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JournaloftheCollegeofArts.UniversityofBasrahNo.(41)2006      SKOPOSTHEORY:BASICPRINCIPLESANDDEFICIENCIESAssit.LecturerJawadKadhimJabirCollegeofArtsUniversityofBasrah1.AbstractSkopostheoryisatheoryoftranslationbytheGermantranslatorVermeerin1978.Inthistheory,theprocessoftranslationisdeterminedbythefunctionoftheproduct.Thisfunctionisspecifiedbytheaddressee.Thistheoryisoneofthefunctionalistapproacheswhoseaimistodethronethesourcetext(ST).Thisisdonebyemphasizingtheroleofthetranslatorasacreatorofthetargettext(TT)andgivingprioritytopurpose(skopos)ofproducingTT.Functionalismisamajorshiftfromalinguisticequivalencetofunctionalappropriateness.Thus,translationisconsideredprimarilyasaprocessofinterculturalcommunicationwhoseendproductisatextwhichhastheabilitytofunctionappropriatelyinspecificsituationsandcontextofuse(Schaffner,1998a:3).SkoposisaGreekwordfor'purpose'.Accordingtoskopostheorie,thebasicprinciplewhichdeterminestheprocessoftranslationisthepurpose(skopos)ofthetranslationalaction.Theideaofintentionalityispartoftheverydefinitionofanyaction(Nord,1997:27).Thispaperaimsatinvestigatingtheprinciplesoftheskopostheoryanditsdeficiencies.Withintheflowofthediscussionthedifferencesbetweenfunctionalistandthenon-functionalistapproachesareincorporated.ItishypothesizedthatthistheoryhasnothingtodowiththeST;itconcentratesonthepurposeofthetranslationprocess.Itisacommonknowledgethateverytheoryhasitsowndrawbacks.Skopostheoryisnoexception.(  )JournaloftheCollegeofArts.UniversityofBasrahNo.(41)2006      2.SkoposanditsRelatedTerms:Outoftheintroductionabovewecanrecognizethatskoposisatechnicaltermfortheaimorpurposeofapieceoftranslation.InVermeer'stheory,thereisadistinctionbetweenthetermsaimandpurpose.ThisisfurtherexplainedbyNord(ibid:28-29).ThegistofVermeer'sdiscussionisthataimisconsideredasthefinalresultwhichanagenttriestoachieveviaanaction;whereaspurposeisaprovisionalstageintheprocessofachievinganaim.Functionisyetanothertermthatreferstowhatatextmeans.Themeaningofthetextisviewedbythereceiver.Anotherrelatedtermtoskoposisintentionwhichisregardedasanaim-orientedplanofactiononthepartofboththesenderandthereceiver.Thispointstowardsanappropriatewayofproducingorunderstandingthetext.Inordertoremovetheambiguityresultingfromthedifferencebetweenintentionandfunction,Nord(1991:47f)hasproposedadistinctionbetweenintentionandfunction.Thesenderisresponsibleforspecifyingintentionandbyusingatexthetriestoachieveapurpose.Thereceiverusesthetextwithacertainfunction,dependingonhis/herownexpectations,needs,previousknowledgeandsituationalconditions.Thisdistinctionisimportanttothefieldoftranslationasthesenderandreceiverbelongtodifferentculturalandsituationalsettings.Somesaythattranslationistranslatingcultures.So,intentionandfunctioncanbeanalyzedfromtwodifferentangles.Theformerisviewedfromthesender'spointofviewwhilethelatterisseenfromthereceiver's.3.SkoposandTranslationBriefAsitismentionedearlier,theskoposruleshowsthatatranslationalactionisdeterminedbyitsskopos.Thatistosay,'theendjustifiesthemeans'(ReissandVermeer,1984:101).Furthermore,Vermeerexplainstheskoposruleasfollows(citedandtranslatedbyNord,1997:29):Eachtextisproducedforagivenpurposeandshouldservethispurpose.Theskoposrulethusreadsasfollows:translate/interpret/speak/writeinawaythatenablesyourtext/translationto(4)JournaloftheCollegeofArts.UniversityofBasrahNo.(41)2006      functioninthesituationitisusedandwiththepeoplewhowanttouseitandpreciselyinthewaytheywantittofunction.Avarietyofskopoiareallowedinmosttranslationalactions.Theseskopoimayberelatedtoeachotherinahierarchicalorder.Thetaskoftranslatorsistojustifytheirchoiceofaparticularskoposinagiventranslationalsituation.Theskoposofaparticulartranslationtaskmayrequirea'free'or'faithful'translation.Makingadecisiondependsonthepurposeforwhichthetranslationisintended.Accordinglytheroleoftranslatorsisessentialespeciallyinmakingthepurposeoftranslatingatextclear.Kangarioo(2004:2)inhispaperSenseTransferringThroughPoetryTranslationstatesthattherearenewconsiderationsconcerning"targetreaders,theunavoidabletranslatorsubjectivityandthepurposeandfunctionoftranslations".Forinstance,asXiaoshuandDongming(2003:2)putit,literarytranslationhastoreproducethespiritandfeaturesoftheoriginal.Inaddition,theyalsoshowthateventheartisticimagesshouldbereproducedbythetranslatorinawaythatattractsthetargetreader'sattentionasthewriteroftheoriginaltextdoes.Thus,thereceiveristhemainfactordeterminingthetarget–textskopos.Therearemanycaseswhererelativeliteraltranslationisrequired,forexampleinthetranslationofamarriagecertificateordriver'slicense,foreignlegaltextsforcomparativepurposesordirectquotationsinanewspaperreport.