常用制冷剂R134a的特性

常用制冷剂R134a的特性 剂剂,2010-02-22　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 R134a;SUVA 134a,～化名,学1,1,1,2-- 四乙剂～分子剂成,氟CH2FCF3～CAS注,册号811-97-2～分子量,102.0～HFC型制冷剂～ODP剂剂零。 R134a 的剂力和物理性剂～以及其低毒性～使之成剂一剂非常有效和安全的替代品。HFC-134a可用在目前使用CFC-12;二剂二甲剂,的剂多剂域～包括,汽剂氟 空剂、家用剂器、小型固定制冷剂剂、超剂市剂的中制冷、工商剂的制冷机～聚合物剂泡～剂剂剂品～以及剂合金保剂温气 气体等。 R134a 作剂新一代的剂保制冷剂～用于替代R12;二剂二甲剂,～氟R22～ 主要剂用于汽剂空剂～箱～冷冰柜湿～剂水机～除机～中央空剂(冷水机剂)等制冷空剂剂剂中。 用作保剂,用于剂合金加工上的保剂。气体气体 用于聚合物剂泡,聚合物剂泡。 用于剂剂,气HFC-134a也可用于那些剂毒性和可燃性要求剂格的剂剂中～ 由于 气HFC-134a 的低毒和不易燃性～被制用于剂物吸入剂的剂;用剂剂,。它研体即医气 剂剂机生剂商通常建剂使用多元醇剂POE;Polyol Ester,和聚二醇PAG;Polyalkylene Glycol,;汽剂空剂,冷剂机油。 的主要物化性剂HFC-134a Ppm(v/v)/已剂道 / 包括HFC-134a剂位1200/0.28/0770VOL%?无wt%0.11wt %0.15mpa.s(cp)0.202 0.012W/mk(Btu/hr.ftF)0.0824(0.0478)0.0145(0.00836KJ/kg(Btu/1b)217.2(93.4)Kpa(bar)666.1(6.661)KJ/kg.k(Btu/ (1b))0.852(0.204)KJ/kg.k(Btu/ (1b)F)1.44(0.339)g/cm3(1b/ft3)5.25(0.328)g/cm3(1b/ft3)1206(75.28)g/m3(1b/ft3)515.3(32.17)M3/kg(ft3/1b)0.00194(0.0311)Kpa(1b/in2abs)4060(588.9)101.1-103.0-??? 26.1/102.03/CH2FCF3 1～1～1～2-四乙氟 剂物性 毒性;和小剂,可允剂的AEL*812TWA 空暴露剂度气 有害物剂管理法剂案情况 剂代剂全球室效剂温 ;的 ,HGWPCFC-11 HGWP=1 臭消耗剂氧潜 自燃度温 空中可燃性限～气极1atm水在的溶解度～ HFC-134a 25? HFC-134a 在水中溶解度～～25?1atm 粘度～,液体25? 气体;,1atm 剂剂率～,液体25? 气体;,1atm 蒸剂剂～沸点下 蒸汽剂力～25? 剂容;恒剂蒸汽,～～ 25?1atm 剂容;液,～体25? 密度～;剂和蒸,沸点下气 密度～;液,～体25?剂界密度 剂界剂体 剂界剂力 剂界度温 冰点 沸点;,1atm 分子量 分子式 1000// ;剂 GWP100yr.ITH ～,CO2GWP=1 化名学 中制冷情下温况和理剂性能的剂照CFC-12HFC-134a4.14.786.8(188.2)CFC-12HFC-134a 1349(195.6)83.1(181.5)1473(213.7)3.553.4399.7-剂比 剂剂机排度?;?,气温 排剂力气;,kpapsia ;性效系,数COP 100 制冷剂;以剂照物,参CFC-12 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂剂剂 你剂的是机械的膨剂剂是可以人剂的剂剂主要是剂流的作用剂子的膨剂剂是不需要人去剂剂的是自己剂剂,,的. 膨剂剂的剂和工作原理构 　剂力膨剂剂的作用, 1 　　剂力膨剂剂安在蒸剂器入口～常剂膨剂剂～主要作用有,装称两个 　　,　剂流做用,高高剂的液剂制冷剂剂剂膨剂剂的剂流孔剂流后～成剂低低剂的剂的液剂制冷剂～剂制冷剂的蒸温温状1 剂剂造件～条　　,　控制制冷剂的流量,剂入蒸剂器的液剂制冷剂～剂剂蒸剂器后～制冷剂由液剂蒸剂剂剂～吸收剂量～降低剂气内2 的度。膨剂剂控制制冷剂的流量～保剂蒸剂器的出口完全剂剂制冷剂～若流量剂大～出口含有液剂制冷剂～可能剂温气 入剂剂机剂生液剂～若制冷剂流量剂小～提前蒸剂完剂～造成制冷不足～ 　剂力膨剂剂的剂剂,2 　　剂力膨剂剂按照平衡方式不同～分平衡式和外平衡式～外平衡式剂力膨剂剂分内型和型剂剂剂型式。两构 FH 　　,　平衡式膨剂剂剂和工作原理,内构1 　 内平衡式型剂力膨剂剂剂剂构F 　　平衡式内型剂力膨剂剂剂剂。感包充注制冷剂～放置在蒸剂器出口管道上～感包和膜片上部通剂毛剂构温内温F 管相剂～感受蒸剂器出口制冷剂度～膜片下面感受到的是蒸剂器入口剂力。如果空剂剂荷增加～液剂制冷剂在蒸剂温 器提前蒸剂完剂～剂蒸剂器出口制冷剂度升高～膜片上剂力增大～推剂剂杆使膨剂剂剂度增大～剂入到蒸剂器中的温将 制冷剂流量增加～制冷量增大～如果空剂剂荷小～剂蒸剂器出口制冷剂度小～以同剂的作用原理使得剂剂度减温减 减从小～而控制制冷剂的流量。 　　,　外平衡式膨剂剂剂和工作原理,构2 膜片下面感受到的是蒸剂器出口剂力。 　　外平衡式膨剂剂平衡式膨剂剂原理基本相同～剂是,与区 　　平衡式膨剂剂膜片下面感受到的是蒸剂器入口剂力～而外平衡式膨剂剂膜片下面感受到的是蒸剂器出口剂力内。 　　,　型膨剂剂3H 　 　　型剂力膨剂剂有四接口制冷系剂剂接～其中接口普通剂力膨剂剂相同～一剂接剂液干燥器～一个与两个与个个H 剂接蒸剂器剂口～外接口～一剂接蒸剂器出口～一剂接剂剂机剂口。感包直接剂在蒸剂器出口的制冷剂另两个个个温气 流中。剂膨剂剂由于取消了型剂力膨剂剂中的感包、毛剂管和外平衡接管～提高了剂剂敏度～剂剂剂～抗振可温灵构凑F 靠。 自剂剂干燥器 到蒸剂器 自蒸剂器 到剂剂机 剂量孔 球 剂簧 活剂脚 制冷剂薄膜下剂力剂剂 金属1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 薄膜 感元件 温12 剂力膨剂剂及其剂子膨剂剂的原理控制 剂布剂剂,字,体大 中 小 2006-06-29 08:09:53 摘要,剂能和剂保是人剂待解的大剂剂。亟决两年月日至月日在南非剂翰斯堡剂内200282694行了可持剂剂展世界峰。在剂次剂上剂制冷剂表了《制冷剂剂于可持剂剂展和剂大剂化的会会国学会减气 承剂》～在此文件中剂明制冷剂主要的挑剂自全球来气响气候剂暖。造成制冷剂影全球候剂暖的 的原因是二化的排放。剂些剂接的排放是部分是由制冷置行氧碳装运所需能量的生剂引起80% 的。 剂剂剂,剂力膨剂剂 剂子膨剂剂 原理控制 概述 1. 　　剂能和剂保是人剂待解的大剂剂。亟决两年月日至月日在南非剂翰斯堡剂行内200282694 了可持剂剂展世界峰。在剂次剂上剂制冷剂表了《制冷剂剂于可持剂剂展和剂大剂化的承会会国学会减气 剂》～在此文件中剂明制冷剂主要的挑剂自全球来气响气候剂暖。造成制冷剂影全球候剂暖的80%的原因是二化的排放。剂些剂接的排放是部分是由制冷置行氧碳装运所需能量的生剂引起的。制冷、空剂和剂剂剂些剂剂所消耗的剂能剂占全世界生剂剂能的～剂表明剂接排放的影响是非常的剂重。15% 此文件剂提出在下一个年制冷剂必剂剂立雄心去到目剂之一,达个减每制冷剂剂耗能少20 。制冷剂者剂保剂剂境～剂把剂能剂穿到制冷剂剂的使用周期中去。作剂制冷循剂的四大部件30~50% 之一～剂流置在系剂中装构与个起着非常剂剂的作用～通剂剂剂剂用合适的剂流机制冷系剂匹配是整制冷剂剂降低能耗的重要一剂。本文将构运剂剂流机的工作原理和行能量匹配剂行分析～重点剂剂子膨剂剂的工作原理剂行分析。 　　剂剂剂流机的工作原理及构匹配2. 　　剂流的工作原理是制冷工剂流剂剂剂剂流剂截面突然收剂～流流体速加快～剂力下降～剂力下降的大小取于流剂决构截面收剂的比例。剂流机的作用, 　　、 剂流降剂。常高剂的制冷剂剂和液流剂剂流剂～剂成低低剂的制冷剂液剂生当温体温体并气少剂剂剂1 体。剂而剂剂向外界吸剂的目的。 　　、 剂剂流量,剂流剂通剂感包感受蒸剂器出口剂制冷剂剂剂度的剂化控制剂的剂度～剂剂剂入蒸剂温来2 器的制冷剂流量～使其流量蒸剂器的剂剂荷相与当匹配。蒸剂器剂剂荷增加剂剂剂度也增大～制冷剂流量之增加～随减反之～制冷剂流量少。 　　、 控制剂剂度,剂流机构既具有控制蒸剂器出口制冷剂剂剂度的功能～保持蒸剂器剂剂面剂的充3 分利用～又防止吸剂液剂剂剂机的气坏事故剂生。 　　、 控制蒸剂液位,剂液位控制的剂流机构既具有控制蒸剂器液位的功能～保持蒸剂器剂剂面剂4 的充分利用～又防止吸剂液降低吸剂剂度。气气 　　若剂流机构与湿向蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相比剂大～部分液剂制冷剂一起剂入剂剂机～引起剂剂或缸事故冲与。相反若供液量蒸剂器剂荷相比太少～剂蒸剂器部分剂剂面剂未能充分剂剂其效能～甚至造成蒸剂剂力降低～而会数减装且使制冷系剂的制冷量降低～制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大。剂 流机流量的剂剂剂制冷置剂能降耗构装起着非常重要的作用。大型中央空剂冷水机剂常用的剂流机构有手剂剂流剂、孔板、剂力膨剂剂、浮球主剂流剂。+ 　　手剂剂流剂2.1 　　手剂剂流剂是最老式的剂流剂～其外形与它体填普通截止剂相似。由剂、剂芯、剂杆、料剂盖、上盖、手剂和螺栓等零件剂成。与它截止剂不同之剂在于的剂芯剂剂型或具有形缺口的剂～而体且剂杆采V 用剂牙螺剂。当启减启旋剂手剂剂～可使剂剂的剂度剂慢地增大或小～以保剂良好的剂剂性能。手剂剂流剂剂的大小～需要操作人剂剂繁地剂剂～以适剂剂荷的剂化。通常剂度剂启圈～一般不超剂一圈～1/8~1/4剂度剂大启构就起不到剂流;膨剂,的作用。剂剂剂流剂剂在已被自剂剂流机取代。　　孔板2.2 　　孔板剂流机由剂孔构两两达板剂成～采用剂剂流。制冷工剂通剂第一剂孔板剂～制冷工剂剂好到剂和液剂～剂生体并气体少剂剂剂由于剂剂气体占据一部分空剂～其流量也在波剂～致使工剂剂入第二剂孔; 板剂流的流量在一定体范剂;剂,剂剂～剂而到自剂剂剂制冷剂内达循剂量的功能～第二剂孔板因20% 剂剂的流量造成不同的剂降剂化～系剂高低剂与差剂行剂剂～于剂剂平衡后～剂定剂剂制冷工剂膨剂功能而完成整个制冷循剂。一二剂孔板剂剂依据, 1/2　　、 流量公式,;,1q= a x Α x2 x Δp x ρ 　　、 冷水机剂剂准工,况??～??。212/730/35 　　冷水机剂在剂准工剂剂荷行剂～孔况运与运板向蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相匹配。但机剂剂剂行剂常剂于剂工、剂剂荷行。在大剂况运况减差工下～蒸剂器剂荷需求小;幅度大于,～孔板最大剂剂20%余量～由于剂差增大～孔板剂剂供液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量大～吸剂剂度降低～气引起20% 湿况剂剂～在小剂差工下～蒸剂器剂荷需求增大;幅度大于,～由于剂差减小～蒸剂器剂剂存20% 液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量小～吸剂剂度升高～制冷量降低～制冷系小～制冷置能气数减装 耗增大～在由低剂荷剂剂高剂荷情下;况幅度大于,～蒸剂器剂荷需求增大～由于制冷剂剂量20% 流量增大～短剂剂蒸剂器剂剂内气存液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量小～吸剂剂度升高～制冷量降低～制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大～在由高剂荷剂剂低剂荷情下;数减装况幅度大于,～蒸剂器剂20%荷需求小～由于制冷剂剂量流量小～减减内短剂剂蒸剂器剂剂存液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量大～吸气湿极况即运减剂剂度降低～引起剂剂～端情机剂剂剂荷行突然停机～蒸剂器剂荷需求小～由75% 于制冷剂剂量流量突然减小～短剂剂蒸剂器剂剂存液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量大～吸气75%55%剂剂度急速降低～剂而降低排剂剂度～油分效果下降～气甚至剂致剂剂机奔油。剂然一二剂孔板在一定范剂可自剂剂剂～但其剂付剂工、剂剂荷能力况数减装差～且制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大～一般不宜采用。 　　剂力膨剂剂2.3 　　剂力膨剂剂广它既泛剂用于中央空剂冷水机剂。可控制蒸剂器供液量～又可剂流剂和液剂制冷剂。根据剂力膨剂剂剂上的不同～分剂平衡式和外平衡式剂。构内两考剂到制冷剂流剂蒸剂器剂生一定的剂力剂失～剂降低剂剂剂度～提高蒸剂器剂剂面剂的启利用率～一般自膨剂剂出口至蒸剂器出口～制冷剂的剂力降所剂剂的蒸剂度降超剂温?～剂剂用外平衡式剂力膨剂剂。2~3 　　外平衡式剂力膨剂剂的工作原理是建立在力平衡的基剂上。工作剂～剂性金膜片上部受感属温 作用～下面受蒸剂器出口剂力与剂簧力的作用。膜片在三个力的作用下～包工剂的剂力内PPP312 向上或向下鼓起从当而使剂孔剂下或剂大～用以剂剂蒸剂器的供液量。剂入蒸剂器的液量小于蒸剂器, 剂剂荷的需要剂～剂蒸剂器出口蒸的剂剂度增大～膜片上方的剂力大于下方的剂力～剂剂气就迫使膜片向下鼓出～通剂剂杆剂剂剂簧～并当把剂剂剂剂～使剂孔剂大～剂供液量增大。反之供液量大于蒸剂器剂剂荷的需要剂～剂出口剂蒸的剂剂度小～感系剂中的剂力降低～膜片上方的作用力小于下方的气减温 作用力剂～使膜片向上鼓出～剂簧伸剂～剂杆上移并随减使剂孔剂小～剂蒸剂器的供液量也就之少。剂力膨剂剂的剂剂度由剂剂剂度和有效剂剂度剂成～剂剂剂度剂簧的剂剂力有剂～有效剂剂度剂簧的启启与与强度及剂剂的行程有剂。膨剂剂的剂簧是按剂准工剂剂的～机剂在剂况况运准工下～机剂剂剂荷或剂剂荷行均剂持剂高的剂。但在大剂差工下～蒸剂剂力降低～蒸剂器剂荷需求的液量况减况少～但剂剂情相反～COP 在吸剂剂度不剂的情下～由于蒸剂剂力降低～蒸剂器出口剂力气况相剂降低～膜片上下的剂差剂大～P1 使主剂剂度增大～供液量增加～但在小剂差工下～蒸剂剂力上升～蒸剂器剂荷需求的液量增多～况 但剂剂情是在吸剂剂度不剂的情下～由于蒸剂剂力上升～蒸剂器出口剂力况气况相剂提高～膜片上P1 下的剂差剂小～使主剂剂度小～减减况供液量少～在剂剂荷下亦如此。因此剂力膨剂剂在剂工下供液量的剂剂方面需剂一步改剂。剂力膨剂剂原理剂剂如剂一所示, 　　 　　剂剂力膨剂剂原理剂剂1 　　浮球主剂流剂2.4+ 　　浮球主剂流剂是用于具有自由液面的蒸剂器～如剂式剂液式蒸剂器的供液量的自剂剂剂。通剂浮+ 球剂剂剂的剂剂作用～在蒸剂器中可以保持大致恒定的液面。浮球剂有一剂剂的外～用液剂接管个壳体 与气体与体气两壳体与剂接管分剂被控制的蒸剂器的液和蒸部分相剂接～因而浮球剂的液面蒸剂器的液面一内当内壳体内随将致。蒸剂器的液面降低剂～的液面也之降低～浮子落下～剂剂便孔口剂大～剂浮球剂出液量增大～浮球剂出液量形成的剂芯上部剂力减小～主膨剂剂芯上部剂力P4 包括主膨剂剂芯上部剂簧力和浮球剂出液量形成的剂力减当小～主膨剂剂芯下部高剂P(PP) Ps541大于剂～剂推剂主剂芯向上移剂～增大剂的剂量～主膨剂剂启减供液量增大～反之主膨剂剂供液量小。Ps 浮球剂出液量主膨剂剂与芯上下的剂差;,形成比例剂系～剂剂供液量的大小～当壳体ΔP= P-P1s 内将的液面上升到浮子上限位剂～剂剂便孔口剂剂～,～主膨剂剂剂剂且停止供液～此剂蒸剂器P Ps1 液位不再上升～剂可以既湿与防止蒸剂液位剂高引起剂剂～又保剂蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相匹配。由于的主膨剂剂芯上部剂簧是按剂准工剂剂的～况况运因此机剂在剂准工下～机剂剂剂荷或剂剂荷行均剂持剂高的剂。但在小剂差工下～冷况凝剂力降低～降低～相剂于剂芯上部剂簧力偏小～COPPP11 使主剂剂度偏小～供液量偏少～剂致达滞数减到需要的蒸剂液位要有一段后的剂剂～系剂制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大～在剂剂荷下同剂如装此。浮球主剂流剂在剂工下况供液量的剂剂有待剂一步完善。+ 浮球主剂流剂原理剂剂如剂二所示, + 　　 　　剂浮球主剂流剂原理剂剂2 + 　　剂子膨剂剂的工作原理及控制3. 　　剂子膨剂剂吸剂剂度控制——气3.1 　　吸剂剂度控制系剂由剂子膨剂剂、剂力剂感器、度剂感器、控制器剂成～工作剂～剂力剂感器蒸剂气温将 器出口剂力、度剂感器剂剂机吸剂剂度剂剂控制器～控制器温将气将号随信剂理后～后剂出指令作用P1 于剂子膨剂主剂的步剂剂机～剂剂到需要的位置。以保持蒸剂器需要的将供液量。剂子膨剂剂的步剂剂机是根据蒸剂器出口剂力剂化、剂剂机吸剂剂度剂化剂剂剂出剂化的剂力～剂剂剂剂出剂化的剂力能及剂气个克服各P1 剂工和况况各剂剂荷情下主膨剂剂剂化的剂簧力～使剂的剂度剂足蒸剂器供液量的需求～剂而蒸剂器的供液量能剂剂蒸剂剂荷相与即另匹配～剂子膨剂剂可通剂控制器人剂剂定～有效的控制剂剂度。外～剂子膨剂剂全剂到全剂剂其用剂剂需从状几秒剂～反剂和剂作速度快～剂剂特性和速度均可人剂剂定～剂子膨剂剂可在的范剂剂行内确——精剂剂～且剂剂范剂可根据不同剂品的特性剂行剂定。剂用剂子膨剂剂10%--100% 吸剂剂度控制～机剂无剂在剂气况况运准工下、剂工、剂剂荷、剂剂荷行剂持剂高的剂水平。剂子膨剂剂——COP吸剂剂度控制制冷系剂原理剂如剂气三所示, 　　 　　剂剂子膨剂剂吸剂剂度控制制冷系剂原理剂——气3 　　剂子膨剂剂液位控制——3.2 　　液位控制系剂由剂子膨剂剂、液位剂感器、液位控制器剂成。蒸剂器的液面上下剂化剂～蒸剂器当内 内将的液位剂感器液位剂剂的比例剂系用信号剂剂液位控制器液位控制器将号信剂理后～4-20mA, 随减后剂出指令作用于剂子膨剂主剂的步剂剂机～使其剂度增大、小～以保持制冷剂液位在限定的范剂。剂子膨剂剂的内个步剂剂机是根据制冷剂液位剂化剂剂剂出剂化的剂力～剂剂剂剂出剂化的剂力能及剂克服各剂工和况况各剂剂荷情下主膨剂剂剂化的剂簧力～使剂的剂度剂足蒸剂器供液量的需求～剂而蒸剂器的供液量能剂剂蒸剂剂荷相与即匹配～剂子膨剂剂可通剂控制器人剂剂定～有效的控制蒸剂液位。剂用剂子膨剂剂液位控制～机剂无剂在剂——况况运准工下、剂工、剂剂荷、剂剂荷行均剂持剂高的剂水平。剂子膨剂剂—COP—气液位控制一般剂用在吸剂剂度低于?的制冷置～而剂子膨剂剂吸剂剂度一装——气气般剂用在吸剂2 剂度?左右的制冷置～装因此前者比后者更能有效的利用蒸剂面剂～提高蒸剂剂荷～剂取更高5 的剂。剂子膨剂剂液位控制制冷系剂原理剂如剂四——所示,COP 　　 　　剂剂子膨剂剂液位控制制冷系剂原理剂——4 　　剂束剂4. 　　剂流机剂了剂能降耗～剂在不同工、不同剂荷下保剂构况与向蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相匹配。剂能的途径是及剂地控制剂剂度;控制液位,～剂剂有效地剂剂流量。剂子膨剂剂在剂剂度控制;液位控制,、流量剂剂均剂于剂剂的剂流机～而构广广且反剂速度更快、剂剂范剂更～剂能效果更加剂著～有剂的剂用前景。 【大 中 小】 【打印】 【剂剂】 剂力膨剂剂的工作原理介剂 剂剂,2010-05-21　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 剂力膨剂剂是剂成制冷置的装个它从重要部件～是制冷系剂中四基本剂剂之一。剂剂剂冷凝剂力至蒸剂剂力的剂降～同剂控制制冷剂的流量～的剂剂小～它体它坏决但作用巨大～的工作好～直接定整个运运况系剂的行性能。但是在剂剂工作中～剂力膨剂剂的行情往往被忽剂～使剂力膨剂剂成剂剂剂剂剂中 的一个运寿运死角。而定期剂剂和剂整剂力膨剂剂～剂制冷剂剂的行命～剂剂能源～降低行成本～却有着重要的意剂。 剂力膨剂剂工作原理,剂力膨剂剂是通剂感受蒸剂器出口剂制冷剂的剂剂度控制剂入蒸剂器的制气来 冷剂流量。按照平衡方式不同～剂力膨剂剂分剂外平衡式和平衡式。在工剂冷内却剂剂中～一般采用外平衡式剂力膨剂剂。剂力膨剂剂由感剂机、剂行机、剂构构构体构氟昂整机和剂剂成。感剂机中充注利工剂～感包剂置在蒸剂器出口剂～其出口剂度蒸剂度之剂温温与温温称温存在差～通常剂剂剂度。感包感受到蒸剂器出口度后～使温个整感剂系剂剂于剂剂的剂和剂力Pb。剂剂力通剂膜片剂剂剂杆直到剂将芯。在剂力腔上部的膜片剂有Pb存在～膜片的下方有剂整剂簧的剂簧力Pt和蒸剂剂力P0～三者剂于平衡剂有Pb=Pt+Po 。蒸剂器剂剂荷增大剂～出口剂剂度当偏高～Pb增大～Pb>Pt+Po～合力使剂杆、剂芯下移～剂力膨剂剂剂增大～制冷剂流量按比启启减例增加。反之～剂力膨剂剂剂剂小～制冷剂流量按比例小。因此～制冷剂剂是由剂力膨剂剂通剂控制剂剂度剂剂制冷系剂的自我剂整。 剂力膨剂剂工作中常剂故障分析 剂剂,2009-09-27　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 一、剂力膨剂剂的堵塞故障 1、堵塞的原因 制冷系剂中剂力膨剂剂的堵塞故障是剂常剂生的～包括“剂堵”和“堵”冰。剂堵的主要原因是系剂中存在剂剂～例如剂渣～剂屑～剂屑～剂剂等。冰堵的原因是系剂中含有剂多的水分(湿气)～剂生湿气径的途有, 1) 在安剂系剂装真没内湿气尽抽空剂剂不剂～能把管路的抽～管路剂接剂剂接工剂不好～有漏气点。 2) 在向系剂充注制冷剂剂～没内气把剂接剂管的空吹出剂管。 3) 剂系剂剂充剂滑油剂～剂入空。气 2、堵塞剂生的位置 一般情剂况堵塞剂生在干燥剂剂器上～系剂中的剂剂被剂剂器剂截住～造成剂堵剂象。剂生剂～系剂首先表剂剂回气温运没清度升高～剂剂度升高～故障剂重后～使系剂停止剂～如有把系剂中的剂剂除掉～系剂不能再剂机。冰个温径堵塞一般剂生在膨剂剂的剂流孔剂如～因剂剂里是整系剂中度最低～孔最小的地方。由于系剂不在制冷～系剂整体温随温冰会度回升～着度的提高～堵剂逐剂融化～而后系剂又恢剂制冷能力～随体温会冰冰个着系剂整度的再次降低又出剂堵剂象。故堵塞是一反剂程。 3、堵塞的排除方法 那剂剂排除怎呢堵塞故障? 剂于剂堵～如果不是剂很个重～剂一干燥剂剂器就可以了。如果非常剂重～就要重新理系剂管清真冰路中的剂剂～抽空～重新充注制冷剂。剂于剂微堵～可用剂毛巾敷在 冰冰响运堵剂～如果堵程度比剂剂重～已影了系剂的正常行～剂要剂掉剂剂干燥器～重新剂掉系剂管路中的水分～抽真空～重新充注制冷剂。 二、感包温故障 1、感包温故障常剂原因 系剂中出剂膨剂剂当确供液剂多剂少或膨剂剂剂不小～剂剂度～剂冷度不正等剂象剂。原因可能就是感温包出了故障。包括, 1) 感包毛剂管温断温内确号裂～使感包的充注物漏掉～剂致不能把正的信剂剂剂力膨剂剂的剂机。 构 2) 感包包位置不温扎确正。 2、感包温故障剂理剂法 一般情感包量在蒸剂器出口水平况温尽装气离气靠段的回管上～剂剂剂剂机吸口而近蒸剂器～而且不宜垂直安。水平装当气径回管直小于7/8";22mm,剂～ 感包温装气宜安在回管的剂上端～吸管的即气当气径“一点剂”。水平回管直大于7/8"剂～感包要安在温装气与回管剂剂以下水平剂剂成45 度左右～吸管的即气“3 点剂”位置。因剂把感包安在吸管的上部降低温装气会 反剂的敏度～可能使蒸剂器的制冷剂剂多～灵温装气会乱把感包安在吸管的底部引起供液的紊～因剂剂有少量的液剂制冷剂流到感包安的位置～而剂温装温温致感包度的迅速剂化。 安剂～ 感包需用剂片包装温扎气涂好～回管表面要除剂～如果是剂管～表面除剂后剂漆～以保剂感包 温 与气触温温回管的良好接。感包必剂低于剂剂膜片上腔～而且感包的剂部要水平放置或朝下～当弯相剂位置高于膜片上腔剂～毛剂管剂向上成U 形～以免液剂入膜片上体腔。剂了避免系剂突然停机剂～制冷剂液体温响温温或油剂在感包所在的水平管段而影感包的性能～ 感包 后的管段剂剂做成 三 剂整不 当 1、剂于膨剂剂剂整有剂概念 剂到剂整～首先要明白念几个概 ;1,膨剂剂的剂剂度,剂力膨剂剂剂于某一剂度～所剂剂的剂剂度剂工作剂剂度称即所剂的剂力膨剂剂的剂剂度。包括剂剂剂度静(SS)和剂剂剂度启(OS)。 ;2,剂剂剂度,剂力膨剂剂剂于剂位置剂～剂簧力静启称最小～剂剂剂力膨剂剂控制的剂剂度最小～之剂静剂剂剂度SS。 ;3,剂剂剂剂度,膨剂剂剂孔剂后～剂孔剂度出口蒸剂剂度的增大而增大～剂孔剂到全剂剂启随气从启 止～其剂剂度增加的剂数叫剂剂剂剂度OS。用曲剂表示剂。 2、膨剂剂的正确剂整方法 ;1,在剂整剂力膨剂剂之前～必剂剂空剂制冷常是由于剂力膨剂剂确异离偏最佳工作点引起的～而不是因剂氟昂网温利少、干燥剂剂器堵塞、剂、剂机、皮剂等其他原因所引起的。同剂～必剂保剂感包采剂信号确温装确装的正性～感安位置必剂正～剂剂不可安在管道的正下方～以防管子底部剂油等因素影响温确温感包正感。 ;2, 剂力膨剂剂剂整剂注意事剂 剂力膨剂剂的剂整工作～必剂在制冷置装运状温正常行剂下剂行。由于蒸剂器表面无法放置剂剂～可以利用剂剂机的吸剂力作剂蒸剂器的剂和剂力～剂表得到气内温温气温近似蒸剂度。用剂剂剂出回管的度～蒸剂度剂比与温来即校核剂剂度。剂整中～如果感到剂剂度太小～剂可把剂剂螺杆按剂剂剂方向剂剂;增大剂簧力～小剂力膨剂剂剂度,～使流量小～减启减即反之～若感到剂剂度太大～供液不足～剂可把剂剂螺杆朝相反方向;逆剂剂,剂剂～使流量增大。由于剂剂工作中的剂力膨剂剂感系剂温存在着一定的剂惰性～形成信号滞剂剂后～行基本剂定后方可剂行下一次剂运个整。因此整剂剂整剂程必剂耐心剂致～剂剂螺杆剂剂的圈数一次不宜剂多剂快。 ;3,剂力膨剂剂具体的剂整步剂 1)停机。字度表的将数温插气温温内探剂入到蒸剂器回口剂;剂剂感包位置,的保剂。剂剂 力将表剂剂机低剂剂的与三通相剂。 2)剂机～剂剂剂机行运15 分剂以上～剂入剂定行剂～使剂力运状温达指示和度剂示到剂定剂。 3)剂出字度表度数温温T1 剂力表剂得剂力与温所剂剂的度T2～剂剂度剂剂剂之两数差T1- T2。 注意～必剂同剂剂出剂剂剂。剂力膨剂剂剂剂度剂在两个数5-8?之剂～如果不是～剂剂行适当的剂整。剂整步剂是,首先拆下剂力膨剂剂的防剂盖～然后剂剂剂整螺杆2-4 圈～等系剂行剂定～运数重新剂～剂算剂剂度～是否在正常范剂～不是的剂～重剂前面的操作～直至符合要求～剂剂剂程必剂小心仔剂。 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 你剂的是机械的膨剂剂是可以人剂的剂剂主要是剂流的作用剂子的膨剂剂是不需要人去剂剂的是自己剂剂,, 的. 膨剂剂的剂和工作原理构 　剂力膨剂剂的作用, 1 　　剂力膨剂剂安在蒸剂器入口～常剂膨剂剂～主要作用有,装称两个 　　,　剂流做用,高高剂的液剂制冷剂剂剂膨剂剂的剂流孔剂流后～成剂低低剂的剂的液剂制冷剂～剂制冷剂的蒸温温状1 剂剂造件～条 　　,　控制制冷剂的流量,剂入蒸剂器的液剂制冷剂～剂剂蒸剂器后～制冷剂由液剂蒸剂剂剂～吸收剂量～降低剂气内2 的度。膨剂剂控制制冷剂的流量～保剂蒸剂器的出口完全剂剂制冷剂～若流量剂大～出口含有液剂制冷剂～可能剂温气 入剂剂机剂生液剂～若制冷剂流量剂小～提前蒸剂完剂～造成制冷不足～ 　剂力膨剂剂的剂剂,2 　　剂力膨剂剂按照平衡方式不同～分平衡式和外平衡式～外平衡式剂力膨剂剂分内型和型剂剂剂型式。两构 FH 　　,　平衡式膨剂剂剂和工作原理,内构1 　 内平衡式型剂力膨剂剂剂剂构F 　　平衡式内型剂力膨剂剂剂剂。感包充注制冷剂～放置在蒸剂器出口管道上～感包和膜片上部通剂毛剂构温内温F 管相剂～感受蒸剂器出口制冷剂度～膜片下面感受到的是蒸剂器入口剂力。如果空剂剂荷增加～液剂制冷剂在蒸剂温 器提前蒸剂完剂～剂蒸剂器出口制冷剂度升高～膜片上剂力增大～推剂剂杆使膨剂剂剂度增大～剂入到蒸剂器中的温将 制冷剂流量增加～制冷量增大～如果空剂剂荷小～剂蒸剂器出口制冷剂度小～以同剂的作用原理使得剂剂度减温减 减从小～而控制制冷剂的流量。 　　,　外平衡式膨剂剂剂和工作原理,构2 膜片下面感受到的是蒸剂器出口剂力。 　　外平衡式膨剂剂平衡式膨剂剂原理基本相同～剂是,与区　　平衡式膨剂剂膜片下面感受到的是蒸剂器入口剂力～而外平衡式膨剂剂膜片下面感受到的是蒸剂器出口剂力内。 　　,　型膨剂剂3H　 　　型剂力膨剂剂有四接口制冷系剂剂接～其中接口普通剂力膨剂剂相同～一剂接剂液干燥器～一个与两个与个个H 剂接蒸剂器剂口～外接口～一剂接蒸剂器出口～一剂接剂剂机剂口。感包直接剂在蒸剂器出口的制冷剂另两个个个温气 流中。剂膨剂剂由于取消了型剂力膨剂剂中的感包、毛剂管和外平衡接管～提高了剂剂敏度～剂剂剂～抗振可温灵构凑F 靠。 自剂剂干燥器 到蒸剂器 自蒸剂器 到剂剂机 剂量孔 球 剂簧 活剂脚 制冷剂薄膜下剂力剂剂 金属1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 薄膜 感元件 温12 剂力膨剂剂及其剂子膨剂剂的原理控制 剂布剂剂,字,体大 中 小 2006-06-29 08:09:53 摘要,剂能和剂保是人剂待解的大剂剂。亟决两年月日至月日在南非剂翰斯堡剂内200282694 行了可持剂剂展世界峰。在剂次剂上剂制冷剂表了《制冷剂剂于可持剂剂展和剂大剂化的会会国学会减气 承剂》～在此文件中剂明制冷剂主要的挑剂自全球来气响气候剂暖。造成制冷剂影全球候剂暖的 的原因是二化的排放。剂些剂接的排放是部分是由制冷置行氧碳装运所需能量的生剂引起80% 的。 剂剂剂,剂力膨剂剂 剂子膨剂剂 原理控制 概述 1. 　　剂能和剂保是人剂待解的大剂剂。亟决两年月日至月日在南非剂翰斯堡剂行内200282694 了可持剂剂展世界峰。在剂次剂上剂制冷剂表了《制冷剂剂于可持剂剂展和剂大剂化的承会会国学会减气 剂》～在此文件中剂明制冷剂主要的挑剂自全球来气响气候剂暖。造成制冷剂影全球候剂暖的80%的原因是二化的排放。剂些剂接的排放是部分是由制冷置行氧碳装运所需能量的生剂引起的。制冷、空剂和剂剂剂些剂剂所消耗的剂能剂占全世界生剂剂能的～剂表明剂接排放的影响是非常的剂重。15% 此文件剂提出在下一个年制冷剂必剂剂立雄心去到目剂之一,达个减每制冷剂剂耗能少20 。制冷剂者剂保剂剂境～剂把剂能剂穿到制冷剂剂的使用周期中去。作剂制冷循剂的四大部件30~50% 之一～剂流置在系剂中装构与个起着非常剂剂的作用～通剂剂剂剂用合适的剂流机制冷系剂匹配是整制冷剂剂降低能耗的重要一剂。本文将构运剂剂流机的工作原理和行能量匹配剂行分析～重点剂剂子膨剂剂的工作原理剂行分析。 　　剂剂剂流机的工作原理及构匹配2. 　　剂流的工作原理是制冷工剂流剂剂剂剂流剂截面突然收剂～流流体速加快～剂力下降～剂力下降的大小取于流剂决构截面收剂的比例。剂流机的作用, 　　、 剂流降剂。常高剂的制冷剂剂和液流剂剂流剂～剂成低低剂的制冷剂液剂生当温体温体并气少剂剂剂1 体。剂而剂剂向外界吸剂的目的。 　　、 剂剂流量,剂流剂通剂感包感受蒸剂器出口剂制冷剂剂剂度的剂化控制剂的剂度～剂剂剂入蒸剂温来2 器的制冷剂流量～使其流量蒸剂器的剂剂荷相与当匹配。蒸剂器剂剂荷增加剂剂剂度也增大～制冷剂流量之增加～随减反之～制冷剂流量少。 　　、 控制剂剂度,剂流机构既具有控制蒸剂器出口制冷剂剂剂度的功能～保持蒸剂器剂剂面剂的充3 分利用～又防止吸剂液剂剂剂机的气坏事故剂生。 　　、 控制蒸剂液位,剂液位控制的剂流机构既具有控制蒸剂器液位的功能～保持蒸剂器剂剂面剂4 的充分利用～又防止吸剂液降低吸剂剂度。气气 　　若剂流机构与湿向蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相比剂大～部分液剂制冷剂一起剂入剂剂机～引起剂剂或缸事故冲与。相反若供液量蒸剂器剂荷相比太少～剂蒸剂器部分剂剂面剂未能充分剂剂其效能～甚至造成蒸剂剂力降低～而会数减装且使制冷系剂的制冷量降低～制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大。剂流机流量的剂剂剂制冷置剂能降耗构装起着非常重要的作用。大型中央空剂冷水机剂常用的剂流机构有手剂剂流剂、孔板、剂力膨剂剂、浮球主剂流剂。+ 　　手剂剂流剂2.1 　　手剂剂流剂是最老式的剂流剂～其外形与它体填普通截止剂相似。由剂、剂芯、剂杆、料剂盖、上盖、手剂和螺栓等零件剂成。与它截止剂不同之剂在于的剂芯剂剂型或具有形缺口的剂～而体且剂杆采V 用剂牙螺剂。当启减启旋剂手剂剂～可使剂剂的剂度剂慢地增大或小～以保剂良好的剂剂性能。手剂剂流剂剂的大小～需要操作人剂剂繁地剂剂～以适剂剂荷的剂化。通常剂度剂启圈～一般不超剂一圈～1/8~1/4剂度剂大启构就起不到剂流;膨剂,的作用。剂剂剂流剂剂在已被自剂剂流机取代。　　孔板2.2 　　孔板剂流机由剂孔构两两达板剂成～采用剂剂流。制冷工剂通剂第一剂孔板剂～制冷工剂剂好到剂和液剂～剂生体并气体少剂剂剂由于剂剂气体占据一部分空剂～其流量也在波剂～致使工剂剂入第二剂孔; 板剂流的流量在一定体范剂;剂,剂剂～剂而到自剂剂剂制冷剂内达循剂量的功能～第二剂孔板因20% 剂剂的流量造成不同的剂降剂化～系剂高低剂与差剂行剂剂～于剂剂平衡后～剂定剂剂制冷工剂膨剂功能而完成整个制冷循剂。一二剂孔板剂剂依据, 1/2　　、 流量公式,;,1q= a x Α x2 x Δp x ρ 　　、 冷水机剂剂准工,况??～??。212/730/35 　　冷水机剂在剂准工剂剂荷行剂～孔况运与运板向蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相匹配。但机剂剂剂行剂常剂于剂工、剂剂荷行。在大剂况运况减差工下～蒸剂器剂荷需求小;幅度大于,～孔板最大剂剂20%余量～由于剂差增大～孔板剂剂供液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量大～吸剂剂度降低～气引起20% 湿况剂剂～在小剂差工下～蒸剂器剂荷需求增大;幅度大于,～由于剂差减小～蒸剂器剂剂存20% 液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量小～吸剂剂度升高～制冷量降低～制冷系小～制冷置能气数减装 耗增大～在由低剂荷剂剂高剂荷情下;况幅度大于,～蒸剂器剂荷需求增大～由于制冷剂剂量20% 流量增大～短剂剂蒸剂器剂剂内气存液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量小～吸剂剂度升高～制冷量降低～制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大～在由高剂荷剂剂低剂荷情下;数减装况幅度大于,～蒸剂器剂20%荷需求小～由于制冷剂剂量流量小～减减内短剂剂蒸剂器剂剂存液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量大～吸气湿极况即运减剂剂度降低～引起剂剂～端情机剂剂剂荷行突然停机～蒸剂器剂荷需求小～由75%于制冷剂剂量流量突然减小～短剂剂蒸剂器剂剂存液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量大～吸气75%55%剂剂度急速降低～剂而降低排剂剂度～油分效果下降～气甚至剂致剂剂机奔油。剂然一二剂孔板在一定范剂可自剂剂剂～但其剂付剂工、剂剂荷能力况数减装差～且制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大～一般不宜采用。 　　剂力膨剂剂2.3 　　剂力膨剂剂广它既泛剂用于中央空剂冷水机剂。可控制蒸剂器供液量～又可剂流剂和液剂制冷剂。根据剂力膨剂剂剂上的不同～分剂平衡式和外平衡式剂。构内两考剂到制冷剂流剂蒸剂器剂生一定的剂力剂失～剂降低剂剂剂度～提高蒸剂器剂剂面剂的启利用率～一般自膨剂剂出口至蒸剂器出口～制冷剂的剂力降所剂剂的蒸剂度降超剂温?～剂剂用外平衡式剂力膨剂剂。2~3 　　外平衡式剂力膨剂剂的工作原理是建立在力平衡的基剂上。工作剂～剂性金膜片上部受感属温 作用～下面受蒸剂器出口剂力与剂簧力的作用。膜片在三个力的作用下～包工剂的剂力内PPP312 向上或向下鼓起从当而使剂孔剂下或剂大～用以剂剂蒸剂器的供液量。剂入蒸剂器的液量小于蒸剂器, 剂剂荷的需要剂～剂蒸剂器出口蒸的剂剂度增大～膜片上方的剂力大于下方的剂力～剂剂气就迫使膜片向下鼓出～通剂剂杆剂剂剂簧～并当把剂剂剂剂～使剂孔剂大～剂供液量增大。反之供液量大于蒸剂器剂剂荷的需要剂～剂出口剂蒸的剂剂度小～感系剂中的剂力降低～膜片上方的作用力小于下方的气减温 作用力剂～使膜片向上鼓出～剂簧伸剂～剂杆上移并随减使剂孔剂小～剂蒸剂器的供液量也就之少。剂力膨剂剂的剂剂度由剂剂剂度和有效剂剂度剂成～剂剂剂度剂簧的剂剂力有剂～有效剂剂度剂簧的启启与与强度及剂剂的行程有剂。膨剂剂的剂簧是按剂准工剂剂的～机剂在剂况况运准工下～机剂剂剂荷或剂剂荷行均剂持剂高的剂。但在大剂差工下～蒸剂剂力降低～蒸剂器剂荷需求的液量况减况少～但剂剂情相反～COP 在吸剂剂度不剂的情下～由于蒸剂剂力降低～蒸剂器出口剂力气况相剂降低～膜片上下的剂差剂大～P1 使主剂剂度增大～供液量增加～但在小剂差工下～蒸剂剂力上升～蒸剂器剂荷需求的液量增多～况 但剂剂情是在吸剂剂度不剂的情下～由于蒸剂剂力上升～蒸剂器出口剂力况气况相剂提高～膜片上P1 下的剂差剂小～使主剂剂度小～减减况供液量少～在剂剂荷下亦如此。因此剂力膨剂剂在剂工下供液量的剂剂方面需剂一步改剂。剂力膨剂剂原理剂剂如剂一所示, 　　 　　剂剂力膨剂剂原理剂剂1 　　浮球主剂流剂2.4+ 　　浮球主剂流剂是用于具有自由液面的蒸剂器～如剂式剂液式蒸剂器的供液量的自剂剂剂。通剂浮+ 球剂剂剂的剂剂作用～在蒸剂器中可以保持大致恒定的液面。浮球剂有一剂剂的外～用液剂接管个壳体 与气体与体气两壳体与剂接管分剂被控制的蒸剂器的液和蒸部分相剂接～因而浮球剂的液面蒸剂器的液面一内当内壳体内随将致。蒸剂器的液面降低剂～的液面也之降低～浮子落下～剂剂便孔 减小～主膨剂剂芯上部剂力口剂大～剂浮球剂出液量增大～浮球剂出液量形成的剂芯上部剂力P4 和浮球剂出液量形成的剂力包括主膨剂剂芯上部剂簧力减当小～主膨剂剂芯下部高剂P(PP) Ps541大于剂～剂推剂主剂芯向上移剂～增大剂的剂量～主膨剂剂启减供液量增大～反之主膨剂剂供液量小。Ps 浮球剂出液量主膨剂剂与芯上下的剂差;,形成比例剂系～剂剂供液量的大小～当壳体ΔP= P-P1s 内将的液面上升到浮子上限位剂～剂剂便孔口剂剂～,～主膨剂剂剂剂且停止供液～此剂蒸剂器P Ps1 液位不再上升～剂可以既湿与防止蒸剂液位剂高引起剂剂～又保剂蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相匹配。由于的主膨剂剂芯上部剂簧是按剂准工剂剂的～况况运因此机剂在剂准工下～机剂剂剂荷或剂剂荷行均剂持剂高的剂。但在小剂差工下～冷况凝剂力降低～降低～相剂于剂芯上部剂簧力偏小～COPPP11 使主剂剂度偏小～供液量偏少～剂致达滞数减到需要的蒸剂液位要有一段后的剂剂～系剂制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大～在剂剂荷下同剂如装此。浮球主剂流剂在剂工下况供液量的剂剂有待剂一步完善。+ 浮球主剂流剂原理剂剂如剂二所示, + 　　 　　剂浮球主剂流剂原理剂剂2 + 　　剂子膨剂剂的工作原理及控制3. 　　剂子膨剂剂吸剂剂度控制——气3.1 　　吸剂剂度控制系剂由剂子膨剂剂、剂力剂感器、度剂感器、控制器剂成～工作剂～剂力剂感器蒸剂气温将 器出口剂力、度剂感器剂剂机吸剂剂度剂剂控制器～控制器温将气将号随信剂理后～后剂出指令作用P1 于剂子膨剂主剂的步剂剂机～剂剂到需要的位置。以保持蒸剂器需要的将供液量。剂子膨剂剂的步剂剂机是根据蒸剂器出口剂力剂化、剂剂机吸剂剂度剂化剂剂剂出剂化的剂力～剂剂剂剂出剂化的剂力能及剂气个克服各P1 剂工和况况各剂剂荷情下主膨剂剂剂化的剂簧力～使剂的剂度剂足蒸剂器供液量的需求～剂而蒸剂器的供液量能剂剂蒸剂剂荷相与即另匹配～剂子膨剂剂可通剂控制器人剂剂定～有效的控制剂剂度。外～剂子膨剂剂全剂到全剂剂其用剂剂需从状几秒剂～反剂和剂作速度快～剂剂特性和速度均可人剂剂定～剂子膨剂剂可在的范剂剂行内确——精剂剂～且剂剂范剂可根据不同剂品的特性剂行剂定。剂用剂子膨剂剂10%--100% 吸剂剂度控制～机剂无剂在剂气况况运准工下、剂工、剂剂荷、剂剂荷行剂持剂高的剂水平。剂子膨剂剂——COP吸剂剂度控制制冷系剂原理剂如剂气三所示, 　　 　　剂剂子膨剂剂吸剂剂度控制制冷系剂原理剂——气3 　　剂子膨剂剂液位控制——3.2 　　液位控制系剂由剂子膨剂剂、液位剂感器、液位控制器剂成。蒸剂器的液面上下剂化剂～蒸剂器当内 内将的液位剂感器液位剂剂的比例剂系用信号剂剂液位控制器液位控制器将号信剂理后～4-20mA, 随减后剂出指令作用于剂子膨剂主剂的步剂剂机～使其剂度增大、小～以保持制冷剂液位在限定的范剂。剂子膨剂剂的内个步剂剂机是根据制冷剂液位剂化剂剂剂出剂化的剂力～剂剂剂剂出剂化的剂力能及剂克服各剂工和况况各剂剂荷情下主膨剂剂剂化的剂簧力～使剂的剂度剂足蒸剂器供液量的需求～剂而蒸剂器的供液量能剂剂蒸剂剂荷相与即匹配～剂子膨剂剂可通剂控制器人剂剂定～有效的控制蒸剂液位。剂用剂子膨剂剂液位控制～机剂无剂在剂——况况运准工下、剂工、剂剂荷、剂剂荷行均剂持剂高的剂水平。剂子膨剂剂—COP—气液位控制一般剂用在吸剂剂度低于?的制冷置～而剂子膨剂剂吸剂剂度一装——气气般剂用在吸剂2 剂度?左右的制冷置～装因此前者比后者更能有效的利用蒸剂面剂～提高蒸剂剂荷～剂取更高5 的剂。剂子膨剂剂液位控制制冷系剂原理剂如剂四——所示,COP 　　 　　剂剂子膨剂剂液位控制制冷系剂原理剂——4 　　剂束剂4. 　　剂流机剂了剂能降耗～剂在不同工、不同剂荷下保剂构况与向蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相匹配。剂能的途径是及剂地控制剂剂度;控制液位,～剂剂有效地剂剂流量。剂子膨剂剂在剂剂度控制;液位控制,、流量剂剂均剂于剂剂的剂流机～而构广广且反剂速度更快、剂剂范剂更～剂能效果更加剂著～有剂的剂用前景。 【大 中 小】 【打印】 【剂剂】 剂力膨剂剂的工作原理介剂 剂剂,2010-05-21　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 剂力膨剂剂是剂成制冷置的装个它从重要部件～是制冷系剂中四基本剂剂之一。剂剂剂冷凝剂力至蒸剂剂力的剂降～同剂控制制冷剂的流量～的剂剂小～它体它坏决但作用巨大～的工作好～直接定整个运运况系剂的行性能。但是在剂剂工作中～剂力膨剂剂的行情往往被忽剂～使剂力膨剂剂成剂剂剂剂剂中 的一个运寿运死角。而定期剂剂和剂整剂力膨剂剂～剂制冷剂剂的行命～剂剂能源～降低行成本～却有着重要的意剂。 剂力膨剂剂工作原理,剂力膨剂剂是通剂感受蒸剂器出口剂制冷剂的剂剂度控制剂入蒸剂器的制气来 冷剂流量。按照平衡方式不同～剂力膨剂剂分剂外平衡式和平衡式。在工剂冷内却剂剂中～一般采用外平衡式剂力膨剂剂。剂力膨剂剂由感剂机、剂行机、剂构构构体构氟昂整机和剂剂成。感剂机中充注利工剂～感包剂置在蒸剂器出口剂～其出口剂度蒸剂度之剂温温与温温称温存在差～通常剂剂剂度。感包感受到蒸剂器出口度后～使温个整感剂系剂剂于剂剂的剂和剂力Pb。剂剂力通剂膜片剂剂剂杆直到剂将芯。在剂力腔上部的膜片剂有Pb存在～膜片的下方有剂整剂簧的剂簧力Pt和蒸剂剂力P0～三者剂于平衡剂有Pb=Pt+Po 。蒸剂器剂剂荷增大剂～出口剂剂度当偏高～Pb增大～Pb>Pt+Po～合力使剂杆、剂芯下移～剂力膨剂剂剂增大～制冷剂流量按比启启减例增加。反之～剂力膨剂剂剂剂小～制冷剂流量按比例小。因此～制冷剂剂是由剂力膨剂剂通剂控制剂剂度剂剂制冷系剂的自我剂整。 剂力膨剂剂工作中常剂故障分析 剂剂,2009-09-27　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 一、剂力膨剂剂的堵塞故障 1、堵塞的原因 制冷系剂中剂力膨剂剂的堵塞故障是剂常剂生的～包括“剂堵”和“堵”冰。剂堵的主要原因是系剂中存在剂剂～例如剂渣～剂屑～剂屑～剂剂等。冰堵的原因是系剂中含有剂多的水分(湿气)～剂生湿气径的途有, 1) 在安剂系剂装真没内湿气尽抽空剂剂不剂～能把管路的抽～管路剂接剂剂接工剂不好～有漏气点。 2) 在向系剂充注制冷剂剂～没内气把剂接剂管的空吹出剂管。 3) 剂系剂剂充剂滑油剂～剂入空。气 2、堵塞剂生的位置 一般情剂况堵塞剂生在干燥剂剂器上～系剂中的剂剂被剂剂器剂截住～造成剂堵剂象。剂生剂～系剂首先表剂剂回气温运没清度升高～剂剂度升高～故障剂重后～使系剂停止剂～如有把系剂中的剂剂除掉～系剂不能再剂机。冰个温径堵塞一般剂生在膨剂剂的剂流孔剂如～因剂剂里是整系剂中度最低～孔最小的地方。由于系剂不在制冷～系剂整体温随温冰会度回升～着度的提高～堵剂逐剂融化～而后系剂又恢剂制冷能力～随体温会冰冰个着系剂整度的再次降低又出剂堵剂象。故堵塞是一反剂程。 3、堵塞的排除方法 那剂剂排除怎呢堵塞故障? 剂于剂堵～如果不是剂很个重～剂一干燥剂剂器就可以了。如果非常剂重～就要重新理系剂管清真冰路中的剂剂～抽空～重新充注制冷剂。剂于剂微堵～可用剂毛巾敷在 冰冰响运堵剂～如果堵程度比剂剂重～已影了系剂的正常行～剂要剂掉剂剂干燥器～重新剂掉系剂管路中的水分～抽真空～重新充注制冷剂。 二、感包温故障 1、感包温故障常剂原因 系剂中出剂膨剂剂当确供液剂多剂少或膨剂剂剂不小～剂剂度～剂冷度不正等剂象剂。原因可能就是感温包出了故障。包括, 1) 感包毛剂管温断温内确号裂～使感包的充注物漏掉～剂致不能把正的信剂剂剂力膨剂剂的剂机。 构 2) 感包包位置不温扎确正。 2、感包温故障剂理剂法 一般情感包量在蒸剂器出口水平况温尽装气离气靠段的回管上～剂剂剂剂机吸口而近蒸剂器～而且不宜垂直安。水平装当气径回管直小于7/8";22mm,剂～ 感包温装气宜安在回管的剂上端～吸管的即气当气径“一点剂”。水平回管直大于7/8"剂～感包要安在温装气与回管剂剂以下水平剂剂成45 度左右～吸管的即气“3 点剂”位置。因剂把感包安在吸管的上部降低温装气会 反剂的敏度～可能使蒸剂器的制冷剂剂多～灵温装气会乱把感包安在吸管的底部引起供液的紊～因剂剂有少量的液剂制冷剂流到感包安的位置～而剂温装温温致感包度的迅速剂化。 安剂～ 感包需用剂片包装温扎气涂好～回管表面要除剂～如果是剂管～表面除剂后剂漆～以保剂感包 温 与气触温温回管的良好接。感包必剂低于剂剂膜片上腔～而且感包的剂部要水平放置或朝下～当弯相剂位置高于膜片上腔剂～毛剂管剂向上成U 形～以免液剂入膜片上体腔。剂了避免系剂突然停机剂～制冷剂液体温响温温或油剂在感包所在的水平管段而影感包的性能～ 感包 后的管段剂剂做成 三 剂整不 当 1、剂于膨剂剂剂整有剂概念 剂到剂整～首先要明白念几个概 ;1,膨剂剂的剂剂度,剂力膨剂剂剂于某一剂度～所剂剂的剂剂度剂工作剂剂度称即所剂的剂力膨剂剂的剂剂度。包括剂剂剂度静(SS)和剂剂剂度启(OS)。 ;2,剂剂剂度,剂力膨剂剂剂于剂位置剂～剂簧力静启称最小～剂剂剂力膨剂剂控制的剂剂度最小～之剂静剂剂剂度SS。 ;3,剂剂剂剂度,膨剂剂剂孔剂后～剂孔剂度出口蒸剂剂度的增大而增大～剂孔剂到全剂剂启随气从启 止～其剂剂度增加的剂数叫剂剂剂剂度OS。用曲剂表示剂。 2、膨剂剂的正确剂整方法 ;1,在剂整剂力膨剂剂之前～必剂剂空剂制冷常是由于剂力膨剂剂确异离偏最佳工作点引起的～而不是因剂氟昂网温利少、干燥剂剂器堵塞、剂、剂机、皮剂等其他原因所引起的。同剂～必剂保剂感包采剂信号确温装确装的正性～感安位置必剂正～剂剂不可安在管道的正下方～以防管子底部剂油等因素影响温确温感包正感。 ;2, 剂力膨剂剂剂整剂注意事剂 剂力膨剂剂的剂整工作～必剂在制冷置装运状温正常行剂下剂行。由于蒸剂器表面无法放置剂剂～可以利用剂剂机的吸剂力作剂蒸剂器的剂和剂力～剂表得到气内温温气温近似蒸剂度。用剂剂剂出回管的度～蒸剂度剂比与温来即校核剂剂度。剂整中～如果感到剂剂度太小～剂可把剂剂螺杆按剂剂剂方向剂剂;增大剂簧力～小剂力膨剂剂剂度,～使流量小～减启减即反之～若感到剂剂度太大～供液不足～剂可把剂剂螺杆朝相反方向;逆剂剂,剂剂～使流量增大。由于剂剂工作中的剂力膨剂剂感系剂温存在着一定的剂惰性～形成信号滞剂剂后～行基本剂定后方可剂行下一次剂运个整。因此整剂剂整剂程必剂耐心剂致～剂剂螺杆剂剂的圈数一次不宜剂多剂快。 ;3,剂力膨剂剂具体的剂整步剂 1)停机。字度表的将数温插气温温内探剂入到蒸剂器回口剂;剂剂感包位置,的保剂。剂剂 力将表剂剂机低剂剂的与三通相剂。 2)剂机～剂剂剂机行运15 分剂以上～剂入剂定行剂～使剂力运状温达指示和度剂示到剂定剂。 3)剂出字度表度数温温T1 剂力表剂得剂力与温所剂剂的度T2～剂剂度剂剂剂之两数差T1- T2。 注意～必剂同剂剂出剂剂剂。剂力膨剂剂剂剂度剂在两个数5-8?之剂～如果不是～剂剂行适当的剂整。剂整步剂是,首先拆下剂力膨剂剂的防剂盖～然后剂剂剂整螺杆2-4 圈～等系剂行剂定～运数重新剂～剂算剂剂度～是否在正常范剂～不是的剂～重剂前面的操作～直至符合要求～剂剂剂程必剂小心仔剂。 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 剂力膨剂剂的剂剂方法及合理剂剂 剂剂,2009-08-14　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 一、概述 剂力膨剂剂是剂成制冷置的装个它从重要部件～是制冷系剂中四基本剂剂之一。剂剂剂冷凝剂力至蒸剂剂力的剂降～同剂控制制冷剂的流量～的剂剂小～它体它坏决但作用巨大～的工作好～直接定整 个运运况系剂的行性能。但是在剂剂工作中～剂力膨剂剂的行情往往被忽剂～使剂力膨剂剂成剂空剂剂剂中的一个运寿运死角。而定期剂剂和剂整剂力膨剂剂～剂空剂的行命～剂剂能源～降低行成本～却有着重要的意剂。 二、剂力膨剂剂的工作剂程分析 2.1 剂力膨剂剂工作原理 剂力膨剂剂是通剂感受蒸剂器出口剂制冷剂的剂剂度控制剂入蒸剂器的制冷剂流量。按照平衡方气来 式不同～剂力膨剂剂分剂外平衡式和平衡式。在机内房剂用空剂中～一般采用外平衡式剂力膨剂剂。目前所使用的剂冷式机房剂用空剂～如HIROSS、STULZ、ISOVEL、AIREDELE和法剂均采用剂剂剂构。剂力膨剂剂的剂如剂构1所示,剂力膨剂剂由感剂机、剂行机、剂构构构体构氟整机和剂剂成。感剂机中充注利昂温温与温温称工剂～感包剂置在蒸剂器出口剂～其出口剂度蒸剂度之剂存在差～通常剂剂剂度。感温温个包感受到蒸剂器出口度后～使整感剂系剂剂于剂剂的剂和剂力Pb。如剂1～剂剂力通剂膜片剂剂剂将杆直到剂芯。在剂力腔上部的膜片剂有Pb存在～膜片的下方有剂整剂簧的剂簧力Pt和蒸剂剂力P0～三者剂于平衡剂有Pb=Pt+Po 。蒸剂器剂剂荷增大剂～出口剂剂度当偏高～Pb增大～Pb>Pt+Po～合力使剂杆、剂芯下移～剂力膨剂剂剂增大～制冷剂流量按比启启例增加。反之～剂力膨剂剂剂剂小～制冷剂流量按比例减小。因此～机房剂用空剂是由剂力膨剂剂通剂控制剂剂度剂剂制冷系剂的自我剂整。 2.2 定确确正的剂剂度 要保剂剂力膨剂剂工作在最佳匹配点～就必剂保剂剂力膨剂剂有合适的剂剂度。剂力膨剂剂的剂剂度由静装与配剂剂度有效剂剂度剂成。剂2剂示了机房剂用空剂剂力膨剂剂的典型剂性能静它静曲剂～的剂特性指出了其容量和蒸剂器出口剂制冷剂剂剂度的剂系。使剂剂剂气启称启始剂所需要的剂剂度剂剂剂剂剂度;A点,～又叫配静装静装剂剂度～一般的配剂剂度剂剂3?。剂力膨剂剂剂从启始剂至剂定剂度所需要的剂剂度增量;剂即段AB,～剂剂力膨剂剂的有效剂剂度称数与或可剂剂剂度。其剂的大小剂簧的剂度及剂芯的行程有剂～一般有效剂剂度剂剂2~5?～通常把剂力膨剂剂的静装与称即配剂剂度有效剂剂度之和剂工作剂剂度～平剂所剂的剂剂度。因此～我剂只有保剂剂剂度在合适的范剂～制冷系剂内达会才能到最大冷量～又不引起程湿冲。机房剂用空剂剂剂度都要求在5~8?之剂。如果剂剂剂剂度不在剂范剂～内就要剂行剂整。 三、剂剂剂整剂力膨剂剂的必要性 机房剂用空剂剂投入行～剂力膨剂剂是不用剂运几整～但是在空剂剂剂使用年后～由于剂剂的磨剂、系剂有剂剂、剂孔部分有堵塞及剂簧剂力减响启离弱等原因～影了剂力膨剂剂的剂度～使得剂力膨剂剂偏了的工作点～表剂剂剂力膨剂剂剂度它启偏小或剂大。 上一剂 2 下一剂 末剂 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 剂力膨剂剂工作中几个故障分析 剂剂,2009-08-14　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂一、剂力膨剂剂的堵塞故障 1. 堵塞的原因 制冷系剂中剂力膨剂剂的堵塞故障是剂常剂生的～包括“剂堵”和“堵”冰.剂堵的主要原因是系剂中存在剂剂～例如剂渣～剂屑～剂屑～剂剂等。冰堵的原因是系剂中含有剂多的水分(湿气)～剂生湿气径的途有, 1) 在安剂系剂装真没内湿气尽抽空剂剂不剂～能把管路的抽～管路剂接剂剂接工剂不好～有漏气点～ 2) 在向系剂充注制冷剂剂～没内气把剂接剂管的空吹出剂管～ 3) 剂系剂剂充剂滑油剂～剂入空。 气 2. 堵塞剂生的位置 一般情剂况堵塞剂生在干燥剂剂器上～系剂中的剂剂被剂剂器剂截住～造成剂堵剂象。剂生剂～系剂首先表剂剂回气温运没清度升高～剂剂度升高～故障剂重后～使系剂停止剂～如有把系剂中的剂剂除掉～系剂不能再剂机。冰个温径堵塞一般剂生在膨剂剂的剂流孔剂如～因剂剂里是整系剂中度最低～孔最小的地方。由于系剂不在制冷～系剂整体温随温冰会度回升～着度的提高～堵剂逐剂融化～而后系剂又恢剂制冷能力～随体温会冰冰个着系剂整度的再次降低又出剂堵剂象。故堵塞是一反剂程。 3. 堵塞的排除方法 那剂剂排除怎呢堵塞故障? 剂于剂堵～如果不是剂很个重～剂一干燥剂剂器就可以了。如果非常剂重～就要重新理系剂管清真冰路中的剂剂～抽空～重新充注制冷剂。剂于剂微堵～可用剂毛巾敷在冰冰响运堵剂～如果堵程度比剂剂重～已影了系剂的正常行～剂要剂掉剂剂干燥器～重新剂掉系剂管路中的水分～抽真空～重新充注制冷剂。 二、感包温故障 1. 感包温故障常剂原因 系剂中出剂膨剂剂当确供液剂多剂少或膨剂剂剂不小～剂剂度～剂冷度不正等剂象剂.原因可能就是感温包出了故障。包括, 1) 感包毛剂管温断温内确号裂～使感包的充注物漏掉～剂致不能把正的信剂剂剂力膨剂剂的剂机。 构 2) 感包包位置不温扎确正。 2. 感包温故障剂理剂法 一般情感包量在蒸剂器出口水平况温尽装气离气段的回管上～剂剂剂剂机吸口而*近蒸剂器～而且不宜垂直安。水平装当气径回管直小于7/8";22mm,剂～ 感包温装气宜安在回管的剂上端～吸管的即气当气径“一点剂”。水平回管直大于7/8"剂～感包要安在温装气与回管剂剂以下水平剂剂成45 度左右～吸管的即气“3 点剂”位置。因剂把感包安在吸管的上部降低温装气会 反剂的敏度～可能使蒸剂器的制冷剂剂多～灵温装气会乱把感包安在吸管的底部引起供液的紊～因剂剂有少量的液剂制冷剂流到感包安的位置～而剂温装温温致感包度的迅速剂化。 安剂～ 感包需用剂片包装温扎气涂好～回管表面要除剂～如果是剂管～表面除剂后剂漆～以保剂感包温与气触温温回管的良好接。感包必剂低于剂剂膜片上腔～而且感包的剂部要水平放置或朝下～相剂位置高于膜片上当弯腔剂～毛剂管剂向上成U 形～以免液剂入膜片上体腔。三、剂整不 当 1. 剂于膨剂剂剂整有剂概念 剂到剂整～首先要明白念几个概 1) 膨剂剂的剂剂度,剂力膨剂剂剂于某一剂度～所剂剂的剂剂度剂工作剂剂度称即所剂的剂力膨剂剂的剂剂度。包括剂剂剂度静(SS)和剂剂剂度启(OS)。 2) 剂剂剂度,剂力膨剂剂剂于剂位置剂～剂簧力静启称静最小～剂剂剂力膨剂剂控制的剂剂度最小～之剂剂剂剂度SS。 3) 剂剂剂剂度,膨剂剂剂孔剂后～剂孔剂度出口蒸剂剂度的增大而增大～剂孔剂到全剂剂启随气从启止～其剂剂度增加的剂数叫剂剂剂剂度OS。用曲剂表示剂。 2. 膨剂剂的正确剂整方法 1,在剂整剂力膨剂剂之前～必剂剂空剂制冷常是由于剂力膨剂剂确异离偏最佳工作点引起的～而不是因剂氟昂网温利少、干燥剂剂器堵塞、剂、剂机、皮剂等其他原因所引起的。同剂～必剂保剂感包采剂信号确温装确装的正性～感安位置必剂正～剂剂不可安在管道的正下方～以防管子底部剂油等因素影响温确温感包正感。 2,剂力膨剂剂剂整剂注意剂力膨剂剂的剂整工作～必剂在制冷置装运状正常行剂下剂行。由于蒸剂器表面无法放置剂剂～可以温气内温利用剂剂机的吸剂力作剂蒸剂器的剂和剂力～剂表得到近似蒸剂度。用剂剂剂出温气温与温来回管的度～蒸剂度剂比校核剂剂度。剂整中～如果感到剂剂度太小～剂可把剂剂螺杆按剂剂剂方向剂剂;增大剂簧力～小剂力膨剂剂剂度,～使流量小～即减启减反之～若感到剂剂度太大～即供液不足～剂可把剂剂螺杆朝相反方向;逆剂剂,剂剂～使流量增大。由于剂剂工作中的剂力膨剂剂感系剂温号滞存在着一定的剂惰性～形成信剂剂后～剂行基本剂定后方可剂行下一次剂运整。因此整个数剂整剂程必剂耐心剂致～剂剂螺杆剂剂的圈一次不宜剂多剂快。 3,剂力膨剂剂具体的剂整步剂 (1)停机。字度表的将数温插气温温内探剂入到蒸剂器回口剂;剂剂感包位置,的保剂。剂剂力将表剂剂机低剂剂的与三通相剂。 (2)剂机～剂剂剂机行运15 分剂以上～剂入剂定行剂～使剂力运状温达指示和度剂示到剂定剂。 (3)剂出字度表度数温温T1 剂力表剂得剂力与温所剂剂的度T2～剂剂度剂剂剂之两数差T1- T2。注意～必剂同剂剂出剂剂剂。剂力膨剂剂剂剂度剂在两个数5-8?之剂～如果不是～剂剂行适当的剂整。剂整步剂是,首先拆下剂力膨剂剂的防剂盖～然后剂剂剂整螺杆2-4 圈～等系剂行剂定～运数重新剂～剂算剂剂度～是否在正常范剂～不是的剂～重剂前面的操作～直至符合要求～剂剂剂程必剂小心仔剂。 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 浅析剂力膨剂剂及其剂子膨剂剂的原理控制 剂剂,2009-08-14　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 概述 1. 　　剂能和剂保是人剂待解的大剂剂。亟决两年月日至月日在南非剂翰斯堡剂行内200282694 了可持剂剂展世界峰。在剂次剂上剂制冷剂表了《制冷剂剂于可持剂剂展和剂大剂化的承会会国学会减气 剂》～在此文件中剂明制冷剂主要的挑剂自全球来气响气候剂暖。造成制冷剂影全球候剂暖的80%的原因是二化的排放。剂些剂接的排放是部分是由制冷置行氧碳装运所需能量的生剂引起的。制 冷、空剂和剂剂剂些剂剂所消耗的剂能剂占全世界生剂剂能的～剂表明剂接排放的影响是非常的剂重。15% 此文件剂提出在下一个年制冷剂必剂剂立雄心去到目剂之一,达个减每制冷剂剂耗能少20 。制冷剂者剂保剂剂境～剂把剂能剂穿到制冷剂剂的使用周期中去。作剂制冷循剂的四大部件30~50% 之一～剂流置在系剂中装构与个起着非常剂剂的作用～通剂剂剂剂用合适的剂流机制冷系剂匹配是整制冷剂剂降低能耗的重要一剂。本文将构运剂剂流机的工作原理和行能量匹配剂行分析～重点剂剂子膨剂剂的工作原理剂行分析。 剂剂剂流机的工作原理及构匹配2. 　　剂流的工作原理是制冷工剂流剂剂剂剂流剂截面突然收剂～流流体速加快～剂力下降～剂力下降的大小取于流剂决构截面收剂的比例。剂流机的作用, 　　、 剂流降剂。常高剂的制冷剂剂和液流剂剂流剂～剂成低低剂的制冷剂液剂生当温体温体并气少剂剂剂1 体。剂而剂剂向外界吸剂的目的。 　　、 剂剂流量,剂流剂通剂感包感受蒸剂器出口剂制冷剂剂剂度的剂化控制剂的剂度～剂剂剂入蒸剂温来2 器的制冷剂流量～使其流量蒸剂器的剂剂荷相与当匹配。蒸剂器剂剂荷增加剂剂剂度也增大～制冷剂流量之增加～随减反之～制冷剂流量少。 　　、 控制剂剂度,剂流机构既具有控制蒸剂器出口制冷剂剂剂度的功能～保持蒸剂器剂剂面剂的充3 分利用～又防止吸剂液剂剂剂机的气坏事故剂生。 　　、 控制蒸剂液位,剂液位控制的剂流机构既具有控制蒸剂器液位的功能～保持蒸剂器剂剂面剂4 的充分利用～又防止吸剂液降低吸剂剂度。气气 　　若剂流机构与湿向蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相比剂大～部分液剂制冷剂一起剂入剂剂机～引起剂剂或缸事故冲与。相反若供液量蒸剂器剂荷相比太少～剂蒸剂器部分剂剂面剂未能充分剂剂其效能～甚至造成蒸剂剂力降低～而会数减装且使制冷系剂的制冷量降低～制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大。剂流机流量的剂剂剂制冷置剂能降耗构装起着非常重要的作用。大型中央空剂冷水机剂常用的剂流机构有手剂剂流剂、孔板、剂力膨剂剂、浮球主剂流剂。+ 　　手剂剂流剂2.1 　　手剂剂流剂是最老式的剂流剂～其外形与它体填普通截止剂相似。由剂、剂芯、剂杆、料剂盖、上盖、手剂和螺栓等零件剂成。与它截止剂不同之剂在于的剂芯剂剂型或具有形缺口的剂～而体且剂杆采V 用剂牙螺剂。当启减启旋剂手剂剂～可使剂剂的剂度剂慢地增大或小～以保剂良好的剂剂性能。手剂剂流剂剂的大小～需要操作人剂剂繁地剂剂～以适剂剂荷的剂化。通常剂度剂启圈～一般不超剂一圈～1/8~1/4剂度剂大启构就起不到剂流;膨剂,的作用。剂剂剂流剂剂在已被自剂剂流机取代。　　孔板2.2 　　孔板剂流机由剂孔构两两达板剂成～采用剂剂流。制冷工剂通剂第一剂孔板剂～制冷工剂剂好到剂和液剂～剂生体并气体少剂剂剂由于剂剂气体占据一部分空剂～其流量也在波剂～致使工剂剂入第二剂孔; 板剂流的流量在一定体范剂;剂,剂剂～剂而到自剂剂剂制冷剂内达循剂量的功能～第二剂孔板因20% 剂剂的流量造成不同的剂降剂化～系剂高低剂与差剂行剂剂～于剂剂平衡后～剂定剂剂制冷工剂膨剂功能而完成整个制冷循剂。一二剂孔板剂剂依据, 　　、 流量公式,;,1q= a x Α x2 x Δp x ρ1/2 　　、 冷水机剂剂准工,况??～??。212/730/35 　　冷水机剂在剂准工剂剂荷行剂～孔况运与运板向蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相匹配。但机剂剂剂行剂常剂于剂工、剂剂荷行。在大剂况运况减差工下～蒸剂器剂荷需求小;幅度大于,～孔板最大剂剂20%余量～由于剂差增大～孔板剂剂供液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量大～吸剂剂度降低～气引起20% 湿况剂剂～在小剂差工下～蒸剂器剂荷需求增大;幅度大于,～由于剂差减小～蒸剂器剂剂存20% 液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量小～吸剂剂度升高～制冷量降低～制冷系小～制冷置能气数减装 耗增大～在由低剂荷剂剂高剂荷情下;况幅度大于,～蒸剂器剂荷需求增大～由于制冷剂剂量20% 流量增大～短剂剂蒸剂器剂剂内气存液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量小～吸剂剂度升高～制冷量降低～制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大～在由高剂荷剂剂低剂荷情下;数减装况幅度大于,～蒸剂器剂20%荷需求小～由于制冷剂剂量流量小～减减内短剂剂蒸剂器剂剂存液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量大～吸气湿极况即运减剂剂度降低～引起剂剂～端情机剂剂剂荷行突然停机～蒸剂器剂荷需求小～由75%于制冷剂剂量流量突然减小～短剂剂蒸剂器剂剂存液量比蒸剂器剂荷需要的液量大～吸气75%55%剂剂度急速降低～剂而降低排剂剂度～油分效果下降～气甚至剂致剂剂机奔油。剂然一二剂孔板在一定范剂可自剂剂剂～但其剂付剂工、剂剂荷能力况数减装差～且制冷系小～制冷置能耗增大～一般不宜采用。 　　剂力膨剂剂2.3 　　剂力膨剂剂广它既泛剂用于中央空剂冷水机剂。可控制蒸剂器供液量～又可剂流剂和液剂制冷剂。根据剂力膨剂剂剂上的不同～分剂平衡式和外平衡式剂。构内两考剂到制冷剂流剂蒸剂器剂生一定的剂力剂失～剂降低剂剂剂度～提高蒸剂器剂剂面剂的启利用率～一般自膨剂剂出口至蒸剂器出口～制冷剂的剂力降所剂剂的蒸剂度降超剂温?～剂剂用外平衡式剂力膨剂剂。2~3 上一剂 2 3 下一剂 末剂 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 外平衡式剂力膨剂剂的工作原理是建立在力平衡的基剂上。工作剂～剂性金膜片上部受感包属温内工剂的剂力作用～下面受蒸剂器出口剂力与剂簧力的作用。膜片在三个力的作用下～P3P1P2 向上或向下鼓起从当而使剂孔剂下或剂大～用以剂剂蒸剂器的供液量。剂入蒸剂器的液量小于蒸剂器, 剂剂荷的需要剂～剂蒸剂器出口蒸的剂剂度增大～膜片上方的剂力大于下方的剂力～剂剂气就迫使膜片向下鼓出～通剂剂杆剂剂剂簧～并当把剂剂剂剂～使剂孔剂大～剂供液量增大。反之供液量大于蒸剂器剂剂 荷的需要剂～剂出口剂蒸的剂剂度小～感系剂中的剂力降低～膜片上方的作用力小于下方的气减温 作用力剂～使膜片向上鼓出～剂簧伸剂～剂杆上移并随减使剂孔剂小～剂蒸剂器的供液量也就之少。剂力膨剂剂的剂剂度由剂剂剂度和有效剂剂度剂成～剂剂剂度剂簧的剂剂力有剂～有效剂剂度剂簧的启启与与强度及剂剂的行程有剂。膨剂剂的剂簧是按剂准工剂剂的～机剂在剂况况运准工下～机剂剂剂荷或剂剂荷行均剂持剂高的剂。但在大剂差工下～蒸剂剂力降低～蒸剂器剂荷需求的液量况减况少～但剂剂情相反～COP 在吸剂剂度不剂的情下～由于蒸剂剂力降低～蒸剂器出口剂力气况相剂降低～膜片上下的剂差剂大～P1 使主剂剂度增大～供液量增加～但在小剂差工下～蒸剂剂力上升～蒸剂器剂荷需求的液量增多～况 但剂剂情是在吸剂剂度不剂的情下～由于蒸剂剂力上升～蒸剂器出口剂力况气况相剂提高～膜片上P1下的剂差剂小～使主剂剂度小～减减况供液量少～在剂剂荷下亦如此。因此剂力膨剂剂在剂工下供液量的剂剂方面需剂一步改剂。剂力膨剂剂原理剂剂如剂一所示, 　　 　　剂剂力膨剂剂原理剂剂1 　　浮球主剂流剂2.4+ 　　浮球主剂流剂是用于具有自由液面的蒸剂器～如剂式剂液式蒸剂器的供液量的自剂剂剂。通剂浮+ 球剂剂剂的剂剂作用～在蒸剂器中可以保持大致恒定的液面。浮球剂有一剂剂的外～用液剂接管个壳体 与气体与体气两壳体与剂接管分剂被控制的蒸剂器的液和蒸部分相剂接～因而浮球剂的液面蒸剂器的液面一内当内壳体内随将致。蒸剂器的液面降低剂～的液面也之降低～浮子落下～剂剂便孔口剂大～剂浮球剂出液量增大～浮球剂出液量形成的剂芯上部剂力减小～主膨剂剂芯上部剂力P4 包括主膨剂剂芯上部剂簧力和浮球剂出液量形成的剂力减当小～主膨剂剂芯下部高剂Ps(P5P4) 大于剂～剂推剂主剂芯向上移剂～增大剂的剂量～主膨剂剂启供液量增大～反之主膨剂剂供液量P1Ps 减与小。浮球剂出液量主膨剂剂芯上下的剂差;,形成比例剂系～剂剂供液量的大小～ΔP= P1-Ps 当壳体内将的液面上升到浮子上限位剂～剂剂便孔口剂剂～,～主膨剂剂剂剂且停止供液～此Ps P1 剂蒸剂器液位不再上升～剂可以既湿与防止蒸剂液位剂高引起剂剂～又保剂蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相匹配。由于的主膨剂剂芯上部剂簧是按剂准工剂剂的～况况运因此机剂在剂准工下～机剂剂剂荷或剂剂荷行均剂持剂高的剂。但在小剂差工下～冷况凝剂力降低～降低～相剂于剂芯上部剂簧力COPP1P1 偏小～使主剂剂度偏小～供液量偏少～剂致达滞到需要的蒸剂液位要有一段后的剂剂～系剂制冷系数减装小～制冷置能耗增大～在剂剂荷下同剂如此。浮球主剂流剂在剂工下况供液量的剂剂有待剂+ 一步完善。浮球主剂流剂原理剂剂如剂二所示, + 　　 　　剂浮球主剂流剂原理剂剂2 + 浅析剂力膨剂剂及其剂子膨剂剂的原理控制 剂剂,2009-08-14　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 剂子膨剂剂的工作原理及控制3. 　　剂子膨剂剂吸剂剂度控制——气3.1 　　吸剂剂度控制系剂由剂子膨剂剂、剂力剂感器、度剂感器、控制器剂成～工作剂～剂力剂感器蒸剂气温将 器出口剂力、度剂感器剂剂机吸剂剂度剂剂控制器～控制器温将气将号随信剂理后～后剂出指令作P1 用于剂子膨剂主剂的步剂剂机～剂剂到需要的位置。以保持蒸剂器需要的将供液量。剂子膨剂剂的步剂剂机是根据蒸剂器出口剂力剂化、剂剂机吸剂剂度剂化剂剂剂出剂化的剂力～剂剂剂剂出剂化的剂力能及剂气个克P1 服各剂工和况况各剂剂荷情下主膨剂剂剂化的剂簧力～使剂的剂度剂足蒸剂器供液量的需求～剂而蒸剂器的供液量能剂剂蒸剂剂荷相与即另匹配～剂子膨剂剂可通剂控制器人剂剂定～有效的控制剂剂度。外～剂子膨剂剂全剂到全剂剂其用剂剂需从状几秒剂～反剂和剂作速度快～剂剂特性和速度均可人剂剂定～剂子膨剂剂可在的范剂剂行内确精剂剂～且剂剂范剂可根据不同剂品的特性剂行剂定。剂用剂子膨剂10%--100% 剂吸剂剂度控制～机剂无剂在剂——气况况运准工下、剂工、剂剂荷、剂剂荷行剂持剂高的剂水平。剂子膨剂COP剂吸剂剂度控制制冷系剂原理剂如剂——气三所示, 　　 　　剂剂子膨剂剂吸剂剂度控制制冷系剂原理剂——气3 　　剂子膨剂剂液位控制——3.2 　　液位控制系剂由剂子膨剂剂、液位剂感器、液位控制器剂成。蒸剂器的液面上下剂化剂～蒸剂器当内 内将的液位剂感器液位剂剂的比例剂系用信号剂剂液位控制器液位控制器将号信剂理后～4-20mA, 随减后剂出指令作用于剂子膨剂主剂的步剂剂机～使其剂度增大、小～以保持制冷剂液位在限定的范剂。剂子膨剂剂的内个步剂剂机是根据制冷剂液位剂化剂剂剂出剂化的剂力～剂剂剂剂出剂化的剂力能及剂克服各剂工和况况各剂剂荷情下主膨剂剂剂化的剂簧力～使剂的剂度剂足蒸剂器供液量的需求～剂而蒸剂器的供液量能剂剂蒸剂剂荷相与即匹配～剂子膨剂剂可通剂控制器人剂剂定～有效的控制蒸剂液位。剂用剂子膨剂剂液位控制～机剂无剂在剂——况况运准工下、剂工、剂剂荷、剂剂荷行均剂持剂高的剂水平。剂子膨剂剂—COP—气液位控制一般剂用在吸剂剂度低于?的制冷置～而剂子膨剂剂吸剂剂度一装——气气般剂用在吸剂2 剂度?左右的制冷置～装因此前者比后者更能有效的利用蒸剂面剂～提高蒸剂剂荷～剂取更高5 的剂。剂子膨剂剂液位控制制冷系剂原理剂如剂四——所示,COP 　　 　　剂剂子膨剂剂液位控制制冷系剂原理剂——4 剂束剂4. 　　剂流机剂了剂能降耗～剂在不同工、不同剂荷下保剂构况与向蒸剂器的供液量蒸剂剂荷相匹配。剂能的途径是及剂地控制剂剂度;控制液位,～剂剂有效地剂剂流量。剂子膨剂剂在剂剂度控制;液位控制,、流量剂剂均剂于剂剂的剂流机～而构广广且反剂速度更快、剂剂范剂更～剂能效果更加剂著～有剂的剂用前景。 首剂 上一剂 1 2 下一剂 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 剂力膨剂剂剂度启会没氟昂内太小的剂～就造成供液不足～使得有足剂的利在蒸剂器蒸剂～制冷剂在蒸剂管流剂的内没体途中就已剂蒸剂完了～在剂以后的一段～蒸剂器管中有液制冷剂可供蒸剂～只有蒸汽被剂剂。因此～相一部分的蒸剂器当未能充分剂剂其效能～造成制冷量不足～降低了空剂的制冷效果。机房剂用空剂的剂剂机大多采用蒸剂器回来来启的蒸汽冷却剂剂机～如果剂力膨剂剂剂不剂～就造成蒸汽剂剂度剂大～剂剂剂机冷却作用小～剂剂机的排度增高～剂减气温会滑油剂稀～剂滑剂量降低～剂剂机的工作剂境剂化～剂会响寿重影剂剂机的工作命。我公司和睦机房ISOVEL空剂就曾剂生剂剂机剂机剂象～据分析与另温来启数剂剂度剂大有剂。外由于机房度降不下～又增加了剂剂机的剂台,增加了耗剂量。 与启即会此相反～如果剂力膨剂剂剂剂大～剂力膨剂剂向蒸剂器的供液量大于蒸剂器剂荷～造成部分制冷剂不及在蒸剂器蒸剂～同剂制冷剂一来内气湿冲冲坏起剂入剂剂机～引起程～甚至缸事故～剂剂剂机。99年～杭州市剂信分公司景芳二楼程控机房有一台ISOPAK机房剂用空剂的一剂剂机剂个片被剂穿～可能剂力膨剂剂剂剂大有剂～同剂～剂力膨剂剂剂剂大～使蒸剂度升高～制冷量下降与启启温～剂剂机功耗增加～增加了耗剂量。因此～有必要定期剂剂剂整剂力膨剂剂～量剂剂力膨剂剂工作在尽最佳匹配点。 四、剂力膨剂剂的剂整剂程 4.1 剂力膨剂剂剂整前的剂剂 在剂整剂力膨剂剂之前～必剂剂空剂制冷常是由于剂力膨剂剂确异离偏最佳工作点引起的～而不是因剂氟昂网温利少、干燥剂剂器堵塞、剂、剂机、皮剂等其他原因所引起的。同剂～必剂保剂感包采剂信号确温装气的正性～机房剂用空剂的感包必剂水平安在回管的下剂方45度的位置～剂剂不可安装在管道的正下方～以防管子底部剂油等因素影响温确温装感包正感。更不能安在立管上。剂剂冷凝器剂机控制方式～量尽采用剂速控制～以保剂冷凝剂力恒定。 4.2 剂力膨剂剂剂整剂注意事剂 剂力膨剂剂的剂整工作～必剂在制冷置装运状温正常行剂下剂行。由于蒸剂器表面无法放置剂剂～可以利用剂剂机的吸剂力作剂蒸剂器的剂和剂力～剂表得到气内温温气温近似蒸剂度。用剂剂剂出回管的度～蒸剂度剂比与温来即校核剂剂度。剂整中～如果感到剂剂度太小～剂可把剂剂螺杆按剂剂剂方向剂剂;增大剂簧力～小剂力膨剂剂剂度,～使流量小～减启减即反之～若感到剂剂度太大～供液不足～剂可把剂剂螺杆朝相反方向;逆剂剂,剂剂～使流量增大。由于剂剂工作中的剂力膨剂剂感系剂温存在着一定的剂惰性～形成信号滞剂剂后～行基本剂定后方可剂行下一次剂运个整。因此整剂剂整剂程必剂耐心剂致～剂剂螺杆剂剂的圈数概一次不宜剂多剂快;直杆式剂力膨剂剂的剂剂螺杆剂剂一圈～剂剂度剂化大改剂1~2?,。 4.3 剂力膨剂剂具体的剂整步剂 4.3.1剂力膨剂剂剂剂度的剂量 剂剂度如剂3所示剂量～步剂如下, 1)停机。字度表的将数温插气温温内探剂入到蒸剂器回口剂;剂剂感包位置,的保剂。剂剂力表将与剂剂机低剂剂的三通相剂。 2)剂机～剂剂剂机行运15分剂以上～剂入剂定行剂～使剂力运状温达指示和度剂示到一剂定剂。 3)剂出字度表度数温温T1剂力表剂得剂力与温所剂剂的度T2～剂剂度剂剂剂之两数差T1- T2。注意必剂同剂剂出剂剂剂。 剂力膨剂剂剂剂度剂在两个数5~8?之剂～如果不是～剂剂行适当的剂整。 4.3.2具体剂整步剂 1) 下剂力膨剂剂的拆防剂盖～ 2) 剂剂剂整螺杆2~4圈～;机房剂用空剂的剂力膨剂剂一般采用剂杆式和散型剂剂式～散型剂剂式是用一小剂剂剂剂一大剂剂～剂剂的个个数圈比剂多～一般可以剂2~4圈～剂杆式可剂圈数比剂少～每次剂1/4圈～O65空剂的剂力膨剂剂采用散型剂剂式, 3) 等系剂行剂定～运数重新剂～剂算剂剂度～是否在正常范剂。不是的剂～重剂2,、3,操作～直至符合要求。剂剂剂程必剂小心仔剂。;如果剂力膨剂剂油堵剂重～下后用无水乙醇剂行拆清洗～再重新上～装装温装温失去剂剂功能的剂力膨剂剂剂更剂～安剂力膨剂剂需注意感包安位置和做好保工作, 外～在剂剂中～ 另况采用如上剂表剂剂剂力膨剂剂工作情～往往要浪剂大量的剂剂～因此～可采用目剂剂表剂剂相剂合的方法～与即气况异先用眼睛剂察剂剂机回管的剂露情～剂剂常后～再用剂表剂剂。剂剂～可以剂剂大量的剂剂～而且完全可以到剂剂目的。 达 首剂 上一剂 1 下一剂 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 中央空剂机剂的剂剂改造及剂能原理分析 剂剂,2010-05-07　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 暖通空剂系剂是楼内宇自剂化控制的重要容之一。有剂料剂示～暖通空剂系剂的能耗剂占建筑物能源剂消耗量的70%～ 中央空剂机剂在剂比重中又占相大的剂。剂于大多中央空剂～系剂剂剂当份数 往往以最大冷剂荷剂剂量剂剂依据～但是由于每天气况候情、人剂等各剂因素的剂化～冷剂荷始剂剂于剂剂改剂之中～可以在5%,60%范剂内决波剂。采用剂剂控制的方式～可解能源浪剂剂剂。 1、空剂机剂剂剂剂能原理 根据剂机相似理剂及流力原理～剂量体学Q、剂剂H、剂机剂速n和剂功率P剂有如下剂系中央空剂机剂的剂剂改造 及剂能原理控制与策略 文『山剂正晨科技有限公司 丁成剂 山剂建筑大高剂学 北京江森自控有限公司 剂培 山剂通网集剂系剂集成有限公司山剂分公司 朱本春 山剂～青,卷烟厂广 潘全JI' 【摘要】本文分析了中央空剂机剂的剂剂量剂能原理～提出具体并控制策略～通剂剂剂工程案例剂 明剂能效果～ 剂述了改造剂程中剂注意的剂剂。 【剂剂剂】剂剂楼宇自剂化剂能控制策略口 通空剂系剂是楼内宇自剂化控制的重要容之一。有剂料剂示～暖通空剂系剂的能耗剂占建筑 乙物能源剂消耗量的, ～ 中央空剂机剂在剂比重中又占相大的剂。剂于大多中央空剂～当份数70 系剂剂剂往往以最大冷剂荷剂剂量剂剂依据～但是由于每天气况候情、人剂等各剂因素的剂化～冷剂荷 始剂剂于剂剂改剂之中～可以在, ,, 范剂内决波剂。采用剂剂控制的方式～可解能源浪剂剂剂。560空剂机剂剂剂剂能原理1 根据剂机相似理剂及流力原理～剂体学 量、剂剂、剂机剂速和剂功率剂有QHnP如下剂系, ～2l (=)l 一 一 一 ～22 Q2 , ,～fl Jl —— 、『l1-12 =3f—P—2剂速剂剂～剂量所剂剂的工作点剂～n1Q11 ,剂剂剂～剂机剂功率剂,tLEBI-H1 式中剂剂机效率～n 通剂剂速将剂量降剂～ 若管阻不剂～Q2 尸(1) 1= 可剂～ 降低剂机剂速会大大降低剂机的剂功率～ 剂当来速下降剂原的, 剂～功率80只有原的来,。剂机在不同剂速下的剂51 l2 出特性如剂所示。、表示由管路决定1R1R2 的特性曲剂～、表示剂机不同剂速。当n1n2 R2 R1 3 1 n1 2 n2 一 ,。6 Q1×H1 (2) l 剂剂速将剂～ 剂剂的工作点剂～ 剂剂n22 的剂剂剂。若不剂行剂速～ 而是通剂改H2 剂剂剂的剂度增加管来路阻力～此剂管路特性曲剂剂剂将～剂剂的工作点剂～ 剂R23剂的剂剂剂～ 由剂可知。可剂剂H3H3>H2机剂速不但改剂了剂量～ 同剂也改剂了剂Q 剂～剂机剂功率大大减减少～少的剂出功H 率剂, 一P3-P2Q2x(H3-H2) (3)???? 叩 可剂～在剂送同剂剂量的情下～况采Q2 用剂机剂剂剂速控制方式比采用剂剂剂剂方式剂能。 www.zhulong.com控制策略2 剂于空剂域的基本要求区就是向被控的区气来达域送入适量的剂剂剂理的空～ 到消除室剂剂荷的目的。剂理剂的空剂内湿气送入的剂量或冷量可以通剂式来确定,P(4)P= C × p ×Q ×(Tn—Ts) (4) 式中,剂空的比剂容～气,～CkJ(kg?oC)剂空密度～气,～p kgm 剂送剂量～,～Q m s 剂室度～内温～TnoC 剂送剂度～? ～温Ts 剂吸收或放入室的剂量～内P()kW由上式可以看出～ 如果想剂持室度内温不剂～ 当温送剂度不剂剂～ 改剂送剂TnTs 量～ 可剂足不同的即剂要求～如果同剂QP 改剂送剂度温～ 增大送剂温差～Ts(Tn—Ts)剂可剂一步少减送剂量～而从更大程度的Q 降低能耗。根据《采暖通剂空剂剂剂剂与气剂范》以下剂剂称范(GB 5001 9—2003)()要求～ 当送剂口高度大于剂～ 工剂空剂5m 夏季最大送剂温差不宜超剂～同剂～送15oC 剂口送剂度不得低于露点度。剂之～ 温温送剂量剂剂足如下要求, 保持室外剂内差～保剂最小新(1)(2) 送剂剂 度温初囊始藿剂 定新 l 剂剂剂剂度初始剂定I 剂机剂率初始剂定 I ? ,重 二1O 剂捌皇匝亟窆剂 剂剂剂 重 正剂垂委疆?一一_?] ～ 堪 堕薹垂 篙 奔嫠管] ] 砺运剂机剂行 剂率 l — — , 一 萎巫 量剂算1 修正剂机行剂率 运剂次剂气数箕j 剂剂室剂剂差l rX] — 『～剂剂剂__] ———— 一I ————————————剂量～ 工剂建筑剂保剂每人不小于。,～30mh或剂足室剂次剂～剂内气数范要求每小剂(3) 次室允剂温波剂范剂～剂5(?1 0 )?(4)足室剂荷要求。内 中央空剂机剂剂送剂度剂剂量控制温程序框剂如剂所示。2 工程案例3 山剂某烟卷厂包剂剂占地面剂剂 ～ 高剂～ 共配置了台中央空剂2000m 8m3机剂～每台机剂送剂量,～ 冷、剂80000m h剂管功率均剂～余剂～ 剂机型630kW 700Pa号剂～ 剂定功率剂～ 剂定剂JS1 17—880kW 剂～ 剂定剂流。机剂工剂行～运380V148A 室外剂内差偏高～剂地剂量剂剂～ 送剂32Pa剂剂剂度剂剂, ～ 噪音偏大。60 我剂剂用了美江森国的系剂剂Metasys中央空剂机剂剂行了控制～ 剂控原理如剂3所示。依据《剂范》及剂主要求～ 送剂度温大于或低于剂剂度温～ 剂次剂气数次10 ?5,～室外剂内差剂。按照剂的程序框剂～h15Pa2在剂剂控制器内剂制了程序 如下,DDC 空剂机剂剂后～启依据剂先剂定的新剂剂剂剂度剂定剂、送剂度剂定剂、剂机行剂温运 率剂定剂先运行分剂～初步建立起工剂要1 0 求的度、剂温启参数差等～ 以防止剂剂剂剂剂不剂定剂的控制系剂振剂。后来随内温采集室湿参数温湿参数度及室外度～ 利用Metasys 系剂剂剂剂件中的模剂～ 剂算剂剂Psychro 的空剂露度～ 同剂使剂剂定剂低于气温制(冷模式或高于制剂模式室度内温～)()10uC剂剂剂足大于剂露度的要求温制冷模式。()系剂依据剂送剂度剂定剂～ 剂剂温与温送剂度比剂、按照剂定的算法剂算～剂出控制信号～剂剂制冷加剂剂管剂剂剂剂剂度～ 而从() 使送剂度到剂定要求。温达将温送剂度及室内温参数度代入式～ 剂算所需送剂量～(4) 得到剂机行剂率～通剂室外剂运并内差剂剂www.zhulong.com屡蘸暮 毒 , 剂 萎 曩国司 善 言i 鞋剂 州 剂 霜蓊箱 二末 翼冀, 剂剂[ J 熙董 蜒星 暴 暮 目 j{ l 糕董 椎 固 区莓警 因 * 秦至蒸 剂 熹 剂 一 —, 卜寺 母 一 —_ -- r— — l_? 曩 | | 机行剂率剂行运修正～ 同剂～送剂量剂要剂足最,、送剂量或剂次的要求。气数J 中央空剂机剂剂剂改造后～剂机通常运 行在, ～ 工作剂流剂剂,25Hz30Hz48 ～ 室外剂内差保持在左右。同剂～56A15Pa 通剂剂机剂剂避免了剂剂机剂剂剂剂机的启 剂流～中剂剂害及剂剂的～中剂～ 而网且由于剂速的降低～剂机的剂、剂承等叶寿命得以延剂。剂剂剂剂～ 中央空剂机剂剂台改造前后() 运行剂照表剂表制冷模式。1() 剂注意的剂剂4 剂剂器的引入和引出剂剂剂剂。根(1) 据剂剂器的功率剂剂剂剂截面合适的三芯或四芯屏从蔽剂力剂剂。尤其是剂剂器到剂机之剂的剂力剂剂一定要剂用屏构蔽剂的剂剂～且要可能尽短～ 降低剂磁剂射和容性漏剂流。剂剂器容量的剂剂。剂多剂剂器在(2) 技剂数决据中定配用剂剂机容量剂～ 常常是- 改造前 改造后 送剂剂剂剂度 , ,6O1OO 运行剂率,Hz 50 203O 剂机剂剂器剂入剂流, 以下()A 971O5 6O累剂行剂剂运h 168 168 累剂剂耗,,,kWh 9828 kWh 6670 kWh平均每小剂剂耗,,,,,kWh 585kWh 397 kWh剂剂剂改造后每小剂剂耗由,,降剂,,～585kwh397 kwh剂剂率剂,。32 三台机剂一年剂剂剂量剂假剂每个月剂修期剂天,(5),,一,,天一天月(585kWh397 kWh)X24hX(3655X 12) ,X3= 412848kWh 三台机剂一年剂剂剂剂剂假剂剂剂剂,元,。,(O7kWh) 元,,,元O_7kWh X412848kWh=288994以极、极和极剂剂机剂依据～而剂剂246 机的磁极数剂剂越多～ 剂定剂流越大～ 故容量相同的剂剂机其磁极数剂剂不同剂定剂流也不同。因此在剂剂剂剂器剂不能只以剂剂机的剂定功率剂依据～ 剂要考剂剂剂的不同。极数 同剂～ 考剂剂波剂流剂剂剂机效率的影响～ 通常要加大, 剂流。剂机剂剂剂剂比剂当1O 定功率小剂～ 空剂励启脉磁剂流、剂剂流、 剂剂流影响等因素也要考剂。,～ 空剂机gt~'l- 剂剂机的剂剂要考剂系剂最大剂量和剂机的 最高效率工作点～ 尤其剂剂量剂机在作剂量 剂剂剂～ 常出剂超会运功率行～所以～剂剂 剂剂器也剂剂留有一定的余量。 几乎所有剂剂剂速器使用剂明剂都指(3) 出～ 剂剂剂速器剂出剂不能加接器。家装触厂 的剂定是剂了防止在剂剂剂速器有剂出剂接触 器剂作。剂剂器在行中剂接剂剂～由于运会漏 剂流而使剂剂流保剂回路剂作。在剂剂剂速器 剂出接器剂作与触 参献考文 之剂～加以必要的 肖文～刘研浙剂,中央空剂剂能措施究中剂剂国技剂～～控制剂剂～ 保剂只1 [J]l2007(33)3 孔剂, 剂流力两体学北京,高等教育出版社～有在剂剂剂速器无2[M] 2001 王喜魁 剂剂机与, 北京,中剂力出国版社～剂出剂～ 接器触才3[M]1998 江森自控剂品剂本】 能剂作～ 剂剂剂速4[M 三剂剂剂器剂明剂】 器剂出剂就可以加5 [M 剂燕剂。剂剂器的剂剂剂区,机剂剂品市剂～～装触接器。 回6[J]20073 www.zhulong.com浅剂机剂剂剂中剂子膨剂剂的剂剂 剂剂,2010-01-25　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 剂流机是制冷系剂中构构与最重要的部件之一～剂流机系剂其他主要部件的良好匹配是改善系剂行运并适剂系剂剂荷剂化的基剂。 剂子膨剂剂(exv)作剂剂流元件在大型剂剂式制冷置装(如剂冷冷水机剂、水冷冷水机剂、屋剂式空剂器等)中得到广确号泛剂用。精控制、信反剂是剂子膨剂剂的剂点。此外～使用剂子膨剂剂的系剂在停机后～可以通剂适当的控制使机剂高、低剂平衡～或完全剂剂剂子膨剂剂～起到截止剂的作用。 本文剂于多剂子膨剂剂用于系剂中的能力剂行比剂～个与旨在初步剂示剂子膨剂剂的能力范剂和机剂的匹配情。况 一、剂子膨剂剂剂型模型 首先～需了解剂子膨剂剂在系剂中的位置和作用(剂剂1)。 浅装剂膨剂剂的安和匹配 剂剂,2009-05-25　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 一、剂配, 根据R、Q0、t0、tk、液管体来路及剂件的阻力剂失剂行～步剂, 1.1定确膨剂剂两确号与端的剂力差～定剂的形式～剂剂剂的型剂格～ 1.1.1定剂确两端的剂力差,ΔP=PK-ΣΔPi-Po(KPa) 式中,PK――冷凝剂力～KPa～ΣΔPi――剂ΔP1，ΔP2，ΔP3，ΔP4;ΔP1剂液体管路阻力剂失～ΔP2剂剂、剂件等得弯阻力剂失～ΔP3剂液管升高得剂力剂体失～ΔP3,ρhɡ～ΔP4剂分液剂及分液毛剂管得阻力剂失～通常各剂0.5bar,; Po—蒸剂剂力～KPa。 1.1.2定剂的确内形式,剂剂平衡剂是外平衡～由蒸剂器中的剂力降而定。剂R22系剂～剂力当降超剂相剂蒸剂度温1?～均宜采用外平衡式剂力膨剂剂。 1.1.3剂剂剂的型和剂格,号根据Q0和剂算的膨剂剂前后的ΔP与温蒸剂度t0由有剂表中剂得剂的型和剂的容量。 剂了剂化剂号号与配的手剂～也可以按剂剂技剂措施剂行～剂配剂力膨剂剂的型剂格～必剂根据制冷系剂所采用的制冷剂的剂剂、蒸剂度的温来范剂和蒸剂器的剂剂荷的大小剂行～剂剂剂剂符合下述要求, (1) 所剂剂的剂力膨剂剂的容量比蒸剂器的剂剂剂剂荷大20,30,～ (2) 剂不剂冷却水量剂剂剂或冬季冷却水剂低的制冷系剂～剂剂剂力膨剂剂剂～剂的容量剂比蒸剂器剂温 荷大70,80,～但最大不超剂蒸剂器剂剂荷的2倍～ (3) 剂剂剂力膨剂剂剂～剂剂算出供液管路的剂力降～以得出剂前后的剂差～再根据制造厂所提供的膨剂剂剂算容量表定剂力膨剂剂的剂格。 确 二、安, 装 2.1安前剂剂其是装温构否完好～特剂是感机部分～ 2.2安位置～装靠体装装必剂在近蒸剂器的地方～剂剂垂直安～不能剂斜或剂倒安～ 2.3安剂～剂注装温构内体温内温体装意使感机的液始剂保持在感包～因此感包剂比剂得低一些～ 2.4感包可能安在蒸剂器的出口水平温尽装气离气回管上～一般剂剂剂剂机吸口1.5m以上～ 2.5感包剂不能置于有剂液的管温路上～ 2.6若蒸剂器出口剂有液气将温装即交剂器剂～一般感包在蒸剂器的出口剂～剂交剂器之前～ 2.7感包通常安置于蒸剂器温气并扎触将氧回管上～剂剂管壁包剂密～接剂剂化清皮剂除干剂～露出金本属色～ 2.8回当气径管直小于25mm剂～感包可在温扎气当径回管的剂部～直大于25mm剂～可扎气在回管的下剂45? 剂～以防管子底部剂油等因素～影响温确温感包的正感。三、剂剂, 3.1蒸剂器出口剂度剂温气来或利用吸剂力校核剂剂度～ 3.2剂剂度太小;供液量太大,～剂剂杆按剂剂剂方向剂剂半圈或一圈;增大剂簧力～即减少剂剂度,～剂制冷剂流量减数少～剂剂杆螺剂一次剂剂的圈不宜剂多;剂剂杆螺剂剂剂一圈～剂剂度大剂改剂1-2?,～剂多次剂整～直至剂足要求剂止～ 3.3剂剂剂剂剂法,剂剂剂剂杆螺剂改剂剂的剂度～使蒸剂器回气温管外剂好能剂霜或剂露。剂蒸剂度低于0度的制冷置～若剂装将温霜后用手摸～有一剂手粘住的剂冷的感剂～此剂剂度适宜～剂蒸剂度在0度以上的～剂可以剂剂露情况断判。 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 剂于 膨剂剂 安装 匹配 的新剂, ?浅剂机剂剂剂中剂子膨剂剂的剂剂• ?剂力膨剂剂工作中常剂故障分析• ?浅装与剂放剂剂剂安使用剂剂保剂• ?空剂工程剂剂安若干剂剂与装探剂• ?制冷系剂中冷凝器的匹配剂算• 制冷系剂中冷凝器的匹配剂算 剂剂,2009-09-05　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 剂剂剂含个内很两清并你盖的容多～一句剂剂不楚～一些剂剂的剂算公式不一定适合想要配的冷凝器～剂几个例子, 1、剂剂机剂剂不同～一匹剂入功所剂生的制冷量不同～ 2、被冷却剂象不同～一匹剂入功所剂生的制冷量不同～ 3、采用制冷剂不同～一匹剂入功所剂生的制冷量不同～ 4、采用冷却方式不同～相同制冷量下的冷凝面剂不同～ 5、所剂地区气条的候件不同～相同制冷量下的冷凝面剂不同～ 首先～我剂知道一匹剂入功剂等于750W剂功率。然后定可以剂生的制冷量～确根据1-3的条条确件～剂剂剂剂机剂明剂～定剂准制冷量。 最后～根据确定的制冷量和剂剂公式算出冷凝剂荷。 剂剂公式如下, 1、根据使用的剂剂行工～定排剂力吸剂力;剂剂剂,的比剂和排剂系;剂剂剂,。 运况确气与气数 2、比剂剂3～排剂系剂数1.1～比剂剂3.5～排剂系剂数1.2～比剂剂4～排剂系剂数1.3～比剂剂4.5～排剂系剂数1.4～比剂剂5～排剂系剂数1.5～比剂剂5.5～排剂系剂数1.6～比剂剂6～排剂系剂数1.7～比剂剂7～排剂系剂数1.8～ 3、冷凝器的排剂量=制冷量*排剂系。 数 4、根据冷凝器的排剂量向剂剂器家剂剂冷厂凝器。 制冷系剂中冷媒的剂用 剂剂,2010-01-26　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 　在制冷系剂中～冷媒(剂冷剂)的主要作用是制冷系剂剂生的冷量剂剂剂被冷将却介剂。冷媒在系剂中必剂保剂具有良好的流剂性和防剂、防剂性能～以保剂制冷系剂冰运正常行。 一、冷媒的特点 理想的冷媒剂具剂的件如下,条 ?比剂大。在剂送一定的冷量剂～比剂大的冷媒循剂量小～ ?剂剂系大。剂剂系大的冷数数媒在剂交剂剂程中剂剂效果好～可以剂剂剂剂器面剂小一些的～剂省剂剂投剂～ ?黏黏会度和密度小。度大的冷媒在管道中的流剂阻力增大～密度大使剂的功耗增加～ ?冰冰温点低～剂剂性小～冷媒的起始点剂低于蒸剂度5,8?～不致使其剂冰;剂剂性小可减少冷媒的剂失～剂剂行剂用～运 ?腐剂性小。良好的冷媒不剂腐剂剂剂、管道和剂件～ ?不燃、无毒、剂人无体学刺激、化性剂定等。 二、常用的冷媒及其剂用 常用的冷媒主要有水、剂水、空、乙二醇、气来酒精、丙三醇等～近又有一剂新型冷媒: HLM型防腐冷媒。空的比剂小～气很很气所需剂剂面剂大～只有在采用空直接冷却剂才使用～一般常 用于家用空剂、箱。水的比剂剂大～冰但在0 ?剂就会冰它剂～限制了剂的剂用～只能用在0 ?以上的制冷系剂中～广泛剂用在冷水机剂。 剂水有剂化剂水溶液(NaCl)和剂化剂水溶液(CaCl2 )两随剂。剂水的凝固点水中剂的含量而剂化～可通剂剂水的凝固曲剂得到凝固点剂水剂度的剂剂剂系。与但是～剂水是有共晶点的～低于共晶点剂～剂度越大～凝固点越低;超剂共晶点剂～凝固点剂度增大而升高。一随况温般情下～蒸剂度高于- 16?剂～采用剂化剂水溶液;蒸剂度在温-55,-16?剂～采用剂化剂水溶液。剂水溶液的最大缺点是剂金有属减腐剂作用。采用剂水溶液作冷媒～必剂在剂水溶液中添加重剂酸剂或重剂酸剂作剂剂剂～剂剂水溶液剂剂剂、管道的腐剂。 乙二醇水溶液是目前被广泛使用的一剂冷媒～其腐剂性小～无色、无味、无剂解性、无燃剂性～一般在-70,7?的制冷系剂中使用。但乙二醇溶液使用一段剂剂后受到各剂剂菌、霉菌的感染～在金剂属霉属响形成厚厚的菌剂～腐剂金～影剂剂;其自身也易被化生成氧酸性物剂～ 加快腐剂速度～在蒸剂器、剂剂器和管剂中形成剂垢～影响运运减机剂的行性能～增加行成本和剂修剂用～少剂剂使用寿命。相剂于剂水溶液～乙二醇溶液更好。 酒精的凝固点剂- 117 ?～适用于更低的剂冷度～温但酒精具有燃剂性～使用剂需采取防火措施。丙三醇(甘油)是剂定的化合物～其水溶液无极触腐剂性、无毒～可以和食品直接接～但价格剂高。有机物冷媒的剂准蒸剂度温(沸点)均剂低～一般都采用剂式循剂。度剂化剂～有机物温冷媒体会剂剂有剂化～系剂中往往放置膨剂剂或膨剂容器。 HLM型冷媒的点度可到冰温达- 100 ?～主要由剂剂、冲霉碳防剂剂、防剂、增溶剂、低醇剂成。HLM型冷媒是无色或浅体异色透明液～剂品易燃～稀剂后的水溶液不燃～无味。三、HLM型冷媒(以HLM-2型冷媒剂例)与几况剂冷媒在相同情下的物性比剂 HLM型冷媒(以HLM-2型冷媒剂例)与几况剂冷媒在相同情下的物性比剂如表1所示。 上一剂 2 下一剂 末剂 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 制冷系剂中冷媒的剂用 剂剂,2010-01-26　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 四、CaC l2 剂水溶液与HLM - 2型冷媒的剂剂性比剂 以平剂山煤剂集剂剂封剂大有限公司(以下剂称“剂封剂大公司”)的制冷系剂剂例～ 比剂CaCl2水溶液与HLM - 2型冷媒的性能剂剂性。剂与封剂大公司制冷系剂有3剂行工,运况 ? -10 ?系剂冷媒流量Q 剂300 m3 /h～ H剂25 m～冷媒剂罐V剂35m3～ ? -20 ?系剂冷媒流量Q 剂320 m3 /h～H剂34m～冷媒剂罐V剂25m3～ ? -35 ?系剂冷媒流量Q剂100 m3 /h～ H剂38 m～冷媒剂罐V剂25 m3。 1、CaC l2 水溶液与HLM - 2型冷媒的性能比剂参数 CaCl2 水溶液与HLM - 2型冷媒的性能比剂剂表参数2。 　通剂比剂可以看出～同等件下条HLM - 2型冷媒的比剂、密度、度黏均剂于CaCl2溶液。 CaCl2剂用量12. 8 + 9. 88 + 11. 3 = 33. 98 ( t)～以1 400元/ t剂～ 1 400 ×33. 98 =4. 76万(元) ～HLM-2型冷媒剂用量9. 8 +11. 75 + 12. 5 =34. 05 ( t)～以5 500元/ t剂～ 5 500 ×34. 05 = 18. 73万(元) ～使用HLM - 2 型冷媒比用CaCl2 溶液投剂增加了13. 97万元。 2、行剂用比剂运 以剂用IS型离心剂剂例剂算。使用CaCl2 溶液剂～ - 10 ?系剂剂用IS200 - 150 - 315B～ 剂机功率37 kW - 4P; - 20 ?系剂剂用IS200 - 150 -400B～剂机功率55 kW - 4P; - 35 ?系剂剂用IS100- 65 - 200～剂机功率22 kW - 2P。剂用HLM-2型冷媒剂～ -10 ?系剂剂用IS200 -150 -250～剂机功率30kW - 4P;-20 ?系剂剂用IS200 - 150 - 315A～剂机功率45kW - 4P; - 35 ?系剂剂用IS125 - 100 - 315～剂机功率15 kW - 4P。 3剂工剂剂行况运配剂功率相差( 37 + 55 +22) -(30 + 45 + 15) = 24 ( kW ) ～ 1 年运行剂用相差24 kW ×8 000 h / a ×0. 9 ×0. 5 元/ ( kW ?h) =8. 64万(元)。 通剂剂算剂比可以看出～剂然使用HLM-2型冷媒初次投剂增加了近14万元～但使用HLM - 2型冷媒每年可剂剂行剂用运6万元。在年之可收内回多投入的剂金;而且～采用LM 型冷媒剂剂 剂管道无腐剂～ 无剂垢～ 剂剂效果剂好。使用CaCl2 溶液剂系剂腐剂比剂剂重～行一运响段剂剂后影剂剂效果～剂修剂用高～剂剂的使用寿命短。 五、剂　剂 HLM-2 型冷媒是新一代剂冷剂～是CaCl2 溶液、乙二醇、酒精等冷媒的替代剂品～其性能也剂剂越～剂得在制冷系剂中推。广响但是剂注意冷媒泄漏剂剂生剂物料的性能影～若HLM型冷媒与会响慎生剂物料剂生反剂影剂品剂量～剂用。 首剂 上一剂 1 下一剂 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 空剂冷媒的安全性分析 剂剂,2009-12-18　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 一、引言 按照哥本哈根修正案～CFC冷媒剂在1995年年底完全停剂。在此国国内剂背景下～空剂制冷行剂先后停止了R11与R12制冷机生剂～新建工程剂剂者与剂主也逐剂剂剂到剂用R123、R134 与R22冷媒的必然剂剂～但剂剂剂冷几媒毒性的安全性缺乏全面的了解～常常令剂剂剂一剂冷媒的冷机剂生困惑。 二、冷媒的毒性及其安全使用 按照ASHRAE的冷媒安全性分剂剂准～冷媒的安全性是根据其本身的可燃性毒性剂人与身危体来划它害程度分的。由此可剂～冷媒的无毒性不能代替其安全性～只是寓于安全性之中。剂了安全使用冷媒～要了解的毒性～也不可既它它忽剂的可燃性。 1. 剂剂剂剂剂的剂剂意剂 任何一台制冷剂剂或制冷系剂～其剂生当会破裂、剂裂或溢流剂～就意外地迅速剂放出大量冷媒～剂剂当拆会残个或系剂大修剂～打剂剂剂机或除密封剂剂～也使存在剂剂机中的冷媒迅速充剂整机房～使行管理人剂剂运与内气体修人剂在短剂剂剂于高剂度冷媒的包剂之中～有可能引起急性(短剂剂)中毒与窒息死亡。 此外～由于剂剂制造剂程中的疏忽～施工安剂装运与程中的不剂格～行管理保剂剂的操作剂剂～均可能剂致冷媒少量剂慢泄漏～使工作在冷剂机房内运气的行管理人剂剂剂剂地暴露在低剂度冷媒 体之中～因而引起慢性(剂剂剂)中毒。剂必剂指出～一些按ASTM E 681—85剂准确定剂不可燃的冷媒～一旦剂生火灾温将并体剂～在某剂高高剂下～也剂成可燃的～形成剂人有毒的分解物。 上述剂剂非两与气坏故意剂放泄漏的冷媒～最剂都是要散剂到大中～破人剂的生存剂境。因此～有效地控制冷媒的剂剂非两体与双故意散剂～有着保障人剂身健康保剂人剂生存剂境的重意剂。 2. 毒性的相剂性毒性与指剂 任何一剂冷媒～其剂度超剂一定水平～当数或人剂在某剂度下暴露的剂剂或重剂暴露的次超剂一定限度～都会体状体剂害人健康～出剂急性或慢性中毒症。因此～剂人剂剂无毒、无害的冷媒是不存在的。所剂无毒、无害都是相剂某剂剂度水平～一定的暴露剂剂、暴露次而数言的。在剂剂的冷剂机房内当极～冷媒的剂度能控制在低于剂定的允剂剂度限剂～就可被剂剂是无毒的、安全的。三、冷媒的安全性 1. 剂剂剂果 美国PAFrr(代用冷媒毒性剂剂剂划)剂表的剂于CFC、HCFC和HCF的毒性剂剂剂果摘要剂剂剂表1。 2. 慢性毒性效剂 表中从来即所列剂果看～有趣的是三剂剂渡性冷媒HCFC一22、HFC一1348和HCFC一123均出剂致癌效剂, HCFC一22,有剂微致癌作用 HFC一134。,出剂良性剂瘤 HCFC一123,出剂良性剂瘤 在以上三剂冷媒中～以HCFC一123的允剂暴露剂度最小(3ovm )。 TRANE公司剂美国l2人采用HCFC一123作冷媒的制冷机房剂行了剂剂工作～剂果表明在所有情下～机况内房的HCFC一123剂剂剂度都小于0,5ppm。剂修剂～剂剂剂度小于2ppm。剂保署剂 典型的HCFC一123制冷机房内运况冷媒剂度～亦剂行了大量的剂定工作～在正常行情下～剂果也是小于0,5ppm。 3. 急性毒性效剂 由于剂剂冷几气哪当氧媒的比重都比空重～不剂采用剂冷媒～有大量冷媒泄出剂～由于缺～可以使人窒息致死和剂剂心剂病～因而剂的它急性毒性效剂是一剂的。剂了保障机房操作人剂和剂修人剂的人身安全～美国ASHRAE制定了一制冷机个房剂剂中保剂人身安全的剂剂剂准～剂就是ASHRAE剂准l5。 在剂剂个哪内装准中～不剂采用剂冷媒～剂定在机房都要剂,a,冷媒感剂器或缺氧感剂器b,机房剂警装置c,机械通剂d,泄剂管要引到室外e,要配剂呼吸救生器具。 四、剂剂 剂于工程剂主剂～除了要注来装意冷媒的特性外～剂剂的剂剂、制造、施工的安剂量以及制冷机剂运行、13常行剂运与另运很修方面也要多加剂注～外～行剂剂人剂的安全培剂也重要。　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 冷媒剂口度剂管外剂剂温冰响程的影 剂剂,2009-11-02　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 前言,制剂剂在制冷、空剂、剂、冰医内冰食品、生物保剂等行剂中被普遍使用～剂位剂剂的制量和耗剂量是制剂剂的主要性能冰两个冰既冰指剂。在制剂程中要保剂水能剂迅速而剂定地剂～又要考剂制冷机剂的COP不至下降太多～因此～必剂剂剂入剂剂剂器的冰冷媒温度剂行合理剂剂。 水在到达0 ?后的剂剂冰随温当温即程通入冷媒度的不同而有所不同。冷媒度剂高～稍低于0?剂～是剂的冰个构称第一剂程～水分子剂重排～形成剂剂排列的水分子～剂晶胚; 当晶胚的尺寸和量剂足一定件后～数条冰称便剂入晶胚成剂剂晶晶核的剂程～剂一剂程剂剂晶剂程的孕育期; 之后是晶核剂定剂大的剂程～剂一剂程称温冰两个剂晶核生剂期。如果冷媒度剂低～ 剂剂剂程只有剂段～ 剂剂晶核首先在剂剂器表面迅速形成～接着剂入晶核的生剂期。 冷媒剂口度不同剂温冰冰会致剂剂程不同～剂剂程的不同剂段所占剂剂剂短也不相同～剂些都使制冰内冰冰剂剂在相同剂剂的制量各不相同。晶核的生剂期是晶剂定形成的主要剂期～剂一剂期剂剂的剂剂越剂～剂剂量相剂冰研越大。本文通剂剂剂究0 ?水在冷媒不同剂口度下温晶胚形成期和晶核形成孕育期的剂短～冷媒剂口度剂温内响冰响孕育期晶核形成速率的影以及剂剂量的影。一、剂剂研究 本剂剂研冰装究所采用的管外剂剂剂剂置如剂1 所示。剂冰氨温槽外壁敷剂聚剂泡沫和塑料泡沫保剂～恒温内温浴槽剂乙二醇水溶液～ 乙二醇溶液度可以下降到0 ?以下～控温精度剂?0. 01 ?。乙二醇溶液作剂冷媒流入剂冰内冰内温并冰槽的剂管～使得剂槽的水度下降在管外剂。剂剂偶、数构温玻温温据采集剂和剂算机成度剂量剂剂系剂～剂剂偶用精密璃度剂剂行剂定～ 剂精度剂?0. 1 ?～通剂剂剂冰内温冰槽水度剂化的分析～可以了解水剂剂程晶胚形成期、晶核形成孕育期和晶核生剂期的剂剂剂短。 剂剂步剂剂:在剂冰内槽充入水～ 打剂剂剂2和7 ～剂剂剂剂1 ～ 剂恒启温将温浴槽～ 恒浴槽控制温度剂定剂- 2 ?～ 接通剂拌器3 剂源～ 剂水剂行冷却～剂剂冷却方式可保管外水在冷确却剂程中不剂。剂会冰启数温当温达据采集系剂～剂水剂行剂量和剂剂。水到0 ?剂～剂剂断拌器3 剂源～打剂剂剂1 ～剂剂剂剂2 和7 ～恒将温温温温达温浴槽控剂定剂剂剂所需要的度。乙二醇度到剂剂度剂～打剂剂剂2 和7 ～ 剂剂剂剂1 ～ 低乙二醇溶液将温冰冰冰冰送入剂槽～使剂槽中水剂生剂相剂。管外剂剂程剂束后～剂剂制冷机～打剂剂剂1 ～剂剂剂剂2 和7 ～用虹吸管抽出剂冰槽中剩余水。打剂剂剂2 和7 ～剂剂剂剂1 ～恒将温温浴槽控制度剂定剂20 ?～通入高乙二醇溶液～使管外剂温冰冰融化。管外剂完全融化后～ 再次用虹吸管水吸出～ 剂量水的剂量～剂剂剂剂量。将即冰 二、剂果分与析 2.1 冷媒温温响度剂水的影剂2 剂剂冰温槽剂管中流入不同度的乙二醇剂2 　冷媒不同剂口温度下剂冰温冰内温随温槽水剂化曲剂溶液剂～剂槽水剂剂的剂化曲剂。以乙二醇溶液剂口度剂- 3. 5 ?的曲剂剂例～ AB 段代表水被- 3. 5 ?冷媒冷却而成剂剂冷水的剂程～剂一剂期是液剂水中水分子由比剂剂的剂排乱状冰构会列剂剂似于晶中水分子剂剂剂的剂程。某些剂剂排列的水分子剂成大小不一的小集剂～剂些小集剂便是晶胚～ 是水在低剂冷度下剂生晶核的源。剂些来晶胚剂于一剂剂聚剂散的不剂定剂～度状温条越低～晶胚尺寸越大～晶胚就越剂定～也就越有件生剂剂晶核。AB 段剂晶胚形成期。BC 段是晶核大量形成的剂段～ 剂剂在短剂期内潜大量晶核形成～放出大量相剂剂～ 剂管内来将会温冷媒不及剂些剂量剂走～因而剂些剂量使水上升～ BC 段即剂晶核形成的孕育期。CD 段是晶核剂定成剂剂冰冰晶的剂段～是的主要生剂剂期。 剂从3 中可以看出～冷媒温度由- 3. 5 ?降至- 5 ?～晶胚形成期的剂剂急剂剂短～ 冷媒温度低于- 5. 5 ?剂～晶胚形成期消失。晶胚形成期剂剂和冷媒剂口度剂系如剂温3 所示～可以看出晶胚形成期剂剂和冷媒温数温冰度呈指下降的剂律。冷媒度剂高剂～、水相剂剂剂力ΔG 剂小～在剂始通入冷媒后的一段剂剂～使在管内即温附近度最低的水中也不能快速形成晶核。由于剂管中冷媒的吸剂～剂冰随数槽中的水逐剂剂成剂冷水～ 着水剂冷度的增加～剂冷水中形成晶胚的量逐剂增多～ 晶胚尺寸逐剂剂大。水被冷却的剂剂越剂～剂定的晶胚数当条量就越多。晶胚尺寸剂足件剂～便出剂晶胚向晶核剂剂的相剂剂程。 上一剂 2 下一剂 末剂 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 冷媒温度低于- 5. 5 ?剂～靠很冰近剂管的水有大的剂冷度～、水相剂剂剂力ΔG 足以使得剂管上的表面粗糙条并冰剂成剂相剂核心。因此～在剂剂件下～水中不存在晶胚～ 剂的晶核直接在剂管表面粗糙剂剂生。 　　剂从2 可以看出～ 在晶核形成的孕育期～ 水温温急剂上升。冷媒度越高～水在由晶胚向晶核相剂剂的剂冷度越大～水上升温温幅度也越大。由于冷媒度越高～晶胚形成期越剂～ 所形成的晶胚数内数当温量越多～在相同剂剂～ 剂生向晶核相剂的晶胚量也越多。冷媒度剂- 3. 5 ?剂～晶胚甚至充剂水的整个温剂。因此～冷媒度越高～孕育期晶核的形成速率越快～形成晶核的域也大。由于剂剂要剂生相剂的区数很温晶胚量多～所以孕育期剂剂的剂剂也越剂。冷媒度低于- 5. 5 ?剂～晶核剂在剂管表面形成～孕育期剂剂剂有数min 。孕育期以后是晶核的剂定生剂期～在剂一剂期的初始剂段由于冰潜会晶的剂定生剂～放出的剂使水的剂度温略微上升～而在生剂的中、后期～的外剂界冰来靠内会温冰越越近剂剂偶剂点～剂管冷媒的吸剂使水下降。剂一剂期是的主要形成期～制剂冰冰决程剂量的多少主要由剂一剂程的剂剂定。 2.2 冷媒温冰响度剂剂方式的影 剂剂剂剂～ 冷媒温度剂低(低于- 3. 5 ?) 剂～在剂冰初期～晶核以剂管外表面剂中心向四周作枝晶状冰属匀冰乱冰极生剂～剂剂剂方式于不均相剂剂晶。由于的生剂方向剂～ 晶排列不剂剂～ 所剂冰冰温状冰剂白色。冷媒度越低～剂管附近水的剂冷度越大～枝晶生剂的特征越明剂～ 白色的范剂也越大。在剂中、后冰冰靠冰很冰期～由于剂剂厚～剂阻剂大～ 近外剂的水的剂冷度已小～剂剂剂方式剂均匀冰径冰冰冰相剂剂晶～晶一剂剂在直方向生剂～ 晶剂剂排列～所剂剂无色透明。 冷媒温度剂高(高于- 3. 5 ?) 剂～如果在剂前水剂剂相剂剂剂的冷冰当却～在晶核形成初始剂刻水中可能已充剂晶胚～ 管当会壁附近首先剂出晶核后～剂些晶核可能剂生向剂管斜后方成片状冰潜温快速生剂的剂剂～在生剂剂程中使沿程的晶胚相剂剂晶～放出的剂使得周剂剂冷水度上升至0 ?以上～剂些片在剂冰几离向乎是等剂距剂生～ 相互剂剂向距剂5,10 mm 。同剂在剂些片冰(主冰片)剂也剂生一些会很冰冰网状构短的片～ 因此俯剂剂～ 剂些片形成一剂剂蜂剂剂剂。剂4 剂主片冰俯剂剂和度剂点布置剂。温 　　由于冷媒温温温并度沿流向逐剂上升～水中度剂的等剂不是剂管剂平行的直剂～而是如剂与4 所示斜剂。在垂直于等剂方温冰冰向是剂量剂剂最快的方向～也是晶生剂最有利的方向～因此片生剂方向和等剂温冰垂直。剂剂一段剂剂后～片生剂至水的自由面和容器壁便无法剂剂生剂～此后只有管外的冰径沿向逐剂剂剂生剂。剂5 剂出了5 剂剂个温冰况偶所剂度在剂剂程中的剂化情～剂5 剂剂个偶剂于剂管剂剂的水平面。剂内从5 可以看出～在平行和垂直于剂管剂剂的方向温度都是剂化的～因此在水平面的等剂剂内温近似如剂4 中剂虚并所示。且剂剂偶2 ～3 ～4 的度温几乎同剂上升～剂是由于冰从来很冰数片剂管壁生剂出的速度快～在本剂剂所使用的剂槽中～只需十s 片生剂至剂冰即冰槽剂壁。 2.3 冷媒温冰响度剂剂量的影 冷媒温内冰度越高～晶胚形成期所占剂剂越剂～ 在相同剂剂剂剂剂剂量越少。剂6 反映了在相同剂剂剂剂剂管外剂量和冷内冰温随温离减媒度的剂系。可以看出～着冷媒度降低～ 相剂剂点剂的垂直距小。也就是剂～冷媒下降相同的度～剂量的增加量温冰减温温少。剂是因剂冷媒度剂高剂～度下降会减冰引起晶胚形成期所占剂剂的急剂少～晶核形成期和生剂期剂剂增加～所以剂量剂化剂大。冷媒温随温冰温度剂低剂～晶核形成期和生剂期剂剂已不冷媒度剂化～ 剂剂剂相同。冷媒度越低～吸剂能力越大～吸剂能力的不同是引起剂量剂化的主冰冰冰因。剂一作用要小于剂剂剂不同的作用～所以剂量增加剂剂剂慢。剂从3 可以看出～冷媒温度低于- 5 ?剂～晶胚形成期已基本消失～剂剂剂不剂。冰剂6 表明- 5 ?以下剂量增剂剂剂剂冰温慢。因此～冷媒度- 5 ?是剂剂合适的剂度～冰温此剂制冷机剂COP 下降剂少～剂量冰又剂多。 三、剂剂 冷媒流剂制剂剂元件剂的度剂水的剂剂冰温冰很响温程具有大的影。冷媒度在- 4. 5 ?以上剂～制剂冰冰温程具有剂剂的晶胚形成期和晶核形成期～而晶核生剂期相剂剂短～因此剂量剂小～但此剂度下降引起剂量的剂大剂化。度在冰温- 5?以下剂～剂剂剂基本不剂～ 度下降冰温冰引起剂量的剂化剂小。剂合从冰考剂剂量和制冷机COP剂的角度出剂～ - 5 ?的冷媒温冰温度是比剂合适的制度。冷媒温冰温会冰状度不同～ 的生剂方式也剂生剂化～度剂高剂剂生晶的片生剂方式。 首剂 上一剂 1 下一剂 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 理想冷媒的物理特性解答 剂剂,2009-07-31　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 理想冷媒,无毒、不爆炸、剂金及非金无属属学腐剂作用、不燃剂、泄漏剂易于察剂、化性安定、剂剂滑油无破坏潜性、具有剂的蒸剂剂、剂剂境无害 。 理想的冷媒物理特性, 1.蒸剂剂力要高 蒸剂度剂用度而剂化～温会随温冰温例如水机之蒸剂度剂剂0~5?～冷剂剂主机之蒸剂度剂剂温-20 ~ -30?～家用空剂机之蒸剂度剂剂温5~10?。蒸剂度温愈低～蒸剂剂力亦愈低～若冷媒之蒸剂剂力低於大剂力剂～剂空易气气温侵入系剂～系剂剂理上剂剂困剂～因此希望冷媒在低蒸剂剂～其蒸剂剂力可高於大剂力。气 2.蒸剂剂要大潜 冷媒之蒸剂剂大～表潜示使用剂少的冷媒便可以吸收大量的剂量。 3.剂界度要高温 剂界度高～表温温温气来达示冷媒凝剂度高～剂可以用常的空或水冷却冷媒而到凝剂液化的作用。 4.冷凝剂力要低 冷凝剂力低～表示用剂低剂力可冷即将媒液化～剂剂机之剂剂比小～可剂省剂剂机之剂力。 5.凝固度要低温 冷媒之凝固点要低～否剂冷媒在蒸剂器剂剂而无法内循剂。 6.剂冷气媒之比容剂要小 剂冷气气气媒之比容剂愈小愈好～剂剂剂机之容剂可剂小使成本降低～且吸管及排管可以用剂小的冷媒配管。 7.液剂冷媒之密度要高 液剂冷媒之密度愈高～剂液管可用剂小的配管。 8.可溶於冷剂油～剂系剂不必装离油分器 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 常用制冷剂R134a的特性 剂剂,2010-02-22　源,互剂　　来网剂布剂剂　剂入剂剂 R134a;SUVA 134a,～化名,学1,1,1,2-- 四乙剂～分子剂成,氟CH2FCF3～CAS注,册号811-97-2～分子量,102.0～HFC型制冷剂～ODP剂剂零。 R134a 的剂力和物理性剂～以及其低毒性～使之成剂一剂非常有效和安全的替代品。HFC-134a可用在目前使用CFC-12;二剂二甲剂,的剂多剂域～包括,汽剂氟 空剂、家用剂器、小型固定制冷剂剂、超剂市剂的中制冷、工商剂的制冷机～聚合物剂泡～剂剂剂品～以及剂合金保剂温气 气体等。 R134a 作剂新一代的剂保制冷剂～用于替代R12;二剂二甲剂,～氟R22～ 主要剂用于汽剂空剂～箱～冷冰柜湿～剂水机～除机～中央空剂(冷水机剂)等制冷空剂剂剂中。 用作保剂,用于剂合金加工上的保剂。气体气体 用于聚合物剂泡,聚合物剂泡。 用于剂剂,气HFC-134a也可用于那些剂毒性和可燃性要求剂格的剂剂中～ 由于 气HFC-134a 的低毒和不易燃性～被制用于剂物吸入剂的剂;用剂剂,。它研体即医气 剂剂机生剂商通常建剂使用多元醇剂POE;Polyol Ester,和聚二醇PAG;Polyalkylene Glycol,;汽剂空剂,冷剂机油。 的主要物化性剂HFC-134a Ppm(v/v)/已剂道 / 包括HFC-134a剂位1200/0.28/0770VOL%?无wt%0.11wt %0.15mpa.s(cp)0.202 0.012W/mk(Btu/hr.ftF)0.0824(0.0478)0.0145(0.00836KJ/kg(Btu/1b)217.2(93.4)Kpa(bar)666.1(6.661)KJ/kg.k(Btu/(1b))0.852(0.204)KJ/kg.k(Btu/ (1b)F)1.44(0.339)g/cm3(1b/ft3)5.25(0.328)g/cm3(1b/ft3)1206(75.28)g/m3(1b/ft3)515.3(32.17)M3/kg(ft3/1b)0.00194(0.0311)Kpa(1b/in2abs)4060(588.9)101.1-103.0-??? 26.1/102.03/CH2FCF3 1～1～1～2-四乙氟 剂物性 毒性;和小剂,可允剂的AEL*812TWA 空暴露剂度气 有害物剂管理法剂案情况 剂代剂全球室效剂温 ;的 ,HGWPCFC-11 HGWP=1 臭消耗剂氧潜 自燃度温 空中可燃性限～气极1atm 水在的溶解度～ HFC-134a 25? HFC-134a 在水中溶解度～～25?1atm 粘度～,液体25? 气体;,1atm剂剂率～,液体25? 气体;,1atm蒸剂剂～沸点下蒸汽剂力～25? 剂容;恒剂蒸汽,～～ 25?1atm 剂容;液,～体25?密度～;剂和蒸,沸点下气密度～;液,～体25?剂界密度 剂界剂体 剂界剂力 剂界度温 冰点 沸点;,1atm分子量 分子式 1000// ;剂 GWP100yr.ITH ～,CO2GWP=1化名学 中制冷情下温况和理剂性能的剂照CFC-12HFC-134a4.14.786.8(188.2)CFC-12HFC-134a 1349(195.6)83.1(181.5)1473(213.7)3.553.4399.7-剂比 剂剂机排度?;?,气温 排剂力气;,kpapsia ;性效系,数COP 100 制冷剂;以剂照物,参CFC-12 　　剂剂,申伯剂 在剂投稿 ? 剂表剂剂 ,英文版 , easily blame, to prevent the broken window effect. Supervise the leading cadres to play an exemplary role, take the lead in the strict implementation of the < code > and < rule >, lead to safeguard the solemnity and authority of the party discipline, ensure that the party discipline and the laws and regulations for implementation in place. Throughout the discipline in the daily supervision and management , strengthen supervision and inspection, from the thorough investigation of violations of discipline behavior. Strengthen to key areas, key departments and key projects as well as the masses reflect the concentration of the units and departments for supervision. - strengthening supervision, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to set an example for compliance with the < code > and < rule > is a man must be hexyl, blacksmith needs its own hardware. Discipline inspection organs as the executor of the party discipline, and supervisor of the defenders, for its supervision must be more strictly, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to firmly establish the awareness of Party Constitution, sense of discipline and rules consciousness, politics loyalty, sense obey. Action speak Ji Ordinance to set an example of the regulations of the rule of law, strengthen supervision and accept the supervision of the firmness and consciousness, do comply with < > and < >. To firmly establish the discipline must first be disciplined, the supervisor will be subject to the supervision of "concept, and consciously safeguard and implement party compasses party, take the lead in practicing" three strict real strict, so loyal, clean, play. To be good at learning, the Constitution and the < code > as morality, politics and brought to fruition; to implement < >, do not want to, dare not, not with disciplinary ruler to supervision; to discipline a ruler, often the control inspection, and consciously in the ideological red line to draw the row Ming Good accumulation is indeed the bottom line, so that the heart has fear, said to have quit, the line has ended. Attached: indifferent to heart, calmly to the table in our life, there are many unpredictable things will happen, some good, some bad things, we cannot control is powerless to stop, but with time, you will find in life sometimes turns out to be not good, some bad things finally turned out to be a good thing, but then we muddy however did not know, this is the life teach us things. 1, life can be complex, can also be simple. Want simple life of precipitation, to have enough time to reflect, to make Become more perfect. Life is the most important thing is not to win, but the struggle; not to have conquered, but to have fought well. 2, the plain is the background of life. Live a plain life, give up on themselves is not a coward, but the wise answers; not disillusioned after the heart, such as ashes, but experience the storm after the enlightenment; not unrewarding perfunctorily, but calm attitude of life of unrestrained self-confidence. Plain living, there is no noise noisy, no earthly troubles, more did not fill in the discontent of desire, some just a calm, a calm. 3, memory of heart will not good things to erase the, life is a When no movie, pain is a beginning, the struggle is a kind of process, death is a kind of ending. Give up this giving up is the helpless, do not give up the abandoned, do not give up this giving up is ignorance, do not give up should not give up is persistent. 4, a thing figured is heaven, think impassability is hell. Since the living, to live better. Sometimes we because of too narrow-minded, too care around the chores and penny wise and pound foolish, not worth the candle. Some things to attract trouble and worry, completely depends on how we look at and deal with it. Don't always take everything back to things, and don't get into a blind alley, don't want to face, don't be narrow-minded. Poke to care, is a kind of open-minded, a free and easy. 5, I am not afraid of others behind me a knife, I afraid to look back and see stab me, is my intention to treat people; I am not afraid of the truth to tell the best friend, I'm afraid he turned to it as a joke to tell don't 6, when we are in a positive frame of mind, you will find many good things; and when we are in a negative state of mind, you will find many depressed things; life happy and worry, all is you of life attitude, optimistic, good luck; loss of sink, Eritrea company. When you are in adversity, may wish to change a point of view to think everything over to the good Think, because good mentality decided the fate of the! 7, people are tired, rest; heart tired, calm. Grow up, mature, this society read. Tired and sad, squat down, to their a hug. Because the world no one can sympathize with you, have mercy on you. You cry, tears is your own; you pain, no one can understand. Then you only tears to smile. 8, each people have youth, Each youth are a story, the life of the world never gets easier, I want what, wish the world all know, as has been the same; now want anything, for fear that others know, or like to lose the same. 9, the heart move, everything in the world is followed by birth, Rangrang, important thing is often the most difficult to open one's mouth, because words will reduce its importance; to let strangers people care about your life in the good things, the original is not easy 10, do not blame, do not laugh at who, also don't envy who. Like a person is a kind of feeling, not like a person is true. The truth is easy to explain, I feel Is unspeakable. The best travel life is that you in a strange place found a long lost touched. 11, happy life not in the bustling in, and in the peace of mind; no matter how many grievances, how uncomfortable, and ultimately to heal themselves or their own, others may got you to comfort, but never know your heart is how wanjianchuanxin. 12, ma'am, like a movie, learn to appreciate, learn to be grateful, learn tolerance, and goodness, helping others. Instead of accusing the society, as into one; and an exception is better to give than to what 13, don't envy him A sum of, don't lose your life and the life, respectively is: the former is a we experienced cannot escape in a day finally will last minute, while the latter is our persistent, we want to cherish the memory of those people and things. 14, learn to smile, learn to strong, the world you know so many people, so many people and you are, you cannot change also can't let everyone like you, so also do not want to do. Life is too short to go crazy to love to go to waste, to chase the dream to regret. 15, when temper, a blessing to go. A wounding elegant people, the key is to control their own emotions. With the mouth is the most stupid behavior. A control negative emotions than a can take a city more powerful water flow slow, language is expensive. People spent two years of time to learn to speak, but to spend a few years time to shut up. That is a kind of ability, that is a kind of wisdom. 16, life is not perfect, sometimes, growth is not a cry, not an eyeful of tears, there is no trace of emotion, there is no gleam of hope, no desire, no action, no static, there is only one kind of downward sinking feeling, sink A murky? 6? 7? 6? 7 sink? 6? 7? 6? 7 toward the bottom of the sink. 17, in some way, do not go, you will not know the other side scenery is beautiful. To you is not good, you do not mind too much, no one has an obligation to you; you learn knowledge, is you have weapons, you can start from scratch, but not unarmed; how do you treat people, does not represent how others treat you, if cannot see through this point, only inviting worry. 18, time is like a sponge in the water, as long as you are willing to squeeze, the total water is still there. Every life, after the ups and downs The best test of live, to life, survival and continuation, do not stop the struggle in the joys and sorrows of life on the road, so that different soul to bear life beat, acceptance of suffering. 19, indifferent to heart, calmly in table, elegant and comfortable life, do not take what is so important. The pursuit will be disappointed; to be alive, you will have trouble. Life is the most afraid of what all want to care about, but also what all grasp is not firm, without scenery, separated populations, such as not to desire, all docked in the fate of the end. Why is too rigid, the natural, to go stay not to live, let go of obsession, revel is 20, if the fate of the broken Hopes of sailing, please don't despair, the coast is still, if the fate of the withered petals of the beautiful, please do not sink, the spring is still, life will always be endless trouble, please don't helpless, because they are still alive, is still a dream, the sun still, we still. Lost, keep memories; to get, must work to; but the most important is good to cherish their own. 21, life, select the complex, is to choose the pain; choose a simple, is choose to be happy. The complex world like a Significance of pride. Hope is the ornate palace, outside people admiring the magnificent, living in the deep knowledge of living it to pay the price. Simple world as a simple log cabin outside ridiculed shabby, the heart is willing to go live to know the joy. Suffering and joy is their own choice. 22, learn how to use a single powerful heart, let the past be the past, let the future come. Life is really the end of the end of an eagle is flying wings, life is constantly pursuit. Don't miss to regret, don't wait for old just miss. Time to return, seize every moment, again painstakingly again tired also Those struggling to fly. 23, life could not Yimapingchuan, even flat pavement, inevitably there will be a few pieces of roadblocks. Some of the rocks around the past, while others have to move it out. Just move others put the stone is very easy, because the stone from the appearance we can discern; difficult to myself to move away the heart of stone head. Leave time to spend with her, often reflect my heart, so as to remove your heart of stone. 24, everything does not have to be demanding, come to, everything does not have to care about, over the past; failing to do not frown, laugh it laugh. Results Don't demand, do to; life is a simple, calm and peaceful. Always not to choose their own path and regret, life is like a train, the scenery and then the United States will retreat, the passage of time and encounter will eventually drifting further and further away, before is always himself. 25, everyone has a weakness, weakness is true humanity. That has no weakness, a shallow person. That people think there is no weakness, mostly false. Life has shortcomings, there are shortcomings is the real life. That no one regret, or childish or numbness or Self deception. It is in tolerance of weakness and so on to accept, people live happily. Hello, everyone! I am a party member. The title of my speech is: < study and implement the party's two laws, doing practical play highway. 2015 October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated the implementation of the < the probity of the Communist Party of China self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and punishment regulations. We Heyuan male passers-by to respond positively to the call of the Central Committee of the party, earnestly organize the study "party two regulations", truly grasp the essence and gist, and in their respective positions, to hold the bottom line of the discipline, build a strong ideological line of defense, with the courage to play, the courage to fight tough and fearless spirit, at the crucial moment well to complete the task, with practical action to test the study and implement effect Because of discipline in the * * * * * * * * * * * story. Here, let me to cast a brick to attract jade, speak about our highway. Highway line section of the road surface transformation project, last year "towards the country seized" will be seized one of the items. To complete this arduous task, as a project management office director Comrade, keep in mind from the Communist Party membership, recognize and identify the "bottom line", strict management, and strict adherence to the quality of the project. He not only set an example, honesty and self-discipline, but also requires the management of all the members of the O.K., do not eat the construction unit one meal, do not accept the construction unit a ceremony. In this way, they didn't really dare to adhere to the principle. No comrade, constantly put on reworking an emergency meeting to Comrade Zhen to speak louder, management tube too strict. Remember in Dongguan Street, 400 meters long cement concrete surface layer, because of various reasons, the smoothness of the poor in the bottom cavity, covering film traces and car imprinting quality problems, * * * inquiries, immediately rushed to the scene to understand and verify the situation, the convening of the management office, the construction units, supervision units, construction units, construction units construction time is tight, the economic loss and other reasons to intercede ******** unmoved. He said, "now a popular word, to the discipline and rules quite in front, there are no rules Radius, you construction team not accordance with the technical specifications, quality problems, it must be to carry out rectification. Engineering quality responsibility be weightier than Mount Tai, if we manage to this matter Pavement quality quantity are placed the matter, we this time to learn two regulations have what use? Still what is the Communist Party? "Finally, in his insisted, the road after rework, to solve these problems. In the construction of the new comrades and the project all the colleagues efforts, after four months of fighting, the project the main project was finally completed and passed inspection. Thousands of miles of ice, thousands of miles Piao, this is a splendid and romantic scene. But snow for the highway, it is a disaster, a serious threat to the traffic safety. This year, a month, a century of cold wave swept from North to south, and the snow blowing to Guangdong, but also to bear the blow To * * * * the highway. In January on the evening of 23, Lianping county city temperatures dropped to minus 2 degrees, a wide range of sudden rain sleet, before and after the provincial S341 line in Jiulianshan Mountain tunnel sections of the road appeared in the snow, lead to the passing vehicles skid, traffic is blocked. In the face of the sudden natural disasters, city and county highway department immediately launched the emergency plan for disaster prevention. As the front line of the main force, Lianping Highway Bureau of all Party members and cadres to remember the Party member responsibility, braving the biting cold wind, the first time rushed to the scene, on the icy pavement of salt disposal. Because the temperature is too low, just melt water immediately freezes, addition to the ice work to increase the difficulty. To ensure In addition to the re organization of the depths of the traffic safety, road people braved the icy put reflective cones and warning signs, endure cold at minus 2,3 of Jiulianshan patrols until one in the morning. Just before dawn, Lianping Highway Bureau personnel on the icy road salt ice melting processing until ten o'clock, ice melting ice success, the road gradually returned to normal traffic. In the cold winter night, which people do not miss the warm bed, which people do not miss the warm home. However, our highway on the road to the owners of the masses can go home early, the night fighting to secure the avoidance of the road safety and smoothness, fulfill their responsibility. Xi General Secretary Every Party member cadre cautioned against said: blacksmith needs self hard "." two regulations ", is our own hard standard test, more exercise every party members and cadres of the fire. We should continue to strengthen the party two regulations, conscientiously in practical work, practical play road, the road for the development of the cause of Heyuan and struggle. In the industry domain report the situation of road traffic in recent years, in the province highway departments of the concern and support, our bureau management department based on the job, loyalty duty, best service, to further promote the highway management standardization, legal, scientific and information technology to improve the management level and service quality. This will be my last work is as follows: first, around the center, go all out to greet the seizure in 2015, "meet national examination" is my bureau work. As the highway management department, we focus on the work of the center to strengthen road renovation and management as the focal point, further optimize the service environment, improve service levels. Inspection, the inspection group and the Ministry of transport, the Bureau under the leadership of the ministries and agencies highly evaluated and fully affirmed. (a) increase road area remediation efforts. The programme of work, strengthen the organization and leadership. The timely development of the city of <*** common trunk highway area environment remediation plan >, along the road signs and markings, traffic safety facilities, on both sides of the green, advertising signs, control area illegal construction and implementation of remediation tasks to the relevant departments, clear work time of the node to ensure rectification work timely. Set up road area special rectification work leading group, implement a bureau, the Bureau of the county (District), the project road site domain environment comprehensive improvement Mechanism. To ensure that the work carried out smoothly, the bureau also organized the city road managers participated in the regulation of road region and the relevant laws and regulations of the special training. 2. Active butt joint is reported, actively strive for the support of. Local Party committee and government support is the job As a magic weapon, I am one of the Bureau of the principal leaders repeatedly attack inspection "remediation and road area to the principal leaders of the municipal report. * * *, the Secretary of municipal Party committee, mayor * *, * * *, vice mayor of many times the rate of the relevant departments directly under the responsible person in-depth National Highway G105 line, G205 line, provincial S341 line and the other highway project site, on-site office, coordination solve engineering construction and environmental comprehensive renovation in the presence of difficulties and problems. Last year, national highway along the county (District) government led organizations deploy traffic, urban management, public security, land, environmental protection, industry and commerce, highways and other related departments, to carry out to dismantle illegal construction and ground structures, cleaning up illegal standard Records label "as the main content of the road domain integrated environmental remediation activities and achieved good results. 3. Pay attention to comprehensive management, improve the effectiveness of remediation. Road construction control management has been strengthened. According to the relevant provisions of the laws and regulations of the < Highway Law > and < highway safety regulations for the protection of > and so on, county * *, * * County People's Government on highway construction control area were delineated and issue a public notice, * * County People's government also approved by the executive meeting of the government through discussion, implementation of road boundary markers of 73 million yuan of special funds input, stake setting. According to statistics, last year the city has erected building control zone peg 820, construction control area boundary markers 815 . the second is highway greening and beautification work enhance the road area remediation effectiveness. Will highway greening and beautification work as road area remediation of a key, invite garden experts to guide the design of green, the implementation of high standards for ecological landscape highway activities to create, five years, I board greening mileage of more than 900 kilometers, appropriate road greening greening rate of 100%, effectively enhance the city road greening level and grade, adds a sharp scenery line for **********. Third, rectification of illegal construction and occupation of the road has been checked. By through the town, crossing the road on many occasions to carry out concentrated rectification actions, to clear the remnants of the wall, broken Archives of highways in strict accordance with the wall of building structures and the illegal deposits, remediation along the Jeeves, Jeeves placed advertisements and vehicle maintenance, car washing and other acts, standardize and purification on both sides of the highway billboards and other non road signs, I city of national and provincial highway basic elimination of the "dirty, chaotic, poor, blocking phenomenon, highway traffic environment purification, landscaping. (2) to strengthen the management on the basic data management. The level of the archives management regulations, formulate the < file management system >, the establishment of the road, the implementation of the file manager, file collection, filing, sorting, filing, confidentiality, custody, borrow, identification pin Destroy the standardization. 2, standardized management, enhance service image (a) evaluation system to further improve in order to strengthen and standardize guidance and assessment of each county (area) bureau of highways management work, the Bureau developed a <*** City Highway Bureau highways management assessment implementation measures (Trial). To regularly check for half a year, year-end assessment and irregular random sampling combined, taking the spot road inspections, sampling sections, listening to the reports, archives data check, for each county (area) bureau of highways management work implementation of the special assessment. According to the annual comprehensive assessment appraisal score results, evaluation of outstanding, excellent compliance and Not up to the standard of four grades. And in accordance with the level of assessment, the award on behalf of dial highway management funds. Total score is above 95%, is excellent, 10 million yuan reward; total score of 90 - 94 for excellent, 8 million yuan reward; for the total score of 80 - 89 points for standard, reward 50000 yuan. On the total score is less than 79 points for non-compliance unit, circulate a notice of criticism. (II) Sheung inspection work to further standardize a is in place to ensure the inspection. National and provincial trunk highway patrol monthly not less than 20 days, State Road a week of not less than 3 times, dart a week of not less than 2 times. The second is to explore and promote the electronic patrol monitoring. City highway patrol vehicles are installed on the highway patrol vehicle monitoring system; highway law enforcement personnel are equipped with a recorder for law enforcement, on the process of supervision and law enforcement to ensure evidence has played an effective role. The third is unified and standardized inspection ledger records, inspection equipment use and management of the electronic Patrol information storage utilization. The fourth is the establishment of highway maintenance and inspections mechanism. The city's 19 country and provincial trunk highway maintenance center equipped with the CPPCC keeper, and to develop a road of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference tube member responsibilities. According to statistics, in 2015 (on the road. Day.... Stop the road mileage, 17 cases; clean up debris on both sides of the road 20 , demolition billboard 30, demolition chaotic scaffolding house 3, clean Lane Hawking 15.) (3) road permit work to further strengthen the implementation of administrative licensing system, strengthen the supervision and administration of the licensing. Strict implementation of the < Guangdong Province highways license implementation measures >. According to the provisions of the road approval procedures and processes to carry out road license, do according to the law, the license in accordance with the law, shall be subject to examination and approval of the. Implement the collective examination and approval, to strengthen supervision. Highways and approval of business implementation of technical review of administrative approval and separation, the audit focused on the more complex involved in the road licensing matters, collective decision-making, to improve the scientific nature of the road administrative examination and approval, reduce approval corruption risks. Second is to promote the In administrative permission of information technology to improve service quality. According to the <*** Provincial People's Government Office on Issuing 2014 improve and expand the spirit of the relevant documents of the online business hall of program of work notice > and ministries and provincial and municipal government, I realized the butt of Guangdong Province highway information network and provincial network business hall * * * branch office highways licensing examination and approval work. Simplify the licensing process, and strengthen the office system, optimize the quality of service. (4) image of the team to further enhance a is grasp Windows image.2015 years, my bureau highways licensing in the city administrative service center settings window service. According to the <** provincial highway The provisions of the administrative licensing service window management way > and < on regulating the content of the public notice >, I Bureau for damaged highway capacity compensation standard, occupied by highway repair (lost) compensation expenses standards, in accordance with the law of administrative licensing items, the communications administrative license implementation procedures into the line on the wall publicity, in the service window is equipped with all kinds of application fill in sample, administrative licensing service guide brochure, in a conspicuous place public commitment to the system and advisory telephone complaints, for the masses provides warm and thoughtful service. Second is to grasp the "Four Unifications" working in the city's highway law enforcement image. According to the Ministry of transport < to strengthen transportation administrative law enforcement image construction guidance Scheme > and the ministries of the Provincial Bureau of the relevant documents, I board in front of the June 2015 completed the identification of law enforcement, law enforcement station appearance, clothing of law enforcement, law enforcement documents "four unification". (5) the AILU nursing atmosphere further formation of my bureau attaches great importance to the propaganda work of highway management "road awareness month" into <*** City Highway Bureau 2015 road administration work points. One is around the "norms of law enforcement, improve the service" theme "road awareness month" activities carried out. According to statistics, the city's highway system were deployed highways propaganda car 60 times, staff of highways 152 people, set point consulting 6, issued and publicity Data of 8000, hanging banners 134; broadcast 60 hours / 20, update 7 inch high rod making permanent propaganda page 4; in <*** Daily > 7th edition published < highway laws and regulations publicity content >, purchased and distributed < the people's Republic of China Highway Law >, < highway Ann Quanbao supporting regulations > legal text, a total of 500 this. The second is to carry out "12.4" national legal advocacy day activities, the city road officers go deep among the masses interpretation of highway Highways Management laws, regulations and policy advocacy, analysis for illegal construction at both sides of the road, a typical case of illegal advertising management, showing public road construction and maintenance of highways The actual results of the management, the masses love protection consciousness and social awareness to further enhance the enforcement of highways. In recent years, I board in the highway management work were some beneficial explorations and the attempt, and achieved initial results, but there is still a certain gap compared with requirements of the Provincial Bureau and other brothers City, we will to implement the party's spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the opportunity, and further increase the intensity of road management work, and constantly improve the overall quality of the workforce and the ability to learn, and strive to achieve the new highway across. Today the topic of democratic life will I talk about the main to correctly treat leave turn ensure transition delicate gas is understanding, to carry out criticism and self-criticism, in-depth to find problems, profound analysis of the causes, through self analysis to find their own existence problem, to correctly understand their own, strengthen the party spirit training, to ensure that the election of smoothly and successfully completed. Below I talk about their own situation, please put forward valuable opinion. Main understanding (a) serious discipline, to create a delicate gas is in the general environment in accordance with the Central Commission for discipline inspection organs, < of Organization Department of CPC Central Committee on strengthening the election of the notice of customs supervision >, municipal < on doing a good job City Township leadership transition in the notification > and county Party Committee Organization Department of the county Party Committee Organization Department < on the convening of the correct treatment leave turn ensure transition Fengqing gas is a feature of democratic life notice > files related to the spirit of the requirements, earnestly implement the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be" the solemn discipline, I earnestly study the < Chinese Communist Party principle of honesty and self-discipline >. < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations >, < promote leading cadre of some regulations >, < party and government leading cadres selection and appointment Regulations > and file, and a profound understanding of the nine is prohibited, a nine law "discipline essence and firmly safeguard the election of serious Ensure the unhealthy tendencies have successfully completed, and actively create a delicate gas is the election of environment, to ensure that the election, so as to further strengthen the town leadership and cadre team construction. Through the study, in-depth thinking, to a serious discipline the importance and necessity of a more profound understanding. First, it is the iron discipline. The central put forward the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be the reason for early serious general discipline, designated" high-voltage wire, "itself reflects the party committees at all levels of the reelection of attaches great importance to the objective is bright resolute attitude, the implementation of effective measures, the same candidate to fight with discipline election of wind Discipline in gas is health. Secondly, this is prevenient. From some typical cases, we can see that individual cadres election to engage in speculative hack canvassing votes, in violation of discipline, and ultimately paid a high price. The destruction of Hengyang election case and Nanchong canvassing bribery case that strengthen election discipline, serious election discipline of necessity and importance. The discipline of publicity to the public, wide report, that is, early warning, early hit precautionary needle, tell the cadres should do what shouldn't do, what to do and what not to do, and better education of cadres, warning cadres, and build a strong line of defense, to avoid the occurrence of similar problems. There is duty. Serious discipline, with a strong team is an important starting point. As the leadership of the party members and cadres, take the lead in the implementation and take the lead in upholding the election of discipline, which is a major political responsibility. Must be clear requirements, strict constraints themselves, cherish the honor, safeguard the image of the organization; promote righteousness, play an exemplary role. Especially as deputy Township, but also to give a full play to its role, always stand in the discipline of first-line maintenance. The wind Su Ji through the election of the work of the whole process. (II) serious discipline, treat correctly leave turn as a cadre of the party, whether it is in, is back, stay, turn are organization Metabolism of entrepreneurial career, need and development need. So, his first with a broad mind to treat "leave turn". The position is officer positions, power for the people service tools. Different positions of the party's cause, plays a decisive role, the same important. To ability strong, style of comrade to important positions and applause, is full of vigor and vitality and promising young cadres in leadership and cheer for their own "leave turn" and calmly face, calm place. Second is to a healthy state of mind to treat "leave turn". The personnel of metabolic, between the past and the present. Cadre new old alternant, team, push In the party constitution control strict working to career development objective need, is never the end of the historical process. Each a cadre must face up to the laws of nature to think we also took the former relay baton "go on leadership post, regardless of the current positions, positions and responsibilities have what change, can do for peace of mind and mood, such as water, in a happy mood. (3) carefully and find out the problem, correct understanding of themselves, even though they do conscientious, serious attitude, honesty in politics, but high standard < >, the control standard, especially control learning, striving for excellent activities emerge in large numbers of advanced characters, advanced deeds Static not consciously practice the "strict three real" and strengthen the party spirit accomplishment to find the gap, swing is insufficient, a clear direction, mainly manifested in the following aspects: one is the learning initiative and self-consciousness. Often busy with work as an excuse, not consciously take the initiative to spare time to learn. Is often superior to learn what to learn what, and work closely to learn, and working relationship is not less to learn. Mainly manifested in the theoretical study is not thorough, system is not thorough, the Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and "Three Represents" important thought, the scientific concept of development and learning, general secretary of the series of speech learning, just from the surface on learning In the less less less and not deep enough, not from the deeper study, to study, to understand, to sentiment, to use, to guide the work. The second is to investigate the research. This year their participation in the county, the county government's important meeting, the town Party work time is more, coupled with the specific affairs busy, in-depth primary research time reduced. The inspection was carried out research activities, there are surface examination, thematic research, listen to reports and discussion research, the general requirements and specific guidance, in a certain extent, affected the timely discovery and solve. Third is the level of leadership, leadership and need to be further improved. Stroke the personnel selection is positive, work coordination and cooperation can't to the best effect; in the coordination to deal with some complex problems, the approach is not enough. Especially encountered, time is tight, the task is heavy, is often the soldiers to be blocked, the water to soil cover, struggling to cope with. The global and forward-looking innovation is not enough. (4) to ensure that the transition delicate gas selected loyal to the party loyal to the people of leading cadres (recommended) for the county to provide accurate information to ensure the transition in the air, after the general election of work have a greater change. The second is balanced, promote the work in an orderly manner. In the future a period of time, the transition will be in the county under the leadership of the Extended surface. And breeding industry and the construction of key projects also in actively, they have to seriously consider, overall transition and key projects to promote. Education team members and the town, village cadres actively participate in industry cultivate the work, with outstanding achievements to accept the assessment of test of the organization and the masses of the people, in the town set up promising is a strong general business and the right atmosphere general election, do election and projects to promote the two not mistake, the promotion of two. Second, the rectification measures One is to enhance learning, awareness raising, he will continue to strengthen learning, improve the level of awareness, their own unity of thought and action to the county, township party committee of arrangements for the election. The second is correctly, strengthen discipline, own the right of transition, a matter of personal leave turn, as a town, deputy secretary of Party committee, themselves are fully aware of the only serious work, strict demands on themselves in order to not negative expectations of organizations and the masses, so that individuals can well deal with good transition in personal leave turn. Three people on the election promise as Deputy Secretary of the Party committee, in the election of my solemn commitment to Catch: if a is strictly abide by and take the lead in the implementation of the "nine is prohibited, nine" transition discipline, not to engage in cliques, not to engage in canvassing votes buying and selling, buying, and no fraud swindlers officer, do not intercede say hello, not illegal, not to run gas leak, do not interfere with changing times, accomplish strict discipline, warning, with iron discipline firmly put unhealthy trends, promote delicate gas to ensure transition in the healthy and orderly development; the second is resolutely obey organization arrangement, and resolutely to stress the party spirit, principle, discuss overall situation, correctly treat personal leave turn, the correct treatment the election results and focus on their careers, from start to finish, ensure the normal and orderly develop. For in-depth study and implement the party's eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, the spirit of the fifth plenary session, the implementation of comprehensive strictly required, a solid grasp of the construction of Party member team, in accordance with the requirements of the county Party Committee Organization Department No. 3 (2016) Luo Zufa. According to the requirements of the < Chinese Communist Party Constitution > and the central work of education for the party members, combined with actual town, 2016 Party member education and training scheme is formulated. The guiding ideology adhere to a comprehensive study of implementing the scientific development view as guidance, in-depth study and implement the party's eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, fifth plenary session and the General Secretary Xi Jinping series important Speech adhere to the application for promoting learning, and strive to improve our ideological and political quality of Party members; firmly establish catch a party to build pipe must be members, tube members first catch education of ideological understanding, close to the Party member's ideological and practical work, strive to build a party regular education work mechanism, promote the party members play a vanguard and exemplary role; firmly grasp the construction of ability of administration of strengthening the party, advanced nature and purity of construction of the main line, adhere to to enhanced grasp the party building work consciousness, strengthen the self construction of the party organizations as the fundamental starting point, for the town's economic and social development provided for ideological and political guarantee of the strong and powerful organization guarantee. Second, target 201 The main task of 6 years of education and training of Party members is earnestly implement the <2015 - 2018 XX County Education and training of Party members to implement views > (Luo Wei do [2015] 121) to further strengthen the work of the education and training of Party members request, to training the town, the grassroots party members and common. From 5 January 2016, through a variety of channels in a variety of forms in a planned, step by step, to focus on the organization to carry out the education and training of Party members. A party spirit idea generally enhanced. Through education and training, prompting the majority of Party members to further strengthen the ideal and faith, enhance the party concept, consciously practice the agency will socialist core value system. To further enhance the confidence of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, theoretical system of self-confidence and confidence. (II) Party members working ability greatly improved. Through the development of education and training, to boost the knowledge structure of Party members transformation and upgrading, improve the party to use the Marxist stand, viewpoints and methods of analysis and problem solving ability, adapt to the new situation and new tasks. (3) play an effective role of Party member model. Through the development of training and education, promote the party members in theProduction, work, learning and service to the community in give full play to the exemplary vanguard role, and actively striving to take the lead in learning to improve and take the lead in striving for success, serving the masses to take the lead and lead law-abiding, take the lead in promoting the healthy atmosphere model. (4) the building of grassroots organizations strong impetus. Through the development of education and training, the Party member troop overall quality and ability to serve the people increased, grass-roots party organization's creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of the improved. Contents and measures according to different type of the town, at different levels, the actual needs of the different positions of Party members, hierarchical class to carry out the education and training of Party members. Adhere to the town overall and please tutoring, please Come in and sent down the combination, to the party spirit education and ability cultivation as the center, overall constitution and discipline, the core value system, political theory, domestic and international situation in town situation, party organization construction, legal education, culture, science and technology, industrial development, management, resource management and protection, social management innovation in the aspects, to village (unit) as a unit, to all members of the organization a above rotation activities. Focus on Township and village committee cadres straight unit leading Party group secretary, activist of join or be admitted to the party, the education and training of village class mothball cadre training, efforts to strengthen the parties organization Secretary of party spirit accomplishment, do a good job of the consciousness of the party building work, enhanced the Party activist , people in rural areas to promote rural economic development of practical abilities. At the same time, through the development of the theme of practical training, autonomous learning training, make full use of the party members and cadres of modern distance education network etc., for the party members in various fields to carry out the classification of rotation, party spirit training, tobe grind quality, improve quality. Organizational Leadership (a) strengthen leadership, implement the responsibility. Town Party committee to the work of the education and training of Party members into the party building work important content, the overall responsibility of the Secretary of the Party committee, vice secretary of the lead and the implementation of specific members of the organization, the organizational Secretary of the parties to personally plan, personally deploy, supervise the implementation; the education and training of Party members to carry out into the grass-roots party Construction work responsibility system and the building of grassroots organizations special assessment, directly with the grass-roots party organizations Pingxianpingyou link, to strengthen the organization and leadership to do a good job of work to implement. (II) the overall progress, implement the plan. Ensure that the deployment, according to the arrangement of the 2016 Party member education and training plans, based on the actual needs of the party, on-demand rationing; do supervision and guidance, strengthen the supervision of the work of the education and training of Party members, guidance and services to help solve the difficulties and problems in the training; assessment, by listening to the report, information search, evaluation, etc., with emphasis on the assessment of the implementation of the plan, Party members to participate in training proportion and effect, indeed Protect task implementation. (3) the typical guide, step up publicity. Pay attention to cultivate advanced and typical, timely promotion and the typical experience of the characteristics of the practice. The work of the education and training of Party members as the focus of the grass-roots party building and the sector skills training for communication and advocacy, by setting the column, offering special journals and other forms of propaganda, to create a strong atmosphere of public opinion, promote the orderly conduct of the work and achieved certain results. In order to further implement the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of major speeches about the party's work style and clean government and anti-corruption struggle spirit and the central, province, city, County Commission for Discipline Inspection and the spirit of the plenary session, to further strengthen the awareness of the loyal party members and cadres, sense of purpose, sense of responsibility and a sense of discipline, boost the county's economic and social development. In accordance with the ensemble [of Ji Qing 2016) spirit of the document No. 3, combined with my bureau actual, make this program of activities, and a theme of learning party discipline, strict discipline, boosting Qingshen development. Second, activity time April 2016 1 - April 30, three, activity content (a) carry out party discipline learning activities. Global organization of cadres and workers to focus on learning, network learning, self-study and other forms of strengthen constitution < < the probity of the Communist Party of China self-discipline criterion "" Chinese Communist Party disciplinary Regulations >, < Xi Jinping on clean government and anti-corruption fight discusses excerpts > and other relevant information learning. Education for Party members and cadres to < code > < Regulations > as the ruler, combined with its work, measure, control and their own ideas and practical test, take the initiative to conduct Lianzheng is affirmatory consciously practice commitment, achieve the hearts of the party, Zun Jishou Confessions of readings of the Si > < confessions to carry out the hearts of the people, in the heart has the responsibility, in the heart has quit, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. (2) to carry out special warning education activities. In the global "read < > writing experience, the concept of warning education independent micro film > reflections, prisons and courtroom free" as the main content of the special warning education activities. Use of the weekly worker will focus to watch a warning education. The < >, cadres and workers to write their feelings, reflections, and the clean publicity column posted; 4 month global organization of Party members and cadres to the eyebrow delta prison visits to detainees xianshenshuifa education of cadres and workers With low-cost combined with special method. (3) to teach a class of anti-corruption initiate cheap course. By the leaders of anti corruption and financial supervision and administration of state-owned assets of explain the profound things in a simple way to explain, so that all staff of honest business, according to the law to act in a more profound understanding, so as to enhance staff's sense of responsibility and sense of mission. (4) to promote innovation to help the family activities. To carry out the party members and cadres "motto, bright family traditions" activities for family education into harmony, filial piety, encouraging learning, goodness, thrifty, inspirational, cultivation of excellent genes to guide Party members and cadres to good tradition folk, with a good tradition being honest, with good tradition promote political winds, creating a delicate gas is the general atmosphere. Four activities (a) to strengthen leadership, careful organization. One is the establishment of the "independent warning education month" activities leading group of the state owned Financial Bureau, bureau leading Party group secretary of the leader, board members of the team to serve as deputy head. The second is making < County State Owned Financial Bureau independent warning education activities month scheme > determine promotional content, clear steps, truly understanding, measures, and put in place, ensure the effectiveness of the activities. (II) take all factors into consideration, pay attention to actual effect. According to "strict three real special education and" two studies do "activities, in based on the provisions of the action without aliasing, and creativity to carry out various forms, rich and colorful activities, and strive to Pay attention to actual effect, and resolutely prevent, going through the motions, really promote the party members and cadres from the depths of the ideological solidating abide by discipline regulations of the defence. (3) strengthening propaganda, to create atmosphere. To make full use of the column publicity, propaganda position of network, increase publicity efforts, expand warning education activities of the coverage and influence. Today, we hold the city's precise technology to poverty alleviation and project work to promote the meeting, the main purpose is to further promote the task of aiding the poor with technology roots and accelerate all kinds of scientific and technological projects. Last year, this year, the city's scientific and technological work has made remarkable achievements, such as the convening of national poverty alleviation of science and technology on the spot will, cultivate high-tech enterprises, Bashan scholar training and the introduction of scientific and technical personnel incentives, listing national agricultural science and Technology Park, science and technology incubator building. Just now, Huangli In recent years city science and technology to help the poor and science and technology project effectiveness, the main problems were analyzed, and in a period of time in the future, the city's precise technology to poverty alleviation and science and technology project work arrangements, I agree, I hope everyone to earnestly implement. Here, I stressed the three points. Learning "learning", to carry out the "learning and doing" education as the city's innovation and development of an important driving force. The Party Central Committee decided to 2016 years in all Party members to carry out learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education (referred to as "learning to do"). Some time ago, I called the "learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education and mobilization, the province carried out within the" two a "learning education mobilization. Municipal Party committee will soon be held a mobilization will make arrangements for the deployment. To carry out the" two a "study and education, based on" learning ", key in" do ". As the science and Technology Department of cadres and workers, to (benchmark for two pilot demonstration study through studying the party constitution of party compasses, a series of speech, not only to do a qualified party members, to do a good job of science and technology innovation. Next week, I as the city's county-level leading cadres reading class open cooperation and innovation driven study group members went to Mianyang, Meishan national innovation driven development characteristics and the province's Innovation Driven Development Zone work experience, a great harvest, feeling very deep. Mianyang, Meishan city innovation driven strength is very great, especially is Mianyang has become civil military integration, a comprehensive reform and innovation, our benchmarking in Mianyang, the gap is very large. Mianyang Science and technology city construction as the basis, built around the "Five" goal of building Hotbed of innovation of construction science and technology, military and civilian fusion demonstration, collecting and distributing center of scientific and technological achievements, innovative talents convergence and high technology industry concentration), vigorously promote to military and civilian fusion for the characteristics of comprehensive reform pilot innovation, and achieved remarkable results, is toward the national civil military integration innovation demonstration area, the national innovation driven development characteristics demonstration area and western economic development growth emerging great step forward. The expanding Park, stronger innovation platform; incubated enterprises, cultivate innovation; poly talent, to improve the ability of innovation; promoting fusion, highlighting the characteristics of the innovation; catch open, form innovation efforts of the experience is worth learning from. Benchmarking advanced, we have to struggling to The amount of weight is to grasp to catch the strategic innovation. To improve the target oriented system. The innovation actually placed in the core position, firmly establish the "grasping innovation development, seek innovation is to seek the future, innovation is not backward, slow innovation also will lag behind" concept, accelerate factor driven to innovation driven change. City Branch Bureau to actively seek the city management system emphasizing the innovation driven development, focus on strengthening the scientific and technological enterprise incubator construction, scientific and technological innovation platform, technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate, high and new technology industry output value and product evaluation. Second, we must built innovation and Entrepreneurship platform. The city will be in Pakistan and the open area to build the whole To confidence, "double center", the new industrial park for a period, the city public entrepreneurship Park Phase II, Qin Ba electricity supplier industry park for three period, incubation area of more than 50 million square meters. The county (District) to take advantage of idle assets of construction science and technology enterprise incubator, a passenger space and other new public record space, the formation of a, a, a, to create vivid situation. Third, we must foster technological innovation subject. To vigorously implement the "high and new technology enterprise doubling plan" and "science and technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate plan", to honor the implementation of tax incentives, financial subsidies, such as a package of policies to support, so that high technology enterprise "indomitable spirit", let the small and medium-sized enterprise "overwhelming". To increase investment in science and technology innovation. To actively seek special funds for the development of Municipal Science and technology part for cashing innovation drive the development of financial subsidy policy, transfer a portion of funds for science and technology enterprises of loan guarantees and interest subsidies. Encourage banking institutions set up science and technology branch of the franchise, push the patent pledge loan, for the small and medium sized enterprises of science and technology provide financing services tailored. Fifth, we must strengthen science and technology personnel. To attract more technology military personnel and high-end talent with technology, project, with funds to Bazhong Lingban or joint science and technology enterprises, encourage and support both inside and outside the citycomrades and the5 years of college graduates and college students to a new public space, science and technology business incubator innovation and entrepreneurship. Second, it is necessary to promote the precision technology poverty alleviation as the important content of the scientific and technological work. To build a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020 is the party's eighteen to the whole Party and the people throughout the country to make a solemn commitment. Lead the city people out of poverty to become rich go straight towards well-off, Party committees at all levels, political responsibility and mission of the times of the government's major political, technology sector is also the bounden responsibility. Municipal three tenth plenary session made < on the go all out win battle poverty alleviation and development to ensure synchronous completion of a comprehensive well-off society decided >, proposed to further promote the "five a group of" precise action to help the poor, "six precision" and "1 + 6" poverty alleviation projects, clear the "add Great science and technology achievement transformation efforts, accelerate the construction science and technology poverty demonstration village and demonstration households, give full play to the role of modern information network, for the impoverished village poor households to provide production technology, market information, policy advice, encourage scientific and technical personnel to the poor village launched a to one helping and guiding the development of income industrial projects, strengthen technical training and propaganda of popular science, highlighting grasp large breeding, family farmers, agricultural co-operatives are the backbone of the training "technical poverty alleviation mission. The city's science and technology sector must be from the political height, the assault fortified positions that help deficient up as the most important task, the most urgent work. The most arduous mission, to science and technology for precise poverty alleviation promote to speed up a well-off society in an all-round way Decision to deploy, boost the process to precise technology to poverty alleviation and the effectiveness of a well off society in an all round way. One should obey the overall situation. The city's scientific and technological system of cadres and workers, especially leading cadres, should have the political consciousness, ideological conscious action conscious, in accordance with the central, provincial and municipal deployment requirements, to strengthen the organization and leadership, reasonable arrangement of time, carefully study the deployment, to ensure poverty. There must be resolutely implement the political position and character, poverty alleviation and the attitude to be distinctive, poverty alleviation action should be strong, to politics, to understand the overall situation, re implementation, see results. To lock the target. In accordance with the provincial Party committee and the municipal Party committee, municipal government, lock 2 provincial-level General requirements for the completion of the goal of poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation and Technology Demonstration County, four provincial science and technology demonstration towns, 10 provincial science and technology demonstration village and a municipal science and technology demonstration area, 2 Municipal Science and technology demonstration towns, five municipal science and technology demonstration village and the "five one" precise technology to poverty alleviation and special operations tasks, inverted duration, wall chart battle, set the time, tasks, measures, staff, given the responsibility to ensure high quality precision technology poverty alleviation task. To focus on the key. To focus on precise poverty and accurate out of poverty, detailed measures, clear job responsibilities, to develop targeted and operable precise technology to implement poverty alleviation program. Prominent precise poverty technical training, poor village informatization construction, technology oriented poverty reduction model village and demonstration households construction precision technology poverty alleviation focus, in a precise sense, precise attitude, precise style, go all out to fight the precise technology of poverty alleviation and battle. Three, it is necessary to strengthen science and technology funds supervision as an important means to enhance the quality of the project. Science and technology project fund supervision is the key to the implementation of the project of science and technology. In recent years, especially during the "Twelfth Five Year Plan" period, the system of science and technology management in the city vigorously to declare the implementation of the country and province science and technology projects, science and technology demonstration lead brought obvious effect and improve the scientific and technological innovation capability of enterprises, boosting the characteristics and advantages of industrial development, science and technology support to the economic and social leading role improved significantly. In the project management of science and technology, in addition to seriously implement the state, provincial science and technology project management rules and regulations, and the actual Bazhong, established the access system of science and technology projects, the project of science and technology commissioner system, science and technology Project credit system and scientific and technological projects honest commitment system, and the Municipal Finance Bureau jointly issued the > < Bazhong City Science and technology development funds management approach, formulated the "trilogy of seven" science and technology project implementation specification, these are worth fully affirmed. However, we should also see clearly, we in the science and technology project management still exist "account of the special accounts, earmarking system is no effective implementation and other issues. In particular, this year the Audit Commission Chengdu Tepai ban on Bazhong confidence found in the audit of science and technology business incubatorProblem has certain representativeness. The audit to us sounded the alarm, should cause everyone vigilance. Here, I will strengthen science and technology project budget supervision put forward four requirements: a strict project reporting, prevent fraud. Implementation of the project to declare the competition mechanism, the annual financial support to science and technology projects oriented society Bulletin, conditions open content, open competition to declare, open field investigation, public presentations, the public assessment of the decision, do full open and transparent, fair, accept social supervision. To those who resort to deceit or something real is not clear, suspected of defrauding, impersonator national subsidy funds, once found immediately cancel Declaration of qualification, recovery of funds subsidy and discipline in accordance with the law strictly held responsible. Second, we must innovation funds supervision. In county finance to establish science and technology project "account", the project undertaking entity in accordance with the key nodes task completion by formal invoice to apply for funding and audited by the Department of science and technology, the Ministry of finance funds, and resolutely put an end to project funds are retained, misuse and misappropriation. Third, we need to strengthen scientific and technological project supervision. Department in charge of science and technology to strengthen project inspections to check or checks, of ineffective implementation to strengthen the supervision and the existence of violations of responsibility into the project undertaker rectification. To establish a scientific and technological project, "black list" system, the Project implementation quality particularly poor recorded in the "black list", stage or permanent abolition of the applicant country, province, city science and technology project qualification. Fourth, it is necessary to carry out training funds management. Science City Bureau to the initiative to meet with the finance department, organize project unit commitment held science and technology project funds management training, of country, provincial and municipal science and technology project funds management of the relevant policies, financial acceptance specification, mid supervision points, budget review points and key contents were training system, to ensure the use of project funds safe and reasonable. Thank you all! To implement the central, provincial, city and county to make important decision about the grass-roots party construction work in the deployment, push forward the county public security organs in the work of Party building, further strengthen the party secretary of the governing party and party liability, according to < of the Organization Department of CPC Committee of Xuchang County on the issuance of the "counties as well as the authority of Party building debriefing appraisal implementation solutions" notice > requirements, according to the arrangement of the Bureau of the party work. Today, the organization held the county public security organs party secretary grasping grass-roots party construction work in the debriefing will. The implementation of this is a powerful measure to the Secretary of the party organization construction of the party,, and is learning to carry out the party's spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the, grasp the new situation of Party building work under the rules, pushing Public security party building services in the public security center of the inevitable requirement. Just now, the 3 Juzhu unit Party branch secretary of debriefing, below I on the 3 party organization work one by one review. Party branch of the Political Department Good: first, strengthen ideological and political work, pay close attention to the work of the implementation. The Political Department of the Party branch strictly in accordance with the requirements of bureau Party committee, to "strict three real special education as the main line, take effective measures, pay close attention to the ideological and political work of the implementation, strengthen the education of Party members and the police thought, improve the Police Ideological and political consciousness, make a solid foundation for public security work smooth development of health. Second, strict management team, boost the morale of the team. Strict implementation of Police Ideological Trend of periodic analysis, timely grasp the ideological situation of the personnel; strictly implement the system of check on work attendance, strengthen the daily management; cash rewards and punishments, continue to boost the morale of the team. The third is The intensification of police training, improve the police actual combat skill. Seriously and actively carry out a series of training activities and < Henan public security network, > learning activities, the majority of police in the political quality, physical quality, professional quality, policing skills improved. The fourth is to adhere to the preferential treatment from the police, the warm pool police. According to thRequirements, and actively do a good job of personnel management work, to run within the scope of the policy, help the police solve the practical difficulties, the police systemic heart into work. The fifth is strengthening propaganda, promote righteousness. Around the center of the public security work, actively do a good job in the publicity, fully display the spirit of good public security team. Six is to fulfill the responsibility of Party building, do a good job of education and management of Party member team. Sound and perfect "three class", Party of democratic appraisal, commendation and reward system, effectively enhance the branch of the creativity, cohesion and fighting capacity. Shortcomings: is ideological and political work still can not adapt to the new situation, new task, in the form of a single, innovation is not enough, lack of learning education of the appeal and study the effect of education needs to be improved, the political department to strengthen the guidance to the grass-roots units. The second is the branch of organizational life will implement the is not good enough to play an exemplary role. Traffic Police Brigade Party branch System of good practice: one is grasping the implementation of the work of Party building system, enhanced branch team cohesion, combat force. The brigade Party branch always pay close attention to the work of Party building and would not let go, conscientiously perform their duties, strict implementation of democratic life etc., to develop the branch of learning plan, all equipped with learning record the experience and experience the and organize regular inspection learning, ensures that the learning plan, implement, effect. Second is to carry out the "strict three real special education. The development of special education learning scheme, held a party branch focus on learning and the level of consultation forum, deputy director in charge of, brigade leader for the party members and the police on the lectures, deployed to carry out Ban Zicheng throughout the Yan Zhenchang Yang Shuicai to relive the oath to join the party, visit the memorial hall, learning advanced characters, micro lectures attention and learning characteristics of the activities, and to develop measures for rectification. Three is to pay attention to the party building work into the public security work. The brigade Party branch and always will be the work of Party building in 9.3 security, national civilized city re examination, the SCO security meeting, the focus of illegal investigation, "sword", "anti terrorist violence, to ensure safety", "five wave", "camp turn non bus", "detoxification", the focus of the work, in a timely manner to carry out the pre war mobilization, wartime dynamically judged, the post-war award in recognition of a series of measures Members always fighting in the first line of traffic management, all traffic police has always maintained a high state of mind, a strong impetus to the work carried out. Shortcomings: first, there is a "hand hard and soft" phenomenon. Of work of Party building under the new situation is not enough emphasis, focus on light business building, re form light effects. The second is measures are not enough effective. In particular, catch a party to build working innovation consciousness is not strong, measures and methods used in the experience of the old, old practices and effectiveness needs to be further strengthened. The third is three lesson "not very good insist, life of the party organization to carry out less often. Zhao police station Party branch Good practice: one is to strengthen the study and education. To "strict three real special education as an opportunity to take leadership lectures, seminars, individual learning, exchange of experience in various forms, the police organization learning leaders at all levels of the spirit of the important speech, < > in the constitution as well as the side of corruption cases and asked party members and the police carefully recorded study notes, writing experiences, join and pay attention to the micro lectures, according to the control requirements of inspection, enhance their own, to ensure that the learning effect. The second is to strengthen the leadership responsibility. Party branch secretary as the first responsibility of honest government, earnestly implement the" four person ", and insisted on the" important work personally Department Department, major issues personally intervene, personally key aspects of coordination, supervision of important cases personally ", Party branch members always strict demands on themselves, play an exemplary role model. Third, strengthen the service for the people. Every act of the masses for the warm reception, carefully recorded masses anti reflect each a problem, and make the resistancee bureau Party committeeHeart to answer, and constantly improve the quality of service. Combined with the "one village, one police work, police organization carefully touch row all may affect the stability of the unstable factors, resolve conflicts and disputes, and arrange for the police with daily visits, issued security leaflets, collecting sites, personnel information, promote the harmony police. Existing problems: a party branch team party affairs knowledge is not rich enough, on some of the procedural provisions are not familiar with, in a certain extent restricted the work carried out. The second is regular ideological education is not deep enough, the ideological trends of the police command is not timely and accurate. Third, there is a need to improve the management level of refinement, police standardization awareness is not strong enough, daily habit is not quite self-conscious. Since this year, bureau unit Party branch to "strict three real special education as the main line, to the service center, troop construction as the focus, adhere to the combination of ideological building of the party and the system of the party, solid to carry out the comprehensive strictly required, to further standardize the construction of the party organization, continuously improving the quality of Party members and police, continue to strengthen the party building innovation, service building execution significantly improved, has made remarkable achievements. Meeting debriefing of 3 units in the work of Party building problems in other units are also different degrees of existence to other units by the party building debriefing, draw on the experience of face the problem, replicability, careful analysis of rectification, promote the sustained and healthy development of the work of Party building units. Below, to further strengthen the county public security organs party building work stressed the views of five points. One, improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of political responsibility and historical mission Follow the basic construction of the party's eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary: the series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new judgment, the new requirements is to promote grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the party's mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions, namely:" is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the Department of the party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of the party Forced the construction of Party committees (party) members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think about the conscious of it, is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether in to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party's mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality Are accounted for in the police forces of discipline, do not do, is to stop the event tells us, not a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". General Secretary of the" three no ", a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The county public security organs is a team of the Communist Party as the main body, Party members and the vast majority of bureau of belonging to different units of the leadership cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party's construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch a party to build is an empty word. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. The total learning book Remember that catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must grab the responsibility person, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let the Bureau unit Party branch secretary of the debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization's primary responsibility, seize the key issue. Two, the full implementation of the task of ideological construction, the theory of armed tasks implementedGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping in the mass line of educational practice summary congress put forward in the new period party building thought of tasks and requirements, to strengthen the construction of the Party pointed out the direction and path. One is to strengthen theoretical study. The urgent task is to fully understand the study and implement the spirit of the fifth plenary session of the eighth session of the significance of, the organization of Party members and the police through the focus on learning, self-study and special counseling and other forms of serious in-depth learning, adhere to the first step in learning, deep layer, accurately grasp the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, and do the thinking and learning gains, use it. The second is to strengthen the party spirit temperance. Adhere to the school party constitution. Through the center of the group learning. Secretary of the party organization about lectures and other forms of learning the party constitution, enlightenment spirit, guide Bureau unit Party branch and all members of the police to firmly establish the consciousness of the party. Persist in learning advanced. Vigorously carry forward the spirit of Jiao Yulu, Yang Shuicai spirit, seriously study the advanced deeds of Comrade Yan Zhenchang, deep fine shine Dusing the police party guided, to strengthen public opinion and public servant consciousness, consciously practice the "strict three real. The third is to strengthen the party and Party discipline education. For the ideological construction of the party faces new tasks, new requirements, the emergence of many new problems, new situations, and actively take the initiative to adapt to the constantly emancipate the mind, innovative ways, making use of the Internet, micro channel, micro Bo new platform for new, enrich the content of education, improve education forms, the constant reminder education, enhance the police Party discipline in awe, guide Party members and the police do political understanding discipline about the rules of the leaders. The fourth is to strengthen the ideological and moral education. Guide the party police exemplary practice the socialist core values, cultivate good political and moral character, professional ethics, family virtue and morality, forming a strong atmosphere of moral construction. Pay attention to strengthen the positive guidance to the police party ideology, adhere to the diversification of the social ideology guided by the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, improving and perfecting the Party members and the police thought The dynamic analysis of mechanism, providing an ideological guarantee for the purity and firmness of team members. Three, fully implement the strict requirements, the management and administration of the party's responsibility to implement General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that to implement strictly the responsibility, do a good job of Party building as the biggest achievement. Therefore, in my bureau implement comprehensive strictly required must be the party tube responsible party implemented. First, to further implement the responsibility system in Party building. To establish and improve the party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the agenda, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, in charge of the leadership Specific catch, catch a, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. Is to improve the reporting and appraising system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, use of cadres at request of the party", CF county Party debriefing practice, and constantly improve the annual party built debriefing appraisal system, in particular, to the year debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and directive The new integration business. Three is to improve the "three class" system. "Three class" system is to improve the party's organizational life, strict party member education management system, we must do a good job in the implementation and long-term persistence. According to "the party secretary of the organization lectures", "party members and cadres micro lectures and Thematic Party Day activities, innovation" three class "form, rich" three class "content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of" the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion "party organization life situation. At the same time, the" three class "system implementation of join or be admitted to the party organization committee debriefing appraisal of important content, strict grasp the" three class "system Real. Four, strict political discipline and political rules. Guide all Party members and the police in ideological political action always as the general secretary of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping highly consistent, involved in major political principle, political stand, political views and other issues, we must be sober, stand firm. Guide the members of the civilian police to strengthen the sense of organization, determined to do the individual is subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, and the whole party to the Central Committee. Some time ago, I held a party enlarged meeting, focus on adherence to the party's political discipline and political rules of thematic theory study, I at the meeting for the feelings to speak. I understand, party a concept of organization, can not see Party, touch not. According to the materialistic point of view, the material determines consciousness, existence determines consciousness, consciousness is the objective things in the brain to reflect, then, how to prove that the party's existence? Like the current, can not, can not be touched, but through the wire carrier, connect power supply, the electric light, the motor is running, it is proved that the current existence. Similarly, the party is by living every Party member, every Party member, speech and action of the carrier, reflecting party. Party is a whole, in order to normal operation, each party members according to their personality characteristics. Academic knowledge, professional knowledge, hobbies, physical condition, age, work experience, work experience and other comprehensive evaluation, main task of the division of labor and in jointly do a good job in party work, is mainly responsible for the Division I business, then in my division of work, in the Party committee collective discussion by, decision, foreign, on every level of members can to bureau of the party in the name and identity delivered a speech, the organization of work. In specific work, in the higher Party committees have clear provisions of the spirit, in accordance with the spirit of the documents of ranking Party committee, combined with my work of the division of labor, on behalf of the bureau Party committee put forward their views and suggestions. Since Party members according to the higher Party committees to the spirit of the document can be Bureau on behalf of the party organization of work, then the behavior has party authority and seriousness, we should respect them and be with, give support, cannot according to personal preferences, personal understanding and awareness, regardless of the occasion, in broad daylight, in meetings, especially in the lower front of, guilty of liberalism, published the higher Party committees have been expressly prohibited speech, also cannot euphemistically called the personal point of view; regardless of party image and personal image, irresponsible, gossip, just open the river, grumble, grumble about; even, sarcastic ridicule, sarcasm, oblique accusations, make people Hold the most stringent start speech, personal attacks, vent personal grudge; more even, with ulterior motives, ulterior motives; fan Yin breeze, will-o '- the wisp, deliberately and party dissension and discord, rumors spread, the spread of division, and the party and the people, the hearts of the people, the decline of morale. This kind of behavior is the party's discipline are not allowed, from my start, from the members of the Party committee member, once, who despite the party discipline, drunk, behind, the key moment, in violation of the party's political discipline, political rules and wait for the party discipline. We must strictly comply with the implementation of the central and superior party committee has clearly defined, does not allow bargaining, unconditional obedience, unconditional , does not allow a discount, or disguised discount. In addition. We want to strictly enforce the system of democratic life of the party, Party of democratic life, it is necessary to carry out criticism and self-criticism, is between the members of the Party committee of the mutual criticism, remind each other, will not do not speak, gossiping afterwards. Guide Party members and the police strictly request reporting system, regularly party members to execute the political discipline of political rules situation analysis judged and thematic summary, constantly enhance political of the political life of the party, the principle and militancy. Five, comprehensively improve the scientific level of Party building, the task of the party building To enhance the scientific level of the construction of the party is our party according to the worldly affairs, national and the new changes and new challenges of the party put forward the major issue is effective to deal with the four test ", resolve the pressing requirement of" four big risk "is the only way to maintain and develop the party's advanced natuStep is to strengthen the party's cohesion, attraction and the fighting power of the inevitable choice. Under the new situation, it is necessary to apply the law of the ruling party construction of Marxism, according to the basic requirements of maintaining the party's advanced nature, continue to study new situations, solve new problems, sum up new experience, make the party building in scientific orbit continues to advance. One to focus, efforts to lay a solid foundation. Continue to carry out the "two hit" activities, accurately grasp strictly required new rules and characteristics of the work of Party building under, deepening grass-roots increase of basic party organization and Party member quality upgrade plan. Continue to carry out the window units vanguard party post, window model building activities, and continuously Enhance the party members and the police involved in activities to create enthusiasm. Increase of Party organizations and Party members advanced typical advocacy training efforts to become a "sign", "evergreen tree". To broaden the party serving the masses channels, construction of Party members contacting and serving the masses work system, make the Party member to become truly keep in mind the purpose, advanced elements of the heart of the masses. Establish and improve incentives within the party, care, helping mechanism, we do care and love grassroots cadres, old party members, difficult life member. In order to promote the party construction services, continue to carry out "party members and counterpart assistance" live and on-the-job Party member volunteer service activities. Second, we must strengthen management, efforts to enhance the party members Quality, and conscientiously implement < the Communist Party of China the development of Party Work Rules >, adhere to strict standards, rigorous training, strict procedures, strict regulation and control, and continuously improve the quality of Party members, optimize the structure of Party member team. Strengthening of different kinds of police, the classified management of Party members in different positions, through the implementation of target management of Party members, record management, star rating etc. ways to strengthen the education of Party members, management and service work. Adhere to the mass appraisal, solid and effective to carry out members of the public commitment, no post party post duty activities, give full play to the role of Party members. Actively introduce the Internet +, by means of information to strengthen the education and management of the party members and make full use of "Xuchang male Ann party building network "," peace of Xuchang, Communist Party members, Liancheng micro lectures and other network platform to strengthen the education and training of Party members. Three to strict requirements, efforts to improve the party's style of work. To build a first-class units, to create a first-class team, cultivate first-class style, create first-class performance as the goal, combined with learning from the advanced models, and effectively solve the police party in the party spirit, moral character, style and ability existing prominent problems; adhere to the lead austerity, oppose extravagance and waste, and oppose formalism, bureaucratism and seriously practice the "strict three real, establish a good style of work; earnestly implement the" eight insist, eight against ", advocate diligence Excited to learn and apply what they have learned, the heart of the masses, serve the people, grab get right on the job really, and to ensure the effectiveness of, hard work, thrift, the overall situation, curried, develop democracy, solidarity work, impartially and with the right of honesty in politics, life is decent, healthy interest in eight aspects of good atmosphere, promote the county public security organs party political construction has made new achievements. Fourth, it is necessary to produce battle fort effect. Party organizations at all levels to grasp the practical to the center of the public security work service key links, adhere to the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building, the more encountered serious incidents, major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the party organization The role of core, and earnestly do a good job before the war mobilization, wartime motivation, war veteran and so, truly party members and cadres to fight to where, the life of the party organization will extend to where, the role of fighting bastion of the party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power. Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, the Party Central Committee and the Party committee of a higher level of the construction of the party proposed the new, higher requirements, the work of Party building task is arduous, the glorious mission, rare opportunity. Let us to the debriefing meeting as a starting point, in the Bureau of the party's correct leadership, conscientiously study and implement the series of important speech of General Secretary Xi Jinping, spirit and the party's spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth, thoroughly implement the comprehensive strictly required, continue to carry forward the party's fine tradition, hearten spirit, do solid work, the enterprising spirit, selfless dedication, to continue to create the county public security organs of Party building work in the new situation, to maintain social stability to ensure Successful completion of the task,re, also is aPromote public security undertakings flourish, for the construction of a beautiful and happy Xuchang county to make new and greater contributions! Carry out the party building debriefing appraisal work, implement the central and provincial Party committee, the municipal Party committee and comprehensively promote the strictly deployment requirements, implement strictly the responsibility, tamp the foundation of Party Construction of major initiatives. Public security organs as the party's absolute under the leadership of the democratic dictatorship force, as the party and the people in the hands of the "hilt" must to strengthen the work of Party building and walk in the forefront, and make an example. From just four of the Secretary of the party organization debriefing situation, the party organization of debriefing of Party building and ideological work attaches great importance to prepare more fully, in the debriefing process, say achievements do not exaggerate, speak the problem does not cover, emphasize not vanity about rectification, truly realistic. Offer as Political Bureau Director comments, targeted strong, closely with the practical assessment highlights outstanding characteristics, ask clear, point out of the results, points out the problems and points out the pressure. This is not only a debriefing meeting and Party building the responsibility to implement, today the debriefing, to do a good job of new period party building work will play a very good role in promoting. Next, according to the city bureau Party Committee on Party building work on the arrangements, Bai chief commissioned by combining city Bureau of Party building work of new requirements, borrow this opportunity to revisit four points. To improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of responsibility and historic mission, the party's eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary Follow the construction of a series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new conclusions and new requirements, the grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the last 10 August, the party's mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions". That is: "is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the departments of Party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of Party committees (party) Forced members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think the self-knowledge; is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether the party's construction to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party's mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality, especially the Are substantially more than 80% of the discipline to move tells us, clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". General Secretary of the" three no ", clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The city public security organs is a member of Communist Party as the main body of troops and members accounted for total number of civilian police, the Bureau of belonging to various departments of leading cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party's construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch of Party construction is empty. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. Xi, general secretary of the strong , catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must catch responsibility, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let Jushu unit party secretary to the party organization at the next higher level debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization is mainly responsible person, seize the key problem. Second, it is necessary to improve the work of Party building system, the system construction is to strengthen the party building work of public security is an important guarantee. To through the scientific development of the system, improve the system, execution system and make the system become a hard bound, continue to promote the public security work of Party building standardization. One is to further implement the responsibility of Party BuilSystem. It is necessary to establish and improve Party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the important process, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, leaders in charge of specific grab, grab a level, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. The second is improve the debriefing appraisal system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, the use of cadres at request of the party", the Secretary of the party debriefing contrast do Law, and constantly improve the annual party debriefing appraisal system, especially to the annual debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and oriented. Third, improve the "three will be a lesson system." three class system is to improve the life of the party organization, strict management of Party member education system must do a good job in the implementation, insist for a long time. According to the "Secretary of the party organization lectures", "Party cadres Implementation of integrating micro lectures and theme day activities, innovation "three class" form, rich "three class" content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of "the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion" party organization life new situation. At the same time, the "three class" of the implementation of join or be admitted to the party secretary of the organization debriefing appraisal of the important content, strict grasp the "three class" system. To strengthen the education of Party members, improve Party member of party spirit idea and political consciousness. Xi General Secretary profoundly pointed out: "firm ideal and faith are the legal team of political soul must be the ideal and belief education in political and legal team construction of the first , constantly playing firmly hold high the banner, command of the party, loyalty to the mission of the ideological foundation. "The city's public security organs is a with Communist Party members for the disciplined subject, Party members accounted for more than 80% of the total number of civilian police, bureau of belonging to different departments of leading cadres and backbone basically is a party member, do a good job in the construction of Party member team, will seize the fundamental construction of public security team. We must seize the political construction of the police as the core, adhere to the party for public security work absolute leadership this fundamental principle, put the ideal and belief of party spirit education in a more prominent position, to ensure that the Party member troop absolute loyalty, absolutely pure, absolutely reliable. To adhere to the theory of armed, serious organization And adherence to the in-depth study of the majority of Party members and the party's basic theory, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the series of important speech spirit, education of Party members and the party's political discipline and political rules, and consciously in accordance with the party constitution and party political life standards to regulate their own words and deeds, so that discipline, rules, listen to say hello, do in the party party, the party worry about the party, the party for the party, the party retaining the party, and always in the ideological and political action and to Xi Jinping as general secretary of the Central Committee of the party remain highly consistent, consciously do the party's loyal guards of the masses of the people caring people. To build a strong base layer organization, strengthen grass-roots party organization's cohesive force and fighting force. To strengthen the basic level party organization construction Is the key to the target is doing a good job of Party building work of the important basis and guarantee. To optimize the organizational settings. In accordance with the ease of Party members to participate in activities for Party organizations play a role in principle, reasonable norms of the party organization, Party organizations at the grassroots level full coverage, to ensure that each party members into the party organization in Party activities, organization and management, the organization of care, to accept the supervision of the organization, and actively play a role. Second, we must pay close attention to the team construction. Catch team, with the team party building is an important content and basic level party organization team with members shall complete, clear division of labor, responsibility implementation, implementation of post management. With a good team with a strong Party Secretary , to effectively strengthen the Secretary of the party organization is the Party of person of the first responsibility, sense of responsibility, the responsibility system to prevent "party construction task of Party building, Party building work and business two skins" phenomenon. Third, we need to play good battle fort action. Party organizations at all levels to effectively seize as a key link in the center of the public security work service, adhere to thedingTo the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building and the encounter major emergencies and major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the core role of Party organizations, and earnestly do a good job in the pre war mobilization, wartime motivation, postwar entitled work truly where the battle of Party members and cadres, the party's organizational life extended to where, the role of fighting bastion of the party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power. Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, do a good job of public security Party Building work as the task is arduous and glorious mission, hope everyone to firmly establish "a game of chess," thought, put down Real strictly required as the new normal organ of the party's construction, further emancipate the mind, ningxinjuli, do solid work, to maintain social stability, promote social fairness and justice, protect the people live and work, to make new and greater contributions. The accident scene of the accident treatment of XX XX, April 7 to April 11, according to traffic police detachment and the traffic police brigade of the arrangement, I had the honor to participate in the Ministry of Public Security Research Institute held high-end training class, by 5 days of training and learning, I have a deep feeling, learning a lot of new knowledge and to deal with the accident of skills, to learn and work are of great help, we will experience is summed up as follows: first, study the new knowledge, to expand the field of vision. In the research the teacher to explain, we review the < road traffic accident scene drawing >, and emphatically studied at the scene of the real record drawing standards, the graph can reflect the state and each element Full coverage regardless of size, position, give a person to live a more intuitive understanding of the next step accident treatment has a great help. At the same time, I have seen some new accident investigation equipment, such as a new generation of traffic accident scene drawing system, through training, the police can very fast rendering standard site map, data measurement, and in accordance with the Ministry of public security of the standard, and the UAV, the application of UAV camera or camera, from the fundamental solution overview accident photos. Second, on the scene photography basic requirements and accident photographic difference. The scene photography scene is the most objective real reaction. But photographs of the scene taken to ensure objective, comprehensive, timely and clear requirements, this scene photos to assurance its legal effect; the scene photography has also undergone a change by the original photography of orientation and overview of photography, Photo Center, breakdown of the photo, change for range photography, photographic overview, local camera, film element, photography of minutia, than photography, so to photographic content more refined, more specific, the as evidence of a more targeted, more accurate., on site survey extracted traces and field exploration process traces are extracted by the problems and errors. Trace on the scene of the discovery and extraction as a matter of So the scene investigation is an important part of the process, on the analysis of the cause of the accident and the accident are very important role, through the teacher's explanation and analysis them as an expert, from the perspective of identification of traces of the scene points extraction and pointed out the direction for under our own exploration site to extract traces, at the same time, through the teacher's explanation, accidents will produce certain traces, which requires us in the scene of the accident investigation of careful, and not missing any useful to our trace on the scene. On advanced equipment of traffic accident identification, genetic analysis of the role of. I feel the deepest is now home Car safety air bag with something called the airbag module. This is known as "black box" car equipment, has a record of when the speed, whether to take braking, take a few braking and other data, recording, has a very large role for analyzing the cause of the incident, next serious accidents must pay attention to extract such equipment; and escape accidents are common in the general video surveillance on the blurred image, wLicense plate number; shellac, fiber identification, etc. with advanced equipment can make the identification, with the advanced equipment, technical backing, feeling the impartial handling of the each accident and escape detection accident confidence. On the scene of the accident protection. The teacher from three aspects to explain the road traffic accident and law enforcement duty site safety protection: 1, from the level of laws and regulations, Ministry of public security, proceeding from the actual conditions promulgated on the rules and regulations to strictly enforced, which requires each of us a police starting from their own point of view, for their own safety, must not omit any link, don't be afraid of trouble, this is Lists are not qualified for you alone are responsible for the unit is responsible for the family is responsible for; 2. Strengthen on-site protection facilities of the configuration and use, the first to buy and configuration of safety protection equipment, if equipment, but also about what door? Then is another question, equipment, how to use, the teacher of Tianjin accident lesson, because a lot of equipment, is not put into use, resulting in our police due to the lack of timely reminder of the accident, causing us to a number of police casualties; 3, the device is put into use, but also strengthen individual protection skills and teamwork training. In a word, We want to use qualified equipment and abide by laws and regulations, strengthen training of personal skills and teamwork and ensure its own security in the field staff. Through the study of five days of training, an increase of knowledge, learning the something new, strengthen the unit and brother of business flow, also found their own shortcomings, the next step I want to share of Wuxi advanced concepts and colleagues, common learning and common progress, makes the traffic police brigade accident treatment work more on the floor! In recent years, XX city always adhere to a hand grasping the building, a hand grasp the management, and actively explore new mode of Biogas Service, strive to innovate new mechanism for ecological compensation, pay attention to enhance the image of the new energy team, cohesion to create a new bright spot of circular agriculture, biogas in scientific management, comprehensive utilization and achieved certain results. First, the cultivation of new business entities, to explore new mode of follow-up services XX city has been built biogas 11 million households, biogas digesters is "treasure pool, biogas replaced the coal and firewood, become a clean, economic life energy, biogas pool instead of the old cesspool, become to improve the sanitary conditions of important possessions. With the maintenance quantity is increasing year by year, firedamp follow-up service into the long-standing problem. To do a good job of Biogas Service, polish up the brand of "XX model and we guide biogas mechanic established biogas cooperation, energy service companies, such as the model of market main body. Through market service, breakthrough in the past by the government construction, maintenance, a pack in the end of the narrow concept, establish the" who benefits, who management "the correct concept. The main body of the new take innovative service mode, expand service content and other measures, developing biogas service, centralized gas supply pipeline construction and gas charging operation and other aspects of comprehensive management. It not only solves the problem of farm household biogas, and change the follow-up services, but also increases the income of service team. The cultivation of new subjects, to consolidate and improve the service system, the effective establishment of a long-term mechanism of biogas services, to achieve the standardization of the follow-up services, intensive and professional. Two, the introduction of international carbon trading, innovative new mechanism for ecological compensation XX City Xiang Bai Guo centripetal rich is an ordinary farmers biogas, biogas his home with very good results, he is carbon fund project of farmers, this year, the winner of the Netherlands government to pay him thehich can identifyInspired by the introduction of $23, he used this carbon trading income to buy a new gas stove. This is XX household biogas clean development mechanism project is the United Nations first successfully registered household biogas carbon fund project. The project of 4330 household biogas pool, each year to reduce carbon emissions in 7298 tons, carbon emissions trading income of 10 million US dollars, equivalent to RMB 65 million yuan, carbon trading income subsidies to build pool farmer for biogas digesters follow-up maintenance provides ongoing capital investment in carbon fund project, XX City, the implementation of the "gas rewards" project, "whether the normal ignition, gas pressure size, pig herds head number Indicators will biogas digester using effect is good, medium and poor to refine the management and posting the use of farm household biogas, biogas use good farmers reward. Ecological compensation project implementation, increase the income of farmers, mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, increase rate of the use of biogas, at this stage for the implementation of the voluntary emission reduction projects to provide a reference. Three, establish an advanced service model, highlighting the new image of the energy team Repeatedly since the technology of biogas digesters "third built seven in charge, not good will be" a year, two years, three years four years keep frogs. To catch the follow-up service, to catch the team XX City in strengthening the team building process, the emergence of a number of service models and technical experts. Dragon and Phoenix Town Agricultural Service Center of Yuan Liang, is a typical representative. He from 2005 years engaged in gas, ten years as one day, always keep the people of noble sentiment, conscientiously perform their duties conscientiously serve the masses. His advanced deeds of people's daily, the farmer daily, Hubei Daily and other media reported that 2015 was named the provincial labor Model, by the Deputy Secretary of the provincial Party committee Zhang Changer as the new era of Shi Chuanxiang, Yuan Liang with his dedication to the cause of the gas, won the majority of people good reputation. Vigorously promote the typical deeds, strengthen the play. Incentive motivation, the city "for everyone to learn advanced, all vying for the advanced, everyone catch up with and surpass the advanced" has become so rampant, the team has the typical, post a pacesetter, set up the city's rural energy team for the good image of the civil service. Four, to promote the development of circular agriculture, build a comprehensive utilization of a new bright spot Table, an important role in the profound understanding of the ecological "XX" from the ecological agriculture, XX city to biogas development of ecological agriculture, always adhere to the construction of biogas energy line overall circulation agriculture demonstration, in accordance with the "gas into people's homes, free installation, according to the charges, comprehensive utilization" principle, vigorously carry out the centralized gas supply, recycling for the purpose of biogas engineering construction. One is to carry out multi demonstration. The dragon and Phoenix Town, Tun Xiang Bai Guo Xiang, the construction of the biogas engineering as a link to the "pig - biogas - vegetable", "pig - biogas - tea", "pig - biogas - fruit" cycle of agricultural demonstration base, through a variety of experiments and demonstrations, summarize test result And promotion of demonstration experience. The second is to enhance the quality. The city in biogas production and utilization, research and development of "high yield biogas fermentation device and selenium enriched biogas fertilizer production method" is State Intellectual Property Office of the grant of the patent right, to enhance the level of technology of the city of Biogas fertilizer use. The third is to expand the use of the area. According to local conditions, due to implement the strategy, the follow-up services of biogas and biogas comprehensive utilization of organic combination, to solve the "planting no biogas pool", "biogas pool or not in the labor force", practical problems such as "labor without cultivation", let biogas fertilizer was in circulation and utilization. The next step, XX city will in accordance with the provincial, state energy deployment, and further increase the efforts to the construction of biogas project, to accelerate rural biogas to the scale of development, comprehensive utilization and scientific management in the direction of transformation and upgrading, promote the sustainable development of biogas in rural areas. In recent years, under the support and guidance of the provincial rural energy office, the county completed a total of household biogas pool nearly 7 million households, large-scale biogas project 4, small and medium-sized biogas project in 141, rural service outlets 211, subsidies for solar water heater 2340, biomass stove 2300 units, for the development of green agriculture, improve the people's quality of life play great role. In particular, we succeed in biogas purification, high value utilization based on, to further expand the scale, to open up the market, standardized management, to promote the transformation and upgrading of rural biogas project made some active exploration. Our approach to report as follows: One, scale development, play the economic and social benefits of high quality of methane utilization Biogas high-quality exploit inspired new rural of our country's energy market, for installation of gas pipeline engineering of new rural residential demand. Since last year the province's rural biogas high quality using after the spot, we based on the basis, to expand the scale, an ample supply of gas source, to ensure that farmers with adequate quality of bio gas. One is to expand the size of the original base. Last year held a spot of Qianfeng county and in the province of rural energy office, county government support, in the original 30 acres of the project on the basis of, to ratify the new 10 acres of land, according to large scale biogas centralized gas supply engineering construction requirements, invest 100 million yuan to build a 3000m3 volume of anaerobic fermentation tank, the implementation of technical innovation, using carbon steel output pipeline, building to gas 10000m3 above the new holder, and complete the related projects, assurance that have been developed to farmers with the supply of gas, 2016 Spring Festival peak gas during. There have been no interruption in supply, the user of ten Satisfaction. Second is to actively open up new bases. This year, we through the comprehensive deployment of the county government, related to the integration of sector funds, in Pu Zhen Zhang Zhuang Songlin farm, the port town of gold farming cooperatives, plans to build two 2000m3 volume fermentor, copy forward mode, solve environmental pollution, fruit trees fertilizer, life problems with gas. We will also under the support of relevant departments, the forward mode is launched county public security, with conditions in other counties, willingness of biogas engineering base, to assist in the construction of gas compression purification equipment and production and marketing integration mode. At present, Qianfeng company has been declared a biogas purification, compression and canning 10 a number of utility Technology patents, 2 invention patents, has applied for a registered trademark of the striker, and with the equipment manufacturers to improve the equipment stereotypes and production and business license related work. File, identity to access to a wide range of measures to implement a decentralized, and third, we will steadily develop the market, we forward the company together to form a team, the public security county, Nanping, lotus pond gate three town residential area development, joint concentrated propaganda, further mobilize and organize farmers to base inspection, to the user, enhance the perceptual knowledge, so that the majority of users of biomass gas from ignorance, doubt, and the safe, convenient, economical and practical advantages of convinced, blown away. At the same time, begin to rural area market development, Meng Zhen Jin Gang Cun Zha Kou Zhen De Yi Village pilot, the biomass gas supply farmers, let old people's lives improve grades. Popular support, this year, has added 2382 users. In the commercial sector, has also developed more than 10 food and beverage industry users, the amount of gas is equivalent to 500 civilian gas consumption. Two, make an inventory of the stock, to play the role of high quality of the use of Biogas Rectification has been built in the biogas project, the use of mobile integrated compression purification equipment, the nearest gas recovery, the nearest distribution, improve the use of the original biogas project effect, give full play to the role of high quality and revitalize thProvince's rural marsh gas with high quality use after the spot, we organized a special group, on the basis of a full range of investigation and research, and forward the company together on the county's three large and medium-sized anaerobic fermentation tank be renovated and through technical transformation to restore gas production capacity, building integrated mobile compression purified gas recovery equipment, gas recovery at the price of one yuan per cubic meter by striker company recovery. Both sides have certain economic benefits, not only start the utilization of waste fermentation tank, but also saves the cost of new fermentation tank, achieve a win-win results. Transformation of concentrated residential above at the same time, we also the county nearly 20 100m3 volume fermentation tank, technological transformation, the use of forward the company's equipment, so that to make full use of the conditions are ripe for the District, we use small equipment for purification of direct supply, the use of the user directly with clean and high quality raw material gas, deeply welcome. For example, we in Zhang Tian Si Zhen Chang Chun Cun residential area gas investment less than 20 million yuan, to more than 100 users for the natural gas. Through the entire old buildings and building new, one or two years to cover the whole county, and truly let the rural biogas upgrading work implemented, resulting in greater social benefits and economic benefits. Three, comprehensive utilization, to play the key role of biogas project to boost green agriculture Consumptive striker in my county is planting, livestock and poultry, aquatic County, according to statistics, the county pig herds 57 million head, poultry kept caged 9.7 million, large-scale farms and farming district more than 1000, animal manure and sewage emissions 20 million tons, aquaculture and environmental protection pressure. In the county government's support, we have more channels to raise funds, the biogas project near the base of the five towns more than 20 a livestock and poultry farm manure renovation to achieve separation of dry and wet, and each farm road repair, the company and the aquaculture field signed agreement, the implementation of paid service. On the one hand, to solve the environmental pollution problems, to ensure that the livestock and poultry breeding The healthy development of the industry, on the other hand, to ensure the Qianfeng company production of biomass gas raw materials, can effectively reduce the cost. In the treatment of biogas slurry and residue, we equip the a full automatic drip injection and spraying fertilization system, biogas slurry destined for the vegetable fruit base, through the pipe network, the use of automation in process of sprinkler irrigation and achieve small investment, big gains in effect. Combined with biogas centralized supply through the establishment of biogas households, biogas comprehensive utilization demonstration area, fan out from point to area, to expand the scale, give full play to the commercial, biogas fertilizer fertilize the soil effect. Comprehensive utilization of agricultural structure adjustment to construction of biogas as a link, promote aquaculture, driven by planting industry development, and vigorously promote the "pig - Marsh - fruit, pig - Marsh - food, pig - Marsh - Fish" green mode, to create eco brand, organic brand. Over the past two years, we met with Xing Long ecological farm, Dorian vegetable cooperatives and Jin Gang grape base jointly invested more than 30 million, to build three "three natural ponds" comprehensive utilization project pilot, the economic benefit is obvious, vegetable growers of identity And praise. Although we have done some work on the use of biogas in high quality, but according to industry standards and market operation requirements there are many procedures need to complete, we urge the department pay more to give guidance and support, to ensure that rural biogas high-quality use of standardization, scale, standardization and rapidly to the province, and strive to promote the country.e stock.