《夏季高尔夫球场果岭青苔的综合防治方法》

《夏季高尔夫球场果岭青苔的综合防治方法》 修改稿:编号12-X4865 夏季高尔夫球场果岭青苔的综合防治方法 1 21黄继宝王永强 李龙妹 (1.安徽省古林园林景观有限公司，安徽 滁州239070 2.如东小洋口乡村俱乐部，江苏 南 通 2206407) 摘要: 夏季果岭青苔无疑是所有高尔夫球场草坪总监们最头痛的一件事，无论是采取何种防治措施，都挡不住青苔的侵害。文章总结分析了国内外常用的几种防治方法，究其发生源头，寻其生长机理，预防控制相结合，给草坪总监们以借鉴。 关键词:夏季;果岭;青苔;防治;方法 我国七八月份，气候高温高湿，全国大部分球场都会不同程度地出现了青苔问题。纵使采取了很多防治措施，却总也躲不过它的光顾。由于果岭本身构造特点、生物因素、气候环境条件和灌溉水质等使得果岭往往会成为高尔夫球场青苔的高发区。 [1]青苔是绿藻和一些真菌共生形成的一种低级植物，多呈附着生长，没有真正的维管束构造，但它却能进行光合作用，也能直接吸收水分和养料。通过无性繁殖迅速传播，只要它的部分组织被动物、剪草机和机械等带到适宜的地方，就能繁育成新的植株。此外，青苔还可以通过其特有器官——孢子来进行繁殖，孢子类似于高等植物的种子，但不能独立存活，只能寄生于配子体之上，在适宜的环境中萌发而形成新的个体。 一般来说，青苔喜欢阴凉、潮湿的环境。那么，从某些长青苔的高尔夫果岭来看，修剪高度低，光照也算充足，为什么会还出现青苔呢,其实，苔藓除了在有利的环境条件(阴凉、潮湿)下易发生之外，它在缺乏竞争的地方只要环境稍微适宜，它也会发生。球场为了 低，草坪密度不足，因此，在夏季或者多雨季节，果岭面持续追求果岭高速度，修剪相当的 [2]潮湿(青苔最适生长相对湿度为32%以上)，再加上球场客流量大，果岭因践踏而板结，吸收营养能力差，土壤贫瘠，草坪生长势弱等等因素，青苔的发生就显得顺理成章了。 高尔夫球场的用水量很大，尤其是夏季高温季节。单纯的利用地下水是不现实的，主要是依靠球场内部的景观湖来蓄积雨水或者其他水进行灌溉。这些湖水相对稳定，缺少流动，球场里使用的肥料、农药及草坪剪草产生的草屑都不可避免地会进入这个湖水里，使得湖水 [3]营养物质增多，富营养化严重。低温时，使用湖水浇灌草坪是可以的，但是，在高温的夏 [4]季，特别是暴雨过后，湖水中便会产生大面积的藻类而导致水质恶化，大量的水绵、刚毛藻、水网藻等就会随着喷灌浇水残留在果岭上，逐渐形成一层“青苔泥”。 青苔发生的前期，主要是侵占草坪草生长空间，与草坪争夺水肥，造成草坪生长不良。当青苔逐渐增多，连成片时，往往会形成类似薄毡的粘滑层或者硬壳层，草坪则稀疏地分布于青苔之中。这个青苔层具有阻气、阻水、阻肥等性质，会导致土壤状况恶化，最终致使草Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unifie黄继宝，男，1984年出生，2006年皖西学院园林专业毕业，现就职于安徽古林园林景观工程有限公司，主d deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 要从事园林工程施工，景观规划，绿化苗木销售等工作。 通信作者:王永强，E-mail:yirenyq@126.com 1 坪死亡;若任其发展，会影响果岭的质量和外观，降低果岭草坪的均匀性和平整度，影响果正常使用。 岭 青苔生长的适宜条件恰巧又是导致草坪生长不良的不利条件，如荫蔽、潮湿、排水不畅、水分过多、土壤板结、贫瘠、土壤酸化等等。所以防治青苔的措施可以认为是改善果岭草生存环境的过程，如此一正一反，有一举两得之效。目前国内外防治青苔的措施很多，总结起来，主要有以下几种: 一、增加光照、加强通风管理 观察发现，滋生青苔的地方多以土壤潮湿、地势低洼、积水及荫蔽为主。因此，管理者可以通过加强果岭面通风和增加光照量，抑制青苔的发生。有些球场，尤其是森林球场，果岭及大部分草坪都穿插分布于茂密的树丛之中，甚至有些草坪区域整天不见日照，通风自然不好，草坪生长不良，这些地方发生青苔的几率非常大。所以，如果你的果岭周边的树木较多，果岭处于荫蔽环境中，那么，适当移开树木或合理疏枝，增加通风和光照，是防止青苔发生最好的方法。 我国夏季以东南风为主，如果非要在果岭边种植树木时，那么最好把东南方向避开。对于地势比较低、通风不良的盆地果岭，聪明的草坪总监通常会在闷湿的季节使用电风扇增加空气流通。风扇最好是可移动的，避免影响客人打球。当果岭旁边种植有树木丛的话，也可以隐藏其中，做为固定设施。 二、调整灌溉方法 果岭是球场的核心区域，是球场的脸面，是整个球场最受重视的区域。大多数草坪总监在果岭养护过程中，对水分的管理总遵循一个原则——宁湿勿干。当总监在巡视果岭的时候，发现一块干斑，他会立即把喷灌主管找来训斥一番，然而，却从没听说过哪个总监说果岭太湿了，需要控制浇水量了。在实际的养护过程中，他们忘记了从本中学到的灌溉应该遵循的原则——见干见湿。 频繁的灌溉之后，土壤中所含的脂肪酸、腐植酸等逐渐发生结构性改变，在土壤面形成一层非极性的嫌水层，水分很难通过这层膜进入到更深的区域。当整个表层土壤全部被嫌水层所充斥时，水分的渗透均匀性大幅度下降，灌溉水就会持续存在土壤表面，为青苔的发生提供了有利条件。 的果岭坪床都是以沙为主，保水能力较差，再加上果岭草修剪较低，根系比较浅，不容易从深层基质中吸收水分，因此必须保持浅层基质蓄水充足，以保证果岭草的旺盛生长。尤其是在夏委或干燥的秋季，灌溉成为果岭日常养护不可缺少的工作。果岭浇水应以自动喷灌为主，应在清晨，进行，其次是夜间，避免中午阳光强烈时进行，浇则浇透浇足。果岭如有少量干斑尽量选择人工补水。当草坪处于病害期间或者青苔易发季节，浇水最好在清晨或者白天温度不高时进行，以防加重病害。 在选择合理灌溉措施的同时，辅以渗透剂及其他管理措施，完全可以达到增强土壤渗透能力、增加果岭草竞争能力的效果，从而有效降低青苔发生的概率。 三、土壤pH值的调节 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 研究表明，青苔在酸性环境，pH值5.5以下容易发生。球场果岭使用的多是冷季型草——匍匐剪股颖，在南方球场会使用狗牙根，这两种草适宜生长的土壤pH值通常在5.5-7.0之间，如管理不善，土壤pH值很容易会降低到5.5以下。 果岭基质的酸化主要是枯草层产生的腐植酸等酸性物质积累所造成，其次酸性肥料的过量施用。 在果岭管理过程中，要定期测定果岭基质的pH值，如果低于5.5时就要施加碱性物质——生石灰，调节pH值到6-7;尽量减少枯草层的积累，疏草之后尽可能地将草屑清理干净，然后再进行铺沙、打孔等作业;肥料以酸性肥料为主，但要穿插施用碱性肥料。 四、肥料的使用 众所周知，肥料在高尔夫球场中使用量是很大的，肥料以氮、磷肥为主。但每次施肥后，滞存于土壤中供植物利用的肥料很少，大部分溶化后随着喷灌水被球场高效的盲排管道排入了球场的水域中，氮、磷的大量积累造成了水体的富营养化。夏季温度适宜时，各种藻类植物，如浮游藻类、网地藻类、丝状藻类等开始泛滥，随后，这些藻类植物又会被灌溉系统带到果岭及其他草坪，从而导致青苔发生。 因此，球场要严格控制和减少含氮、磷肥料的施用，肥料施用后，浇水要分两到三次进行，切忌一次性长时间灌溉，避免将肥料全冲进“下水道”。要把灌溉水中的营养物质含量检测纳入球场总体检测范围当中，定期检测，做到既不造成草坪贫瘠，也不使水体富营养化。 五、水体富营养化的治理 球场水体富营养化的主要原因是水中氮、磷的增加，使藻类的繁殖数量增加，大量草屑及其他草坪残体进入水中，分解消耗大量的溶解氧，释放大量溶解性有机物，导致藻类的大量繁殖。 球场水体富营养化的治理主要措施就是合理施肥，合理灌溉，严控水体氮、磷的侵入，剪草后的草屑及时收集，集中处理，切勿倾倒入球场水体中。及时检测水体营养化情况，一旦发现大面积的藻类产生，及时采取治理措施，主要措施有:物理方法，如底泥疏浚、引水 [5][6]冲洗等;化学方法，如投加混凝剂和除藻剂等;生物方法，如水生动物修复技术，水生 [7]植物修复技术。 六、合理修剪 一般情况下，果岭的修剪高度范围在3-6mm，如此低的高度必定减少了果岭草的叶片面积，使果岭草的生长竞争优势减弱，从而让青苔有了可趁之机;青 苔的存在，使得草坪在水、肥、空间等方面有了竞争者，再加上青苔有低矮附着优势，封闭了草坪基部生长空间，使得草坪难以健康生长。在美国，有研究表明，夏季到来后，将果岭草的修剪高度从3mm增加到4mm时，叶片贮存碳水化合物能大幅度提高，草坪的生长竞争优势明显增强，青苔的发生概率明显降低。如果再辅以定期喷施叶面肥等养护措施，使草坪生长更健壮，具有较强的竞争优势，或许可以有效抑制青苔的发生。 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unifie3 d deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 七、穿刺、打孔铺沙处理 夏天，当果岭有青苔出现时，也可以使用穿刺——铺沙或者打空心孔——铺沙两种方法来消除青苔。 青苔变干后，在表面上形成硬壳，形成一层不透水不通气的表层，肥料、农药及水分难以下渗，从而抑制果岭草的生长。穿刺和打实心孔可以划破这一层青苔，增加土壤的通气透水性，使水、肥能够被果岭草充分利用。铺沙可以覆盖青苔表层，减少青苔的光合作用和生命活动，从而遏制青苔的生长。 要注意的是这时是打实心孔或者十字孔，空心孔是万万不能的，铺沙量也要比春秋季少，而尽量选择在温度较低时进行，避免沙在高温时灼伤草坪，最好用人工推施肥斗铺沙，忌用铺沙机，降低对碾压损伤果岭草，导致病害发生。 八、化学防治 实践表明，有些杀菌剂和青苔清除剂也可有效预防青苔的发生，常使用的有石灰、代森 2锰锌、百菌清等。在使用石灰控制青苔时，剂量控制在5kg/100m之下，否则会造成草坪灼伤黄化甚至死亡;杀菌剂代森锰锌、百菌清对预防青苔发生效果较好。夏季、雨季到来之前，喷施2-3次杀菌剂，果岭出现青苔后，建议每隔7天喷施一次代森锰锌或百菌清，浓度在500-1000倍范围内，但是治疗效果并不太理想，需与灌溉控制、剪草控制、及穿刺、打孔铺沙等管理措施同时进行。 九、 综述 青苔的预防与控制，要从切断青苔发生的环境条件源头出发，增加果岭光照，增强果岭周围通风能力;在青苔发生前后，进行有效的灌溉管理、合理的肥料控制、合理的修剪、穿刺、打孔铺沙等养护管理措施，辅以化学药剂的防治。 如此，青苔将难以发生。 参考文献: [1] 贺学礼.植物学[M],2010 [2] 叶穗华,王静. 高尔夫球场果岭青苔的危害与防除[J].中国高尔夫管理，2007(3):44-45 [3] 仓基俊,左倬,郭萧等. 青苔在微污染水体生态净化系统中的发生与防治[J].安徽农业科学，2012(9):5524-5526 [4] 贾含帅, 刘汉湖,胡舒,周江. 4种环境因子对景观水体绿藻生长繁殖的影响[J].中国城市林 9-6):52-54 业，2011( [5] 孙军德, 魏雅冬,佟德利等. 溶藻细菌对青苔的防除效果研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报，2009(4):439-443 [6] 李雪梅,杨中艺,简曙光等.有效微生物群控制富营养化湖蓝藻的效应[J].中山大学学报，2000(1):81-85 [7] 包先明,陈开宁,范成新.浮叶植物重建对富营养化湖泊氮磷营养水平的影响[J].生态环境，2005(6):807-811 Comprehensive prevention and control of the golf course green moss in the summer 121Huang JiBaoWang YongQiang,Li LongMei Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. (1.An Hui Gulin Landscape and Engineering Limted Company Anhui Chuzhou, 239070, China 2.Xiao Yang Kou country club, Jiangsu ,226407,China Abstract: The summer moss on the green in the course is the biggest problem to the superintendent. Though lots of methods could be adopted, the green still be destroyed seriously . In this article, some measures which have been used in the world will be offered. Researching from the main causations that induce moss, looking for its growth mechanism, prevention link with control. Wish it can give advices to the course superintendents. Key words: summer; green; moss; ways; prevent; control 5 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.