ucinet6用户手册适合初学者使用

UCINET6forWindowsSoftwareforSocialNetworkAnalysisUSER'SGUIDEBorgatti,EverettandFreeman2002Copyright©1999-2002AnalyticTechnologies,Inc.Lastrevised:23February,2011UCINET61999-2002AnalyticTechnologies.Allrightsreserved.AnalyticTechnologies11OhlinLaneHarvard,MA01451USAVoice:(978)456-7372Fax:(978)456-7373Email:support@analytictech.com;sales@analytictech.comTableofContentsPreface0NotationalConventions0.1Acknowledgements0.2ProgrammingConsiderations0.3Content0.4MatrixOrientation0.5GettingStarted1Hardware1.1Installation1.2QuittingtheProgram1.3TechnicalSupport1.4CitingTheProgram1.5LicenseandLimitedWarranty1.6TheUCINETEnvironment2MenusandHelp2.1Forms2.2RunningAnAnalysis2.3TheLogFile2.4Datasets2.5ProgramOrganization2.6FileSubmenu2.7DataSubmenu2.8TransformSubmenu2.9ToolsSubmenu2.10NetworksSubmenu2.11OptionsSubmenu2.12ImportingData3RAWFiletype3.1ExcelFiletype3.2DLFiletype3.3FullMatrixFormat3.4RectangularMatrices3.5Labels3.6MultipleMatrices3.7ExternalDataFile3.8DiagonalAbsent3.9LowerhalfandUpperhalfMatrices3.10BlockmatrixFormat3.11LinkedListFormats3.12Nodelists3.12.1EdgelistFormats3.12.2EdgearrayFormat3.12.3UCINETSpreadsheetEditor3.15DataProcessing4SubgraphsandSubmatrices4.1MergingDatasets4.2PermutationsandSorts4.3TransposingandReshaping4.4Recodes4.5LinearTransformations4.6Symmetrizing4.7GeodesicDistancesandReachability4.8Aggregation4.9NormalizingandStandardizing4.10ModeChanges4.11Whereisitnow?5~0~Preface0.1NotationalConventionsUCINETismenu-drivenWindowsprogram.Thismeansyouchoosewhatyouwanttodobyselectingitemsfromamenu.Menusmaybenested,sothatchoosinganitemfromamenumaycallupasubmenuwithadditionalchoices,whichinturnmaycallupsubmenusoftheirown.Consequently,togettocertainchoices,youmayhavetoselectthroughanumberofmenusalongtheway.Torepresenttheoptionsyoumusttaketoagivenchoice,weuseanglebrackets.Forexample,torunthehierarchicalclusteringprocedure,youmustfirststartUCINET,thenclickonthetoptoolbarandpointtoTools,fromthedropdownmenuthatappearshighlightClusterandfromthesubmenuthatappearsclickonHierarchical.WewillrepresentthisseriesofchoicesasTools>Cluster>Hierarchical0.2AcknowledgementsDozensofpeoplehavecontributedtoUCINET6forWindowsbymakingsuggestions,contributingtechnicalexpertise,findingbugs,andprovidingmoralandfinancialsupport.WeespeciallythankCharlesKadushin,DavidKrackhardt,RonRiceandLeeSailerfortheirearlyandcontinuedsupport.Wealsothankthosewhohavecontributedtechnicalexpertiseforspecificalgorithms,includingPipPattison(semigroups),KimRomney(correspondenceanalysis)andStanWasserman(p1).WearealsogratefultoBrianKneller(UniversityofGreenwich,London)fordoingmuchoftheinitialprogrammingontheWindowsinterface.Thenon-metricMDSprogramisadaptedfromUCINET3.0(MacEvoyandFreeman,1985),whichinturnwasdrawnfromtheUniversityofEdinburgh'sMINISSAprogram.ManyoftheproceduresmakeuseofroutinesfoundinNumericalRecipesinPascalbyPress,Flannery,TeukolskyandVetterling,andEISPACK(Smithet.al.1976,Springer-Verlag).0.3ProgrammingConsiderationsToparaphraseanoldsong(andreversethemeaning),UCINET6.0isbuiltforspeed,notforcomfort.OftentimesduringtheprogrammingofUCINET,wehadtochoosebetweenusingafastalgorithmthatusedalotofmemory(andthereforereducedthemaximumsizeofnetworkitcouldhandle),andaslowalgorithmthatsavedmemoryandcouldhandlemuchlargerdatasets.Inpreviousversionswetriedtostrikeabalancebetweenthetwo.Inthisversion,weusuallychosespeed.Onereasonforthisisthatitispreciselywhenworkingwithlargedatasetsthatspeedisessential:whatgoodisanalgorithmthatcanhandlethousandsofnodesifittakesdaystoexecute?Theotherreasonisthatadvancesinhardwareandoperatingsystemsoftwarecontinuallyextendtheamountofmemoryprogramscanaccess,soitseemsawasteofprogrammingtimetoworkoutwaystoeconomizeonmemory.Oneconsequenceofmenusystemsistheneedtoorganizeprogramcapabilitiesintocategoriesandsubcategoriesinawaythatislogicalandcomprehensible.Ofcourse,thishasprovedtobeimpossible.WithonlyalittleeffortonecandiscoverseveralcompetingschemesforclassifyingallthefunctionsthatUCINET6.0offers.Noneoftheschemesisperfect:eachdoesanelegantjobofclassifyingcertainitemsbutseemsforcedandarbitrarywithothers.Theschemewehavesettledonisnoexception.Thebasicideaisthatunder"network"weputtechniqueswhosereasonforbeingisfundamentallynetwork-theoretic:techniqueswhoseinterpretationisforcedwhenappliedtonon-networkdata.Anexampleofsuchatechniqueisacentralitymeasure.Incontrast,under"tools"weputtechniquesthatarefrequentlyusedbynetworkanalysts,butarealsocommonlyusedincontextshavingnothingtodowithnetworks.Multidimensionalscalingandclusteranalysisareexamplesofsuchprocedures.Inevitably,ofcourse,therearetechniquesthatareeitherdifficulttoclassifyorforsomereasonareconvenienttomisclassify.0.4ContentUCINET6.0isbasicallyare-engineeredversionofUCINETIV,andsousersfamiliarwithUCINETIVshouldeasilyadapttothenewenvironment.WehaveextendedUCINET'scapabilitiesandre-organisedtheroutinesintowhatwebelievetobemoresensiblecategories.Perhapsthemostfundamentaldesignconsiderationwehavefacedischoosingwhatcapabilitiestheprogramshouldhave.SinceFreeman'sfirstversionwasreleased,UCINEThasincorporatedadiversecollectionofnetworktechniques.Thetechniquesarediversebothinthesenseofwhattheydo(detectcohesivesubgroups,measurecentrality,etc),andwheretheycomefrom(havingbeendevelopedbydifferentindividualsfromdifferentmathematical,methodological,andsubstantivepointsofview).InUCINET6.0wecontinuethattradition,seeingourselvesmoreaseditorsandpublishersofdiverseworksthanasauthorswithasinglepervadingperspective.Oneproblemwiththisapproachisthatdifferenttechniquesimplicitlyassumedifferentviewsofwhattheirdataare.Forexample,graph-theoretictechniquesdescribetheirdataintermsofabstractcollectionsofpointsandlines,algebraictechniquesviewtheirdataassetsandrelations,andstatisticaltechniquesunderstandtheirdatatobevariables,vectors,ormatrices.Sometimesthemathematicaltraditionsintersectandthesameoperationisfoundintherepertoireofeachtradition;cognates,ifyouwill.Forexample,agraphautomorphism,whichisa1-1mappingofagraphtoitself,correspondsintheworldof1-modematricestoare-orderingoftherowsandcorrespondingcolumnsofamatrix.Likewise,theconverseofagraph,inwhichthedirectionofalldirectedarcsisreversed,translatestothetransposeofamatrix,whichisanexchangeofrowsandcolumns.Unfortunately,therearealsofalsecognatesamongthelexicons.Forexample,arelationmaybeexpressedasamatrix,butindiscretealgebra,the"inverse"ofarelationisthetransposeofthatmatrix,notthematrixwhich,whenmultipliedbytheoriginal,yieldstheidentity.0.5MatrixOrientationInUCINET6.0,alldataaredescribedasmatrices.Whilethepromptsandoutputsofsomeproceduresmayreflectthelanguagemostcommonlyassociatedwiththattechnique(e.g."networks"forcentralitymeasures,"relations"forego-algebras),itisextremelyimportantfortheusertomaintaina"matrix-centered"viewofthedata.AllUCINETdataareultimatelystoredanddescribedascollectionsofmatrices.Understandinghowgraphs,networks,relations,hypergraphs,andalltheotherentitiesofnetworkanalysisarerepresentedasmatricesisessentialtoefficient,trouble-freeusageofthesystem.~1~GettingStarted1.1HardwareUCINET6.0requiresacomputerrunningWindows95(from1997ormorerecent),Windows98,NTorothercompatibleoperatingsystem.Theprogramrequires2mbofharddiskstoragespaceand16mbofRAM.1.2InstallationTheUCINETprogrammustbeinstalledbeforeitcanbeused.IfyouhaveaCDthenplacethediskinthedriveandtheprogramshouldstarttheinstallationautomatically.IfthisdoesnothappenthenfromthestartbuttonselecttherunoptionchangetoyourCDdriveandclickon"setup.exe".IfyouhaveanelectronicversionthenfromrunselectthefoldercontainingUCINETandselectthefile"setup.exe".Theinstallationwizardwillguideyouthroughtheinstallationprocedure.1.3QuittingtheProgramToleavetheprogram,chooseFile>Exitfromthetoolbar,clickonthedooricon,orpressCtl+x(theControlkeyandthexkeytogether).Iftheprogramisinthemiddleofexecutingananalysisandyouwanttointerruptit,youcantrypressingesc.ThisworksonlyforiterativeproceduressuchasMDSorTABUSEARCH.OtherwisepressControlAltDelete(simultaneously)andthisbringsuptheoperatingsystemwindowclickonthebuttonmarkedtaskmanager,youcannowselectUCINETandendthetask.Someproceduresoffera“Calculating…”dialogueboxwithaSTOPbuttonthatwillstopexecutionatthenextconvenientpoint.1.4TechnicalSupportRegisteredownersofUCINET6.0(professionalversion)areentitledtotechnicalsupport.Pleasee-mail,writeorcalltheauthorsduringstandardbusinesshourswithanyquestions,suggestionsandbugreports.Theycanbereachedatthefollowingaddresses:SteveBorgattiAnalyticTechnologies11OhlinLaneHarvard,MA01451USATel:+19784567372Fax:+19784567373Email:support@analytictech.comMartinEverettSchoolofComputingandMathematicalSciencesUniversityofGreenwich30ParkRowGreenwichLondonSE109LSTel:+44(0)2083318716Fax:+44(0)2083318665email:M.G.Everett@greenwich.ac.ukPleasecommunicatebugsassoonaspossible:ifatallpossible,wewillimmediatelyreplacethesoftwarewithacorrectedcopyatourexpense.1.5CitingTheProgramIfyouuseUCINET6.0toperformanyanalyseswhichresultinapublicationorpresentation,youmustciteit(thisisrequiredbyyourlicensingagreement).Thecitationshouldtreattheprogramasthoughitwereabook.Forexample:Borgatti,S.P.,M.G.Everett,andL.C.Freeman.1999.UCINET6.0Version1.00.Natick:AnalyticTechnologies.Inotherwords,thetitleofthe"book"isthenameoftheprogram,andthepublisherisAnalyticTechnologies.Sincetheprogramwillchangeovertime,itisimportanttoincludetheversionnumberinthetitleinordertoallowotherstoreplicateyourwork.1.6LicenseandLimitedWarrantyThissoftwareisprotectedbybothUnitedStatescopyrightlawandinternationaltreatyprovisions.Youmusttreatthissoftwarelikeabook,exceptthat(i)youmaycopyittotheharddiskofasinglecomputerortotheharddiskofanycomputer(s)thatyoupersonallyhaveexclusiveuseof,and(ii)youcanmakearchivalcopiesofthesoftwareforthesolepurposeofbackingituptoprotectyourinvestmentfromloss.By"treatthissoftwarelikeabook"wemeanthatthesoftwaremaybeusedbyanynumberofpeople,andmaybefreelymovedfromonecomputertoanother,aslongasthereisnopossibilityofitbeingusedsimultaneouslyontwodifferentcomputers.Justasagivencopyofabookcannotbereadbytwodifferentpeopleindifferentplacesatthesametime,neithercanthesoftwarebelegallyusedbydifferentpeopleondifferentcomputersatthesametime.AnalyticTechnologieswarrantsthephysicalCDandphysicaldocumentationassociatedwiththeUCINET6.0producttobefreeofdefectsinmaterialsandworkmanshipforaperiodofsixtydaysfromthedateofpurchaseorlicensing.IfAnalyticTechnologiesreceivesnotificationwithinthewarrantyperiodofdefectsinmaterialsorworkmanship,andsuchnotificationisdeterminedbyAnalyticTechnologiestobecorrect,wewillreplacethedefectivematerialsatnocharge.However,donotreturnanyproductuntilyouhavecalledusandobtainedauthorization.TheentireandexclusiveliabilityandremedyforbreachofthisLimitedWarrantyshallbelimitedtoreplacementofCD(s)ordocumentationandshallNOTincludeorextendtoanyclaimfororrighttorecoveranyotherdamages,includingbutnotlimitedto,lossofprofitorprestigeordataoruseofthesoftware,orspecial,incidentalorconsequentialdamagesorothersimilarclaims,evenifAnalyticTechnologieshasbeenspecificallyadvisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamages.InnoeventwillAnalyticTechnologies'sliabilityforanydamagestoyouoranyotherpersoneverexceedthepriceofthelicensetousethesoftware,regardlessofanyformoftheclaim.AnalyticTechnologiesspecificallydisclaimsallotherwarranties,expressorimplied,includingbutnotlimitedto,anyimpliedwarrantyofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Specifically,AnalyticTechnologiesmakesnorepresentationorwarrantythatthesoftwareisfitforanyparticularpurposeandanyimpliedwarrantyofmerchantabilityislimitedtothesixty-daydurationoftheLimitedWarrantycoveringthephysicalCD(s)andphysicaldocumentationonly(andnotthesoftware)andisotherwiseexpresslyandspecificallydisclaimed.Thislimitedwarrantygivesyouspecificlegalrights;youmayhaveotherswhichvaryfromstatetostate.Somestatesdonotallowtheexclusionofincidentalorconsequentialdamages,orthelimitationonhowlonganimpliedwarrantylasts,sosomeoftheabovemaynotapplytoyou.ThisLicenseandLimitedWarrantyshallbeconstrued,interpretedandgovernedbythelawsofMassachusetts,andanyactionhereundershallbebroughtonlyinMassachusetts.Ifanyprovisionisfoundvoid,invalidorunenforceableitwillnotaffectthevalidityofthebalanceofthisLicenseandLimitedWarrantywhichshallremainvalidandenforceableaccordingtoitsterms.Ifanyremedyhereunderisdeterminedtohavefailedofitsessentialpurpose,alllimitationsofliabilityandexclusionofdamagessetforthhereinshallremaininfullforceandeffect.ThisLicenseandLimitedWarrantymayonlybemodifiedinwritingsignedbyyouandaspecificallyauthorizedrepresentativeofAnalyticTechnologies.Alluse,duplicationordisclosurebytheU.S.GovernmentofthecomputersoftwareanddocumentationinthispackageshallbesubjecttotherestrictedrightsunderDFARS52.227-7013applicabletocommercialcomputersoftware.AllrightsnotspecificallygrantedinthisstatementarereservedbyAnalyticTechnologies.~2~TheUCINETEnvironmentInthischapterwegiveanoverviewofrunningtheprogram,coveringsuchtopicsasmenusandforms,thenatureofUCINET6.0datasets,runninganalyses,anddealingwithoutput.2.1MenusandHelpTheprogramismenu-driven,whichmakesitveryeasytouse,evenifyouhaven'tuseditinawhile.Afteryoustartuptheprogram,youwillfindyourselfinthemainwindow.Themainwindowprovidesthefollowingchoices:File,Data,Transform,Tools,Network,Options,andHelptogetherwiththreebuttons.Eachofthesechoicesisitselfasubmenuwithadditionalchoices.Theleftmostbuttondirectlycallsthespreadsheeteditor,asalreadystatedthemiddlebuttonexitsfromtheprogramandthebuttonontherightallowstheusertochangethedefaultfolder.Therearetwowaystochooseanitemfromamenu.Thesimplestmethodistousethemousetohighlightthedesiredchoice,thengivealeftclicktoactivatearoutine.Ifahighlightedchoicehasasubmenu,thatsubmenuwillautomaticallyappear.Anothermethodistopressthehighlightedletterofthedesiredchoice,whichisusuallythefirstletter.Forexample,iftheNetworkmenuishighlightedthentogettoRolesandPositionsyoucanpressL,youcannowselectanotheroptionifyourchoiceisatthebottomlevelofthemenuthentheroutineisactivated.AfterselectingRolesandPositionstypingSwillselectStructuralandthenPwillselectandruntheProfileroutine.Sometimes,however,thereisawaytocircumventthemenus.Somemenuitems,suchasdisplayingdatasetsfoundinData>Display,havebeenassigned"hot-keys"whichcanbeusedtoinvokethatitemdirectlywithoutgoingthroughthemenus.ProvidednomenusarehighlightedthenpressingCtrl+DwillimmediatelyinvoketheData>Displayroutine.AllthehotkeysareControlorAltlettercombinations.Theyareasfollows:Ctrl+FFile>ChangeDefaultFolderAlt+XFile>ExitCtrl+SData>SpreasheetCtrl+DData>DisplayCtrl+BData>DescribeCtrl+XData>ExtractCtrl+MData>Random>Matrix2.2FormsSupposeyouchooseaprocedurefromthemenu.Withfewexceptions,thenextthingyouarelikelytoseeisaparameterform.Aformisacollectionofoneormorefill-in-the-blankquestions.Forexample,supposeyouclickonnetworks>Subgroups>CliquesfromtheFilemenu.Theformyouseewillconsistofthefollowingquestions:Inputdataset:Camp92.##hMinimumsize:3Analyzepatternofoverlaps?:YESDiagramTypeTreeDiagram(Output)Cliqueindicatormatrix:CliqueSets(Output)Co-membershipmatrix:CliqueOverlap(Output)Partitionindicatormatrix:CliquePartTheleft-handitems(inboldtype)arethequestion.Theright-handsidecontainsthedefaultanswers.Oftenyouwillleavethedefaultvaluesastheyare,expectfortheinputdataset,whichiswhereyouenterthenameofthedatasetthatyouwanttoanalyze.Youcaneithertypethenameyourselfordouble-clickonthatareaandadialogboxwillappearallowingyoutochoosethefileyouwantfromalist.Oncealltheformiscompletedtoyoursatisfaction,youactivatetheroutinebyclickingontheOKbutton(notshownabove).ThenexttimeyouchooseCliquefromthemenu,youwillfindthatthedefaultinputdatasetiswhateverdatasetyouusedthelasttimeyouranClique,unlesstheoptionSmartdefaultnamesison.Inthatcase,theprogramputsinthedefaultnamethatitthinksyoumightwanttouse,basedonwhatyouhavedoneearlier.Ifthisisthefileyouwanttoedit,justclickonOK.Ifnot,juststarttypingthenameofthenewfileorclickonthebuttontotherightofthebox.Themomentyouhitakey,theoldfilenamewillvanish:thereisnoneedtobackspacetothebeginningofthename.Ifthefilenameisalmostrightbutneedsediting,usethemousetoplacethecursorinthecorrectpositionsothatyoucanfixit.Wheneveryouarebeingpromptedforafilename,thenthebuttontotherightoftheboxwiththreedotsonitwillactivatethestandardWindowsprocedureforselectingafile.Incidentally,wheneveryouarecalledupontoenteralistofactors,youshouldrefertotheactorsbynumber(i.e.roworcolumninthedatamatrix)ratherthanbynameorotherlabel.Separatethenumbersbyspacesorcommas.UCINETgiveshelpinthisprocessbyallowingyoutoclickonlabelsandautomaticallyenteringinthecorrectactorormatrixnumbers.ThebuttonlabeledwithanLimmediatelynexttothefileselectionbuttonwillgivealistoflabelsyoucannowselectfromthislistusingthemouse.ToselectmorethanoneentryyoushouldpresstheControlkeyatthesametimeasyouclickonyourchoice.Inaddition,youcanindicategroupsofnumbersusingthefollowingconventions:3to103-10first5last30Thefirsttwolinesbothspecifythesetofidnumbers3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.Thelastlineonlyworkswhenitiscleartotheprogramwhatthetotalnumberofactorsis.Alloftheseconventionscanbemixed,asfollows:ListofactorstoDROP:first4,1812,519to25,last22.3RunningAnAnalysisAsthediagrambelowindicates,thetypicalUCINET6.0proceduretakestwokindsofinput,andproducestwokindsofoutput.-----------inputparameters--->||--->outputtext|PROCEDURE|inputdatasets--->||--->outputdatasets-----------OnekindofinputconsistsofUCINET6.0datasets.Mostprocedurestakeasingledatasetasinput,butthatdatasetmaycontainmultiplematrices,oftenrepresentingdifferentsocialrelationsmeasuredonthesameactors.Otherprocedures(suchastheJoinandQAPRegressionprocedures)takemultipledatasetsasinput,eachofwhichmaycontainseveralmatrices.Anotherkindofinputconsistsofasetofparameterswhicheitherdescribethedataoralterthewaytheprogramruns.Forexample,asyousawearlier,theparametersfortheCliqueprocedureare:thenameoftheinputdataset,theminimumsizeofcliquetoreport,andthenamesofvariousoutputfiles.Mostparametershavedefaultvalueswhichtheuserwillhaveanopportunitytoeitheracceptoroverride.Parametersarespecifiedinformsthatappearimmediatelyafteraprocedureisselectedfromthemenu.Thefirsttimeaprocedureisinvokedinagivensession,thefieldsforallparameterswillcontain"factory-set"defaultvalues(whereverpossible).Ifyouchangethevaluesofanyparameters,thesechangeswillremainineffectforsubsequentruns,untilyouchangethemagainorexitUCINET.Theonlyexceptiontothisruleoccurswhensomedefaultsettingsdependonthevaluesofotherdefaultsettings,inwhichcasechangingcertainparametervalueswillcausetheprogramtochangeotherdefaults,evenifyouhavepreviouslysetthem.Onesetofparametersthatalwayshavedefaultvaluesisthenamesofaprocedure'soutputfiles.OutputfilesareUCINET6.0datasetsthatcanbereadbyalloftheotherUCINETproceduresandthereforeusedasinputforfurtheranalyses.Forexample,oneoftheoutputsoftheCLIQUEprogramisanactor-by-actormatrixwhoseijthcellgivesthenumberofcliquesthatactorsiandjarebothmembersof.ThismatrixissuitableforinputtotheMDSprogramtoobtainaspatialrepresentationofthepatternofoverlaps.Bydefault,thenameofthisdatasetisCliqueOverlap.Inadditiontooutputdatasets,mostUCINETproceduresalsoproduceatextualreportasoutput.ThisreportisalwayssavedtoantextfilecalledaLogFile(usuallystoredinthe\Windows\Systemdirectory),andisalsoautomaticallydisplayedonthescreen.Letusrunthroughanexampleofacliqueanalysis.ThefirststepistocliqueonNetwork>Subgroups>Cliquesfromthetoolbar.Thiswillpopupaformthatcontainsthefollowing:Inputdataset:Minimumsize:3Analyzepatternofoverlaps?:YESDiagramTypeTreeDiagram(Output)Cliqueindicatormatrix:CliquesSets(Output)Co-membershipmatrix:CliquesOver(Output)Partitionindicatormatrix:CliquesPartThefirstlineasksforthenameoftheUCINET6.0datasetcontainingthedata.IfthedatasetiscalledTAROandislocatedinthe\uci3folderofthec:drive,youwouldfillintheblankwithc:\uci3\TARO.(Ofcourse,namingthedriveandfolderisonlynecessaryifthedataarelocatedinadifferentdrive/folderthanthecurrentdefault).Youcouldalsoselectthisfilebyclickingonthebuttontotherightofthequestionandselectingthefileusingthemousefromthewindowthatopensup.Thesecondlineasksfortheminimumsizeofcliquetoreport.Adefaultanswerof3isalreadyfilledin.Tooverridethedefault,justtypeoverit.Thethirdlineaskswhethertocomputeandanalyzeanactor-by-actormatrixthatcountsup,foreachpairofactors,thenumberofcliquestheybelongtoinc