中粮葡萄酒

null葡萄酒浅谈 Wine… derful葡萄酒浅谈 Wine… derfulSKY YU Imported Wine & Spirit Dept. 内容概述 Table of Contents内容概述 Table of Contents1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties 2. 葡萄酒的起源 Origins of Wine 3. 葡萄酒的酿造 Vinification 4. 红白葡萄品种 Red & White Grapes 5. 新旧世界对比 New World VS Old World 6. 葡萄酒的品尝 Wine Taste 7. 葡萄酒与美食 Food Pairings 8. 葡萄酒的术语 Terminology1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties什么是葡萄酒 What’s Wine 葡萄酒就是100% 经过发酵的葡萄汁 Wine is 100% fermented grape juice 酿制葡萄酒神奇的方程式 The magic formula of Wine making 这个神奇的方程式就是：糖 + 酵母 = 酒精 + 二氧化碳 + 化合物 The magic formula is: sugar + yeast = alcohol + co2 + chemical compound 1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties按颜色分类 Classify by Color 按酒内糖分 Classify by Sugar 按饮用方式 Classify by Food 1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties按颜色分类 Defined by color 红葡萄酒 ： 带皮发酵 Red wine ： Fermented with skins and other solids 白葡萄酒 ： 不带皮发酵 White wine: Fermented without skin and solids 桃红葡萄酒： 红葡萄酒短期浸渍 Rose wine : Maceration in short piriod nullRed wineWhite wineRose wineSparkling wineFortified wine1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties按酒内糖分 Defined by sugar 干葡萄酒 Dry <4g/L 半干葡萄酒 Off-dry 4g-12g/L 半甜葡萄酒 Medium- dry 12g-40g/L 甜葡萄酒 Sweet >40g/L 1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties1. 葡萄酒的种类 Wine Varieties按饮用方式 Defined by course 开胃葡萄酒 Aperitif Wine 佐餐葡萄酒 Table Wine 餐后葡萄酒 Dessert Wine 2. 葡萄酒的起源 Origins of Wine2. 葡萄酒的起源 Origins of Wine外高加索地区 Transcaucasia 美索不达米亚 Mesopotamia 腓尼基人 (1100 B.C. 开始在欧洲各地运输葡萄树） Phoenicians （Start to transport vines around Europe ) 埃及坟墓中的证据 Evidence in Egyptian tombs 葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒的简史 Wine History埃及人饮用葡萄酒成了埃及文化精髓的一部分， 记录了葡萄酒年份和葡萄园， 甚至在套管上课路了酿酒师的名字，在古埃及贵族坟墓里可以找到这些证据。 最初只会饮用葡萄酒， 后来学会在尼罗河三角洲种植葡萄酒 The Egyptians drinking wine became a major part of the culture of Egyptian elite. Recorded vintages, vineyards, even winemaker names on their clay pots, some of which were placed in the tombs of the nobility. The Egyptians were wine drinkers first, but soon learned to grow grapes in the fertile Nile River delta葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒的简史 Wine History埃及人和腓尼基人是闪族人的两大贸易合作伙伴 Two groups with whom the Sumerians traded were the Egyptians and the Phoenicians 腓尼基人 (1100 B.C. 开始在欧洲各地运输葡萄树）1100 B.C. 商业社会，开始在欧洲各地运输葡萄树 Phoenicians （Start to transport vines around Europe ) 1100 B.C. Mercantile society started to transport vines around Europe 最出色的航海家。 地中海盆地-北非-南欧-西不骆驼岩山, The finest sea travelers in their age. Mediterranean basin and established colonies in north Africa and in southern Europe as far as the Rock of Gibraltar. Wine drinkers go, vine goes too 葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒的简史 Wine History希腊人 Greeks 日常健康饮料 social beverage 殖民欧洲. 带葡萄树回家. 贡献：将新葡萄酒品种核心技术引进法国南部，西班牙，最重要的是意大利 Colonizes Europe. Brought vines to permanent home. Contribution: spread vine, brought new grapes and new techniques to southern France, Spain, and perhaps most importantly ,to southern Italy. 葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒的简史 Wine History罗马人对整个欧洲影响深远， 用手稿记录了葡萄栽培和酿造，了解土壤，坡度和葡萄园方位的重要性，提高酿酒技术，发展欧洲贸易。 对欧洲葡萄区重要贡献， 包括： 法国勃艮第，波尔多，香槟， 阿尔萨斯， 隆和谷， 卢瓦尔谷，德国莱茵高，奥地利多瑙河流域等。 It is difficult to overstate the importance of the Romans for the development of wine culture in Europe. The Romans produced manuals describing grape growing and winemaking, understood the importance of soil, slope and vienyard aspect, and developed a pan-Europe wine trade 葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒的简史 Wine History公元前5世纪（476） 完全崩溃。黑暗年代到来，疾病肆虐。频繁入侵。基督教修道士推动欧洲从黑暗时代迈入中世纪时代 The vast and sweeping culture of Romans began its deadline by roughly the forth century and was in full collapse by fifth (476CE). Dark Ages coming with disease and foreign invasion. The Christian monasteries spread Europe after the fall of Roman Empire, helped to drag Europe out pf the Dark Ages and into Middle Ages葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒与罗马天主教会的联系 Wine links to the Roman Catholic Church . 宗教典礼上的必需品,奢侈享乐用途 Essential to religious rituals . Luxury and comfort 本笃会的修士 Benedictine . 酿造高品质的葡萄 produced top quality wine .做详细记 kept detailed record 西多会修士 Cistercian .建立许多优秀的葡萄园 Founded many great vineyards 葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒的简史 Wine History15世纪， 人们意识改变， 非宗教内容引入葡萄酒业，渴望探索欧洲之外的世界。 European consciousness began to change by the 15th century and an increasingly secular element entered into the wine industry. Started a desire to explore the world beyond Europe. 新世界大门敞开， 修道院葡萄园繁荣， 商人在港口城市设立店铺为欧洲和美洲提供葡萄酒。 The opening of the new world brought opportunities for viticulture , and significant wine industries were soon developed around new population centers in North and South America。 Traders set up shop in port cities to satisfy European and American demand for foreign productors葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒的简史 Wine History19世纪末 Late 1800’s 疾病和虫害侵蚀整个欧洲，几乎毁掉所有的葡萄 Widespread disease and pest damage in Europe 20世纪初 Early 20th century 出台了葡萄酒法律，以防止造价和保证产品的真实性 Wine laws created to prevent fraud and guarantee authenticity 20世纪末 late 20th century 技术发展迅速 Vast improvements in technology葡萄酒的简史 Wine History葡萄酒的简史 Wine History直到今天，法国 France 1855 & 1943-12-08 把葡萄酒做成文化 Nowadays, developed wine culture 意大利 Italy 全民皆酒 everyone drinks wine 澳大利亚 Australia 中国 China 新世界国家 New world country 3. 葡萄酒的酿造 Wine Vinification自然条件 natural + 天气 weather = 微气候 unique climate + 土壤 soil = “风土” terrior酿造技术 vinification 选择葡萄品种 grape types (最适合“风土”) terrior 酿造工艺 vinification - 种植 growing - 发酵 fermentation - 陈酿 aging - 调配 blending 地理环境 geographic3. 葡萄酒的酿造 Wine Vinification3. 葡萄酒的酿造 Wine Vinification“Terrior” 这是一个法语词，它的含义广泛，包括葡萄种植区域的传统，气候，土壤，湿度，光照时间，以及酿酒师的技艺等方面。我们把它概括翻译成“风土条件”。正是这个特定的“风土条件”使得每个葡萄种植区域都富有自己的特色。 “Terrior” is a French term of wine industry. It embraces several meanings including the tradition, climate,soil,humidity, sunshine and all the elements like these making a wine-making region unique to the other ones all over the world. At its core is the assumption that the land from which the grapes are grown imparts a unique quality that is specific to that region. 3. 葡萄酒的酿造 Wine Vinification白葡萄酒酿制过程白葡萄酒酿制过程Fouloirs à rouleaux整串葡萄 Whole grapes压榨 press泵 pumpPompe泵 pump白葡萄 white grspes澄清容 器 Racking tank 固体杂 质沉淀 Deposit of solids 发酵罐 Fermentation tank 温度控制 temp control 18-20°C温控发酵 Temperature control 葡萄汁流出 draining榨汁机 crushing添加二氧化硫 Addition of sulphur dioxide 红葡萄酒酿制过程红葡萄酒酿制过程红葡萄 Red grapes 去梗 DestemmingStems removed滚筒 榨汁机Roller crusher添加二氧化硫 Addition sulphur dioxide 泵发酵容器 Fermentation vat葡萄皮和籽的混合物 30°C Must at 30Pump凉水 cold water降温过程 cooling葡萄皮和籽的混合物降温至25°C Must cooled to 25°CRemontage葡萄榨渣的抽取 Spraying of the marc cap4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape VarietiesChardonnay 葡萄特征 Features of grape 果粒大， 黄色， 边缘棕色斑点 Large yellow berries with brown spots 产量中高 Naturally medium-high yields 4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape VarietiesChardonnay 著名产区 Notable region 勃艮第：风格多样， 夏布力,,莫尔索，布衣复赛,, Burgundy, wide range of styles, Chablis, Meursault, Pouilly-Fuisse 香槟产区 （气泡酒） Champagne （sparkling wine) 加州： 浓郁， 橡木风味 California: rich, oaky style 澳大利亚： 热带水果， 橡木风味 Australia: tropical flavors, oaky 4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape VarietiesChardonnay 口感 Palate 中等酸度 Medium acidity 中-高酒精度 Moderate to high alcohol 中-重酒体 Medium to full-body 极少酿甜酒 Rarely produced in sweet style4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape VarietiesSauvignon Blanc 外观通用描述 Appearance 葡萄特征 Features of grape 中等大小果粒 Medium-sized berries 高酸， 特别茂盛 High natural acidity. Particularly vigorous 4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape VarietiesSauvignon Blanc 口感 Palate 高酸度 High acidity 中等酒精度 Moderate alcohol 中轻酒体 Light to medium body A bunch of Riesling grapes after the onset of noble rot. The difference in colour between affected and unaffected grapes is clearly visible botryis 干型和甜型 Dry and sweet styles4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape VarietiesRiesling 外观通用描述 Appearance 葡萄特征 Features of grapes 果粒小， 紧凑 Compact clusters of small berries 萌芽早， 晚熟 Early budding, late growing 4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties其他常见白葡萄品种： Other white grapes varieties 麝香：非加强型( 芦笋，细腻白肉），加强型( 奶油奶酪，冰激凌， 水果挞馅饼） Muscat: non-fortified wine( asparagus, delicate white meats), fortified style( creamy cheese, ice cream, fruit tarts) 灰皮诺： 梨，香料，苹果，花香，柑橘味， 配合烤白肉，鹅肉， 鸡肝酱， 浓郁的奶酪 Pinot gris: pear, spice, apple, flora, citrus, pairings with roasted white meats, goose, chicken liver pate, strong cheese 4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties其他常见白葡萄品种： Other white grapes varieties 白诗南： 甘草， 苹果， 湿羊毛， 花香，搭配山羊奶酪， 法式酱和烩牛肉， 苹果派 Chenin Blanc: hay, apple, wet wool, floral, pairings with goat’s cheese, pates and terrines, apple pie. 白葡萄品种间的对比 Differences among the White Grapes白葡萄品种间的对比 Differences among the White Grapes4. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties Cabernet Sauvignon 外观通用描述 Appearance 葡萄特征 Features of grapes 果串长且松散 Loose and long bunches 果皮厚，籽大 Thick skin, large pips 萌芽晚， 晚熟， 产量低 Late budding, late ripens, low yields3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties Pinot Noir 外观通用描述 Appearance 葡萄特征 Features of grapes 果串紧凑，皮较薄 Compact bunches, relatively thin-skinned 萌芽早， 早熟 Early budding, early ripens 中等产量 Moderate yields3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties Pinot Noir 口感 Palate 中-高酸度 Medium to high acidity 中低单宁 Low to medium tannins 中轻酒体 Light to medium body 中等酒精度 Medium alcohol3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties Merlot 外观通用描述 Appearance 果粒大， 果串松散 Large berries, loose bunches 果皮薄， 萌芽早， 早熟 Thin skin, early budding, early ripens 产量比赤霞珠高 Higher yielding than cabernet sauvignon3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties Shiras 外观通用描述 Appearance 中等大小果粒， 果串紧凑 Medium sized berries, tight bunches 萌芽晚， 早熟 Late budding, early ripens 中等产量 Moderate yields3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties其他常见红葡萄品种： Other red grapes varieties 品丽珠： 中深宝石红， 中等口感， 香料，覆盆子，巧克力牛奶味， 适合烤肉，胡椒酱牛排 Cabernet Franc: medium to deep ruby, medium palate, grilled meats, steak with pepper sauce 金粉带： 中深紫色，宝石红， 重酒体，高酒精， 蓝莓， 樱桃， 黑色水果， 红茶， 适合不同口味 （亚洲料理， 烤野味， 黑巧克力） Zinfandel: medium to deep purple/ ruby, very full body, high alcohol, pairings with spicy Asian food, grilled game, dark chocolate3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties3. 常见葡萄品种 Grape Varieties 其他常见红葡萄品种：Other red grapes varieties 佳美： 中等石榴红， 低单宁， 轻酒体， 花香， 糖果，泡泡堂， 巧克力， 搭配干香肠， 火腿， 鸡肝酱 Gamay: medium garnet, low tannins, light body, flowers, candy, bubblegum, chocolate, pairings with dried sausage, ham and chicken liver patesnullnullnullBordeaux wine is good!!!香槟酒知识1 About Champagne 1*香槟酒知识1 About Champagne 1香槟区最著名的产区是“兰斯山区”、“马恩河谷”和“白丘”。伯瑞（Pommery）香槟酒就产自兰斯地区。 公元9世纪，法国很多国王在香槟区的兰斯(Reims)接受加冕。庆典期间，权贵们喜欢喝当地出产的一种“清明透亮，新鲜淡雅并微微颤动”的葡萄酒。这种酒将各种葡萄酒进行勾兑，用软木塞密封后放进酒窖，第二年春天后瓶内酒色清澈，明亮诱人，打开酒瓶时会发出“砰”一声巨响，这就是“香槟酒”的由来。 香槟酒（Champagne）只产于法国的香槟区（其它地区出产的同类酒称为“气泡酒”）。这里独特气候条件下种植的葡萄是酿造香槟酒的最佳品种。 The most renowned areas for producing top grade champagnes are la Montagne de Reims, la vallée de la Marne and la côte des Blancs. Pommery comes out of la Montagne de Reims.  In the 9th century, many kings took the throne in Reims which was famous for her champagnes. During the celebration, the noble guests drank much a kind of locally produced wine that was “bright, fresh and flickering”. It was a mixture of various kinds of wines, which people sealed with a cork and put into the cellar. When spring came, the wine in the bottle became bright and fresh, and while the cork was removed, a sharp sound would come out, and that was how champagne came into being. Champagne comes only out of the wine areas in France (similar wines produced in other places are called as “bubble wine”). The grapes in this place are cultivated under unique climates and are best for champagne making. 香槟酒知识2 About Champagne 2*香槟酒知识2 About Champagne 2香槟酒的酿造方法不同与其它葡萄酒。香槟独特的气泡来自酒瓶中的二次发酵。当葡萄酿成干白酒后，加入糖和酵母，随即装瓶，放在白垩岩地下酒窖缓慢发酵。完成发酵后的香槟还需在酒窖中培养一年后。 香槟酒混合三种葡萄品种而成：白色的霞多丽、红色的黑比诺和莫尼野品诺。霞多丽比例越高风味越清新爽口；黑比诺则为香槟注入严谨厚实的口感。 The methods for making champagne are different from those for other types of wines. The bubbles of champagnes develop from the second fermentation happened in the bottles. After grapes are made into dry wine, sugar and yeast are added, and then comes the bottling process, after which, the wine are put into the cement cellar where they will ferment gradually. The fermented champagne will stay in the cellar for over a year. Champagne is made from three kinds of grapes: the white Chardonnay, red Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier. The higher the proportion of Chardonnay, the brighter and fresher the taste; while Pinot Noir adds more weight and value to champagne. 香槟酒知识3 About Champagne 3*香槟酒知识3 About Champagne 3根据甜度，香槟酒分成5种： 干型有3种，最常见者含糖分在15克以下，叫“brut”（法文中有“原始粗犷”的意思） 另外两种含糖12到20克（叫“特干型”）和17到35克（法文中叫“sec”，指） 适合搭配甜点的“半干型”（demi-sec，35到50克)和“甜型”（doux，50克以上)香槟酒 Champagnes fall down to 5 categories according to their sweetness. There are 3 dry types: brut (a French word meaning rude and rough) is the most common one containing sugar less than 15g; and the other two types contain sugar ranging from 12g to 20g (called “Super Dry”) and 17g to 35g (called “sec” in French). The champagnes that go well with desserts are demi-sec (35g to 50g sugar) and doux (more than 50g). 香槟酒知识4 About Champagne 4*香槟酒知识4 About Champagne 4无年份香槟酒混合不同年份基酒调配而成，属“Brut”类型，是主流香槟酒，占80%以上市场份额；对用特别好年份葡萄出产的香槟，会推出“年份香槟”，这种香槟不添加其它年份基酒，一般浓厚耐久存，适与搭配酱汁丰富的菜肴。“瑞皇家干型香槟”正是“brut”品类中的高档酒。 一些酒商还推出“豪华级”香槟，以展现极致品质，这些极品通常采用特殊年份基酒，在瓶中长久培养，比一般香槟的气泡来得细腻持久，香味浓郁丰富，口感均衡，圆润厚常，有长久余香。因价格高昂，一般专门用于特别庆典。“伯瑞路易丝精选特级干型香槟”正是这种豪华级香槟中的极品。 A major type of champagne, non illésimé, is a mixture of wines of different ages, it belongs to “Brut” type, taking up more than 80% market share; the champagnes made from grapes of good years are called “Vintage Brut”, these types of champagnes do not mix with wines of different ages. They are thick and persevering, and go well with dishes dressed with soy sauce. “Swedish King Dry Champagne” is a top grade “brut”. Some wine makers also present “Luxurious” champagnes to show the superior quality. These products are often made from wines of particular ages, and are kept in bottles for long period of time. They have fine bubbles, rich fragrance, balanced tastes, round flavors and lingering sweet-smelling. As the prices are extremely high, they are only dedicated to special events. “Pommery Louis Superfine Dry Champagne” is a highest-grade product of the luxurious wines. 香槟酒知识5 About Champagne 5*香槟酒知识5 About Champagne 5好香槟：香气持久；气泡幼细如细砂、密度大、并能持续半小时到1小时；口感均衡复杂，层次感强，幼滑不酸涩。 最佳饮用温度：香槟要冰凉饮用。非年份香槟在7～10℃之间，年份香槟在10～12℃之间。大约放入冰箱两小时或放入一半冰一半水的冰桶三十分钟即可达到适饮温度。 最佳储藏条件：无年份香槟已经过两、三年甚至更久的窖藏，上市就已适饮。香槟怕光，尤其是太阳光、霓虹灯或卤素灯，久照容易产生怪味。家中如果没有控温酒窖，无年份香槟买回家后要直接放入冰箱，早日饮用。 Standard for good champagne: lasting fragrance; bubbles are dense, fine and exquisite and can stay for half an hour to one hour; balanced taste, smooth and tender. Best temperature for consumption: best consumed while cool. Non illésimé should be consumed at a temperature of 7～10℃, and Vintage Brut should be consumed at a temperature of 10～12℃. The temperature suitable for consumption can be reached after kept in fridge for two hours or in barrel with half ice and half water for 30 minutes. The best condition for storage: Non illésimé has been staying in cellar for two to three years or even longer, and can be consumed directly after purchase. Champagne should be kept in dark place far from sunlight, neon light and halogen light, long kept under which results in strange taste. If no temperature-controllable cellar is available, Non illésimé should be kept in fridge after purchase and should be consumed early. 香槟饮用方法 How to appreciate champagne *香槟饮用方法 How to appreciate champagne 开瓶：去掉瓶口上的金属封套，旋松转紧的铁丝，去掉铁丝与金属帽，一手握紧软木塞，另一手旋转瓶身，借瓶中二氧化碳压力软木塞会自然弹开。为了不让气泡喷出，开瓶时要压紧软木塞，让气体慢慢放出，不发出“啵”的声音。 酒杯：最好用直身杯和敞口杯，这种酒杯杯身纤长，可以延长酒中气泡上升时间，并且气泡从杯底升腾的线条更长。 饮用：轻轻晃动酒杯，在香槟触摸舌尖前与空气充分接触；观看杯中香槟气泡上升，嗅闻迷人而变化多端的酒香。不同品牌和年代的香槟口感不同，或浓或淡，或香气浓郁，充满芳草和果实味道或有土地粗犷味道。 Remove cork: remove the metal cover on the bottleneck, untie the iron wire, remove the iron wire and metal cover, hold the cork with one hand, and turn the bottle with the other, the cork will be removed by the pressure of the CO2 inside the bottle. In order to prevent bubbles from blowing, hold the cork and slowly let out the air so that it will not “bang”. Cup: high and open cup are better used, because it is high and slim, bubbles come up slowly from the bottom. Consumption: shake cup lightly, so that the champagne can have sufficient contact with the air before it touches your tongue; watch the bubbles coming up in the cup, and smell the fine and rich fragrance. Champagnes of different ages and brands differ in tastes, some are thick, some light, some are with rich aroma, some give smell of grass, fruit, or with rude and strong flavor. 新旧世界葡萄酒的对比 New VS Old新旧世界葡萄酒的对比 New VS Old争论不断， 各有千秋 Argue as always, each has its own merits 新世界酒 New World Wine 欧洲境外国家的殖民化 Colonization of countries outside Europe 旧世界酒 Old World Wine 欧洲境内传统国家 Traditional Countries in Europe新旧世界葡萄酒的对比 New VS Old新旧世界葡萄酒的对比 New VS OldnullnullnullWine pyramid comparisonNEW WORLD VS OLD WORLD WINES reference： project from Geoffrey OLD WORLDNEW WORLDEarth/TerroirEarth/TerroirFruitFruitOak and Other Complexities (Vinification)Oak and Other Complexities (Vinification)France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Germany…etcUSA, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, South America______________________________________________________________________TEMPERATURETEMPERATUREWine pyramid comparison新旧世界葡萄酒的对比 New VS Old新旧世界葡萄酒的对比 New VS OldOMG!nullFive items are required by law to appear on the label: 1. The name of the A.O.C. (Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée) wine-growing region, district, or village to which the wine is entitled according to how it was produced. For example, a wine from the Saint-Èmilion district would be labeled "Appellation Saint-Èmilion Contrôlée." 2. The volume of the wine in the bottle, 75 centiliters (just under one liter) is standard. 3. The percentage of alcohol by volume which varies by appellation. 4. The control number or lot identification number (this may instead appear on the back label or on the metal capsule). 5. "Mis en bouteille au château" means that the wine is château-bottled, otherwise the appropriate variation: "mis en bouteille à la propriété" (bottled at the property), "mis en bouteille dans la région de production" (bottled in the region of production), or "mis en bouteille dans nos caves" (bottled in our cellars). 6. The country of origin must be indicated on all exported wine. "Product of France" (Produit de France) can also be used. Many optional statements are also often put on labels: 7. The château name, which is also the name of both the product and producer. If it is not a château wine, then the regional appellation or a brand name is usually indicated. 8. The vintage or year in which the grapes were harvested. 100% of the wine must be from the year on the label. 9. "Grand Vin" followed by the appellation, most often simply "Grand Vin de Bordeaux." 10. Art or logo representing the château. There may also be a bottle number, not to be confused with the control number.