chapter 3 morphology 课件

Chapter3Morphology1课件lexicology?Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisitcsthatinvestigaes,describesandtheorizedaboutvocabulary.?作为语言学的一个分支，词汇学对词汇进行调查研究、描述并予以理论化。-----H.Jackson&E.Z.Amvela,Words,MeaningandVocabulary:AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexiocology,20002ppt课件?词汇学是研究词汇背后的规律性和系统性以及词汇的结构关系和类别的科学，它运用语言学的相关理论，研究语言中有关词汇的问题，讨论词的形态结构及构成方式，探讨词的意义及语义关系，阐述词汇变化过程，涉及相关的词典知识。学习词汇学就是学习有关词汇的系统知识，了解词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，能够对现代词汇发展中出现的各种现象做出和解释。----《英语词汇学》，汪榕培3ppt课件?Lexicology,abranchoflinguistics,isthestudyoflexemesorvocabularyofalangauge,includingnature,history,formation,(morphological)structure,meaning,collocation,usesandusagesofwords.?Itisinterlinkedwithotherbranchesoflinguistics,suchasphonetics,phonologyandsemantics(lexicalsemantics).4ppt课件?Asandindividualbranchoflinguistics,itmainlycoverstheorigin,development,structure,meaningandapplicationofwords.?Thestudyoflexicologyowesagooddealandisalsousefultothreedisciplines:?(a)morphology5ppt课件?(b)etymology,asubfieldoflexicologyisthestudyoforinginsofwordsandtheirhistoryandsemanticchanges.?(c)Lexicography,anrelatedbranch,ismainlyconcernedwiththeinclusionofwordsandthescienceofcomplingdictionaries,dictionary-making.6ppt课件?Sincethere'retwomanyenglishwordstocoverinalllexicalperspectives,weusuallynarrowdownlexicologicalstudytotwopracticalareas:theformationofwordsandtheapplicationofwords.7ppt课件Lexocology&Morphology8ppt课件?theybothtakewordsastheirprimarysubjectandbothfocuseonthecorrespondencebetweenformsandmeaningsofwords.?Theessentialdifferenceisamatterofemphasis:morpholgyiswordgrammarwithmeaning,whilelexicologyiswordsemanticswithform.Lexicology&morphology9ppt课件?Morphologyisthebranchofgrammarorlinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgoverntheirformation.Itisgenerallydividedintotwofields:inflectionalmorphologyandlexical/derivationalmorphology.?研究词的内部结构以及制约单词的构造。分为：曲折词态学和派生（词汇）词态学Morphology10ppt课件?Lexicologyreliesonmorphologyforinformationaboutconstructionofwords,partsofwordsanddistinctionbetweendifferenttypesofwords.?Morphologyisparticularlyrelevantinthediscussionofwordformationinthestudyoflexcology.11ppt课件OpenclasswordsCloseclasswordsnounsverbsadjectivesadverbsconjprepositionsarticlespronounsdeterminerContentwordsGrammatical/Functionalwords开放词类封闭词类WORDCLASS12ppt课件Openclass&closedclass?Inenglish,n,v,adjandadvtakeupthelargestpartofthevocabulary.Theyareopenclassoropen-classword,orlexical/fullwords,sincewecanreguarlyaddmorenewlexicalentriestothesecatogory.?Theothersyntactictypesareclosed-classwords,alsogrammatical/functional/emptywordswhosenumberishardlychangeableorincreasable,suchasprepsitions,conjunctions,articles,auxilaries,prenoun,interjection.13ppt课件Morewordclasses?Particle?Infintivemarker:to?Thenegativemaker:not?ThesuborodinateunitsinPV:getby,lookback?Auxiliaries?Pro-form?determiners14ppt课件Auxiliaries?Negation?Ican'tcome.Iwantn'tcome.?Inversion?Ishecoming?Keepshecoming??Code?I'llcomeandsowillBill.?IintendtocomeandsointendBill?Enphsis?Hehascome.Heseemstocome.15ppt课件Pro-form?Pro-adjective?Yourpenisred.Sodomine.?Pro-verb?Heknowsenglishbetterthanhedid.?Pro-adverb?Hehopeshe'llwinandIhopesotoo.?Pro-locative?James'shidingthere,behindthedoor.16ppt课件Exercise?On,beforeandtogetherare_______words—theyarewordswhichdonottakeinflectionalendings.?Grammatical/functional/empty/closed-class17ppt课件?Agrammaticalunit:sentenceclausephrasewordmorpheme18ppt课件词素——最小的意义单位Morpheme?theminimalunitofmeaning?Itisthesmallest/minimalunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbefurtherdividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetherlexicalorgrammatical.19ppt课件?Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulgrammaticalunitthatiscomposedofthreeelemmentsdenotingsound,meaningandform---respectivelyphoneme,lexemeandgrapheme.?Inmorphemictransciption,morphemesintheabstractnotionareputbetweenbraceslike{}.20ppt课件◇1-morphemeboy,desire◇2-morpheme:boyish,desirableboy+ish,desir(e)+ble◇3-morpheme:boyishness,desirablityboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity◇4-morpheme:gentlemanlinessgentle+man+li+ness21ppt课件?最长的单词?smiles?Antidisestablishmentarainism?Anti+dis+establish+menta+rain+ism22ppt课件?leafbeeffeel[li:f][bi:f][fi:]phones:phonemes:allophones:[l][i:][f][b][]ll/l//i://f//b/[l][]lPhonemes(音位):unitsthatcandistinguishonewordfromanother.Allophones(音位变体):unitsthatrepresentonephonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.?Aphone(音素)isaphoneticunitorsegment.Itisanyspeechsoundwehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunication.Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone(语/词素)(形素)(音位)(音素).23ppt课件A__________isanabstractunit,whichisrealizedbyacertain_______incertainphoneticcontext.phonemephoneThemorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone(语/词素)(形素)(音位)(音素).24ppt课件Morph形素&allomorph语素变体?Amorphemeisrealizedbyoneorastringofmorphs.?Amorphsisaconcretepartofawordthatcannotbedividedintosmallerparts.Itisthephoneticrealizationofmorphemeinactualuse,thelinguisticenvironment.?一个词素在语言使用中的实际语音表现形式就是形素。是抽象、系统的词素的具体化。25ppt课件?inspelling?A:abuilding,anorange?in:inactive,impractical,irrelevant,illogical?sheep---sheep,tooth-teeth?Mouse--mice?Inphonetics?s:books,noses,bananas,tomatoes,peaches26ppt课件Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone(语/词素)(形素)(音位)(音素).____________areabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbyseparateunitsknownas________.Morphemesmorph(P33definition)27ppt课件Allomorph语素变体?thevariationotthesamemorpheme,likeallophones，thatisalternateshapesorphoneticformsofamorpheme.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthesamemorpheme.?Thevariantofthepluralityof“s”maketheallomorphsthereofinthefollowingwords:mouse---mice,ox-oxen,tooth---teeth.28ppt课件?Map---maps/s/?Dog---dogs/z/?Watch---wathes/iz/?Mouse---mice/ai/?Ox---oxen/n/?Tooth---teeth/i:/?sheep---sheep/i:/?Eachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.?{-s,-z,-iz,-ai,-n,-i:,-0}-----{-s}29ppt课件1.FreemorphemevsBoundmorpheme2.Root,affix,syem,base3.InflectionalmorphemevsDerivationalmorphemeTypesofmorphemes30ppt课件FreemorphemevsBoundmorpheme?Morphemecanbeclassifiedintotwointermsoftheircapacityofoccuringalone.?ThedistinctiongoestoBloomfield.31ppt课件?Itisamorphemethatmayoccuralone,onethatconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,天、地、人等.?自由词素是指本身可以作为一个词使用，即可以独立担任句子成分的词素。Freemorpheme32ppt课件Boundmorphemeisonethatcannotoccuralone,onethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theymustbeattachedtoanotherone.?Dogs,national,disclose,recorded粘着词素指必须和至少一个自由或粘着词素一起出现的词素。33ppt课件?Allmonomorphemicwordsarefreemorphemes.?Polymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemesare(combinationoftwoormoremorphemes):paymaster,moonwalk,babysit,godfather,sunflower,orderivatives(wordsderivedfrom“freemorphemes”).34ppt课件?Thebandarybetweenfreemorphemeandboundmorphemearenotsoclear.?Wisely,clockwise,moneywise?Boundmorphemecanbefurtherdividedinto:inflectionalmorphemeandderiviationalmorpheme35ppt课件?“了”1.做事不能不了了之。2.他还没娶她就后悔了。3.－你怎么还没来？－（正准备出发）来了，来了。1.实动词，自由词素2.助动词，表过去，粘着词素。3.助动词，表将来，粘着词素。36ppt课件?Inenglishtherearesomefreemorphemesandboundmorphemeswiththesameorsimilarmeaning,whiledifferentimportance,withthelatterstrongderiviatility.?Toothvsdent-?Killvscide-?Soundvsphon-?Wordvsdict-37ppt课件RootStemaffixBase38ppt课件Root?Arootisthebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Itisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectional&derivational)areremoved.?unfriendliness,desirable,carefully?词根,基体，词基（bace）是词的基础形式，不能再分、再分就会失去其词的词性，即词的本性和意义39ppt课件?Allwordscontainarootmorpheme.?Arootmaybefreeorbound,orboth.?Freerootmorphemesarethosethatcanstantbythemselvesandarethebaseformsofwords,?black,blackbird,blackboard,blacksmith?Boundrootmorphemecannotstandalsoasindividualword,butanaffixmustbeattachedto.40ppt课件?-tain:retain,obtain,pertain,sustain,contain?-ceive:receive,perceive,conceive?-mit:permit,commit,submit?-cur:occur,concur,incur,recur,current41ppt课件?Wordswithbothfreeandboundvariants:?Sleepinsleep,childinchild?Slep-inslept,child-inchildren42ppt课件Stem?Astemisanymorphemeorcombinitionofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded.partofaword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved,e.g.“undesirable”in“undesirables”.?词干是可以加词缀的任何一个词素或词素组合，是去掉一个词缀后所剩下的词素或词素组合。43ppt课件?Itmaybethesameas,andinothercases,differentfrom,aroot.?Friends,friend?root/stem:friend?Friendships,friendship?Root:friend?stem:friendship44ppt课件?Astemcanbearoot,afreemorpheme,orderivedfromitself.?Agreed,agree,disagreement?Friends,friendships?somewords(i.e.compound)havemorethanoneroot.?Mailman,girlfriend45ppt课件Affix?Itisacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbesued,onlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(rootorstem).词缀?词缀是粘着在其他词素（如自由词素）身上的构词成分或因素的总称。46ppt课件?Anaffixisnaturallybound.?Theyarelimitedinnumber,andaregenerallydividedintothreegroupsintermsofposition:?Prefix?Suffix?Infix47ppt课件prefixPrefix—morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,e.g.un-,dis-,anti-,ir-,etc.词缀出现在词干之前的叫前缀。48ppt课件suffix—morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,-tion,etc.出现在词干之后的叫后缀。49ppt课件inffix—morphemesthatoccuronlyinthemiddleofaword,e.g.(foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,Phonetics-phonology,handicraft,salesman,passers-by,daughters-in-law.出现在词中词缀的叫中缀。50ppt课件Base词基Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.51ppt课件?Root,stemandbasecanbethesameformordifferent?Desired?Base/stem/root:desire?undesirable?Base:desirable?Root:desire?Stem:undesirable52ppt课件DerivationalmorphemesInflectionalmorphemes?Intermofgrammar,affixcanbedividedintoinflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix.?Anaffixisnaturallybound.Aaffixisaboundmorpheme.?Boundmorphemecanbesubclassifiedintoinflectionalmorphemeandderivationalmorpheme.53ppt课件?Themajordifferencebetweenthemisthattheadditionofderivationalmorphemescreatesnewwordswhiletheadditionofinflecionalmorphemesmerelychangeswordform.54ppt课件Derivationalmorphemes:themorphemeswhichchangethecategory(wordclass),orgrammaticalclassofwords.e.g.modern—modernize通过在词干上加词缀而得到的一个新词的。55ppt课件1.Derivationalmorphemesareaddedtoproducenewwordsderivedfromtherootword.?Happy---happiness—unhapiness?Examine---examination2.Dericationwon'tchangethewordclass,butthemeaningwilllbedignificantlydifferent.?Possible—impossible,visible---invisible?Create--recreate56ppt课件◆purelygrammaticalmarkersthatindicatethesyntacticrelationsbetweenwordsandfunctions.◆signifyingtense,number,andcase◆notchangingthesyntacticcategory◆neveraddinganylexicalmeaning区别同一词汇单位不同语法形式的任何形式或形式改变。Inflectionalmorphemes57ppt课件Themianinflectionalaffixesandtheirfunctions?number:-(e)s----pluralnumbertablesapplescars?person:-(e)s----third-personsingularprsenttensetalks?tenseandaspect:-ed:pasttenseandperfecttalked-ing:progressivetalking58ppt课件?case:'s--possessiveJohn/John's?superlativeandcomparative:loud/loudest/louder59ppt课件summary?Inflectionalmorphemesmarkgrammaticalinformationanddonotchangethemeaningorpartofspeechoftheroot.?Derivationalmorphemesindicatelexicalorsemanticrelationswithinthewordandtheychangethemeaingorpartofspeechoftheroot,60ppt课件TheMainProcessesofEnglishWord-formation1Derivation(Prefixation&Suffixation)(30%~40%)2Conversion(26%)3Compounding(28%~30%)(P37-39)TheMinorProcessesofEnglishWord-formation4Blending5Clipping6Acronymy7Back-formation8Borrowing9Coinage10SoundReduplication重叠11CommonizationofProperNamesAbbreviationWord-formation61ppt课件Derivation(派生词)?Anewwordcanbederivedbyaddinganaffixtoaword.Deriviationisanaffiationalprocessthatformsawordwithameaningand/orcategorydistictfromthatofitsbases.?Anti-(meaning“against”,“theoppositeof”)?Antislavery,antihero62ppt课件Compounding(合成词)?Thejuxtapositionoftwoormorethantwowordstoformanew,compositeone,withdistinctpropertiesofitsown.?landlord,blackboard?overlose63ppt课件Compoundwordsconsistof___morphemes.a.boundb.freec.bothboundandfreeAnwer:b(北京第二外国语学院2003年考题)64ppt课件Blending（紧缩法）?Aparticularwayofcompoundingbecauseitisnotaprocessofcombiningtwowordsintheircompleteforms.?Thebeginningofthefirstwordisusedtojointtheendoftheotherword,asinsmog(smoke+fog)?brunch(breakfast+lunch)65ppt课件Clipping（缩略词）?Areductionprocessinwhichawordofmorethanonesyllableisreducedtoashorterform.?Adforadvertisement?Labforlaboratory66ppt课件Acronym（词首字母缩略词）?Wordsformedbystringingtogethertheinitiallettersofthewordsinaphrase,typicallythenamesoftechnicalapparatusandinstitutions.?AIDSacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome?APECAsian-PacificEconomicCooperation67ppt课件Backformation（逆构词法）?“Reverse”processofaffixation?Singlemorphemewords.?Swindler→swindle?editor→edit68ppt课件Borrowing—loanwords(外来词)?Consistinsimplyadoptingforeignwords.?Spaghetti(Italian)?Alcohol(Arabic)?Robot(Czech)69ppt课件Coinage/Invention(Neologism)创新词?Theinventionoftotallynewitems.?Nylon70ppt课件excercise71ppt课件★MatchingMatcheachexpressionunderAwiththeonestatementunderBthatcharacterizesit.72ppt课件A1.anoisycrow2.eatcrow3.scarecrow4.thecrow5.Crowlike6.crowsBa.compoundnounb.rootmorphemeplusderivationalprefixc.phraseconsistingofanadjectiveplusnoun.d.rootmorphemeplusinflectionaffixe.rootmorphemeplusderivationalsuffixf.grammaticalmorphemefollowedbylexicalmorphemeg.idiom73ppt课件DividethefollowingwordsintoRoots,IA(inflectionalaffix)and/orDA(derivationalaffix)1)transformations2)looseleaves3)destructive4)geese5)misled74ppt课件Keys:1.trans-(DA)form(Root)-ation(DA)-s(IA)2.loose(Root)leave(Root)-s(IA)3.de-(DA)struct(Root)–ive(DA)4.geese(IA)5.mis-(DA)led(IA)75ppt课件LabelthemorphologicalcategoryofthemorphemesunderlinedineachoftheEnglishexpressions.A)I'vebeenthereB)transformC)oxenD)recurAnswerA.boundmorphemeB.derivationalprefixC.inflectionalsuffixD.boundroot76ppt课件?1.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongto“openclasswords”?A.Nouns.B.Adjectives.C.Conjunctions.D.Adverbs.?2.Whatistheminimalunitofmeaning?A.Phoneme.B.Morpheme.C.Allophone.D.Allomorph.77ppt课件?3.Thereare_______morphemesintheword“undesirability”?A.3.B.4.C.5.D.6.?4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A.Rainbow.B.interaction.C.Icy-cold.D.Unpleasant.78ppt课件?5.Allthefollowingwordscontaintheinflectionalaffixesexcept________.A.caresB.carefulC.fasterD.books?6.Whichofthefollowingisnotafreemorpheme?A.bed.B.tree.C.dance.D.children.P40Exercises79ppt课件Summary◆Theclassificationofwordclass◆Openclass◆Closeclass◆Theclassificationofmorphemes◆Free/Bound/Derivational/Inflectionalmorphemes◆Thedistinctionofroot,stemandbase.80ppt课件81ppt课件