东欧及中欧的新马克思主义（英文）

TIBOR HANAK NEO-MARXISM IN EASTERN CENTRAL EUROPE1 Leaving out of consideration whether particular philosophers regarded themselves as being or not being neo-Marxists, the term 'neo-Marxism' is used in the present paper to describe those attempts of renewal and redeter​mination in Marxist philosophy which are varied in nature but have much in common regarding humanistic and humanizing endeavours and which originated as a consequence of the criticism of Stalin and the "de-Stalini- zation" processes in the Communist-ruled countries of Eastern and Central Europe. Apart from the revisionist traditions originating in the first three decades of our century, some beginnings of theories evolving earlier and some critical voices, in the geographical area mentioned above, the neo- Marxist endeavours referred to in this paper started in the late 1950s (e.g. with George Lukacs's statements in the year 1956, Leszek Kolakowski's essays in Nowa Drogi and Nova Kultura and with Agnes Heller's lectures on ethics); it reached its prime in the 1960s and, despite the fact that in this context the year 1968 represents a climax, the process of disintegration had already begun at the time of the occupation of the (5SSR, and in the course of the 1970s neo-Marxism lost its significance as one of the creative powers in the ideological and social life of Eastern and Central Europe. In the countries under Communist rule philosophical neo-Marxism is dead. Its main representatives in Poland, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic and the USSR, and even in Yugoslavia — represented in that country by the prominent 'Praxis'—group — were partly forced into an 'inner emigra​tion', such as e.g. Milan Machovec in the ($SSR or Mihaly Vajda in Hungary, partly sent abroad, as happened to Leszek Kolakowski and a number of members of the so-called 'Budapest School' (i.e. the disciples of Lukacs; e.g. Heller, Feher, Markus). The end of neo-Marxism cannot be traced back to outside influences only, such as Party resolutions and interdictions, but also to the inherent logic underlying neo-Marxist thought itself i.e. to the fact that neo-Marxism 'surpassed itself'. This is expressed by Kolakowski in the third volume of his work on The Main Trends of Marxism : "taking the rules of rationalism seriously, one could no longer be interested in the degree of faithfulness to Marxist tradition ..." "Through the multitude of ideas which were only to supplement or enrich it (Marxism), Marxism disintegrated" (pp. 505ff). A survey taken of young Hungarian philosophers in 1978, the results of which were first published in an illegal (