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英语科技论文写作与投稿湖南科技大学土木工程学院工程力学系胡辉Whyscientistspublish?AsRobertDaysaysinHowtoWriteandPublishaScientificPaper(1998),“Thegoalofscientificresearchispublication….Ascientificexperiment,nomatterhowspectaculartheresults,isnotcompleteuntiltheresultsarepublished.”科研成果如果没有发表，就等于不存在！Whyscientistspublish?Nopublication………….NoprojectNopublication………….NofundingNopublication…………NopromotionNopublication….Scientific&academicdeathPublishingyourworkisvitalforsuccess“Thereisnowaytogetexperienceexceptthroughexperience.”英语科技论文写作捷径：模仿写作英语论文时，文中的如何一个句子都应该是模仿而来的！怎样模仿？就从我的第一篇英语文章谈起从抛物运动的研究看创新思维水平射程为：抛物运动是如此简单，一般认为没什么新的令人感兴趣的性质值得人们去研究了。然而1999年第2期美国的《物理教师》（ThePhysicsTeacher）发表了一篇文章，文章研究了抛物体轨迹长度的表达式：文章得出当θ＝56.460时L有极大值。得出当θ＝600时A有极大值。看到这篇文章三天以后，我将上面的推导写成一篇题目为“AnotherLookatProjectileMotion”的文章并于2000年5月寄给美国《物理教师》当时的主编CliffordE.Swartz教授，Swartz教授在收到该文后即马上回信称这是一篇有趣的文章并表示《物理教师》将予以发表。发表在2000年第7期（October2000）如何用英文描述抛物线与x轴所围的面积？LetA(θ)betheareaboundedbythepathoftheprojectileandthehorizontalaxis.Thenwehave研究创新的三部曲1.具备相关的基本知识。本例中需要具备抛物运动的基本知识，知道450时有最大的水平射程。2.需要了解国内外研究动态（知道别人目前在研究什么？）。本例中需要知道有人在研究抛物运动的轨迹的极值问题。3.自己可以研究什么？例如本例中研究抛物轨迹面积的极值。只有具备了研究创新能力，有东西可写，才会关注英文论文的写作。StructureofaManuscriptAmanuscriptistypicallycomposedofanumberofsections:1)Title2)Abstract;3)Keywords;4)Introduction;5)MaterialsandMethods;6)Results;7)Discussion;8)Conclusions;9)References;10)Tables;11)Figures.TheIMRADFormatforScientificPapers Introduction:Whatwasthequestion? Methods: Howdidyoutrytoanswerit? Results: Whatdidyoufind? AndDiscussion:Whatdoesitmean? Keyelementthatadvertisesthepaper’scontents论文的“标签”,表达不当会使真正需要它的读者错过阅读的机会；帮助文献追踪或检索 Beasspecificaspossible Includemainaspectsofstudyincludingmodelused Avoidlongtitle OftenhelpfultochoosethetitlewhenthepaperisalmostcompleteTitle一般不超过12个词AbstractAnabstractisashortenedversionofthepaper.Itshouldcontainthesefourelements: 1)thepurposeofthestudy(thecentralquestion);2)abriefstatementofwhatwasdone(Methods);3)abriefstatementofwhatwasfound(Results);4)abriefstatementofwhatwasconcluded(Discussion,inpart).Abstract第一句可写方法或目的例如：最后写AbstractAniterativetechniqueisusedtocalculateahigher-orderapproximationtotheperiodicsolutionsofaconservativeoscillator.Keywords不要使用过于宽泛的词做关键词(例如：有机化合物，力学，等等)，以免失去检索的作用。Mostjournalsrequiretheauthortoidentifythreeorfourkeywordswhichrepresentthemajorconceptofthepaper.关键词的排序：研究目的；研究方法；研究结果Introduction 1)Backgroundtothetopic(pastverbtense)2)Statementoftheresearchquestion(themostimportantpartoftheintroduction)Severalwayscanbeusedtosignaltheresearchquestion,e.g.,“Todeterminewhether………”“Thepurposeofthisstudyisto…….”3)ApproachtakentoanswerthequestionStructureoftheIntroduction Introductiontypicallyshouldbefunnel-shaped,movingfromgeneraltospecific Acommonstructure: Informationonimportanceoftopic Highlightsofrelevantpreviousresearch Identificationofunansweredquestion(s) Approachyouusedtoseektheanswer(s) (Insomefields)yourmainfindingsMaterialsandMethods有人认为： Agoodplacetostartforbeginningauthors ShouldbetheeasiestsectionofthepapertowriteThissectionistoprovideenoughdetailforanotherscientisttorepeatyourstudyandreproducetheresults.MaterialsandMethodsusuallyanswerthefollowingquestions: 1. Whatmaterialswereused? 2. Howweretheyused? 3. Whenandwherewastheexperimentperformedanddatacollected? -MostimportantinfieldstudiesMethods:AmountofDetailtoUse Forwell-knownmethods:nameofmethod,citationofreference Formethodspreviouslydescribedbutnotwellknown:briefdescriptionofmethod,citationofreference Formethodsthatyouyourselfdevise:relativelydetaileddescriptionResultsThissectionisobviouslytheheartofthepaper. Objectivepresentationofexperimentresults Summaryofdata NOTaDiscussion! Commonmistakes Discussionandinterpretationofdata Nofiguresortables“Apictureisworthathousandwords.”Discussion Interpretresults Didthestudyconfirm/denythehypothesis? Doresultsagreewithotherresearch? Implicationsofstudyforfield Suggestionsforimprovementandfutureresearch? DiscussweaknessesanddiscrepanciesConclusionsMajorfindings:somekindofsummarywithoutbeingasummarySomeoutlookoftheusageLimitationsofthestudy,behonestFutureresearch注意：1）Itisnotthefunctionofthissectiontosummarisethestudy;thisisthepurposeoftheabstract.2)Newinformationmustnotbeincludedintheconclusions.Acknowledgments Aplacetothankpeoplewhohelpedwiththeworkbutdidnotmakecontributionsdeservingauthorship Sometimestheplacewheresourcesoffinancialsupportarestated（Functionsof）References Togivecredittoothersfortheirwork Toaddcredibilitytoyourworkbyshowingthatyouusedvalidinformationsources Tohelpshowhowyourworkisrelatedtopreviouswork TohelpreadersfindfurtherinformationAnotherReasonYourReferencesShouldBeAccurateOften,authorswhoseworkyoucitewillbeyourpeerreviewers.Inaccuratereferencestotheirworkwillnotimpressthemfavorably.OtherAdviceonReferences Citeonlyitemsthatyouhaveread. Carefullyfollowthejournal’sinstructionstoauthors. Useotherarticlesinthesamejournalasmodels. HaverecentreferencesifpossibleTablesandfigures Presentonlyimportantdata. Avoidcomplextablesandfigures.Acaptionshouldcontainsufficientinformationsothatareadercanunderstandatableorfigurewithoutreferencetothetext.captionstoTablesandfiguresOrdersofReadingandWritingSectionsofaPaper Peoplereadthesectionsofscientificpapersinvariousorders. Youcanwritethesectionsofascientificpaperinanyorder. Aconvenientorderinwhichtowritethesections:Methods,Results,Discussion,IntroductionWhatmakesagoodresearchpaper? Goodscience Goodwriting Publicationingoodjournals Targetaudience “Whowouldbeinterestedinreadingthispaper?” Importandsignificanceofthefindings Prestigeofthejournal[Impactfactor]ChoosingtherightjournalMentionotherissues,suchasimpactfactors.NotwidelyusedinUSacademicsetting,butmayassumegreatsignificanceforEuropeanandAsianauthors.Implicationsforacademicadvancement,funding.OnlinesubmissionManyjournalsnowencourageauthorstosubmittheirarticlesonline(somejournalswillonlyacceptonlinesubmission).Submission(投稿) Knowthejournal,itseditors,andwhyyousubmittedthepaperthere2.Readcarefullyandconformto“InstructionsforAuthors”3.Useotherarticlesinthesamejournalasmodels.Submission(投稿) Coverletter(投稿信) Manuscript Figures Tables PotentialReviewersCoverletter summarizemainpointsofmanuscript whyofinteresttothatjournalanditsreaders thesubmittedworkhasnotpreviouslybeenpublishedinfull,andisnotbeingconsideredforpublicationelsewhere. possiblereviewers anyoneyoudonotwishtoserveasareviewer DearProfessor….: Pleasefindenclosedourmanuscript“ClusterFormationandRheologyofPhotoreactiveNanoparticles”. Thisstudydescribestheclusterformationofphotoreactivenanoparticlesuponirradiation,andtheeffectofthisprocessontherheologicalbehaviorofdilutecolloidaldispersions. WebelievethismanuscripttobeofinteresttomanyreadersofLangmuirandhopeitissuitableforpublication. Sincerely DearEditor,Mymanuscriptentitled“…”hasnotbeenpublishedpreviouslyandisnotcurrentlyunderreviewbyanotherjournal.Iwouldbegratefulifmymanuscriptcouldbereviewedandconsideredforpublicationin杂志名.Thankyou.kindregards,姓名SchoolofCivilEngineeringHunanUniversityofScienceandTechnologyXiangtan,Hunan411201People’sRepublicofChina.Email:Coverletter(投稿信)CoverLetters mainfindings significance suggestedreviewers “nottoreview”list whohaveread SUBMISSION● AddresslettertoEditor● Describepaperin3-4sentences● Whyitisappropriatetothisjournal● Ifallowable,suggestreviewers● Defineanycompetitorswhoyoufeelwouldgiveunfairreview● Signaturesofallcoauthorsonstatementofauthenticity/responsibilityDearEditor,Wewouldliketosubmittheenclosedmanuscriptentitled"GDNFAcutelyModulatesNeuronalExcitabilityandA-typePotassiumChannelsinMidbrainDopaminergicNeurons",whichwewishtobeconsideredforpublicationinNatureNeuroscience.GDNFhaslongbeenthoughttobeapotentneurotrophicfactorforthesurvivalofmidbraindopaminergicneurons,whicharedegeneratedinParkinson’sdisease.Inthispaper,wereportanunexpected,acuteeffectofGDNFonA-typepotassiumchannels,leadingtoapotentiationofneuronalexcitability,inthedopaminergicneuronsincultureaswellasinadultbrainslices.Further,weshowthatGDNFregulatestheK+channelsthroughamechanismthatinvolvesactivationofMAPkinase.Thus,thisstudyhasrevealed,forthefirsttime,anacutemodulationofionchannelsbyGDNF.OurfindingschallengetheclassicviewofGDNFasalong-termsurvivalfactorformidbraindopaminergicneurons,andsuggestthatthenormalfunctionofGDNFistoregulateneuronalexcitability,andconsequentlydopaminerelease.TheseresultsmayalsohaveimplicationsinthetreatmentofParkinson’sdisease.Duetoadirectcompetitionandconflictofinterest,werequestthatDrs.XXXofHarvardUniv.,andYYofYaleUniv.notbeconsideredasreviewers.Withthanksforyourconsideration,IamSincerelyyours,DearEditor: Enclosedarecopiesofamanuscriptentitled"BDNFandNT-4/5PromotetheDevelopmentofLong-TermPotentiationintheHippocampus",whichwewishtobeconsideredforpublicationinNature.Asyouknow,thereisagreatdealofinterestandexcitementrecentlyinunderstandingtheroleofneurotrophinsinsynapsedevelopmentandplasticity.Ourmanuscriptprovides,forthefirsttime,thephysiologicalevidencethatneurotrophinsregulatelong-termpotentiation(LTP).ThemainpointofthepaperisthattheneurotrophinsBDNFandNT-4induceanearlierappearanceofLTPindevelopinghippocampus.IncontrasttorecentSciencearticlebyErinSchuman'sgroup,we(andseveralotherLTPgroups)didnotseethatBDNFenhancebasalsynaptictransmissioninadullthippocampus.However,wefoundthatinadulthippocampus,inhibitionofBDNF/TrkBactivityattenuatedLTP,andweaktetanusthatnormallycannotinduceLTPproducedenduringLTP.Thesefindingsmayhaveimplicationsinthebasicmechanismforregulationofsynapsedevelopmentandlong-termmodulationofsynapticefficacy. Becauseoftherathercompetitivenatureofthefieldandtheimportantimplicationofourfindings,wehavenotyetpresentedthisworkinanypublicforum.However,confidentialdiscussionwithseveralprominentneuroscientistssuchas111and222havegeneratedtremendousexcitement.Thus,wefeelthatthisworkisofgeneralinterestandissuitableforpublicationinNature.WewouldliketosuggestDrs.aaaofYaleUniv.,bbbofHarvardMedicalSchool,andcccofUniv.ofCalifornia-Berkeley,asreviewersforthismanuscript.Duetoadirectcompetitionandconflictofinterest,werequestthatDr.XXandYY.notbeconsideredasreviewers. Thankyouverymuchforyourconsideration.CoverLetterYourchancetospeaktotheeditordirectly Submittedalongwithyourmanuscript Mentionwhatwouldmakeyourmanuscriptspecialtothejournal Notespecialrequirements(reviewers,conflictsofinterest)Thecoverletteroffersyouachancetocorresponddirectlywiththejournaleditor.Manyeditorswon’trejectamanuscriptonlybecausethecoverletterisbad.However,agoodcoverlettermayacceleratetheeditorialprocessofyourpaper. Itissubmittedalongwithyourmanuscript. Youwanttomentionwhatwouldmakeyourmanuscriptspecialorworthwhiletothejournal.Donotsummarizeyourmanuscript,orrepeattheabstract.Youshouldmentionwhyyourmanuscriptisoriginalandwhatyourpurposeis.Yourlettershouldalsostatethefinalapprovalofallco-authorsaswellasifyourmanuscripthasbeenpreviouslyrejected. Considermentioningotherspecialrequirementssuchasconflictsofinterest,suggestedreviewers,peoplewhoshouldnotreview.Respondingtoreviewers Carefullyprepareyourresponses Eachcommentshouldbeaddressed Eachchangeshouldbestated ReviewermaybewrongRevisingpapers3.Sincerelythanktheeditorandreviewersforhelpingyoutoimproveyourwork. Keeptodeadlineforsubmissionofrevisedmanuscript Returntherevisedmanuscripttotheeditorwithapoint-by-pointresponsetothereviewers’commentsReviseyourpaper Becalmaboutreviewerscriticisms. Alwaysmakeeditoryourfriend Neverarguewithreviewers Trytodoeverythingthatreviewersask Seizetheopportunitywhenreviewersmakemistakes RESPONSELETTERWITHREVISION● SegregateresponsestoEditorandeachreviewer● Repeatresponsestoeachreviewerevenifalreadyrespondedtoanother● Respondtoeachcomment(considernumbering)● Startwithpoliteintrotoeachreviewer: “WearegratefultoreviewerAforusefulcomments....”● ConsiderplacingReviewer’scommentinletterimmediatelyaboveyourresponse● Makesurepaginationofinitialandrevisionaresynchronousanddifferencesstated● Don’ttryto“muscle”theReviewer!Youwillberequestedtosignthe“TransferofCopyrightAgreementform”ChecktheproofsYoumayonlyhave24-48hrtoreturntheproofs.DoWeHavetoPayforPublication?1.ThemajorityofSCIsourcemagazinesdon’tchargeafeeforpublication2.Youmayhavetopayforextrapagesforpaperswhicharelongerthan“normal”3.YoumayberequestedtopayforcolourreproductionoffiguresYoumaybeabletotrackyourarticleon-lineanytime!YouwillreceiveaPDFfile,samplemagazinesand/oroffprintsafterpublicationAsarule,usepasttensetodescribeeventsthathavehappened.Sucheventsincludeproceduresthatyouhaveconductedandresultsthatyouobserved.Usepresenttensetodescribegenerallyacceptedfacts.VerbtenseVerbtense Introduction,Materials&Methods,andResults:pastetense Discussion:presenttenseLookingoverotherscientificpapersmayhelpyouanswerquestionsyoumighthaveonthistopic.ActivevsPassiveVoice Activevoiceisstrongerandshorterthanpassivevoice “Dr.Qianwrotethearticle.” “ThearticlewaswrittenbyDr.Qian.” Passivevoiceispreferredwhen: Thedoerisunknown不知道实施方是谁 Thedoermustremainunidentified实施方不能被点明 Thereceiveroftheactionismoreimportantthanthedoer动作的受众比实施方更重要ActivevsPassiveVoiceAuthorssometimesresorttothepassivevoicetoavoidthepresumedimmodestyofthepersonalpronoun‘I.’Itisafalsemodesty.Passivevoiceischaracterizedbyweakverbs.‘Tobe’isaprimeoffender.Scrutinizeeveryis,are,wasorwere.AmericanJournalofPhysics2004年第九期：“Quantumharmonicoscillatorrevisited”Abstract的第一句：IpresentaFouriertransformapproachtotheproblemoffindingthestationarystatesofaquantumharmonicoscillator.正文中的：Inthisnote,IpresentyetanotherapproachtothesameproblemthatreliesonasimpleFouriertransformation.Ibeginbyintroducing…… Onlyoneideainasentence Keepshort:<20words Varylength Longsentences:greaterrisk ofgrammaticalerrorWriting:SentencesParagraphstructure Discussonlyonesubjectinaparagraph. Startwithagoodtopicsentencethatcreatesasmoothtransitionfromtheprecedingparagraph.Familiarwords Insteadof… Commence Finalize Terminate Utilize(thisworddrivessomereviewerscrazy) Use… Begin Finish End UseEliminateredundantwords(wordswhosemeaningarealreadyclear) Insteadof… differentalternatives completelyeliminate referback Use… Alternatives Eliminate referUseonewordforaphrase Insteadof… duetothefactthat priortothestartof despitethefactthat intheeventthat Use… because before although if“Thosewhohavethemosttosayusuallysayitwiththefewestwords”从文章的第一句到最后一句都应该由模仿而来！自己造的句子十有八九有问题、或者不是地道的英语！模仿是英语写作的唯一捷径和秘诀！如何用英文描述抛物线与x轴所围的面积？LetA(θ)betheareaboundedbythepathoftheprojectileandthehorizontalaxis.Thenwehave第2行第1列的应力是500MPa.Thestressinthesecondrowandfirstcolumnis500MPa.Google.com的应用FromEqs.(1)and(2),itcanbeobtainedthatx=1.easily“itcanbeeasilyobtainedthat”（多）“itcaneasilybeobtainedthat”（少）“itcanbeobtainedeasilythat”（更少）“iteasilycanbeobtainedthat”（无）第2行第1列的应力是500MPa.Thestressinthesecondrowandfirstcolumnis500MPa.Thestressinthesecondrowandthefirstcolumnis500MPa.（多）（少）例题可以帮助学生理解定义。“Examplescanhelpstudents”Examplescanhelpstudentsunderstanddefinitions.“aclassofnonlinearJerkequations”“aclassofequations”从文章的第一句到最后一句都应该由模仿而来。是否意味着要花漫长的时间写作？是否是个十分困难而不可完成的任务？Ifyougetrejected… Donotdespair,ithappens Readwhatthereviewerswrote Fixtheproblems(unlesstheyarereallyfatalproblemsthatdoomtheproject) Researchother“lowerimpact”journalsthatwouldbeappropriate Reformataccordingtothejournal’sinstructions ResubmitIfmanuscripthasbeenpublished?瞄准国际期刊，踢进你的第一个球！Finally,Iwishyouwillpublishasmanypapersaspossibleininternationaljournals!Thankyou!Mentionotherissues,suchasimpactfactors.NotwidelyusedinUSacademicsetting,butmayassumegreatsignificanceforEuropeanandAsianauthors.Implicationsforacademicadvancement,funding.Thecoverletteroffersyouachancetocorresponddirectlywiththejournaleditor.Manyeditorswon’trejectamanuscriptonlybecausethecoverletterisbad.However,agoodcoverlettermayacceleratetheeditorialprocessofyourpaper. Itissubmittedalongwithyourmanuscript. Youwanttomentionwhatwouldmakeyourmanuscriptspecialorworthwhiletothejournal.Donotsummarizeyourmanuscript,orrepeattheabstract.Youshouldmentionwhyyourmanuscriptisoriginalandwhatyourpurposeis.Yourlettershouldalsostatethefinalapprovalofallco-authorsaswellasifyourmanuscripthasbeenpreviouslyrejected. Considermentioningotherspecialrequirementssuchasconflictsofinterest,suggestedreviewers,peoplewhoshouldnotreview.