自考语言学概论考试试题及答案2011.1-2013.1

自考语言学概论考试及2011.1-2013.1 2011年1月语言学概论试题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 1.转换生成语言学的奠基人是著名语言学家( ) A.赵元任 B.乔姆斯基 C.海德格尔 D.萨丕尔 2.舌面的元音中，“后高圆唇元音”是( ) A.[a] B.[e] C.[i] D.[u] 3.从已知最古老的文字来看，最初的字符都是( ) A.表意的 B.表音的 C.表音兼表意的 D.既不表音又不表意的 4.“他在看”中“书”可以换成“电影”“球赛”，“书”和“电影”“球赛”之间的关系是 A.组合关系 B.聚合关系 C.亲属关系 D.句段关系 5.人的大脑语言功能的临界期现在一般认为大约是( ) A.5—6岁 B.7—8岁 C.9—10岁 D.12—13岁 6.“瑞雪兆丰年”“背靠大树好乘凉”属于( ) A.谚语 B.成语 C.歇后语 D.专有词语 7.造成北京“女国音”现象的主要社会因素是( ) A.宗教信仰不同 B.职业不同 C.文化程度不同 D.性别不同 8.在民族接触和融合过程中，一个民族的全部或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言而改说另一民族的语言，这种现象叫( ) A.语言磨合 B.语言转用 C.语言混合 D.语言渗透 9.研究语言学和信息处理的学科属于( ) A.社会语言学 B.文化语言学 C.应用语言学 D.本体语言学 10.标写语音的书面符号叫( ) A.音素 B.音位 C.音标 D.音读 11.下面的词中，属于派生词的是( ) A.教师 B.儿子 C.阿姨 D.司机 12.儿童语言获得过程中体现其具有初步语法能力的阶段是( ) A.双语阶段 B.非自控阶段 C.双词阶段 D.混同阶段 13.语音本质上是( ) A.物理现象 B.生理现象 C.心理现象 D.社会现象 14.下面各词中，属于意译词的是( ) A.电话 B.麦克风 C.尼龙 D.吉普 15.汉语音节wéi有( ) A.一个音素 B.两个音素 C.三个音素 D.四个音素 16.下面的动宾词组中，表达动作与工具关系的是( ) A.吃苹果 B.写文章 C.写毛笔 D.抬桌子 17，“他给我一本书”中，充当受事语义角色的是( ) 1 A.他 B.给 C.我 D.一本书 18.下面的发音器官中，属于主动发音器官的是( ) A.上齿 B.双唇 C.硬腭 D.齿龈 19.从音义关系来看，英语中的“right”和“write”是一组( ) A.同音词 B.同义词 C.同根词 D.同源词 20.英语、意大利语、古梵语都来自于( ) A.原始印欧语 B.原始汉藏语 C.古阿尔泰语 D.古南岛语 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 21.导致语言发展演变的原因有( ) A.社会进步 B.社会分化 C.社会统一 D.社会接触 E.语言系统内部要素影响 22.下面各项中，属于汉语,a,音位的变体有( ) A.[a] B.[A] C.[o] D.[i] E.[a] 23.下面各地点方言中，属于汉语北方方言的有( ) A.上海话 B.武汉话 C.成都话 D.福州话 E.广州话 24.下面语素中在现代汉语里能够独立成词的有( ) A.械 B.吗 C.笔 D.阿 E.他 25.下面各项中，属于语法单位的有( ) A.音素 B.语素 C.词 D.词组 E.音节 三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分) 26.语言获得 27.双语现象 28.借词 29.词组 四、判断分析题(本大题共4小题，每小题5分，共20分)，并简述理由。 30.语言的任意性是指任何人都可以任意改变语言规则。( ) 31.词尾就是词缀。( ) 32.“熟”有“成熟”“熟悉”“程度深”等多个义项，这体现了词义的模糊性。33.文字不属于语言。 五、简答题(本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分) 34.简述语言发展演变的不平衡性。 35.简述划分词类常用的三个。 36.简述口语和书面语的关系。 六、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分) 37.举例说明常见的语流音变现象。 38.举例说明近义词的差别体现在哪些方面。 2 2011年10月语言学概论 一、单项选择题 (本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 1(人类语言和所谓动物语言的关键区别在于，人类语言具有 【 】 A(符号的离散性 B(发音的多样性 C(发音的复杂性 D(系统的相 对封闭性 2(下列关于聚合关系的表述，不正确的一项是 【 】 A(聚合关系是在组合关系中体现出来的 B(聚合关系和组合关系是有机统一的 C(聚合关系又可以称为联想关系 D(聚合关系就是词的类聚 3(语音学中对音质成分进行描写和分类的基本概念是 【 】 A(声调和语调 B(长音和短音 C(重音和轻音 D(元音和辅音 4(发翘舌音时，形成阻碍的两个部位是 【 】 A(舌尖和上齿背 B(舌尖和硬腭前部C(舌面后部和软腭 D(舌面中部 和硬腭后部 5(下列关于现代汉语“椅子”和“沙发”两个词的类别的表述，正确的一项是 【 】 A(“椅子”是复合词，“沙发”是单纯词 B(“椅子”是单纯词，“沙发”是复合词 C“椅子”是汉语固有词，“沙发”是外来词 D(“椅子”是单音节词，“沙发”是双音节词 6(下列关于固定词组和熟语特点的表述，不正确的一项是 【 】 A(不能根据组成成分分析其整体意义 B(结构大多不能任意改变 C(往往有特殊的引申义和比喻义 D(中间一般可以插入其他成分 7(语法可以分成词法和句法两部分，词法一般不包括 【 】 A(形态问题 B(构词问题 C(词类问题 D(虚词问题 8(一般认为汉语的语序类型是 【 】 A(SVO(主动宾)型语言 B(SOV(主宾动)型语言 C(OSV(宾主动)型语言 D(语序自由的语言 9(以下对英语“John has written the book”这句话中的语法意义的表述， 不正确的一项是 【 】 A(现在时和完成体 B(主格和宾格 C(陈述句主动态 D(人称和数一致 10(汉语“老师昨天布置的作业，我都已经做完了”这个句子的类型不属于 【 】 A(陈述句 B(完全主谓句 C(受事主语句 D(复句 11(“浇水”这个组合中，“浇”和“水”之间是动作行为和工具的关系，这种 关系所赋予的意义是 【 】 A(语法关系意义 B(语义关系意义 C(语境意义 D(语气意义 3 12(下列各项中，(甲)句和(乙)句之间是蕴含关系的一项是 【 】 A((甲)他弟弟出国了?(乙)他有弟弟 B((甲)他现在不是经理了?(乙)他 当过经理 C((甲)他养过猫?(乙)他养过动物 D((甲)他又喝醉了?(乙)他以前喝 醉过 13(特征化了的述谓结构是指 【 】 A(简单述谓结构 B(从属述谓结构 C(降级述谓结构 D(复合述谓 结构 14(下列关于文字的表述，正确的一项是 【 】 A(文字最基本的单位是笔画 B(假借字直接表音而间接表意 C(汉字与汉语音节是对应的 D(拼音文字不必进行文字改革 15(亲属语言产生的必要社会条件是 【 】 A(社会的完全地域分化 B(社会的不完全地域分化 C(社会的完全社群分化 D(社会的不完全社群分化 16(下列关于洋泾浜语的表述，正确的一项是 【 】 A(洋泾浜语是中国特有的现象 B(洋泾浜语有书面形式 C(洋泾浜语的结构完全是外来语言的 D(洋泾浜语不是任何人的母语 17(“非克里奥耳化”的过程是指 【 】 A(洋泾浜语向克里奥耳语转化 B(克里奥耳语向洋泾浜语转化 C(克里奥耳语向基础语言靠拢 D(基础语言向克里奥耳语靠拢 18(一种语言消除方言分歧而走向统一的正确途径是 【 】 A(消灭方言 B(推广共同语 C(语言的替换 D(语言的混合 19(儿童的“语言前阶段”是指 【 】 A(从出生到六个月的“非自控阶段” B(六个月到一岁的“咿呀学语阶段” C(“非自控阶段”+“咿呀学语阶段” D(作为最初语言阶段的“单词阶段” 20(《现代汉语词典》(商务印书馆出版)属于 【 】 A(描写词典 B(信息词典 C(百科词典 D(资料词典 二、多项选择题 (本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 21(广义的辅音发音方法包括 【 】 A(嘴唇的圆展 B(形成和克服阻碍的方式 C(送气不送气 D(声带振动不振动 E(舌位的高低 22(在汉语普通话中，下列各组三个合成语的结构类型完全一致的有 【 】 A(老虎 老鼠 老人 B(瓜子 女儿 奔头 C(第一 初八 阿姨 D(记者 画家 教员 E(房子 花儿 布头 23(相对于基本语汇，非基本语汇的特点是 【 】 A(词的数量多 B(产生的历史长 4 C(构词能力弱 D(稳定性强 E(使用范围窄 24(“语言思维”又可以称作 【 】 A(抽象思维 B(发散思维 C(感性思维 D(逻辑思维 E(理性思维 25(第二语言教学除外语教学外，还应该包括 【 】 A(双语地区的语言教学 B(方言地区的民族共同语教学 C(民族地区的国家标准语教学 D(聋哑人的手势语教学 E(儿童入学后的语文教学 三、名词解释题 (本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分)每一名词解释都须 举例。 26(区别特征 27(语法手段 28(意符 29(机器 四、简答题 (本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共l8分) 30(举例说明语言符号的强制性和可变性。 31(汉语存在大量同音词的原因是什么?为什么同音词一般不会妨碍交际? 32(思维和语言有紧密的联系，但是二者毕竟是不同的社会现象。试说明它们 有哪些不同之 处。 五、分析题 (本大题共2小题，每小题6分，共12分) 33(用适当的方法证明[p][p‘][t][t‘][m][n]在汉语普通话中分属不同的音 位，并根据在汉语普通话音节中所能占据的位置的不同，对它们进行分类。 34(下面都是“动词性成分+动词性成分”构成的词组。试判别它们分别属于什 么词组(词组的结构类型)，并分别填入各项中: 喜欢游泳 停止争论 调查研究 排污管理 开门出去 考试 失利 提拔上来 唱歌跳舞 排队买票 演出完毕 回想起来 拼命 工作 A(主谓词组:__________________________________________ B(联合词组:__________________________________________ C(偏正词组:__________________________________________ D(动补词组:__________________________________________ E(动宾词组:__________________________________________ F(连动词组:__________________________________________ 六、论述题 (本大题共2小题，每小题12分，共24分) 35(举例说明语言规范化的目的、性质和原则。 36(结合实例说明语义场的系统性和层次性。 5 2012年1月语言学概论 第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题 (本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 1(至今仍在使用的自源文字是 A(汉字 B(玛雅文字 C(楔形文字 D(古埃及文字 2(英语单词“trees”中“s[z]”的作用是 A(改变词形 B(改变词的感情色彩C(改变词性 D(改变词的文化意义 3(语言是一种 A(自然现象 B(生理现象 C(社会现象 D(个人现象 4(“胸有成竹”不能说成“心有成竹”，因为它是一个 A(专有名词 B(成语 C(惯用语 D(标准语 5(掌管人的形象思维活动的是大脑的 A(左半球 B(左半球的某些部位 C(脑桥 D(右半球 6(舌面元音中的“前高不圆唇”元音是 A([o] B([?] C([u] D([i] 7(根据词内语素的数量可以把词分成 A(单纯词和合成词B(同义词和反义词C(单义词和多义词D(同音词和同形词 8(人们感觉到方言的不同首先是体现在 A(语法方面 B(语音方面 C(语汇方面 D(语义方面 9(下面的动宾词组中，动词和名词的语义关系与其他三个不同的是 A(吃苹果 B(喝汽水 C(喝牛奶 D(来客人 10(根据词在句子中的位置来确定词类的标准是 A(语义标准 B(分布标准 C(形态标准 D(语音标准 11(通常情况下，文言词语如“囹圄”、“俸禄”等都属于 A(基本语汇 B(古语词 C(借词 D(方言词 12(“高考”、“环保”属于 A(惯用语 B(专有名词 C(成语 D(简缩词语 13(“脑袋”和“头颅”意义的不同主要体现在 A(理性意义不同 B(视觉色彩不同 C(语体色彩不同 D(形象意义不同 14(下面的词中，属于复合词的是 A(糊涂 B(葡萄 C(莲花 D(巧克力 15(儿童习得语言过程中处于语言准备阶段的是 A(非自控阶段 B(双词阶段 C(电报句阶段 D(成人句阶段 16(“股东”、“涨停”、“跌破”等词语都是 A(通用语汇 B(常用语汇 C(专用语汇 D(科技术语 17(认为不同的语言就有不同的思维方式的观点被称作 6 A(语言决定论 B(语言遗传机制论 C(语言反应论 D(语言不可知论 18(汉语、彝语、苗语、纳西语都来自于 A(古梵语 B(原始汉藏语 C(古日耳曼语 D(古斯拉夫语 19(“飘雪了”中的“雪”属于语义角色类型中的 A(工具 B(结果 C(施事 D(与事 20(所谓“贵族语言”实际上是一种 A(亲属语言 B(地域方言 C(隐语 D(社会方言 二、多项选择题 (本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 21(下面辅音中，是唇音的有 A([p] B([s] C([b] D([m] E([ts] 22(能够引起语言发生社会变异的因素有 A(职业 B(年龄 C(性别 D(文化程度 E(宗教信仰 23(下面各词中，属于外来词的有 A(麦克风 B(沙发 C(银行 D(科学 E(艺术 24(下面特征中，属于元音特点的有 A(不需要共鸣器 B(气流较弱 C(声带振动D形成阻碍部位紧张 E声道开放 25。下面各词属于支配式(动宾)复合词的有 A(胆大 B(道路 C(动静 D(动心 E(丢脸 第二部分 非选择题 三、名词解释题 (本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分) 26(语音对应关系 27(同化 28(语言转用 29(词 四、判断分析题 (本大题共4小题，每小题5分，共20分)并简述理由。 30(书面语是对口语绝对忠实的记录。 31(声调主要是由音长决定的。 32(汉语的语素、音节和汉字不是完全一一对应的。 33(边界不明是语义模糊的本质。 五、简答题 (本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分) 34(简述外语教学中语言迁移现象的特点。 35(简述语言符号“能指”和“所指”之间的关系。 36(简述词形变化的四种情况。 六、论述题 (本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分) 37(语言发展演变的原因有哪些? 38(举例说明词义的理性意义和非理性意义。 7 2012年10月语言学概论试题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 1(下列关于语言符号的表述，不正确的一项是 A(语言符号包括能指和所指 B(语言符号的音和义不可分割 C(语言符号音义关系具有任意性 D(语言符号不能分解和重新组合 2(几万、几十万个词通过排列组合可以产生无限多的句子，这主要是由于语言符号具有 A(离散性B(强制性C(可变性 D(任意性 3(下列关于韵律特征的表述，不正确的一项是 A(韵律特征在不同的语言中具有不同的特点B(韵律特征自身不能单独占据一个时间段落 C(韵律特征从构成要素看是一种对比性特征D(韵律特征包括“音质特征”和“音段特征” 4(下列元音在普通话中可以充当韵头的一组是 A(,i，y, B(,u，a, C(,o，e, D. D( 5(北京话“嚏”、“喷”单念时分别是,t‘i,和 ，而“嚏喷”一词的发音却是 ，这种语流音变是 A(同化 B(异化 C(弱化 D(增音 6(下列关于“语”的表述，正确的一项是 A(“语”指的是那些由语素构成的固定词组 B(“语”和“词”在内部构造方面没有分别 C(“语”的结构往往不具有固定性和整体性 D(“语”的结构常常呈现为某种特定的格式 7(英语动词“like(喜欢)”的单数第三人称形式是“likes”，这属于 A(变形构词 B(变性成词 C(语汇构词 D(语法构词 8(“众人拾柴火焰高”属于 A(惯用语 B(谚语 C(歇后语 D(成语 9(主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是 A(语素和语素组 B(语素组和词 C(词和词组 D(词组和句子 10(对“很中国”中“中国”一词用法的说明，正确的是 A(仍然是名词 B(变成了形容词C(名词活用作形容词 D(名词兼形容词 11(“你吃点什么吗?”这个句子是 A(一般疑问句 B(特指疑问句 C(选择疑问句 D(反问疑问句 12(下列词语，属于相对反义词的一组是 A(必然—偶然 B(萧条—繁荣 C(整体—部分 D(出席—缺席 13(下列各句，含有降级述谓结构的是 8 A(那个唱歌的女孩是我的同学 B(她很想当歌手 C(她平时最喜欢唱蔡依林的歌 D(我给她当听众 14(下列各项，甲和乙之间为蕴含关系的是 A((甲)他又去网吧了——(乙)他去过网吧 B((甲)他早就不吹笛子了——(乙)他吹过笛子 C((甲)他什么时候看的病——(乙)他看过病 D((甲)电脑的硬盘坏了——(乙)电脑坏了 15(世界上最早的表音文字是 A(元音文字B(辅音文字C(音位文字 D(音节文字 16(通常被看作语言亲属关系重要证据的是 A(语言类型相同 B(语音对应关系 C(地理位置相近 D(语言借用成分 17(下列关于双语现象的表述，不正确的一项是 A(指一个言语社团使用两种或多种语言 B(双语制必然导致社会双语程度比较高 C(双语现象是不同言语社团接触的结果 D(双语现象可能长期、稳定地存在下去 18(说英语的儿童在习得下面的几句话:?“I no want some food(”?“I don’ t want some food(”?“I don’t want any food(”?“No 1 want some food(” 时通常的顺序是 A(???? B(???? C(???? D(???? 19(外语学习中的“高原期”指的是 A(听说阶段 B(读写阶段C(初级阶段 D(后期阶段 20(机器翻译技术的四个层级中，最高层级是 A(词语平面 B(句法平面C(语境平面 D(语义平面 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 21(下列关于,m,、,l,区别的描述，正确的有 A(阻碍方式不同B(成阻部位不同C(清音浊音不同D(送气不送气不同E(唇形圆展不同 22(“天空”中的“空”属于 A(定位语素B(成词语素C(实义语素 D(词缀语素E(黏着语素 23(“句组”包括 A(句群 B(篇章 C(语段 D(复句 E(从句 24(下列关于句义的表述，正确的有 A(句义是句子语言形式表达的内容 B(句子形式表达的意义具有概括性 C(句子的语言意义由句子里的词汇形式、语法形式来表达 D(句子的语境意义由句子外的语气形式、语调形式来表达 9 E(从语义结构上看，一个句子包括“情态”和“命题”两部分 25(“大脑的单侧化现象”是指 A(大脑左右两个半球不对称而且分工有所不同 B(大脑左半球的不同部位负责不同的语言功能 C(大脑左半球的一定部位掌管语言和抽象思维 D(大脑右半球的一定部位掌管直观动作的思维 E(如果大脑左半球受损，可以靠右半球来代替 三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分)每一名词解释都须举例。 26(声韵调分析法 27(词法 28(失语症 29(汉字编码 四、简答题(本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分) 30(为什么说“语言的客观存在形式跟语言学家研究的语言不完全是一模一样的”?结合实例予以简要说明。 31(不同语言在音节结构方面的差别主要表现在哪些方面?结合实例予以简要说明。 32(结合实例说明单纯字符和笔画的区别。 五、分析题(本大题共2小题，每小题6分，共12分) 33(根据语素间的组合关系，将下列复合词分别填入A、B、C、D四项中: 丢脸 口吃 狂热 裁缝 祖传 动人 冰凉 领袖 A(偏正式:_____________________ B(支配式:_____________________ C(并列式:_____________________ D(陈述式:_____________________ 34(用义素分析法的矩阵图分析和描写“叔叔、舅舅、姑姑、婶婶”这组亲属词语的语义差别。在答题纸上列表作答。 , , , , , , 叔叔 舅舅 姑姑 婶婶 六、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题12分，共24分) 35(根据语法研究的不同目的，可以从“历时语法和共时语法”、“教学语法和面向信息处理的语法”、“普遍语法和个别语法”三个方面建立语法规则。举例说明三个方面语法规则的两个部分之间的区别。 36(举例说明语言发展演变的社会根源。 10 2013年1月语言学概论 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 1(楔形文字的创造者是 A.玛雅人 B.腓尼基人 C.苏美尔人 D.古埃及人 2(英语单词“worker”中“er,?,”的作用是 A.改变词形 B.构成新词 C.改变词的色彩 D.改变词的文化意义 3(语言是一种 A.自然现象 B.生理现象 C.社会现象 D.个人现象 4(“走老路”是一个 A.专有名词 B.俗语 C.惯用语 D.凝固语 5(标志着儿童进入真正语言阶段的是 A.非自控阶段 B.模糊语阶段C.单词阶段 D.双词语阶段 6(舌面元音中的“后高圆唇”元音是 A.,u, B.,y, C.,o, D.,i, 7(根据词的使用范围可以把词分成 A.基本语汇和一般语汇 B.专用语汇和通用语汇 C.常用语汇和非常用语汇 D.方言语汇和外来语汇 8(与武汉话同属一个方言区的是 A.长沙话 B.成都话 C.南昌话 D.广州话 9(下面的动宾词组中，动词和名词的语义关系与其他三个不同的是 A.织毛衣 B.造汽车 C.挖山洞 D.吃筷子 10.下面各项中用屈折手段改变词的语法形式的是 A. build/built B. book/books C. am,is D. go/went 11.下面语素中属于成词语素的是 A.企 B.笔 C.民 D.一滋滋 12.“地铁”、“高考”属于 A.基本语 B.专用语 C.成语 D.简缩词语 13.下面各项中与其他3项不属同一语义场的是 A.伯伯 B.同学 C.姐姐 D.妈妈 14(下面的词中属于复合词的是 A.奶油 B.骆驼 C.可口可乐 D.犹豫 15(下面各项用以解释儿童获得语言原因和条件的是 A.强化说 B.感叹说 C.摹声说 D.手势说 16(“葡萄、喇嘛、沙发”等词语都是汉语的 A.方言词 B.常用词 C.基本词 D.外来词 17.“萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说”的主要观点是 11 A.语言源自神授 B.思维决定语言 C.语言能力的先天性 D.语言决定思维 18(德语、英语都来自于 A.古日耳曼语 B.原始汉藏语 C.古梵语 D.马来语 19(“写文章”中的“文章”属于语义角色类型中的 A.工具 B.施事 C.受事 D.结果 20(语言间亲属关系的重要标志是 A.语义对应关系 B.词汇对应关系 C.语法对应关系 D.语音对应关系 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 21(下面元音中是低元音的有 A.,a, B.,e, C.,a, D.,A, E.,æ, 22(由社会分化导致的语言变化现象有 A.社会方言 B.亲属语言 C.地域方言 D.语言转用 E(借词 23(下面各词中属于意译词的有 A.麦克风 B.吉普 C.青霉素 D.电话 E(银行 24(下面音素中属于辅音的有 A.,, B.,s, C.,E, D.,ε,E(,1, 25(下面各词属于陈述式复合词的有 A.口吃 B.窗户 C.动态 D.性急 E.丢人 三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分) 26(句子 27(异化 28(词尾 29(语素 四、判断分析题(本大题共4小题，每小题5分，共20分) 判断正误，在答题纸上正确的打“?’’，错误的打“×’’，并简述理 由。 30(语言符号的任意性是指我们可以任意给事物或现象命名。 31(两个以上的辅音在语流中依次出现就是复辅音。 32(汉语的语素、音节和汉字不是完全一一对应的。 33(语境意义不是语言意义。 五、简答题(本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分) 34(简述外语教学中的中介语现象。 35(简述语言和民族的关系。 36(简述偏正词组的类型。 六、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分) 37(语言发展演变的特点有哪些, 38(举例说明组合歧义的类型。 12 2013年10月语言学概论 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 1(首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是 A(洪堡特 B.索绪尔 C(乔姆斯基 D.萨丕尔 2(语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在于语言符号的 A(任意性 B.强制性 C(离散性 D.系统性 3(下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是 A.[m，n] B.[k，] C.[p，d] D.[s, ] 4(听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是 A(音素 B.重音 C(音位 D.音节 5(下列关于“通用语汇”和“专用语汇”的表述，不正确的一项是 A(通用语汇是全社会普遍使用的词语 B.通用语汇包括基本语汇和常用语汇 C(专用语汇主要指科技术语和行业语 D.专用语汇的词语不会进入通用语汇 6(构形语素属于 A(虚词语素 B.词根语素 C(自由语素 D.黏着语素 7(从词的构造类型上看，汉语“动人”一词属于 A(单纯词 B.复合词 C(派生词 D.简缩词 8(“老师鼓励我考大学”是 A(主谓词组 B.兼语词组 C(连动词组 D.复句词组 9(下列各项中，谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是 A(写黑板 B.打篮球 C(织毛衣 D.寄包裹 10(最早的表音文字是 A(拉丁文字 B.腓尼基文字 C(古希腊文字 D.古埃及文字 11(传统上把汉字的单纯字符称为 A(偏旁 B.笔画 C(记号 D.独体字 12(语法的演变之所以比语汇缓慢，是因为 A(语法规则比较简单 B.语法规则数量较少 C(语法规则具有强制性 D.语法规则具有抽象性 13(下列关于亲属语言的表述中，不正确的一项是 A(亲属语言是社会完全分化的产物 B.亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系 C(语言亲属关系有亲疏远近的分别 D.亲属语言间不存在语音对应关系 14(下列几种社会方言中，具有排他性的一项是 A(阶级习惯语 B.行话 C(隐语 D.学生腔 15(下列关于“语言规划”的表述中，不正确的一项是 A(语言规划是社会对语言的人为干预 B.语言规划只涉及单纯的语言问题 C(推广普通话属于语言规划的项目 D.语言规划可由政府授权的机构实施 13 16(认为“思维和语言各自发展，二者没有关系”的学者不包括 A(古希腊哲学家柏拉图 B.法国哲学家迪卡尔 C(英国哲学家霍布斯 D.苏联语言学家马尔 17(目前对于语言和思维的关系，比较一致的观点是 A(有什么样的思维，就有什么样的语言 B.有什么样的语言，就有什么样的思维 C(思维对语言有一定影响，但更重要的是语言决定思维 D.语言对思维有一定影响，但更重要的是思维决定语言 18(关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的一项是 A(天赋说 B.摹仿说 C(强化说 D.刺激反应说 19(外语学习中的后期阶段被称为 A(中介语阶段 B.目标语阶段 C(低平期 D.高原期 20(机器翻译可以分为四个层级，从低到高的排序是 A(单词、句子、话语、篇章 B.单词、句子、句群、篇章 C(单词、句法、语义、语境 D.语音、语法、语义、语用 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 21(下列关于韵律特征的表述中，正确的有 A(韵律特征包括音质变化 B.韵律特征包括声调语调 C(韵律特征是对比性特征 D.韵律特征不能独立存在 E(长短音不属于韵律特征 22(下列各组中，三个词语的构词方式一致的有 A(花儿 女儿 刺儿 B.莲子 学子 男子 C(琵琶 玻璃 休克 D.妈妈 蛐蛐 仅仅 E(崇高 聪明 国家 23(“白纸”的“白”和“白吃”的“白”是 A(同音词 B.同形词 C(兼类词 D.多义词 E(形容词和副词 24(下列各组词语中，可以构成最小语义场的有 A(毛笔 电笔 眉笔 B.银河 黄河 海河 C(南瓜 黄瓜 冬瓜 D.山头 线头 桥头 E(货车 客车 军车 25(下列关于“地域方言”的表述中，正确的有 A(地域方言随社群分化而形成 B.地域方言是语言内部的变体 C(地域方言有独立的结构系统 D.语音差异是方言分区的主要依据 E(地域方言间的差异一定小于语言 非选择题部分 三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分)每一名词解释都须 14 举例。 26(调位 27(语法意义 28(自源文字 29(语音合成 四、简答题(本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分) 30(人们无法从汉语普通话“桃’’和“花”的语音形式(táo和huā)推知这两个语言符号的意义，却可以在知道“桃”和“花”意义的基础上推知语言符号“桃花”的意义。请根据语言符号的性质对这种现象作出说明。 31(举例说明基本语汇的重要特点。 32(科学实验是如何发现思维可以先于语言而产生和脱离语言而存在的证据的, 五、分析题(本大题共2小题，每小题6分，共12分) 33(比较和归纳下列汉语普通话音节和英语音节在音节类型上的异同。 555155 55汉语:[kau](高) [kau](告) [tia](江) [tu](周) 英语:[trk](卡车) [snu](雪) [faiv](五) [si](唱) , 34(请分别指出下列两个语言片断各有哪些不同的结构和意义，并说明这些不同的结构 和意义在语音形式上各有什么特点。 A(想起来了 B.北京人多 六、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题12分，共24分) 35(结合实例说明非理性意义在词义构成中的地位以及非理性意义的类型。 36(举例说明双语现象的性质以及双语同语言转用的关系。 15 2014年4月语言学概论试题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 1(结构主义语言学的奠基人是著名语言学家 A.葆朴 B.乔姆斯基 C.洪堡特 D.索绪尔 2(舌面的元音中，“前低不圆唇元音”是 A.,a, B.,u, C.,i, D.,o, 3(现在仍在使用的自源文字是 A.苏美尔文字 B.玛雅文字 C.汉字 D.古埃及文字 4(“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”这句话出自 A.《论语•述而》 B.《庄子•养生主》 C.《韩非子•五蠹》 D.《苟子•正 名》 5(人的大脑语言功能的临界期现在一般认为大约是 A.5-6岁 B.7-8岁 C.9-10岁 D.12-13岁 6(“外甥打灯笼——照舅”属于 A.谚语 B.成语 C.歇后语 D.惯用语 7(汉民族标准语是 A.国语 B.普通话 C.书面语 D.北京话 8(克里奥耳语又叫 A.洋泾浜语 B.皮钦语 C.混合语 D.多式综合语 9(研究人类社会的语言这种社会现象的一般理论的语言学属于 A.普通语言学 B.本体语言学 C.社会语言学 D.文化语言学 10(从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是 A.音节 B.音素 C.音位 D.音标 11(下面的词中属于派生词的是 A.孙子 B.莲子 C.剪子 D.儿子 12(隐语是一种 A.手势语 B.社会方言 C.地域方言 D.土语 13(下面各组音中全部为擦音的是 A.,f θ x, B. C.,h j k, D. 14(下面各词中属于仿译词的是 A.吉普 B.热狗 C.高尔夫 D.尼龙 15(汉语音节zhang有 A.一个音素 B.两个音素 C.三个音素 D.四个音素 16(造成“小吃店关门了”有歧义的原因是 A.词的同形异义 B.一词多义 C.词的同音异义 D.结构歧义 16 17(“我吃饱了饭”可以说“我吃了饭，我饱了”，但“我吃光了饭”却不能说成“我吃了饭，我光了”，原因是“饱”和“光”的 A.语义指向不同 B.语义角色不同 C.句子成分不同 D.句子结构不同 18(造成元音音质差别的因素主要是 A.声带是否振动 B.气流受阻情况 C.气流的强弱 D.共鸣腔的不同形状 19(汉语“花钱”的“花”和“鲜花”的“花”是 A.同音词 B.近义词 C.同根词 D.多义词 20(方言之间的差异主要体现在 A.语法方面 B.语义方面 C.语汇方面 D.语音方面 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 21(下面各项属于汉藏语系的语言有 A.满语 B.日语 C.韩语 D.彝语 E(羌语 22(下面各项中属于英语/p/音位的变体有 A.,p, B.,p′, C.,b, D.,b′, E(,β, 23(促使语言发生变化的原因有 A.社会的接触 B.社会的进步 C.语言内部要素的相互影响 D.社会的统一 E.社会的分化 24.下面属于复合词的有 A. worker B. works C. workman D. worked E. workshop 25.下面各词内部结构相同的有 A.教室 B.椅子 C.课桌 D.黑板 E.钢笔 非选择题部分 三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分) 26.语言迁移 27.双语现象 28.亲属语言 29.词形变化 四、判断分析题(本大题共4小题，每小题5分，共20分) 判断正误，在答题纸相应位置上，正确的划上“?”，错误的划上“×”，并简述理由。 30.语言符号能指和所指之间的关系是有道理可讲的。 31.单纯词都是由一个语素构成的。 32.词的本义就是它的基本义。 33.文字就是为了记录语言而产生的。 五、简答题(本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分) 17 34.简述儿童语言获得的过程。 35.简述词类划分的分布标准。 36.简述组合关系和聚合关系之间的关系。 六、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分) 37.举例说明归纳音位的原则。 38.举例说明词的非理性意义主要体现在哪些方面。 18 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 19 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 20 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 21 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 22 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 23 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 24 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 25 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 26 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 27 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 28 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 29 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 30 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 31 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 32 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 33 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 34 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 35 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 36 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 37 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 38 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 39 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 40 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 41 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 42 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 43 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 44 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 45 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 46 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 47 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 48 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 49 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 50 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 51 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 52 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 53 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 54 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 55