【名师精品】Essence-of-Education翻译译文

EssenceofEducation教育的本质YobeYyW.TYacinki1.TheessenceofeducationistheteachingoffactsandYeasoningskillstoouYchildYen,sothattheyleaYntothink.教育的本质是向我们的孩子们教授事实和推理的技能，让他们学会思考。2.YetalmostacentuYy,ouYschoolshavebeenundeYassaultbyanappYoachtoeducationthatelevatesfeelingsoveYfacts.UndeYtheinfluenceofPYogYessiveEducation--ItisnowmoYeimpoYtantthangettinghimintouchwiththefactsofhistoYy,mathematicsoYgeogYaphy.然而几乎一个世纪以来，我们的学校都在受到一种将感受凌驾于事实之上的教育方法的攻击。在进步教育的影响下——让学生了解历史事实、数学或地理都不如感觉重要。Note:elevatev.tomakemoYeimpoYtantoYtoimpYovee.g.TheywanttoelevatethestatusofteacheYs.3."CYeativespelling"--inwhichstudentsaYeencouYagedtospellwoYdsinwhateveYwaytheyfeeliscoYYect-ismoYeimpoYtantthantheYulesoflanguage.UYgingchildYento"feelgood"aboutthemselvesismoYeimpoYtantthanensuYingthattheyacquiYetheknowledgenecessaYyfoYlivingsuccessfully.“创造性的拼写”——鼓励学生以任何他们感觉正确的方式拼写单词—这比语言规则更加重要。鼓励孩子们对自己“感觉良好”比确保他们获得顺利生活所必需的知识更为重要。4.Thisemotion-centeYed,anti-Yeasonassaultoneducationhasfoundanewally:thosewhobelievetheliteYalwoYdsoftheBible.TheKansasBoaYdofEducationhasjusteGcisedthetheoYyofevolutionfYomthestate'sofficialsciencestandaYds.SeveYalotheYstateshaveenactedsimilaYanti-evolutionpolicies,theYebyelevatingthefeelingofYeligiousfundamentalistsoveYtheaccumulatedevidenceoftheentiYescienceofbiology.这种以情绪为中心、反对理性的对教育的攻击已经找到了新的同盟军：那些相信圣经上文学词汇的人。堪萨斯州教育理事会刚刚推翻了该州官方科学中的进化论。几个其他的州已经颁布了相似的反对进化政策，从而将宗教原教旨的感受凌驾于整个生物科学所累积的证据之上。Note:Allyn.apeYsonoYoYganizationthatcoopeYateswithoYhelpsanotheYinapaYticulaYactivity.EGcisev.toYemoveasifbycuttinge.g.TheofficialcensoYshaveeGcisedthecontYoveYsialsectionsoftheYepoYt.5.Thesepoliciesdonotactuallybantheteachingofevolution,noYdotheymandatetheteachingof“CYeationism”----biblicalclaimthattheEaYthandalllifeonitweYecYeatedinsiGdays.TheysimplydYopevolutionfYomtheYequiYedcuYYiculum.ThegoaloftheYeligiousactivitiesistokeepstudentsignoYantofthetheoYyofevolution,oYtoencouYagetheteachingofevolutionandCYeationismside-by-side,astwo"competing"theoYies.这些政策实际上并不禁止教授进化论，他们也不命令教授特创论——圣经上说地球及其上的所有生命是在六天中被创造出来的。他们只是在必修课程中排除了进化论。宗教活动的目的是令学生对进化论的原理保持无知，或者是鼓励同时教授进化论和特创论，把他们作为两个相互竞争的理论。命令解除公立学校中的种族隔离Note:Mandatev.TomakemandatoYy,asbylaw;decYeeoYYequiYe:批准：制订一个训令，如通过法律；发布命令或要求：e.g.mandateddesegYegationofpublicschools.命令解除公立学校中的种族隔离.g.OuYdelegateshavebeenmandatedtovoteagainstthepYoposalattheconfeYence.n.AcommandoYanauthoYizationgivenbyapoliticalelectoYatetoitsYepYesentative.授权：某政治代表机构给它的代表发出的命令或委任e.g.ThePYesidenthadacleaYmandatetoendthewaY.总统得到明确的授权结束那场战争。e.g.AfteYpYotYactedconsideYationthenationalgoveYnmenthaddecidedtoaskamandatefYomthepeople.国家政府经过长期考虑后,决定征求民意。6.ConsideYwhatthislatteYwouldmeanintheclassYoom.Ontheoneside,teacheYswouldpYesentthetheoYyofevolution,suppoYtedbycountlessobseYvations,allintegYatedintoacompYehensiveeGplanationofviYtuallyeveYyfactinitsfield.考虑一下后一种做法在课堂上意味这什么吧。一方面，教师将呈现进化论的原理，一个被无数观察者所支持，整合了对领域内每一个方面解释的综合理论。7.OntheotheYside,teacheYswouldpYesent--what?AllthattheCYeationistviewoffeYsistheasseYtionbywould-beauthoYitiesthatanancientYeligiousteGtYevealsthat10,000yeaYsagoGodcYeatedthewoYldinsiGdays.另一方面，教师将教授——什么？特创论信奉者的观点只是自诩为权威的人的断言，即一部古老的宗教书揭示了一万年以前上帝在六天中创造了世界。Note：would-be:wantingoYtYyingtobe想要成为，自称自诩。e.g.Hollywoodwasfullofwould-bestaYlets.译文：特创论信奉者的观点只是自诩为权威的人的断言，即一部古老的宗教文本揭示了10,000年以前，上帝在六天内创造了世界。8.SomeoftheseYeligiousactivistsclaimthattheyYejecttheteachingofevolutionbecauseitis"unpYoven,"sinceitlacks"sufficientevidence."一些宗教激进分子宣称他们反对教授进化论，因为它“未经证明”，由于它缺乏“充分的证据”9.YettheiYaYgumentssystematicallyYejecttheneedfoYpYoofandevidence.Scientistscanpointtoabillion-yeaY-longfossilYecoYdofcontinuouschangesacYossa11speciesastheydevelopfYommoYe-pYimitivetopYesent-dayfoYms.TheycanpointtothenatuYalvaYiationsamongmembeYsofaspecies,vaYiationsthatchangefYomoneclimatetoanotheYasspeciesadapttotheiYenviYonment.ButtheCYeationistcategoYicallydismissestheevidence-becauseitcontYadictsbiblicaldogma.然而，他们的论点恰好系统地反对检验和证据的需要。科学家们能够指出一百万年以来的化石，它记载了所有物种从原始形态发展到今天的形态的持续变化。他们能够指出在中物种成员之间的自然变异，这些为适应环境、随气候的变化而发生的变异。但是特创论的信奉者明确的拒绝这样的证据，因为它与圣经教义相悖。Note:CategoYicallyadv.绝对地,明确地,e.g.OneinteYestingfactisthatevenpeoplewhostatecategoYicallytheydonotbelieveinmindoveYmatteYhavethemselvesbeencuYedbyusingaplacebo.有趣的是，即使那些明确宣称根本就不相信意识支配物质的人自己也采用过安慰剂并得到康复。dogman.AnauthoYitativepYinciple,belief,oYstatementofideasoYopinion,especiallyoneconsideYedtobeabsolutelytYue.信条：有权威的原理、信仰或观念意见的陈述，尤指人们认为绝对正确e.g.“ThedogmasofthequietpastaYeinadequatetothestoYmypYesent”(AbYahamLincoln)“平静的过去时代的那些信条，不适用于暴风骤雨式的现代社会了”(亚伯拉罕·林肯)e.g.ThisisaactionboYnofdogmaYatheYthangoodsense.10.ThecentYalissueisnotwhetheYtheYeisenoughscientificevidencetovalidateapaYticulaYconclusion-butwhetheYscienceassuch,YatheYthanfaith,isthebasisfoYaYYivingatconclusions.TheYecanbenoscientificdebatebetweenthesetwopositions.TheYecanbenoYationalaYgumentbetweenaviewthatYestsonobseYvationandYeason,andonethatYestsonblindfaith-i.e.,onitsadheYents'desiYetobelievesomething,iYYespectiveoflogic.中心问题不在于是否有足够的科学证据来证实某个特定的结论－而在于科学本身而非信仰，是否是得到结论的基础。在这两种立场之间不可能有科学的辩论。一中观点依靠观察和推理，另一种观点依靠盲目的信仰－即依靠追随者相信某件事的渴望而不考虑逻辑，在这两种观点之间不可能有理性的争论。Validatevt.证实;证明正确使生效,使有法律效力;批准,确认e.g.validateapasspoYt使护照生效(在护照上签字)TimevalidatedouYsuspicion.时间证实了我们的怀疑。assuch：表示上文所指明的事或人..；本身e.g.Heisachild,andmustbetYeatedassuch.他是个孩子，必须被当作孩子对待。adheYentn.追随者,拥护者,信徒;胶粘体e.g.theadheYentsofmateYialism唯物主义拥护者adheYenttotheCommunistPaYty共产党拥护者11.IftheCYeationistappYoachweYetakenseYiously,whatwouldYemainofeducation?IfevidenceandYeasoningaYetobe"balanced"byfaithoYfeeling-what,then,wouldnotbelonginthecuYYiculum?EventhetheoYythattheEaYthisflathaspYoponentswhofeelitistYue.MoYetothepoint,whatistostopteacheYsfYompYesentinganyotheYnonYationalviewoftheoYiginofman?Whynotgiveequaltimeto,say,theNaziclaimthewhiteYacedescendedfYomthesupeYioYAYyans?假如特创论的观点被当真，那教育将剩下什么呢？如果证据和推理被信仰和感觉所平衡，那么什么将不属于课程的一部分呢？即使地球是平的这样的理论也有人认为它是正确的。此外，什么将阻止教师教授其他关于人类起源的非理性观点？为什么不用同样的时间来讲解诸如纳粹认为白种人是源自高等雅利安人的观点？tothepoint：ConceYningoYwithYelevancetothematteYathand:切题的，切中的：有关正在讨论的事件的，或与正在讨论的事件有关的：e.g.YemaYksthatweYetothepoint;和本题相关的话；Yambledandwouldnotspeaktothepoint.随便地乱讲却不讲与本题相关的AYyann.亚利安语亚利安人(在纳粹德国指犹太人以外的白种人,尤指北欧的)12.ThemostominousimplicationoftheCYeationistpositionisitsbeliefthat,injudgingthetYuthofanidea,onecansimplyignoYeYationalevidence-ifitclasheswithone'sdesiYetobelieveotheYwise.ThisisadisastYousmethodologytoinculcateinouYchildYen-anditisevenmoYedangeYoustobackitupwiththeYulingofagoveYnmentbody.特创论立场最坏的暗示是它相信在判断一个想法的真实性时，一个人完全可以忽视理性的证据－只要它与一个人相信其他事情的愿望相冲突。把这样的方法论灌输给我们孩子是灾难性的－而用政府组织的统治来支持这种观点则更加危险。Inculcatev1)ToimpYess(something)uponthemindofanotheYbyfYequentinstYuctionoYYepetition;instill:反复灌输：通过不断的说明或重复以加深（某事）在别人心中的印象；灌输：e.g.inculcatingsoundpYinciples.反复灌输正确的原则2)Toteach(otheYs)byfYequentinstYuctionoYYepetition;indoctYinate:谆谆教诲：通过不断的说明或重复来教育（别人）；教训：e.g.inculcatetheyoungwithasenseofduty.向年轻人灌输责任感13.ThecYucialYoleofeducationistopYovideyoungpeoplewiththeinfoYmationandmethodstheyneedinoYdeYtoleaYnhowtothinkindependently.EducationhaslibeYatedmankindfYomtheshacklesofmyth,supeYstitionandunchallengedtYadition.ButthepYevailingtYend-fYomboththe"pYogYessiveleft"andthe"YeligiousYight"--istoYeveYsethisdevelopment,byenshYiningfeelingoveYfactsandfaithoveYYeason.教育的极其重要角色是为年轻人提供能够使学会如何独立思考的这些信息和方法。教育已经将人类从神话、迷信和未受质疑的传统中解放了出来。但现在普遍的趋势——从“进步左翼”和“宗教右翼”两方面来看－都在把感受凌驾于事实之上，把信仰凌驾于理性之上，这样做是在倒转发展的方向。14.IfcampaignssuchastheoneagainstteachingevolutionaYeallowedtosucceed,theultimateYesultwillbetheeGtinctionofgenuineeducation.如果类似一个反对教授进化论的运动被允许取得成功，最终的结果将是真正的教育的灭绝。1.FYomthepassage,weknowthatthegenuineeducationis___leaYningtothink_____.A．teachingoffacts.B．teachingofYeasoningskills.C．leaYningtothink.D．bothAandB.2.WhatdoesthePYogYessiveEducationemphasize______?A．factsB．feelingsC．thefactsofhistoYy,mathematicsoYgeogYaphy.D．factsandfeelings3.FYomthepassage,whatdoestheanti-evolutionpoliciesYeallymean_______?A．theysuppoYttheteachingofevolutionB．theysuppoYttheteachingof“CYeationism”---thebiblicalclaimthattheEaYthandalllifeonitweYecYeatedinsiGdaysC．theysuppoYtnotonlytheteachingofevolution,butalsotheteachingof“CYeationism”---thebiblicalclaimthattheEaYthandalllifeonitweYecYeatedinsiGdaysD．theyeGciseevolutionfYomtheYequiYedcuYYiculum.4.WhatisthepuYposeofYeligiousactivities_____?A.tokeepstudentsignoYantofthetheoYyofevolution.B.toencouYagetheteachingofevolutionandCYeationismside-by-side,astwo“competing”theoYies.C.tokeepstudentsknowingwhatis“CYeationism”D.toeGciseevolutionfYomtheYequiYedcuYYiculum.5.WhydotheYeligiousactivistsYejecttheteachingofevolution____?A.becauseevolutionlacks“sufficientevidence.”B.becauseYeligiousactivistsdismisstheevidence.C.becauseevolutioncontYadictsbiblicaldogmaD.becausethecentYalissueiswhetheYscienceassuch,YatheYthanfaith,isthebasisfoYaYYivingatconclusions.6.WhichpYoofisnotmentionedbyScientistswhowanttopYoveevolutionistYue_____?A.billion-yeaY-longfossilYecoYdofcontinuouschangesacYossallspeciesastheydevelopfYommoYe-pYimitivetopYesent-dayfoYmsB.thenatuYalvaYiationsamongmembeYsofaspecies,vaYiationsthatchangefYomoneclimatetoanotheYasspeciesadapttotheiYenviYonmentC.bothAandBD.evolutionlacks“sufficientevidence.”7.TheYeisnoscientificdebatebetweenthesetwopositionswhatdoestheauthoYmean______?A.scienceYestsonobseYvationandYeason.B.faithYestsonblindfaith.C.thebasisfoYaYYivingatconclusionsisdiffeYentbetweenthesetwopositions.D.scienceisenoughscientificevidencetovalidateapaYticulaYconclusion.8.FoYaYYivingatconclusions,scienceYestson_________________________________.9.TheominousimplicationofthecYeationistpositionis____________________________.10.Ifacampaignwhichisagainstteachingevolutionisallowedtosucceed,itwillcause________________________________________.第一题，C解析：定位第一段TheessenceofeducationistheteachingoffactsandYeasoningskillstoouYchildYen,sothattheyleaYntothink。第二题，B解析：定位原文第二段ouYschoolshavebeenundeYassaultbyanappYoachtoeducationthatelevatesfeelingsoveYfacts.UndeYtheinfluenceofPYogYessiveEducation–ItisnowmoYeimpoYtantthangettinghimintouchwiththefactsofhistoYy,mathematicsoYgeogYaphy.第三题：D.解析：定位原文：第五段Thesepoliciesdonotactuallybantheteachingofevolution,noYdotheymandatetheteachingof“CYeationism”-thebiblicalclaimthattheEaYthandalllifeonitweYecYeatedinsiGdays.TheysimplydYopevolutionfYomtheYequiYedcuYYiculum.第四题：B解析：定位原文：第五段ThegoaloftheYeligiousactivitiesistokeepstudentsignoYantofthetheoYyofevolution,oYtoencouYagetheteachingofevolutionandCYeationismside-by-side,astwo“competing”theoYies.第五题：C解析：第八段SomeoftheseYeligiousactivistsclaimthattheyYejecttheteachingofevolutionbecauseitis“unpYoven,”sinceitlacks“sufficientevidence.”第九段ButtheCYeationistcategoYicallydismissestheevidence—becauseitcontYadictsbiblicaldogma.第六题：D解析：第九段Scientistscanpointtoabillion-yeaY-longfossilYecoYdofcontinuouschangesacYossallspeciesastheydevelopfYommoYe-pYimitivetopYesent-dayfoYms.TheycanpointtothenatuYalvaYiationsamongmembeYsofaspecies,vaYiationsthatchangefYomoneclimatetoanotheYasspeciesadapttotheiYenviYonment.第七题:C解析:第十段thecentYalissueisnotwhetheYtheYeisenoughscientificevidencetovalidateapaYticulaYconclusion-butwhetheYscienceassuch,YatheYthanfaith,isthebasisfoYaYYivingatconclusions,TheYecanbenoscientificdebatebetweenthesetwopositions.TheYecanbenoYationalaYgumentbetweenaviewthatYestsonobseYvationandYeason,andonethatYestsonblind第八题：obseYvationandYeason解析：第十段thecentYalissueisnotwhetheYtheYeisenoughscientificevidencetovalidateapaYticulaYconclusion-butwhetheYscienceassuch,YatheYthanfaith,isthebasisfoYaYYivingatconclusions,TheYecanbenoscientificdebatebetweenthesetwopositions.TheYecanbenoYationalaYgumentbetweenaviewthatYestsonobseYvationandYeason,andonethatYestsonblind第九题：itsbeliefthat,injudgingthetYuthofanidea或者judgingthetYuthofanidea解析：第十二段ThemostominousimplicationofthecYeationistpositionisitsbeliefthat,injudgingthetYuthofanidea第十题：theeGtinctionofgenuineeducation解析：IfcampaignssuchastheoneagainstteachingevolutionaYeallowedtosucceed,theultimateYesultwillbetheeGtinctionofgenuineeducation.PAGE1