今年的讲座名为“ParalinguisticFeaturesofLanguages”,主题是辅助语言学,对于英语专业的学生来说,这个话题或许没有专门学过,但并不陌生。讲座类的内容非常突出的特点就是逻辑性强,思绪很清楚,所以在听音频做笔记的时候,要特别注意总起性质的句子。一般来说lecture的第一段会对接下来的内容做
介绍,假如下文划提成若干个小类别,会概括性地提到这些类别,然后在后文进行具体的例证、再分类。第一段对给考生一个宏观性的思绪非常重要,听漏掉一两点也没关系,下文必然会重新提到。本次真题的听力原文如下,注意文章中标粗的部分,是记笔记的重点部分:ParalinguisticfeaturesoflanguagesGoodmorning,everyone.Todaywe'llcontinueourdiscussionondescribinglanguage.Lastweekweexaminedsuchfeaturesoflanguageasgrammar,vocabulary,thesoundsoflanguage,etc.Inthislecture,we'lllookatanotherimportantaspectoflanguage.Perhapssomeofyoumaywonderwhatisthisimportantaspectoflanguage.Letmetellyou.Itreferstofeaturesofcommunicationthattakesplacewithouttheuseofgrammarandvocabulary.Theyarecalled‘paralinguisticfeaturesoflanguage'.Thesefeaturesfallintotwobroadcategories:thosethatinvolvevoiceandthosethatinvolvethebody.Now,thefirstcategory,iswhatwecallvocalparalinguisticfeatures.Vocalfeaturesareactuallytonesofvoice.Whiletheyare,perhaps,notcentraltomeaningincommunicationinthesamewayasgrammarorvocabulary,theymay,nevertheless,conveyattitudeorintentioninsomeway.Letmegiveyousomeexamples.Thefirstiswhispering,whichindicatestheneedsforsecrecy.Thesecondisbreathiness.Thisistoshowdeepemotion.Thethirdishuskiness,whichistoshowunimportants.Thefourthisnasality.Thisistoindicateanxiety.Thelastisextralip-rounding,whichexpressesgreaterintimacy,expeciallywithbabies,forexample.Sowecanseethatthereareanumberofwaysofalteringourtoneofvoice.Andwhenwedothisconsciously,wedoittocreatedifferenteffectsincommunication.Now,let'scometothesecondcategory,physicalparalinguisticfeatures,whichinvolvesthebody.Inadditiontoconveymeaningswithtoneofvoice,wecanalsoexpressourintentionsthroughthewaysinwhichweuseourbodies.Youmayask:whataretheways,then?Letmesightsomebriefexamples.Theexpressiononourface,thegestureswemakeandevenproximityorwaywesit,aresomeofthewayswesendpowerfulmessages.Abouthowwefeel,orwhatwemean.Letmeexplainsomeoftheseinmoredetail.First,facialexpression.Facialexpressionisapowerfulconveyerofmeaning.Weallknowsmilingisanalmostuniversalsignalofpleasureorwelcome.Butthereareotherfacialexpressionsthatmaynotbesocommon.Forinstance,raisingeye-brows-suggestthatyouaresurprisedorinterestedinsomething.Otherfacialactions,suchasbitingyourlip,whichindicatesthatyouaredeepinthinking,orareuncertainaboutsomething;compressingthelips,whichshowthatyouaremakingdecisions;andavisibleclenchingoftheteeth,toshowthatyouareangry,areallpowerfulconveyersofmeaning,too.Thesecondinthiscategoryisgesture.Yousee,weusegesturetoindicateawiderangeofmeanings.ThoughIhavetoemphasizethattheactualgesturesweusemaybespecifictoparticularcultures.Thatistosaydifferentcultureshavetheirownfavoritegesturesinconveyingmeaning.Here,afewexamplesmayshowyouhowpowerfulgesturescanbe.InBritishEnglishbehavior,shruggingshouldersmayindicateanattitudeof‘Idon'tcare',or‘Idon'tknow'.Crossingyourarmsmayindicaterelaxation.Butitcanalsopowerfullyshowyouarebored.Wavingcanmeanwelcomeandfarewell.Whilescratchingyourheadmayindicatethatyouareataloss.Inothercultures,placingyourhanduponyourheartistoindicatethatyouaretellingthetruth.Pointingyourfingeratyournosemeansit'sasecret.That'swhywesaythatgesturesareculturebound.Thethirdisproximity,postureandechoing.Proximityreferstothephysicaldistancebetweenspeakers.Thiscanindicateanumberofthingsandcanalsobeusedtoconsciouslysendmessagesaboutintent.Closeness,forexample,indicatesintimacyorthreattomanyspeakers.Butdistancemayshowformality,orlackofinterest.Onceagain,I'dliketosay,proximityisalsobothamatterofpersonalstyle,andisoftenculturebound.So,whatmayseemnormaltoaspeakerfromoneculturemayappearunnecessarilycloseordistanttoaspeakerfromanother.Andstandingclosetosomeonemaybequiteappropriateinsomesituationssuchasaninformalparty,butcompletelyoutofplaceinothersituations,suchasameetingwithasuperior.Next,posture.Posturemeansthewayinwhichsomeoneholdshisorherbody,especiallytheback,shouldersandhead,whenstanding,walkingorsitting.Afewexamples.Hunchedshouldersandahangingheadgiveapowerfulindicationofwhetherthepersonishappyornot.Aloweredheadwhenspeakingtoasuperior,withorwithouteyecontactcanconveytheappropriaterelationshipinsomecultures.Ontheotherhand,directleveleyecontact,changesthenatureofinteraction,andcanbeenseenaseitheropenorchallenging.Last,echoing.Now,whatisechoing?Letmestartwithanexample.Someofyoumayhavenoticedthisphenomenoninyourexperience.Whentwopeoplearekeentoagreeeachother,theywouldlikely,thoughunconsciouslyadoptthesameposture,asifanimitationofeachother.Theysitorstandinthesamemanor.Whenusedinthisway,echoingappearstocomplementtheverbalcommunication.Ofcourse,whensuchimitationiscarriedoutconsciously,itoftenindicatesthatsomeoneismarkingatanotherspeaker.Ok,intoday'slecture,welookedatsomeparalinguisticfeatures,suchastoneofvoice,gestureandposture.Thesefeatures,togetherwithlinguisticfeaturesoflanguage,likegrammar,orvocabulary,areallpartofthewaywecommunicatewitheachotherinfacetofaceencounters.Inournextlecture,we'llwatchsomevideomaterial,andseehowpeopleactuallyuseparalinguisticmeansincommunicationtoexpresstheirintentionordesireormood.整理一下,整篇文章的要点非常清楚:I.VocalParalinguisticFeatures 1.whispering-theneedsforsecrecy 2.breathiness-deepemotion 3.huskiness-unimportants 4.nasality-anxiety 5.extralip-rounding-greaterintimacyII.physicalparalinguisticfeatures 1.facialexpression-powerfulconveyerofmeaning. --e.g.1smiling:pleasureorwelcome --e.g.2raisingeye-brows:surprisedorinterestedinsomething --e.g.3bitingyourlip:deepinthinking/uncertainaboutsomething --e.g.4compressingthelips:makingdecisions --e.g.5clenchingoftheteeth:angry 2.gesture-culturebound --e.g.1shruggingshoulders:'Idon'tcare',or'Idon'tknow' --e.g.2crossingyourarms:relaxation/bored --e.g.3waving:welcomeandfarewell --e.g.4scratchingyourhead:ataloss --e.g.5placingyourhanduponyourheart:tellingthetruth --e.g.6pointingyourfingeratyournose:it'sasecret 3.proximity,postureandechoing 1).proximity:personalstyle&culturebound --e.g.1closeness:intimacy,threat --e.g.2distance:fomality,lackofinterest 2).posture:thewayinwhichsomeoneholdshisorherbody --e.g.1Hunchedshouldersandahanginghead:happyornot --e.g.2Aloweredhead,eyecontact:theappropriaterelationship --e.g.3directleveleyecontact:openorchallenging 3).echoing:tocomplementtheverbalcommunication运用各种自己熟悉的笔记符号,将上述列
中的内容快速记下来,只可以更少,不能更多。很多学生在考场上抱着贪多的心理,事无巨细均想记录,反而在不断笔中错过了该要记住的要点。