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How to Build a Wainscoted Wall How to Build a Wainscoted Wall Add elegance to your favorite room with easy-to-build wood panels HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Projects/FH05NOV_WAINSC_02.JPG" Elegant, traditional wainscoting looks like an intimidating project, but with this simple, easy-to-assemble design even a moderately skilled DIYer can transform an ordinary room into a showplace. By the DIY experts of The Family Handyman Magazine: November 2005 • Overview • Planning your layout • Using the biscuit joiner • Special situations • FinishingOverview HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_01.JPG" \o "Clean lines and perfect joints" 1 of 1 Clean lines and perfect joints Using a plate joiner, you can create perfect, rock-solid joints that look as if they were carved from a single piece of wood. If your dining room or home office reminds you too much of a workplace break room, it could be time to transform it with this simple woodworking project. At first glance, this panel design may look too complex for your average do-it-yourselfer, but it’s not. The panels are made from three horizontal 1x6 bands that run around the room, with narrower vertical boards spaced every 30 in. or so. The panels are the wall itself. Once you nail on filler pieces and trim, the project takes on a traditional wainscot panel look. In this article, we’ll show you how to plan your layout and cut, fit and finish the wood for any room in your house. We’ll also show you how to make clean, tight joints using a plate joiner (Photos 5 and 6). If you haven’t used this tool before, don’t be intimidated. Although this tool can perform complex joinery, its only purpose here is to cut slots in two adjoining pieces to accept a glued “biscuit” that will then bond the pieces permanently. A plate joiner (also called a biscuit joiner) is a worthwhile investment. You’ll marvel at how simple it is to set up and operate. Because we planned to paint the wainscot panels rather than stain them, we decided to use moderately priced poplar. This hardwood is easy to cut, nail and sand. You can build the project from any wood you choose and then stain it to your liking, but if you stain it, be sure to hand-pick each board carefully to match the grain and tone. Also, buy long boards that will run full length from wall to wall to avoid unsightly butt joints that could shift over time and develop a crack. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_03.JPG" \o "" Figure A: Wainscot details Figure A: Wainscot Details To make clean, smooth joints, cut slots with a plate joiner and slip in biscuits to keep the stiles and rails perfectly aligned. Planning your layout HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_04.JPG" \o "Photo 1: Before" 1 of 5 Photo 1: Before Pry off the baseboard in the room and make any necessary wall repairs. Paint the walls. Measure up the wall 31-1/2 in. and use a level or laser level to mark a level line around the entire room. Mark stud locations using a stud finder. Laser level Reasonably priced laser levels are available at home centers, and greatly simplify the task of establishing a level line around the room. Tack the 1x6 top rail even with the 31-1/2-in. mark. Nail the bottom 1x6 rail parallel at 9 in. above the floor. Then mark the best positions for the vertical stiles. Rip the stiles to width, then cut them to length. Position them according to your layout and mark their centers on the rails. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_05.JPG" \o "Photo 2: Establish a level line" 2 of 5 Photo 2: Establish a level line Measure up the wall 31-1/2 in. and use a level or laser level to mark a level line around the entire room. Mark stud locations using a stud finder. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_06.JPG" \o "Laser level" 3 of 5 Laser level Reasonably priced laser levels are available at home centers, and greatly simplify the task of establishing a level line around the room. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_07.JPG" \o "Photo 3: Tack the horizontal rails" 4 of 5 Photo 3: Tack the horizontal rails Tack the 1x6 top rail even with the 31-1/2-in. mark. Nail the bottom 1x6 rail parallel at 9 in. above the floor. Then mark the best positions for the vertical stiles. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_08.JPG" \o "Photo 4: Mark the stiles" 5 of 5 Photo 4: Mark the stiles Rip the stiles to width, then cut them to length. Position them according to your layout and mark their centers on the rails. First, remove the baseboard and patch any holes. If you plan to repaint the room, do it now, at least above the wainscot area. You’ll be able to easily touch it up after completing the project. You’ll also have to adapt your window and door molding now to accommodate the 1-1/2-in.-thick profile that your walls will take on as you build the panels (Figure A).We changed out all the window and door molding in the room. We used 3/4-in. x 4-in. boards and then nailed a Princeton stop molding on edge (Photos 10 and 11) to the entire perimeter to build the trim out 1-1/2 in. from the wall. It’s possible to complete this project in sections in your shop or garage and carry them in as you go, but we had some tricky hallways and corners that made it difficult to get longer sections into the room. We found it much easier to cut and assemble right in the room. Plan the wainscot height at about 32 in. Then divide the wall into equal sections so that the panel inside the rails and stiles has a height/width ratio of about 1 to 1.6 (vertical to horizontal). This will create panels with good proportions. Lay it out with masking tape and move the tape until you’re satisfied. You can vary the positions of the stiles (the vertical pieces) a couple of inches either way. However, as the panels approach a square shape or get too long (closer to a 1-to-2 ratio), you’ll find that they begin to look awkward. Here are some tips for planning the panel layouts around doors and windows: ​ Start with the longest wall without doors or windows and establish your panel sizes as described in Photo 3. ​ Try to have equal-size panels along the wall. It takes a bit of head scratching, but with a little masking tape, you can keep changing the sizes until they work. - Take into account electrical outlets. Don’t let them fall in the middle of stiles. ​ Keep in mind that you can leave smaller panels in the corners, as long as they’re of equal size on each end (Photo 11). When it comes to doors and windows, you don’t have much choice but to reduce the panel size as we did in Photos 10 – 12. To compensate for the smaller panel size under and beside window trim, reduce the width of rails and stiles to 2-1/2 in. to avoid chunky-looking spots. Divide the panel under the windows with a stile in the middle (Photo 14). The proportion rules tend to go out the “window” here, but the overall effect of wrapping around the window is a custom built-in look. Electrical Outlets Can Give You Fits We designed the lower rail of the wainscot so that it just fits under electrical receptacle cover plates. Measure the height of your cover plates before you start because you may need to lower the rail to accommodate the receptacles. Also consider shifting your layout left or right if one of the receptacles falls halfway onto a stile. Using the biscuit joiner HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_09.JPG" \o "Photo 5: Cut the slots in the stiles" 1 of 5 Photo 5: Cut the slots in the stiles Adjust the plate joiner to cut slots in the center of the 3/4-in. boards. Then cut a biscuit slot in the center of each stile at the top and bottom. Cut a biscuit slot into the top and bottom rails at each stile center location. Then pull the temporary nails and remove the top rail. Glue the biscuits into the lower rails. Then add glue to the top of the biscuits and set the stiles into place. Push tight. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_10.JPG" \o "Photo 6: Cut the rail slots" 2 of 5 Photo 6: Cut the rail slots Cut a biscuit slot into the top and bottom rails at each stile center location. Then pull the temporary nails and remove the top rail. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_11.JPG" \o "Photo 7: Start gluing" 3 of 5 Photo 7: Start gluing Glue the biscuits into the lower rails. Then add glue to the top of the biscuits and set the stiles into place. Push tight. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_12.JPG" \o "Photo 8: Fit the top rail " 4 of 5 Photo 8: Fit the top rail Glue the biscuits to the tops of the stiles and gently fit the top rail onto each glued biscuit. Work fast before the glue begins to set. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_13.JPG" \o "Photo 9: Clamp " 5 of 5 Photo 9: Clamp Drive homemade friction clamps at an angle to tighten the joints. Nail the top rail into the wall studs as you go. Glue the biscuits to the tops of the stiles and gently fit the top rail onto each glued biscuit. Work fast before the glue begins to set. Drive homemade friction clamps at an angle to tighten the joints. Nail the top rail into the wall studs as you go. We used No. 20 biscuits for joining the rails and stiles. Set your biscuit joiner fence so it cuts exactly in the middle of the 3/4-in.-thick boards. Take a few practice plunges to get familiar with the tool. You’ll notice that when you cut biscuits near the corners where the side wall prohibits the tool from cutting the middle of the board, the slot will be off center, causing the biscuit to protrude. If this happens (Photo 17), just let the glue dry and chisel the exposed biscuit away. The 1/2-in. quarter-round molding will cover the blemish. The homemade clamps do a good job of tightening the joints, but it’s important to work fast before the glue sets. Have all the slots cut and enough biscuits on hand. Have a helper spread glue while you insert the biscuits. You should clamp within about five minutes. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_15.JPG" \o "" Wainscot clamps Make Simple Clamps We made our own clamps from 1x2 pine boards with blocks glued and nailed to the ends. The clamps are made to knock quickly to the side and squeeze the rail and stile pieces together (Photo 9). The friction will hold long enough for the glue to set up. When gluing up the assembly, you'll need to pull the nails to free the top rail that you tacked earlier. Once you glue the joints, insert the nails into the same holes in the top rail so they’re ready to drive as you knock the clamps tight (Photo 9). Special situations HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_14.JPG" \o "Photo 10: Add rails and stiles at windows" 1 of 3 Photo 10: Add rails and stiles at windows Fit 2-1/2-in. rails under the windows, biscuit the ends and then nail them into place. Fit the stiles to the window trim, then cut the biscuit slots. Cut biscuit slots into the top rail and fit the rail onto the stiles, butting it tightly to the corner and window trim. Clamp and nail it. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_16.JPG" \o "Photo 11: Butt top rails to the window" 2 of 3 Photo 11: Butt top rails to the window Cut biscuit slots into the top rail and fit the rail onto the stiles, butting it tightly to the corner and window trim. Clamp and nail it. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_17.JPG" \o "Photo 12: Preassemble small sections" 3 of 3 Photo 12: Preassemble small sections Preassemble small rail and stile sections in tight areas and nail or glue them into place as a unit. Prefit and trim corner boards for a perfect fit. Preassemble small rail and stile sections in tight areas and nail or glue them into place as a unit. Prefit and trim corner boards for a perfect fit. There are no exact rules for working around doors and windows except to plan ahead. Before you nail each piece to the wall, consider where the biscuits need to go. It may be impossible to add a biscuit once the piece is fastened to the wall, so cut the slot before you install it. If there are no studs to nail into, apply a bead of construction adhesive to the backside of the assembly and then toenail it to the drywall with your finish nailer (1-1/2-in.-long nails only). The nails will hold the pieces until the glue sets. You’ll also notice in Photo 16 that the cap molding protrudes a bit and needs to be rounded where it meets the window or door trim. Use a quarter from your pocket to outline the radius on the end of the molding, and use a belt sander or wood rasp to shape it before nailing it into place. Finishing HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_18.JPG" \o "Photo 13: Sand thoroughly" 1 of 6 Photo 13: Sand thoroughly Scrape off glue "squeeze-out" as soon as possible. Then sand every joint with 100-grit sandpaper once the glue is dry. Nail the 1x2 filler strips to the wall near the floor. Then nail the 1x6 baseboard to the filler and the lower rail. Fit the top cap molding and nail it to the top rails. Round the corner (Photo 16) to fit it against the window and door casing. Nail the cove molding tightly under the cap molding. This will hide the nails that hold the top rail. Cut any exposed biscuit ends near the edges of narrower stiles with a sharp chisel to make way for the quarter-round trim. Miter the ends of the 1/2-in. quarter-round molding and nail it into place. Add the remaining trim, fill the nail holes and touch up the paint HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_19.JPG" \o "Photo 14: Nail the baseboard" 2 of 6 Photo 14: Nail the baseboard Nail the 1x2 filler strips to the wall near the floor. Then nail the 1x6 baseboard to the filler and the lower rail. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_20.JPG" \o "Photo 15: Add the cap molding" 3 of 6 Photo 15: Add the cap molding Fit the top cap molding and nail it to the top rails. Round the corner (Photo 16) to fit it against the window and door casing. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_21.JPG" \o "Photo 16: Nail the cove" 4 of 6 Photo 16: Nail the cove Nail the cove molding tightly under the cap molding. This will hide the nails that hold the top rail. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_22.JPG" \o "Photo 17: Cut out exposed biscuits" 5 of 6 Photo 17: Cut out exposed biscuits Cut any exposed biscuit ends near the edges of narrower stiles with a sharp chisel to make way for the quarter-round trim. HYPERLINK "http://hostedmedia.reimanpub.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/FH05NOV_WAINSC_23.JPG" \o "Photo 18: Finish the last details" 6 of 6 Photo 18: Finish the last details Miter the ends of the 1/2-in. quarter-round molding and nail it into place. Add the remaining trim, fill the nail holes and touch up the paint. Whether you paint your wainscot or varnish it, you'll need to sand it. Be sure to sand the rail and stile joints before adding the base and moldings. A random orbital sander works best and cuts fast. If you plan to paint the project, you only need to sand with 100-grit sandpaper, but if you plan to varnish it, give it another sanding with 150-grit. Once you install the moldings, be sure to ease any sharp edges with a final sanding.