锦湖轮胎结构原理_部分E

Ⅳ- 184Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 插入 如今轮胎业选择使用。 选择汽车不选择轮胎的时代已经成为过去。因为选择适合汽车性能和个人爱好的轮 胎的驾驶者大增。最近几年间汽车装饰及改造以及调整市场每年增加40%，其中轮 胎是代表示例。因此轮胎业体也以换轮胎市场为目标显示出多样产品。 轮胎分为生产时就安装在车上的预约商标附着方式 (OEM)轮胎和 轮胎代理店或在c ar center可购买的交替用(REP) 轮胎两种。在不久之间交替用轮胎达到冬季轮胎， 生产出适合车辆的强化轮胎。 锦湖轮胎崔次长说 “驾驶者现在选择适合、性能、车辆的使用目的轮胎”，“选 择轮胎使用的 ‘知名购买率’明显增加”。 交替用轮胎中最大人气的品目是超高性能 (UHP:Ultra High Performance) 轮胎。 以大城市工厂为中心扩散的超高性能轮胎的特征是比一般轮胎高速运行性能优秀， 抓地力和操纵性能好。价格比一般轮胎高出3~4倍程度, 最近4年间显示出平均90% 以上的销售增加率。 hankook ‘bentus spot K104’有简单的形象、优秀的操纵稳定性。特别是在雨地上 发挥出优秀的制动性能。 以‘不是V不要跑’的CF有名的韩泰轮胎的 ‘黑鸟 V’也是高 速运行性优秀的产品 。 同社的otimoclesik也有相似的性能 。 锦湖轮胎的escat系列也是超高性能轮胎 。 Escat MX是为了热衷于超高性能轮胎 的产品，用 V型花纹大大提高抓地力, 做出了2个 大槽，即使在湿地上也能高速运 行且提高排水性能 。 Escat STX和 Escat KH11也是提高运行稳定性、 排水性、 制动性能的超高性能轮胎 。 내車에 맞는 '타이어 궁합' 있다 Ⅳ- 185Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 插入 当然也有为希望一般轮胎顾客的产品。锦湖轮胎的selex DX是高级驾驶者用最高级 轮胎，制造使只能安装于索纳塔级的中型车以上的车辆。同社的soruth comporo 有同级车的最高舒适感，调整到低噪音和稳定性的焦点。 驾驶4轮驱动4SUV驾驶者可以考虑jeep专用轮胎 。韩泰轮胎的 ‘dayianamk RA03’ 是同时持有jeep用轮胎的强韧和轿车用轮胎的舒适感的产品 。同社的 ‘traban3000’ 是乘合车专用超宽轮胎且是四季用。 在湿地发挥优秀的排水能力实现低噪音。 冬季用轮胎有韩泰轮胎 ‘nordic3000’。 世界特许技术及发泡橡胶制作的此产品有 冬季制动能力且兼备了一般轮胎舒适性及运行性能。 改善冬季用轮胎缺点噪音问 也是特征之一。对一般驾驶者不熟悉，但是off road轮胎或赛车轮胎也在发展。 轮胎业界相关人说 “买汽车时，因配套适合的轮胎，所以没有问题，替换轮胎或有 特别爱好时，不配套原胎，根据驾驶者的爱好和车辆性能选择轮胎”。 资料 : 首尔 Ⅳ- 186Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 4. 噪音和振动 1） 概要 （1) 车辆噪音中的 Tire Noise  在过去50年终努力减少车辆噪音 Engine, Transmission, 虽然 减少了排气噪音, 轮胎噪音还是在原来的水平上。  轮胎噪音作为车辆噪音判断主要噪音中之一。  Contribution to total noise 50 % for passenger car 15-20 % for truck and bus （2) 噪音和振动的关系 Ⅳ- 187Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Tire/paveme nt interaction Tire vibration Vehicle Response Atmospheric Disturbances Opinion of Affected Populace Structure Borne Paths Opinion of Occupants Ride/Road Noise （3) Tire noise & vibration 发生路径 Air Borne Paths Vehicle Transmissibility PTN Noise Pass By Noise Ⅳ- 188Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （4) Noise & vibration generating mechanism Ⅳ- 189Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved - Input force as a cause of vibration Noise simulation/Measurement - Vibration response of tyre wall FEM/FRF Measurement - Sound radiation Behavior BEM/Anechoic Chamber/Chassis dynamometer - Receiver Behavior Human response/ Sound quality （5) 为了减少Noise 的考虑项目 Ⅳ- 190Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved -. Pattern Noise -. Road Noise -. Cornering Noise -. Pass-By Noise 轮胎在路面滚动时，TREAD PATTERN BLOCK连续及周期的和卢 路面接触。这种 impact现象在 leading edge 和 trailing edge发 生急剧的加速度变化，这些力的变化振动周围的空气，因此发生 轮胎噪音 。 （1) Tire Noise Classification 2） 噪音 Ⅳ- 191Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （2) Pattern Noise Smooth Road Lab. Test 1st Harmony 2nd Harmony 3rd Harmony Pattern 频率 Asphalt Road Field Test Ⅳ- 192Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 音质 (Timbre) Pattern shape 高度(Pitch)) Frequency(Hz) Pitch number 大小(Loudness) Decibel(dB) Groove width & depth -. Tire Pattern和噪音 Ⅳ- 193Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Variable Pitch Pitch Ratio 单一pitch Ⅳ- 194Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 3) Road Noise Concrete Road Field Test(차 내 ) 60 KPH 120 KPH 路面 频率 轮胎 结构振动 Concrete Road Field Test(차 외 ) 60 KPH 120 KPH 路面 频率 轮胎 结构振动车辆室内 Cavity Resonance -. 随路面变化的噪音 (Concrete Road) Ⅳ- 195Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved -. 随路面变化的噪音 (Asphalt Road) Asphalt Road Field Test(차 내 ) 70 KPH 110 KPH 차량실내 Cavity Resonance 타이어 구조진동 70 KPH 110 KPH Asphalt Road Field Test(차 외 ) Ⅳ- 196Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 4） 振动 （1) 轮胎振动 Modeling 及特性 Ⅳ- 197Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （2) Tire vibration behavior (Overview) Frequency range Behavior Modeling Mode shape (FEM) Below 80 Hz spring-mass Spring –mass First four system model Modes 80 -300 Hz elastically Circular Radial suppert beam Ring model (0, m) Over 300 Hz an unbound Cylindrical Radial plate Shell model (2.5, m) etc.. -. Tire vibration behavior (low frequency range) Below 80 Hz -Tire behaves like spring-mass system Sidewall part: a Spring Tread Part : a mass or inertia -Four modes Lateral, Twist , Tractive, Radial first modes Ⅳ- 198Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 30Hz 42Hz 60Hz 72Hz Ⅳ- 199Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved -. Tire vibration behavior(middle ferquency range) 80-300 Hz -Tire behaves like elastically supported beam (Circular ring modeling) Sidewall part: a Spring Tread Part : a beam -First radial mode set To To Kr 90Hz 83Hz 111Hz 126Hz Ⅳ- 200Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved -. Tire vibration behavior (High frequency range) Over 300 Hz -behaves like an two dimensional wave guide Tire wall behaves like an unbound plate Cylindrical shell modeling Wave guide Curvature effect(Membrane effect) -Second ,Third radial mode sets ....…. 300 Hz 309Hz Ⅳ- 201Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved (3) Structure-Acoustic coupling Acoustic cavity mode -A structure of the shape of toroidal filled with air -Wave guide first high mode(1,0) kr a = 1.84 -->1025 hz Plane wave(0,m) propagation f m c 2 R   Ⅳ- 202Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 4) 噪音释放 （1) Radiation by vibrating wall -. Kirchhoff-Helmholtz Integral equation Scattering(Reflection) by rigid surface radiated acoustic field by the scattering(or reflection) effect of the rest of the rigid body on the acoustic field (rigid body in the acoustic field) Volume flux as isolated radiated acoustic field from all elemental source of the mass flux on the surface as isolated source (momopole source in the space) P ( X ) = [ G ( X ,Y ) y P ( Y ) + G ( X ,Y ) P ( Y ) ] n d s s    Ⅳ- 203Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved -. Helmholtz Integral equation Elemental vibrating surface is replaced by point monopole P(X) The rest surface substituted by rigid surface P ( X ) = G ( X , Y ) y P ( Y ) n d ss w h e r e G ( X , Y ) = 0    Ⅳ- 204Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Ⅳ- 205Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved (2) 释放 (BEM) Ⅳ- 206Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （1) 轮胎Pass-by噪音2001/43/EC (惰性试验) 방법 5） 轮胎噪音测量 Ⅳ- 207Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 轮胎 Pass-by 噪音法规内容 : 车辆惰性试验 (速度 80 km/h) - PC Tyre C lass and Nom inal S.W . 현규제치(dB(A)) 수정안 (dB(A)) 비 고 A B C C 1a : <= 145m m 72 72* 71* 70 - 단계적 강화 C 1b : >145 <= 165m m 73 73* 72* 71 C 1c : >165 <= 185m m 74 74* 73* 72 C 1d : >185 <= 215m m 75 75** 74** 74 C 1e : >215m m 76 76*** 75*** 75 * C olum n A : 2007.6.30일 까지 적용 C olum n B : 2007.7.1일 부터 적용 ** C olum n A : 2008.6.30일 까지 적용 C olum n B : 2008.7.1일 부터 적용 *** C olum n A : 2009.6.30일 까지 적용 C olum n B : 2009.7.1일 부터 적용 단위 : dB(A) 轮胎 Pass-by 噪音法规内容 : 车辆惰性试验 (速度 60 km/h) - LT/TB C om m ercial V ehicles Tires (LT) C om m ercial V ehicles Tires (LT) - Load Index : ≤ 121, - Load Index : ≤ 122, - S peed S ym bol : ≥ N - S peed S ym bol : ≥ M 사용용도 규제치 사용용도 규제치 N orm al 75 N orm al 76 S now 77 S now 78 S pecial 78 S pecial 79 * S peed S ym bol : M (130km /h), N (140km /h) * Load Index : 121 (1400kg) 단위 : dB(A) Ⅳ- 208Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （2) 无声室 Test （3) Noise Test (Road Noise) Smooth Road Rough Surface Road Ⅳ- 209Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （4) Tire Pass-by noise microphoe microphoe B’A B B’ 10m 10m 7.5m7.5mP P’ C’ C Vehicle Ⅳ- 210Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 6） 噪音预测 Ⅳ- 211Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Ⅳ- 212Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Ⅳ- 213Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 7） 轮胎振动测量 （1) Tire Modal test (Exciter) Ⅳ- 214Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （2) Tire Modal test (Impact Hammer) （3) Tire Frequency Response Function(FRF) Ⅳ- 215Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （4) Tire Harshness/Dampling test 测量 Data : 车辆 Sock Absorber 初期 Impact Shock, Damping Ratio 轮胎初期 Impact Shock, Damping Ratio 车辆 Shock absorber 特性 轮胎的特性 Harshness Signal Analysis -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 Time(s) 가속도(g) Ⅳ- 216Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Ride, Noise, Wear, Cutting Handling Wet/Dry Traction/Breaking Ice/Snow Traction/Breaking 5. Pattern Simulation的理解 1） Tyre Performance related tread pattern Ⅳ- 217Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （1) Forward Performance(Transfer) Handling Dry Traction Wet Traction Snow/Ice Traction （2) Backward Performance (Damper) Ride/Noise Wear/Cutting Ⅳ- 218Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 2） KUPAS(KUMHO PATTERN ANALYSIS SYSTEM) 轮胎花纹性能 SIMULATION 及 设计 CAD (PTN MODIFICATION) KUPAS 3D RENDERING SNOW INDEX GROOVE WANDERPTN NOISE NG, LOCAL NG BLOCK STIFFNESS KUPAS ENGINEERING KUPAS CAD KUPAS DATA INTERFACE SEQUENCE DESIGN KUPAS SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM HAND CARVING DRAFT CORELDRAW CATIA DXF COORD DXF TEST DATA Ⅳ- 219Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Tread Pattern Analysis Items RELATED PERFORMANCE Pattern Shape NG% 64% WEAR/WET TRACTION Tread width 149mm WEAR/HANDLING Skid Depth 8.7mm WEAR/NOISE/TRACTION Local NG 1.05 WEAR Bending Stiffness (Max. variation) 11 unit Force WEAR/RIDE/NOISE Shape Factor Even stiffness WEAR/R.R Ⅳ- 220Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Items RELATED PERFORMANCE Hydroplaning WET/HYDROPLAINING Noise Total level : 76.4 dB(A) PATTERN NOISE Groove Wander GOOD HANDLING/RIDE Traction Index (Snow) Snow Index : 108.5 SNOW TRACTION Ⅳ- 221Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 3） Wear （1) NG%, Local NG% 轮胎 rib别 N/G （2) Tractive Ratio  对于作用在Tread Block的 垂直压力 Shear 压力比 P P P x 2 y 2 z   如果Tractive Ratio大， slip就变大不利于磨损  测量方法 : 利用Flat bed测量 Ⅳ- 222Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （3) Wear Analysis -. Block stiffness Simulation BLOCK STIFFNESS  对于block POLYLINE和任意的 POINT距离用 COLOR 表示。  Block大小 CONTROL Ⅳ- 223Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 4） Groove Wander 在Longitudinal grooved road以 road /tyre groove 之间相 互作用发生，因往侧方向集中的力发生的 vibration GROOVE 位置 (SEE- TROUGH) 自动探索 SEE-TROUGH 变更的同时所有结 果 自动 UPDATE Ⅳ- 224Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved GROOVE WANDER SIMULATION(KTC METHOD) Pt.1 Pt.2 Pt.3 Pt.1 Pt.2 Pt.3 Ⅳ- 225Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 5） Wet/Snow Traction （1) Snow/wet Traction simulation Ⅳ- 226Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 6） Hydroplaning （1) Hydroplaning simulation Ⅳ- 227Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 轮胎在路面滚动时，TREAD PATTERN BLOCK连续及 周期的和卢路面接触。这种 impact现象在 leading edge 和 trailing edge发生急剧的加速度变化，这些力 的变化振动周围的空气，因此发生轮胎噪音 。 7） PATTERN NOISE Ⅳ- 228Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Excitation ForceExcitation Force FFTFFT Scan Pattern Scan Pattern Tread PTN Sequence • FOOTPRINT LEADING EDGE 适用 • ENGINEERING实施，使变位最 大限度小。 • 1次HARMONY 领域 ENERGE 最小化 • 2次 HARMONY领域均匀频率分 布 （1) PATTERN NOISE Ⅳ- 229Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved •从胎面花纹形象预测花纹噪音 •Total Noise Control •Sound Quality Control D A B C A : pitch顺序排列 - RANDOM - CONSTRAINT B : 根据圆周上pitch排列的频谱 C : PATTERNS D : 花纹用pitch顺序排列时，计算的频谱。