to do

null高考语法复习高考语法复习非谓语动词 The Non-predicative Verbsnull It was reported that she was the first person _________(become) a US-dollar billionaire by writing books. to become At the age of six, she began __________ (write) . The story of a rabbit interested her sister and her friends. to writeto create Since then the desire __________(create) more stories has never left her.null _______(make) a living, she once worked as a teacher _______(teach) English.To maketo teach Once travelling by train, a lovely boy happened_________ (attract) her attention, then she decided ________(write) her famous book Harry Potter.to attractto write She had a short marriage. After divorce, it was not easy for her _______(live) a comfortable life with a 3-month-old daughter.to live非谓语动词非谓语动词不定式用法 The Infinitivenull非谓语不定式 to do 分词动名词（-ing)过去分词(-ed)现在分词(-ing)非谓语动词分类动词 -ing形式null不定式不定式的构成不定式的基本用法不定式的否定与省略不定式的其它用法null不定式的构成to be done to be doingto have doneto have been donenullComplete the following sentences: To love and _______________(love) is the greatest happiness on earth. 2. She was not the first woman _________________ (elect) to such a post. 3. I find it easy ______________ (study) English. 4. When the teacher came in, he pretended __________________(read) a book. 5. I’m terribly sorry, but I seemed ______________(burn) a hole in your trousers. to be loved to have been elected to study to be reading to have burntnull不定式的基本用法I don’t want _____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have soundedNote: 不定式可在句中作动词宾语,常接不定式作宾语的动词有 Aagree, ask, attempt, care, dare, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend, remain, refuse, want, wish等null Start, begin:可接不定式可接动名词，意义相等。但下列情况只可接不定式. 1.主语是物。 2.本身是进行时. 3.其后的动词是示心理状况的词. understand, realize,know,see etc. 1.The ice began to melt when the sun comes out . 2.I was beginning to be angry. 3.I began to understand what he said .null比　较 一般说来，动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。Smoking is forbidden here.这里禁止吸烟。It‘s not good for you to smoke so much. 　吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold. 天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。Would you prefer to stay at home this evening? 今晚你想待在家里吗？(泛指)(具体)(泛指)(具体)null2. a My adviser encouraged _____ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take b. Paul doesn’t have to be made _____ . He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning Note:不定式可以作宾补（表过程，完成），但在使役动词let, make, have或感官动词see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel后作宾补时，常省去to.但在被动语态中，宾补变主补时，要加上to.　BDnull3.a. ----Can the project be finished as planned? ---- Sure, _____ it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day. A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get b. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _____ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told c. You were silly not _____ your car. 　　 A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked BBNote:不定式作状语，表示目的、结果、原因或条件To look at him, you will like him.（条件）We were very excited to hear the news.（原因）Bnull不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。1. 表示目的I‘m saving up to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。　 有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do, 和so as (not) to do结构 (so as to do不可以置于句首)。He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。 I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记。2. 表示结果He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。null必　背 ： 不定式表示结果常见于下列句型　1) so...as to do 　Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自行车借给我好吗？ 2) such...as to do 　We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步。 3) enough to do 　He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。 4) only to do 结果却，常指意想不到的结果 　He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。 5) too...to do 　His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的字。null4. a.　I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _____ . A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought b. There are five pairs _____, but I’m at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. for choosing C. to choose D. to choose fromBNote:作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，且不定式所修饰 的词是不定式动作的承受者，不定式后须有相应的介词 DHe is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with.但修饰这三个名词time, place, way,后面的介词习惯上省去．He had no money and no place to live.null不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词名代词之后，与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。1.主谓关系The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会十分美好的。 The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。2. 动宾关系On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天，他总是有许多信要写。 He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人null3. 同位关系We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。4. 修饰关系Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。　　 由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。She has a child to take care of.她有一个孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。 He has no friend to depend on.他没有可依靠的朋友。 I've got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有许多事情要处理。null2. 下列词语接不定式做定语 Change,wish ,right, courage ,need ,promise, time, way, opportunity , the first…, the second…, the last…, the only ….eg. He is the first person to come . 1.被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only,all,no 和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。 不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。 3. 被修饰的名词是下列抽象名词时，常用不定式做定语。ability, chance, promise,answer, reply, attempt,belief, way, wish,dream, willingness等4. 定语部分表示将要发生的动作时，用不定式来表达。I,m going off to Bejing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken to your parents?我明天就要去北京了，你有什么东西捎给你父母吗？null不定式的其它用法1). 作主语 To hesitate means failure. It’s not easy to master a foreign language. 在“It is + 形容词 + of sb + 不定式”结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。 在“It is + 形容词 + for sb + 不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。null比　较 　It is good of you to help me with my English. 　你真好，帮助我学英语。 　(强调you的特征=You are good to help me.) It is good for you to give up smoking. 戒烟对你有好处。 　(强调的是give up smoking这一行为= For you to give up smoking is good.)null2). 作表语 　To lose is to learn. What I should do is to finish the task soon. 1. Her work is ______( look )after the children. 2. My aim is ______( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. She seemed ______( think ) about the problem.null“be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况：1. 表示命令和指示The room is to be locked.这房间要上锁。2.表示或安排We are to begin the work next month.我们下月开始这项工作。比　较be to do表示计划和安排将要发生的动作。 Another new railway is to be built in my hometown next year. 明年我家乡又要修建一条铁路了。be about to do表示最近即将要发生的动作。不能和具体的时间状语连用。 The manager was about to leave when his secretary called him back.经理正要离开时，他的秘书叫住了他。null3). 作独立成分 　To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _____ in a year. A.follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followedC 有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。 To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest. 说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。 He is very honest, to begin with.首先，他很诚实。nullto tell you the truth  说老实话 to begin with 首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说 to be sure 诚然，固然 to be exact 精确地说 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be frank 坦率地说 to be brief  简言之 to conclude  总而言之必　背null 不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。To think that he should do this! 想想，他竟然干出这等事！ (表示惊讶) Oh, God, to see her dance! 哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！(表示赞美) To think that all the money has been wasted. 想想，所有的钱都被浪费掉了！(表示不满)null 1. 不定式做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。 Do you have anything to say on this question? 　针对这个问题，你有什么要说的吗？ 2. 不定式作形容词的宾语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。 The book is difficult to understand. 这本书很难理解。 3. There be结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。　　 There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。比　较 She has two letters to type.她有两封信要打。 (自己打) She has two letters to be typed.她有两封信要打。 (别人打)null I hope to have met him at the railway station, but he didn‘t turn up. 　　我本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。 　We would love to have gone to the match, but the tickets were all sold out. 　　我们原想去看这场比赛的，但票已售完了。 　The plane was to have taken off at 9:00, but something went wrong. 　　飞机原计划九点起飞，但出现了一些故障。null 1. 在口语中，动词原形come和go后可接不带to的不定式。 Go tell her. 去告诉她吧。 Come have a glass.　来喝一杯。 2. 在why引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或“not + 动词原形”。 Why make so much noise? 为什么发出这么大的噪音？ Why not join us? 为什么不加入我们？ 3.在had better, had best, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner, would sooner...than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或“not + 动词原形”。nullYou'd better listen to your teacher's opinion. 你最好听一听老师的意见。 We had best call for the doctor at once.我们最好马上就请医生来。 4.如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在表语中的不定式或者介词except/but之后的不定式可不带to。The only thing I could do was go home. 我能做的惟一一件事就是回家。 5.两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. 这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。 Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.? 你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？null 6. 在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。He let go the rope. 他松开了绳子。 I hear say there will be an earthquake soon. 我听说不久就要有一次地震。 She made believe she was innocent. 她假装清白。 7.在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。一些动词要掌握，have, let和make, 此三动词是使役，“注意”“观察(look at, observe)”“听到(hear, listen to)”see, 还有feel和watch，使用它们要仔细 ‘后接“宾补”略去“to”，此点千万要牢记null 1. 在助动词或情态动词之后，如be, going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等。She must go but you don't have to.她必须走，但你没有必要。 2.在want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等动词之后。－Did you go to see the Great Wall?你游览长城了吗？ －I wanted to, but I was too busy.我本来想去，但太忙了。 3.在作宾语补足语的ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等动词之后。Don‘t do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。null 4.在对话的答语中的happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。－Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗？ －I'm willing to, but I can't now. 我很愿意，但现在不行。提　示 　如果动词不定式是to be或to have，则一般不省略动词。 　－Did you finish the work? 　你的工作完成了吗？ 　－No, but I hoped to have. 　没有，但我希望已经完成了。null These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match. 这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。 If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear. 如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。必　背 常见的带不定式的短语：be supposed to do 应该做某事 be determined to do 决心要做某事 fail to do 未能做某事 go all out to do 全力以赴做某事 have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事 have a great mind to do 很想做某事 make up one's mind to do 决定做某事 make a point to do 坚持做某事 prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事 take the trouble to do 不辞辛苦地做某事null必　背 常见的带介词to的短语：be used to 习惯 be related to 与……有关 get down to 着手做 be given to 沉溺于 put one‘s mind to 全神贯注于 give rise to 引起 be equal to 胜任 devote oneself to 献身于 lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对 look forward to 盼望 object to 反对 stick to  坚持 pay attention to 注意null 1.The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not makeBA2. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____ . A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to nullNote:1. 不定式的否定式not to + do 2. 为了避免重复，常用to代替动词不定式 She wants to come， but her parents won‘t allow her to． Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to． 不定式的否定式，否定词Not 或never seldom hardly要放在 to的前面。she checked the names so as not to make mistakes nullPractice 1.Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, ______ reduce unemployment pressures. A help B to have C to help D having helped 2.The children all turned _______ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A looked at B to look at C to looking at D look atCBnull 3 . We are invited to a party ______ in our club next Friday. A to be held B held C being held D holding 4 . ______, you need to give all you have and try your best. A Being a winner B To be a winner C Be a winner D Having been a winner 5.The play ______ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. A produced B being produced C to be produced D having been producedABCnull6 . ______ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends. A Completing B Having completing C To have completed D To complete 7 . Nowadays people sometimes separated their wasted to make it easier for it ______. A reusing B reused C reuses D to be reusedDDnull8 . All of them try to use the power of the workstation ______information. A presenting B presented C being presented D to present 9 . David threatened ______ his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid. A to be reported B reporting C to report D having reported 10 . He told us whether _________ a picnic was still under discussion. A to have B having C have D hadDCAnull11.With the world changing fast, we have something new ______ with all by ourselves every day. A deal B dealt C to deal D dealing 12.Edison was the first scientist ______ a modern research and development center. A built B having built C to build D to be built CCnull13. _______ what is happening in his own country, he watches TV and reads newspapers every day. A To inform B Informing of C To be informed of D Having informed of 14 . ---What’s up? You look down. ---I have piles of papers _______, but I type so slowly. A to be typed B typed C to type D being typed 15 . Whom do you want to have ________ the parts of a car together? A fix B to fix C fixing D fixedCCAnull16.----Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day? ----_____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing. A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be 17. Robert is said _____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying CAnull 18. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _____ in making the earth a better place to live. A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing 19. The question _____ next year has something important to do with our daily life. A. to discuss B. discussed C. being discussed D. to be discussed 20 . I like getting up very early on summer. The morning air is so good _____. A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathedBDBnullThank you!