调歌头?丙辰中秋，欢饮达旦，大醉，作此篇兼懐子由》(“明月几时有”)。苏辙词的后五句写今朝“同泛清河古汴”，《凉州》指《凉州词》，此代指唱曲的歌女。他们一面泛舟，一面欣赏歌女唱曲，惊起群群汀州鸿雁，够快乐了。但好景难长，下阙从今朝欢聚，想到明朝离别，发出一片悲凉之音。前三句写“坐中客”的装束，四五句感叹光阴易逝，盛时难再。接着以“今夜清樽对客”的欢聚之乐，反衬“明夜孤帆远驿”的别离之苦，而展望未来更不堪想象，恐怕只能像三国时王粲那样“相对永登楼”了。这个“永”字，语重千斤。苏轼《水调歌头》(安石在东海)说:“子由相从百余日，过中秋而去，作此曲以别，„„其语过悲。”“悲”而且“过”就在于下阙，特别是结尾数句，太伤感了。苏轼在《中秋月寄子由》中回忆当时情景说:“歌君别时曲，满座为凄咽!”莫说那时的当事者，就是今天的读者读到这首词，也有催人泪下之感。苏轼觉得弟弟太伤感了，在和词中安慰道:“一旦功成名遂，准拟东还海上，扶病入西州。”并想象弟兄双双相亲相爱同返故里的情景说:“故乡归去千里，佳处辄迟留。我醉歌时君和，醉倒须君扶我，惟酒可忘忧。”苏轼这一功成名遂之后弟兄同归故里的愿望，一生从未实现过;后来实现的是兄弟二人“扶病”去雷州、儋州贬所。 苏辙的诗文成就也较高。关于苏氏兄弟诗文的优劣，历来有不同看法。苏轼说:“子由诗过吾远甚。”(《记子由诗》)又说:“子由之文实胜仆，而世俗不知，乃以为不如。”(《答 张文潜书》)这并不是什么自谦之词，而是苏轼的真心话。苏轼论诗论文都追求“质而实绮，癯而实腴”(苏辙《子瞻和陶诗引》)、“外枯中膏，似淡而实美”(苏轼《评韩柳诗》)的艺术风格，苏辙“汪洋澹泊”的艺术风格正符合他的审美趣味。秦观《答傅彬老简》同意苏轼的看法:“中书(苏轼)尝自谓‘吾不及子由’，仆窃以为知言。”陆游、周必大也有类似的看法，周必大《跋子由〈和刘贡父省上示坐客〉诗》载，周向陆请教学诗之法，陆要周读苏辙诗。周“退取《栾城集》观，殊未识其旨趣”，后来才觉得辙诗“温雅高妙，如佳人独立，姿态易见。然后知务观(陆游)于此道真先觉也”。 苏轼书法——《黄州寒食帖》 苏轼梅花图 三苏是琴棋书画皆通的艺术家 苏洵虽无词存世～但他是懂音乐的～蓄有雷琴,三苏会棋～但棋艺不算高明,三苏皆精书法,三苏均好画。 词是宋代的乐曲，苏洵虽无词存世，但他是懂音乐的，蓄有雷琴。苏轼《家藏雷琴》说:“余家有琴，其面皆作蛇蚹，其上池铭云:开元十年造，雅州灵关村。”苏轼为了弄清雷琴的发音情况，曾把琴拆开来进行研究。《历代琴人传》引张衮《琴经?大雅嗣音》说:“古 代多以琴世家，最著者„„眉山三苏。”苏洵善弹琴，苏轼兄弟皆有《舟中听大人弹琴》诗，歌颂苏洵琴技，崇尚古乐而不满世俗之乐。苏辙的写法是由舟中听琴而联想到伯牙沧海学琴，末以“世人嚣嚣好丝竹，撞钟击鼓浪为荣。安知江琴独超绝，摆耳大笑不肯听”点明主题。全诗以写伯牙学琴为主，读起来平和婉转。苏轼的写法是由听琴而生议论:“弹琴江浦夜漏永，敛袵窃听独激昂。《风松》、《瀑布》已清絶，更爱《玉佩》声琅珰。自从郑卫乱雅乐，古器残缺世已忘。千年寥落独琴在，有如老仙不死阅兴亡。世人不容独反古，强以新曲求铿锵。微音淡弄忽变转，数声浮脆如笙簧。无情枯木今尚尔，何况古意堕渺茫。江空月出人响絶，夜阑更请弹《文王》。”全诗纵横恣肆，议论风生，与苏辙诗的平和婉转适成鲜明对比。 三苏会棋，但棋艺不算高明。苏轼晚年贬官儋州期间曾说:“予素不解棋，尝独游庐山白鹤观，观中人皆阖户昼寝，独闻棋声于古松流水之间，意欣然喜之。自尔欲学，然终不解也。儿子(苏)过，乃粗能者。儋守张中日从之戏。予亦隅坐竟日，不以为厌也。”(《观棋》) 三苏皆精书法，《中国书法大辞典》都收有三苏的书法作品。颜真卿是唐代著名书法家，苏洵有《颜书》，前半歌颂颜真卿起兵反对安史之乱:“忆在天宝末，变起渔阳师。猛士不敢当，儒生横义旗。感激数十郡，连衡斗羌夷”充满了对义士颜真卿、颜杲卿的仰慕之情。后半歌颂颜之书法:“况此字颇怪，堂堂伟形仪。骏极有深穏，骨老成支离。点画乃应和，关连不相违。有如一人身，鼻口耳目眉。彼此异状貌，各自相结维。离离天上星，分如不相持。左右自缀会，或作斗与箕。骨严体端重，安置无欹危。”末谓见了颜书，自己都不敢写字了:“自我见此字，得纸无所施。”“骏极有深穏”，“骨严体端重”表明，他颇善于把握颜书的特点。 苏轼从小爱好书法，少年时代曾在眉山城西八十里的栖云寺读书，在石崖上作“连鳌山”三字，大如屋宇，雄劲飞动。在宋代四大书法名家即“苏(轼)黄(庭坚)米(芾)蔡(一说蔡襄，一说蔡京)”中，他名列前茅，是与他“幼而好书，老而不倦”(《东坡先生墓志铭》)分不开的。他曾说:“我书意造本无法，点画信手烦推求。”(《石苍舒醉墨堂》)这种信笔书写，无需推求的“无法”境界，是通过长期的依“法”练习获得的，是以“堆墙败笔如山丘”的艰苦劳动为前提的。正因为如此，他在《书唐氏六家书法后》中才批评那些没有学会正楷就在那里胡乱作草书的人:“今世称善草书者，或不能真(楷书)行(行书)，此大妄也。真生行， 行生草;真如立(立正)，行如行，草如走(跑)。未有未能行、立而能走者也。”这段话充分说明了“无法”必须以有法为前提，“意造”必须以苦练为基础。苏辙的《石苍舒醉墨堂》诗也说:“石君得书法，弄笔岁月久。经营妙在心，舒卷功随手。”这也同样说明了只有“弄笔久”，才能“得书法”，只有苦心“经营”，才能“舒卷功随手”。 三苏均好画。阎立本是唐代著名画家，净因大觉琏师以阎立本所画水官(水神)赠苏洵，苏洵撰《净因大觉禅师以阎立本画水官见遗，报之以诗》来表示感谢。诗的大部份内容是描述这幅画的:或写水官:“水官骑苍龙”，“龙行欲上天”，“浩若乘风船”，“不知几何长，足尾犹在渊”;或写从臣，说他们“矍铄相顾失，风举衣袂翻”;或写侍女，说她们“手执雉尾扇，容如未开莲。”这些描写都很形象，见诗如见画。诗的结尾更别开生面，苏洵没有向大觉琏师直接表示感谢，而是说阎画“见者谁不爱，予者诚已难”。但是，“在我犹在子，此理宁非禅?报之以好词，何必画在前!”这样结尾就不落俗套，比直接以谢语结尾有味得多。苏轼《次韵水官诗》叙云:“凈因大觉琏师以阎立本画水官遗编礼公。公既报之以诗，谓某‘汝亦作’。某顿首再拜次韵，仍录二诗为一巻以献之。”此称其父为“编礼公”，嘉祐六年(1061)七月朝廷才以苏洵为霸州文安县主簿，编纂礼书。故此诗必作于苏洵晚年。苏洵还曾向文同(字与可)索画，有《与可许惠舒景，以诗督之》诗。苏轼《四菩萨阁记》说:“始吾先君于物无所好，燕居如斋，言笑有时，顾尝嗜画。弟子门人，无以悦之，则争致其所嗜，庶几一解其颜。故虽为布衣，而致画与公卿等。”为了使父亲“一解其颜”，苏轼曾“以钱十万”，购得吴道子画献与苏洵。在苏洵所珍藏的百余幅名画中，此为压卷之作。 苏轼二十一岁曾在成都净慈寺为镇守成都的张方平画像，后来与文同成为文人画即湖州画派的开创者。他在《文与可画筼筜谷偃竹记》中文同绘画经验时提出了著名的胸有成竹说:“画竹必先得成竹于胸中，执笔熟视，乃见其所欲画者。”所谓“熟视”，就是仔细观察所要画的竹子，所要表现的客观对象;同时就在进行艺术构思，使所欲画的竹子，所要表现的对象完整地呈现于胸中。他在《书蒲永升画后》中说:“始(孙)知微欲于大慈寺寿宁院壁，作湖滩水石四堵，营度经岁，终不肯下笔。一日仓皇入寺，索纸墨甚急，奋袂如风，须臾而成，作输泻跳蹙之势，汹汹欲奔屋也。”“仓皇”、“甚急”、“如风”、“须臾”，正是灵感爆发，创作激情高涨的表现;而这种灵感突发是建立在“营度经岁”，即长期酝酿的基础之上的。没有“营度经岁”就不可能有“须臾而成”。 王维是唐代的著名诗人和画家。苏轼曾称赞王维“诗中有画”，“画中有诗”(《题蓝田烟雨图》)。当时在开元寺东塔，有王维画的真迹，他在《王维吴道子画》中说:“摩诘(王维)本诗老，佩芷袭芳荪。今观此壁画，亦若其诗清且敦。”这里同样强调了王维诗画相通，诗情画意融成一体的特点。吴道子名道玄，是唐代名画家，世尊为画圣。宋时开元寺和普门寺都有他的真迹:“道子实雄放，浩如海波翻。当其下手风雨快，笔所未到气已吞。”可见吴道子的画以“雄放”为特色。苏轼本人就是画家，他很推崇王维和吴道子的画:“吾观画品中，莫如二子尊。”在二人中尤其推崇王维:“吴生虽妙绝，犹以画工论。摩诘得之于象外，有如仙翮谢笼樊。吾观二子皆神俊，又于维也敛衽无间言。”苏辙经常反驳苏轼，他在同题诗中针锋相对地反驳其兄说:“壮马脱衔放平陆，步骤风雨百夫靡。美人婉娩守闲独，不出庭户修容止。女能嫣然笑倾国，马能一蹴至千里。优柔自好勇自强，各自胜绝无彼此。谁言王摩诘，乃过吴道子?”在苏辙看来，壮马奔驰是“刚杰”之美，美人嫣然一笑是“软美”，对二者不应有所轩轾。其实，苏轼在这里是在比较文人画和画工画的高低，他并不否认美的多样性。他在《孙莘老求墨妙亭诗》中说:“杜陵评书贵瘦硬，此论未公吾不凭。长短肥瘦各有态，玉环、飞燕谁敢憎?”可见他们兄弟在美的多样性，风格的多样性问题上，实际是没有分歧的。 “连鳌山”——苏轼青年时手书 得《史记》笔意，正《史记》讹漏的史学家 苏轼没有历史专著～但写了大量单篇史论,苏洵所著《史论》是一部很重要的历史著作,苏辙应制科试所上《进论》含有史论～晚年又撰《历代论》～多为历史人物论。 在史学领域，苏洵、苏辙的成就高于苏轼。苏轼没有历史专著，但写了大量单篇史论，其中以应制科试所作的二十五篇《进论》和晚年所作的《志林》中的史论部分为最有名。苏洵撰有《史论》上中下三篇，系统阐述了他的史学观;又与姚辟合着《太常因革礼》一百卷，因欧阳修以参知政事为此书提举官，有些书目往往列在欧阳修名下。这既是一部礼书，又是一部史书。《中国丛书综录》即归入史部。苏洵《史论上》论经、史异同，认为其同有二:其义(写作目的)同:“史与经皆忧小人而作”;其用(具体要求)同:“事以实之，词以章之，道以通之，法以检之。”其别有三:经、史都离不开事、词、道、法，但侧重点各有不同，“经以道、法胜，史以事、词胜”;经靠史证实褒贬，史靠经斟酌轻重，二者作用不同而又相互为用;经为“适于教”的需要，或“隐讳而不书”，故经非实录;史是“实录”，其中有可遵循者，有不可遵循者，故史非“常法”。儒家的传统观点是把经奉为文章的最高典范，苏洵却经史并重，认为二者体不相沿而用实相资，“经不得史无以证其褒贬，史不得经无以酌其轻重”。《史论中》论修史的四种方法:“其一曰隐而章，其二曰直而宽，其三曰简而明，其四曰微而切。”他阐明了史书的真实性同政治性(教化作用)的关系。史书是“一代之实录”，必须如实地反映客观历史情况;但又不能作纯客观的记述，而应通过作者对史料的精心剪裁和安排，表现作者的爱憎和褒贬，体现道与法，达到惩恶扬善的目的。对于“功十而过一”的人，本传记其功，他传发其过，这样，既忠于史实，又达到了褒善的目的;对于“过十而功一”的人，既要记其过，又要详记其功。这样，既能惩恶，又能开其自新之路。这就把史书的真实性和教化作用统一起来了。《史论下》历评司马迁《史记》、班固《汉书》、范晔《后汉书》、陈寿《三国志》的得失。苏洵说:“迁之辞淳健简直，足称一家。”但指责司马迁“裂取六经传记”杂于《史记》之中，指责班固“袭蹈迁论以足其书者过半”。历史就是历史，是既成事实，可以删其繁冗，补其遗漏，纠其谬误，但不能再创造。若已无冗可删，无漏可补，无谬可纠，则照抄前人记述比把前人记述改头换面以充己作，倒是更老实的治史态度。但班固照抄司马迁、扬雄的记述而不知剪裁，以至造成体例不统一。苏洵强调史书必须忠于史实，指责班固“贵谀伪”，陈寿帝魏而臣吴蜀，都是不忠于客观历史实际的 表现。苏洵的多数观点，均切中前四史的要害。雷简夫称其“《史论》，真良史才也”，“得(司马)迁史笔”(邵博《闻见后録》卷一五)，茅坤《唐宋八大家文钞》卷一一一称其“评骘诸家如酷吏断狱”，并非虚美之词。 苏辙与苏轼一样，应制科试所上《进论》也含有史论，即“上自三王而下至五代”的朝代论十二篇，晚年又撰《历代论》四十五篇，多为历史人物论。苏辙有史学专著《古史》，是为纠正司马迁《史记》之讹，补充其佚而作。苏籀《栾城遗言》说:“公年十六为夏、商、周论，今见于《古史》。”可见苏辙《古史》也是从青年时代起就开始撰著，但主要是两次贬官筠州(今江西高安)时完成的。其《古史序》中说:“太史公始易编年之法为本纪、世家、列传，记五帝三王以来，后世莫能易之。然其为人浅近而不学，疏略而轻信。”其《后记》云:“尧舜三代之遗意，太史公之所不喻者于此而明;战国君臣得失成败之迹，太史公之所脱遗者于此而足，非闲废有所不暇者也。”元人刘埙《隐居通议》卷一五称“其所作《古史》，则议论高绝，又非坡所及”。 苏辙亦长于当代史，其《龙川略志》十卷、《龙川别志》四卷(今本为上下两卷)，《颖滨遣老传》(自传)两卷，均属当代史。苏辙一生曾见过朝廷很多名臣，如欧阳修、张安道、韩琦、司马光、王安石等等。元祐年间在朝时，刘贡父曾对苏辙说:“予一二人死，前言往行堙灭不载矣。君苟能记之，尚有传也。”(《龙川别志序》)但当时他政务繁忙，无暇记这些名臣言行。晚年贬官循州(今广东龙川)，他完成了《龙川略志》、《龙川别志》。苏轼晚年写了很多即兴式的笔记，而苏辙的《龙川略志》、《龙川别志》的写作却是有的，《略志》记所历，《别志》记所闻。《东坡志林》记了很多奇幻怪异的事，表现了苏轼对新奇事物的浓厚兴趣。《略志》、《别志》所载，除少量炼丹术、养生术外，绝大多数都是严肃的朝政。苏轼的笔记，文学色彩浓，具有较高的美学价值。苏辙的笔记政治色彩浓，具有较高的史料价值。正如《四库提要》卷一四W所说:“《略志》惟首尾两卷记杂事十四条，余二十五条皆论朝政。盖是非彼我之见，至谪居时犹不忘也。„„《别志》所述多耆旧之余闻。朱子(熹)生平以程子(颐)之故，追修洛蜀之旧怨，极不满于二苏。而所作《名臣言行录》，引辙此志几及其半，则其说信而有征，亦可以见矣。”朱熹对苏辙《龙川略志》和《龙川别志》的重视，充分说明二书对了解元祐之政和北宋名臣言行，具有重大意义。 河南郏县三苏坟“青山玉瘗”坊 具有离经叛道倾向的思想家 苏洵一反孔孟的传统观点～认为“利之所在～天下趋之”。苏洵与王安石的分歧～苏轼与程颐的分歧都在于认为他们不尽人情～苏辙思想尤杂。 三苏父子都是具有离经叛道倾向的思想家。传统的儒家观点总是以礼抑情，以义抑利。宋代的理学家更进一步宣扬“存天理，灭人欲”，“饿死事极小，失节事极大”(程颐)。苏洵一反孔孟“君子喻于义，小人喻于利”的传统观点，在《上皇帝书》中认为“利之所在，天下趋之”。在《利者义之和论》中说:“利在则义存，利亡则义亡。” 三苏文集中都有《六经论》，《苏轼文集》中的《六经论》实为苏辙《栾城集》中的《六经论》，《栾城集》为苏辙自编，《苏轼文集》为误收。但苏轼论及六经的地方也很多，以人情说解释六经可说是三苏父子的共同特点。苏洵《易论》认为，“民之苦劳而乐逸也，若水之走下”，“圣人惧其道之废，而天下复于乱也，然后作《易》。观天地之象以为爻，通阴阳之变以为卦，考鬼神之情以为辞，探之茫茫，索之冥冥，童而习之，白首而不得其源，故天下视圣人如神之幽，如天之高，尊其人而其教亦随而尊„„此圣人用其机权，以持天下之心，而济其道于无穷也。”在苏洵看来，《易》之所以要写得茫茫冥冥，神秘莫测，无非是圣人利用人之常情，对那些“新奇秘怪”的事物特别尊崇的心理，来维持其对圣人之道的敬畏。苏洵实际上是把儒家视为神圣的《易经》看作神道设教，看作愚民手段，以使天下之 人把圣人之道当作宗教来信仰。这样看待《易经》，确实是大不恭的。《朱子语类》卷一三W云:“看老苏《六经论》，则是圣人全是以术欺天下。” 苏洵与王安石的分歧，苏轼与程颐的分歧都在于认为他们不尽人情。苏洵《辨奸论》说:“面垢不忘洗，衣垢不忘浣(洗濯)，此人之至情也。今也不然，衣臣虏之衣，食犬彘之食，囚首丧面而谈诗书，此岂其情也哉,凡事之不近人情者，鲜不为大奸慝。”苏轼与理学家程颐闹得冤冤不解，形成洛蜀党争，重要原因也是苏轼厌恶程颐不近人情，其《杭州召还乞郡状》说:“臣又素疾程頥之奸，未尝假以色词，故頥之党人无不侧目。”《宋史纪事本末》卷四五说:“颐在经筵，多用古礼，苏轼谓其不近人情，每加玩侮。” 三苏都是深受儒、释、道影响的大杂家，苏辙思想尤杂。他们都与僧人、道士往来密切。苏洵有《彭州圆觉禅院记》、《送蜀僧去尘》、《题仙都观》等诗。北宋兴起一股疑古思潮，他们的学术著作都是这一疑古思潮的产物。陆游说:“唐及国初，学者不敢议孔安国(西汉经学家)，郑康成(即郑玄，东汉经学家)，况圣人乎!自庆历后，诸儒发明经旨，非前人所及。然而排《系辞》，废《周礼》，疑《孟子》，讥《书》之《胤征》、《顾命》，黜《诗》之序，不难于议经，况传注乎?”(见王应麟《困学纪闻》卷八《经说》)苏辙的《孟子解》不止“疑《孟子》”，甚至斥《孟子》“为野人之言，非君子之论也”。苏轼偏重于从政治上反对佛教、道教，他的《子思论》、《荀卿论》、《韩非论》、《韩愈论》都认为正是老、庄的“轻天下万物之术”，造成了法家的“敢于残忍而无疑”，结果“秦以不祀，而天下被其毒”(《韩非论》)。苏辙在儒、释、道问题上提出了很多大胆观点。苏辙晚年作《老子解》，主张儒、释、道合一，实际上在他青年时代所作的《老聃论》中已经提出来了。他认为老、庄反对各“是其所是而非其所非”，主张“无所是非”的观点符合《论语?微子》的“无可无不可”的主张;老子既讲“常欲无，以观其妙”，又讲“常欲有，以观其徼”;既讲“无之以为用”，又讲“有之以为利”;佛家既讲断灭，又讲“无断无灭”，认为这些主张“亦近于中庸”。他公开反对以周公、孔子之言论作是非标准。他说:“昔者天下之士，其论老聃、庄周与夫佛之道者皆未尝得其要也。”因为他们都以周、孔之言去驳佛、老之言，而佛、老之徒根本就不相信周、孔之言，因此，他认为“老聃、庄周之言不可以周、孔辩”。这就像与邻里辩论，“而曰吾父以为不然”，谁会以你父亲的话为是非标准,要怎样才算“得其要”呢,苏辙认为只能“平心而观焉，而不牵乎仲尼、老聃之名，而后可与语此”。只能就观点本身的“是非利害”进行辩论，只有那些“辩之而无穷，攻之而无间”的观点才是“天下之道”。早在宋代，苏辙就这样明确地反对以周、孔之言为是非标准，是大胆的、深刻的。 经过苏辙的“平心而观”，他认为老、庄学说比杨朱、墨翟之言深刻得多，全面得多。杨朱主张为我，墨翟主张兼爱，“天下之事，安可以一说治也?彼二子者欲一之以兼爱，断之以为我，故其说有时焉而遂穷”。老、庄就不是这样:“今夫老、庄无所是非，而其终归于无有，此其思之亦曰详矣”;“老聃、庄周，其思之不可谓不深矣”;“其论纵横坚固而不可破也。”(均见《老聃论》)这简直是公开为老、庄思想唱赞歌。苏轼多批评佛、老对治国的危害，苏辙则认为即使在治国上，儒、道两家亦各有所失，各有所得:“汉文取老子之所长而行之，是以行之而天下丰;汉武取儒者之所失而用之，是以用之而天下弊。此儒、老得失之辨也。”(《御试制科策》)由此可见，在对佛、道的态度上，苏轼兄弟的看法并不完全一致。苏辙不仅政治观点比苏轼尖锐激烈，而且他的学术思想也比苏轼更加复杂和大胆。 结 语 在三苏中，一般更推崇苏轼，但我认为更应推崇苏洵，他对两个儿子进行了精心的教育，为我们培养出苏轼、苏辙这样的一代文豪。前人经常论及这点:“时名谁可嗣，父子尽贤良”(韩琦《苏洵员外挽词》);“一门歆、向(刘歆、刘向)传家学，二子机、云(陆机、陆云)并隽游。”(张焘《老苏先生挽词》)清人邵仁泓在《苏老泉先生全集序》中说:“二苏具天授之雄才，而又得老泉先生为之先引，其能卓然成一家言，不足异也。老泉先生中年奋发，无所师承，而能以其文抗衡韩、欧，以传之二子，斯足异也。间尝取先生之文而读之，大约以雄迈之气，坚老之笔，而发为汪洋恣肆之文，上之究极天人，次之修明经术，而其于国家盛衰之故，尤往往淋漓感慨于翰墨间。先生之文，盖能驰骋于孟(子)、刘(向、歆)、贾(谊)、董(仲舒)之间，而自成一家者也。„„上继韩、欧，下开长公(苏轼)兄弟。”这段评论相当精彩，它首先强调了苏洵能成为唐宋八大家之一颇不容易。苏轼兄弟幼而习之，又有家父培养，能成一家，不足为奇。而苏洵发奋既晚，又无师承，全靠自己摸索，而能与孟、刘、贾、董抗衡，上继韩、欧，下开苏轼兄弟，确实是了不起的。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.