英语听力教程.Listen.This.Way.学生用书2

英语听力教程.Listen.This.Way.学生用2 Unit 1 Under the Same Roof Part ? Getting ready The family, being the basic living unit of society, is the social group with which every individual is most closely connected. On the whole, families in the world can basically be divided into four types: joint families, nuclear families, enlarged families and incomplete families, among which nuclear families are becoming more and more popular with the rapid economic development in most countries. A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. kindergarten: a school or class for young children, usually four to six years old, that prepares them for first grade 2. nursery school: a school for very young children, usually three to five years of age 3. kid: a child or young person 4. stability: steadiness, the state of being not likely to separate, break down or fall apart 5. discipline: n. strict control to enforce obedience; punishment v. control, train, punish 6. divorce: legal ending of a marriage 7. care for: look after, take charge of b 8. coo: speak gently and lovely 9. wedding: the act or ceremony of becoming married 10. bride: a woman who has just been married or is about to be married B You are going to hear some people talking about pictures of their families. Listen carefully and identify which one of the following pictures each person is talking about. Part ? A birthday present Nothing in life is as good as the marriage of true minds between man and woman, but it requires great care to keep this tender plant alive. Remember, happiness is a perpetual rejoicing in small events ?a gift, a gentle smile, a small sticky kiss. A John has just opened his birthday present from his wife, Mary. Before listening to the following dialogue, you will hear several questions about it on the tape. Write down the questions. Question 1: ____________________________________________________ Question 2: ____________________________________________________ Question 3: ____________________________________________________ Question 4: ____________________________________________________ B Now listen to the dialogue. While listening for the first time, take down key points in the left-hand column. After the second listening, give brief answers to the above questions. Answers Answer 1: ____________________________________________________ Answer 2: ____________________________________________________ 1 Answer 3: ____________________________________________________ Answer 4: ____________________________________________________ C Now listen to the dialogue again. Pay special attention to the names of people and places and all the telephone numbers. Complete the following chart. Names of People/Places Telephone Numbers the bank ______________________ _________________________ 76763 the dentist ______________________ __________________________ 757412 the station ______________________ the flower shop/the florist ______________________ John and Jane ______________________ ______________________ 675645 Part ? Family life then and now As one gets on in years, he/she is always inclined to remember the good old days: how delicious the food was, how cheap things were, how obedient children were and how unsophisticated people were. Josephine Davies and Gertrude Smith, two members of the older generation, are talking about their childhood in Britain 70 years ago. A Now listen to the following conversation. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer the questions. Questions 1. Why does Josephine feel that there was more stability in family life 70 years ago? Fill in the blank. Because in those days, nobody expected the families to ______________. 2. According to Gertrude, people also did some things not so good years ago. What were they? _____________, _________ and drug-taking. 3. Josephine's mother did a great deal of work outside. What was she interested in? Fill in the blank. She was interested in the Nursing Association ______________ money for it. 4. Where did Gertrude's father work? ___________________ at Victoria Station. 5. Why did Gertrude's mother go out so much with her friends? Fill in the blank. Because life at that time was not ____________ and it was a relief for her to go out. 6. According to Josephine, since there was neither television nor radio in those days, what did children use to do in the evenings? 7. How does Josephine explain that there were more discipline in families 70 years ago? Fill in the blanks. She says, at that time, she couldn't ____________ with any friends of her own until she was about _________. 2 B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the conversation and decide whether the statements after the conversation are True or False. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets. 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) Part ? More about the topic: Father's Day American fathers have lots of different opinions about being a father. Some say they would like to spend more time caring for their children, but are afraid to do so. They say it might prevent them from getting a better job or earning more money. Other fathers would never think of staying at home. They believe an important part of being a man is to go to work and earn money. Do American men today spend enough time with their children? The following passage is about the father's role in the family. Supply the missing words while listening. Father is a very formal word today. Most people use the word "__________" or "______________" instead. On Father's Day children might take their dad out for a ______________。They might send him a ______________ or call on the telephone, or they might buy him a present. Not all children however will ____________ or speak with their dad on Father's Day. Studies say about __________ of American children live in a family without a father. This is three times more than in ________. Back then only __________ of children lived in a family without a father. One reason is the increasing children born to women who are not ___________. Studies show the children growing up without a father are more likely to be __________. They are more likely to __________ before completing their education, and they are more likely to become involved in __________ or illegal drugs. Another reason for the __________ number of American families without fathers is the increasing of the number of people who have _________ their marriage. The divorce rate in the US has increased sharply in recent years. Today more than ___________ of all marriages end in divorce. In __________ the rate was only _________. After a divorce, a judge decides which parent will care for the children. In about __________ of cases, the judge decides that the children will live with their mother. In about __________ of the cases, children live with their father after a divorce and in about __________ of the cases children live with each parent at ___________ times. The image of fathers in America has changed especially since the _________. Before then, many people felt that fathers were not supposed to become ____________ with their children or to show ________ for them. This was not a part of father's image as a strong and ____________ man. Fathers were the ____________ of the family. They earned the money. They made the rules. They ___________ the children when they were bad. Back then fathers did not always spend a lot of time with their children. __________ mothers stayed at home to care for them. They also did all the shopping, __________ and cooking. During the __________ and __________, however, more American women began to work outside the home. As a result, more and more fathers became ____________ in taking care of their children and helping their ________. Yet, most studies today show that women still spend more time caring for their children and doing ___________. This is true even if the wife works and _________ the same amount of money as her husband. _________ studies show that fathers who 3 are involved with their children are usually more happy and in better_________than fathers who are not involved. So celebrating ____________is important for men not only on Father's Day but throughout the year. Part ? Memory test: Brothers and Sisters When your little brother or sister is brought to the world, are you happy, jealous, or even hateful? You are going to hear a young lady talking about the relationship between brothers and sisters. After that several questions will be asked. Find the right answers as quickly a possible according to the notes you have taken while listening. Notes ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 1. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 2. a. happy b. calm c. hateful d. jealous 3. a. He got very angry. b. He laughed a lot. c. He beat his daughter. d. He asked his wife to punish the girl. 4. a. 16 b. 17 c. 15 d. 50 5. a. In England. b. In Brazil. c. In France. d. In Australia. 6. a. the bride's brother b. the young lady's brother c. the bride's father d. the bride1 s good friend Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? be married kindergarten be involved in nursery school Time really flies. kid soccer Part ? hunt around calculator super look up solicitor in a panic contract Great minds think the telephone directory alike! Part ? separate stability tremendous keep sth / sb quiet drug-taking 4 look after flat do the cooking wage do the cleaning an easy life be close to relief discipline discipline Part ? end in crime formal care for drug be supposed to divorce become involved with image Part? be jealous of sb curl coo over sb travel agent ignore wedding lose contact with bride Unit 2 Smacking or Reasoning? Part ? Getting ready Family education, a rather controversial issue, is now receiving more and more attention from the parents. As is known by ail, the younger generation is the flower of one country, the hope of tomorrow and the future pillar of one state. Then, how on earth should the parents, the first teachers of children, behave in bringing up their children? A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. - 1. pick up: stop for and take or bring (persons) along with one 2. rebel: resist any authority or control 3. smack: n. slap, a sharp blow with the open hand or any flat object v. slap loudly, strike with the open hand or any flat object 4. reason: argue or talk in a logical way 5. spank: striking with something flat, as the open hand, esp. on the buttocks, as in punishment 6. adopt: take (sb) into one's family as a relation, esp. as a son or daughter, by legal process 7. adolescent: a boy or a girl from puberty (|f#S8) to adulthood; teenage person 8. soap opera: radio or TV serial drama with domestic problems, etc. in a sentimental and melodramatic (jj|f&[ifil$!]#j) way 9. lenient: merciful, not severe in disciplining, punishing, judging, etc. 10. Spare the rod, spoil the child.: A child who is not punished will become un- disciplined and unruly. You are going to hear a short passage on the rules for children. Supply the missing words. When parents make a lot of rules about their children's behavior, they make _________?for themselves. I used to spend half my time making sure my rules 5 were ________, and the other half answering questions like "Jack can get up whenever he likes, so why can't I?" or "Why can't I___________Angela? Jack's mum doesn't mind who he plays with" or "Jack can drink anything he likes. Why can't I drink__________too?" Jack's mum, I decided, was a__________woman. I started saying things like "Of course, '______. You can drink as much wine as you like" and "No, _____you get up" and "Yes, dear, you can play with An- . I don't mind how'._____ gela as__________as you like." The ______________ have been marvelous. They don't want to get up late any more, they've decided they don't like wine, and, most important, they've_______. playing with Angela. I've now realized (as Jack's mum realized a long time ago) that they only _____ to do all these nasty things because they weren't_______to. ? Radio phone-in From ancient times to the present, human beings are never free from personal problems. Fortunately, in modern society, one can always seek help or advice from a variety of sources such as psychologists, TV programs, radio hot lines and so on and so forth. _____ A this section you are going to hear a telephone conversation on a radio program called "Phone-In". 1. First listen to some names. Tessa Colbeck Brighton Maurice Rex Manchester Rosemary Norfolk Christine 2. Now listen to the conversation. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer the follow- ing questions. - " Notes 6 column nauak Questions 1. Apart from the radio presenter, how many people are invited on this programme? 2. Who is Doctor Maurice Rex? He is at the University of Nor- 11 folk. 3. If you live in London, which number should you ring? 4. How old will the caller be in two months' time? 5. How long does it take the caller to walk from her friend's house to hers? 6. What's the name of the caller's friend? 7. Why doesn't the caller's dad allow her to stay out late? Because he is_________________and is afraid that it may not be_________________. 8. If the caller doesn't come home on time, what will her dad do? He will not let her_____________________. 9. Maurice gives advice to the caller. What is it? Maurice advises her to dad and have a______ quietly with her about it. B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the telephone conversation. Do the multiple choice. 1. Tessa Colbeck is a______. a. doctor b. writer c. university teacher d. radio presenter 2 If you live outside London, the number you should ring is_____2222122. a. 10 b. 21 c. 01 d. 20 3. The caller is supposed to get home at night. a. at a quarter to ten b. after ten o'clock c. at a quarter after ten d. before ten o'clock 4. Tessa Colbeck first thinks that the caller lives in____ a. Brighton b. Manchester c. London d. Norfolk 5. What does Tessa suggest the caller do at the end of the conversation? a. Tell her dad what she thinks about it. 7 b. Ask her dad why he does so. c. Persuade her dad to pick her up. d. Promise her dad that she will behave in her friend's house. . Family discipline Notes Speaker 1: Speaker 2: talk, Speaker 3: talkmucU According to a report carried out by the magazine Children, nine out of ten parents smack their children, but parents often misunderstand their children's bad behavior. Is it right for parents to use smacking as a punishment? Will parents feel guilty about using it? A You are going to hear some people talking about their attitudes towards the punishment of children. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, decide whether the speaker in each passage is a parent or a kid. Write "P" for a parent and "K" for a kid. A Parent or a Kid? Speaker 1: Speaker 3: _____ Speaker 4: Speaker 5: Speaker 6: lt&wtaUo&i, ? Speaker 4: _____ Speaker 5: _____ Speaker 6: _____ B Listen to the monologues again. Look at the following chart. For the first two columns, tick one suitable attitude for each speaker. For the last column, fill in the missing information 8 according to what you hear on the tape. You can refer to the above notes as well. Approval of Punishment to Some Degree Disapproval of Punishment Possible Action One Will Take to a Kid Speaker 1 A certain amount of will be needed, but not of it. Speaker 2 to them; try to why one is upset and what it is that the kid has done Speaker 3 ?a child and try to make him/her understand. Speaker 4 He wouldn't be as as his dad was. . Speaker 5 Sometimes a quick, short on the or is necessary to make a child understand. Speaker 6 It is a mixture: at a child, sit down and with a child, a child out of the room, send a child his room, not them have any pudding for the dinner, or even a little ? More about the topic: Adoption More often than not, there are some familiar scenes deeply impressed in our minds: when one gets to know by chance that he/she was adopted, he/she feels extremely painful and hates everybody around him/her, including the foster parents. Never-theless, the fact is, being an adopted child is nothing to be ashamed of. He/She is just perfectly the same with any other children. You are going to hear a discussion about adopting children. Supply the missing words while listening. Woman: Many of the disadvantages ?or many of the troubles that occur, with _____children, do of course also occur in the cases of children ___________to their parents. But there are some, for example, grandparents say, who refuse to__________ an adopted grandchild as their own, or schoolchildren, children, like adults, are often_________, and who find out that a child is adopted, and perhaps tease or rag the child. Those __________difficulties of course don't arise in the case of children born to their_________. So I think there are a few difficulties that arise, that stem ,_______ from adoption, but those parents who have_______^_ difficulties, I think often forget that many, many, what I call__________chil- 9 dren, children born to their parents, er, produce the so that one has to be careful in saying, this is____ Man: You put a great stress on the need to tell the child as that he or she is adopted ... Woman: Yes. ____difficulties, adoption'. _____as possible Man: Why is this so? Woman: I think it's terribly important, because the child is bound to__________it sometime or other. I have met some very__________cases, where the parents hadn't__________the child, that he or she was adopted, and then some well-meaning, perhaps not so well-meaning,__________, told the child, or adolescent. It was a great __________ to the child, in some cases, the child literally packed a suitcase and_____________. I know of several cases of ___________who did that. And even if they don't react quite so violently, they begin to think, well, can they ____________ their parents on any topic, if them? Also, if you don't tell your ___that there is something faintly on such a vital topic, they________ child that he, or she, is adopted, it___ shameful about it, and of course this is not the case, and it should be not __________or__________to be the case, either by the parents or the children. And if the parents, or anyone____________associated with the child feels it, they're not very ., in my opinion, to be adoptive parents. Memory test: Freedom or Discipline? Almost in all countries, there is fear in many a home. When there is a lack of freedom and love, you cannot have self-regulation. Instead, you will have rebellion. As a matter of fact, you can only have a free atmosphere in the home when fear is absent. A In the following short passage, you are going to hear some complaints poured out by Louisa's mother about watching TV. After that some questions will be asked. Listen and write down brief answers as quickly as possible according to the notes you have taken while listening. 1. ? 2. 3 A You are going to hear a monologue in which a boy complains about his parents. After that some statements will be read to you. Decide whether they are True or False. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets. While you listen, don't forget to write down some key words in the notes column. 1. ( ) 10 ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? make trouble rule marvelous result nasty Part ? concentrate on personal problems embarrassing stay out studio rough get mixed up agony column pick sb up chat Part ? rebel solution upset smack dark experience awfully defend smack drawn-out reason moan incredibly alternative spank Part ? occur adoption adoptive adopt biological children in the case of teaseadolescent due to rag stem from put a stress on shock suitcase teenager as early as possible well-meaning literally be bound to violently pack vital know of faintly react shameful closely associate with Part ? deprive input first and foremost sneak soap opera under one's care be of the opinion direction crummy be of value naive hang out lenient Spare the rod, spoil on one's own the child. ?Biblical apply harsh Unit 3 Sweet, Sweet Home part ? Getting ready A home is a place where people can cook, eat, sleep, relax, and care for their children. It protects people from harsh weather-the freezing snow or blizzard, the pouring of heavy rain, the howling of the wild wind, the glare and heat of the burning sun-as well as from insects, wild animals, and other dangers. 11 A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. foldaway: that can be folded together for easy storage 2. blind: anything that keeps out light, as a window shade or shutter 3. detached: not connected, separate 4. estate: landed property; individually owned piece of land containing a residence 5. sink: any of various basins, as in a kitchen or laundry, connected with a drainpipe and usually, a water supply 6. appliance: a device or machine for performing a specific task, esp. one that is worked mechanically or by electricity 7. study: a room in a house designed for study, writing, reading, etc. 8. warranty: written or printed assurance (to repair or replace defective goods) 9. guarantee: give an assurance that something will be replaced or repaired if it does not meet specifications 10. install: fix in position for use B A house agent is showing a couple around a flat which they probably will rent. Below is a list of furniture items. Listen to the conversation and fill in suitable numbers in the plane figure of the flat. 1. Foldaway double bed and mattress 2. Coffee table 3. Refrigerator 4. Bathroom 5. Fitted wardrobe 6. Electric cooker 7. Sofa 8. Tumble dryer Part ? The dream house It seems that people never cease dreaming. Once their dream comes true, they will begin dreaming of better things or different things soon after. For example, one may first dream of owning a small room, then an apartment with a private bathroom, then a detached house, and then a villa in the country. What is the house in your dream like? A In this section you are going to hear six people describing their dream house. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the mid-column. After the second listening, write down the type of dream house each speaker would like to live in. B Listen to the passage again. After that you will hear some questions on the tape. Please answer them in no more than four words with the help of the above notes. 1. ________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________ 12 4. ________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________________ Part ? Flat hunting Houses not only offer protection from the weather but they also help protect the people who live in them from people outside. Sometimes a house protects things we want to keep safe from burglars; and sometimes a house simply offers you a chance to be by yourself and away from other people. In order to make sure of all these things, you must be very careful in looking for a proper place to live in. A In this section you are going to hear a woman visiting a flat which she is thinking of buying or renting. Below are some of the things mentioned in the conversation. Decide which will be taken away by the former house owner and which will be left behind. Complete the following chart with the help of the notes you have taken while listening. gas cooker fridge dishwasher gas fire plumbing stove washing machine oven Things That Will be Taken Away Things That Will Be Left Behind ______________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________ _______________________________ B You must have already known that there are three bedrooms and one bathroom in the flat. Listen to the conversation again. With the help of the above notes, fill in the furniture items that are suitable for each room or that are already fitted in the room. Rooms Furniture Items The smallest bedroom _____________________________ The medium sized bedroom _____________________________ The largest bedroom _____________________________ The bathroom _____________________________ C Now listen to the conversation again and decide whether the statements after the conversation are True or False. Put "T" or "P" in the brackets. 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) Part ? More about the topic: The Refrigerator Art A refrigerator, which was originally designed to keep food fresh, is now being used in more and more different ways. You can use it as a cupboard for storing various things, and you can even use magnets to stick all kinds of papers on its door so as to remind you of the things you have to do. Some people call it refrigerator art. 13 The following passage is about refrigerator art. Supply the missing words while listening. Man: Refrigerators are large machines that keep foods _________. But a lot of people use them to _________ more than just food. Woman: Call it refrigerator art. In some homes the refrigerator works like a ________ to show collections of refrigerator magnets. People use magnets to stick papers like _______ and children's _________ to the metal of a refrigerator. But a refrigerator magnet can be a ________ of art itself. Some people just enjoy looking at them. Countless numbers of refrigerator magnets can be found in _______. Some have small copies of foods or ________ on the front. Some show colorful designs or pictures of famous people. Some refrigerator magnets are electronic. They make __________ , like this one that is shaped like a motor-cycle and sounds like a motor-cycle _________ starting. Other magnets are extremely small like sets of magnetic words and ________ for writing poetry on the refrigerator. One example of this kind of magnets set is for _______. It makes it possible to write frightening Halloween messages that _____ in the dark. Businesses often give refrigerator magnets to people as a marketing ________ to sell their services. Some _________ agencies also have them. For example, the American Space Agency sells magnets shaped like _________ and space shuttles. Refrigerator magnets can be __________. Student engineers at the University of Wisconsin at Madison use them in _________. And young children use refrigerator magnets that are letters to play and learn. They _________ the letters in different positions to make words. A refrigerator door covered with a lot of magnets can be educational in _______ ways, too. Children can learn about the laws of ________ just by watching what happens when someone closes the door too hard. The magnets all __________. Refrigerators can become as crowded with magnets on the out-side as they are with food on the _________. So when people say they need a _________ refrigerator, what they might really mean is they need a bigger refrigerator _____________. Part ? Memory test: The Warranty Insurance Suppose some robbers broke in and took many things away from your house, or suppose there was something wrong with your TV set, your washing machine or your refrigerator and a large sum of money would be needed for repairs. What should you do? There is no need to worry. You can protect yourself against loss by buying insurance policies which promise to pay you for the things that were stolen in the robbery or for repairing things that broke down. You are going to hear two people talking about taking out a warranty insurance for some of their household goods. Complete the following two charts with the information you hear. Of course you can refer to the notes you have taken while listening. Chart 1 Name Mr. M. Lewis Address _____ Abbey Road, __________ Things Chosen for Insurance 1. the washing machine (You can tick the items.) 2. the black-and-white television set 3. the fridge 4. the color television set 14 5. the oven 6. the cooker 7. the hob Chart 2 Insurance Purchase Date Make Model The Original Insurance Items Warranty Period Fee _________ _____________ ______ ______ _______________ _________ _________ _____________ Moffat Cresta _______________ _________ Part? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? be fully fitted bed-sitting room novel end up in foldaway double bed mattress wardrobe night attire roller blinds tumble dryer electric cooker cubbyhole Part? cut off dream house detached roof-garden unspoilt pot-plant pillar daft dry-stone wall isolated high tide Part? come round estate agent reliable leave behind particular make into dishwasher sink plumbing appliance gas fire lounge balcony study airing cupboard shower Part ? stick magnet in the dark fall off work of art Halloween Part ? cover warranty insurance in case go wrong hob in the long run guarantee fortune 15 install break down hang on Unit 4 Going to School (?) Part ? Getting ready Education denotes the methods by which a society hands down from one generation to the next its knowledge, culture, and values. The individual being educated develops physically, mentally, emotionally, morally, and socially. The work of education may be accomplished by an individual teacher, the family, a church, or any other group in society. Formal education is usually carried out by the school. A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. counselor: someone who is paid to listen to people's problems and provide support and advice 2. make the grade: succeed; reach the necessary standard 3. quit: stop (doing something) and leave 4. term: any of three periods of time into which the teaching year is divided at schools, universities, etc.; also semester: any of two periods of time into which the teaching year is divided in the U.S. 5. concentrate: direct (one's thoughts, efforts, attention, etc.) towards a particular activity or purpose 6. intelligent: having or showing powers of learning, reasoning, or understanding, especially to a high degree 7. go to pieces: lose the ability to think or act clearly because of fear, sorrow, etc. 8. strict: severe and demanding obedience, especially in rules of behavior 9. requirement: something that is needed or that is demanded as necessary 10. goody-goody: a person who likes to appear faultless in behavior so as to please others, not because he or she is really good B A school counselor in a high school is trying to understand exactly what Sam's problem is. Listen to their conversation and decide whether the following statements are true or false. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets. ( ) 1. Sam has an examination tomorrow. ( ) 2. He thinks he will do well in the exam. ( ) 3. At the moment he feels worried. ( ) 4. He thinks his father will be sympathetic if he does badly in the exam. ( ) 5. Sam wants to quit the exam because he is afraid that he would let his father down again. ( ) 6. Sam once entered a chess competition. ( ) 7. He won the competition. ( ) 8. After the competition, Sam's father told his friends how good Sam was at chess. ( ) 9. At the end Sam says that the counselor does not understand his problem. 16 C You are going to hear Mr. and Mrs. Thompson discussing their daughter's work in Parkway Secondary School with her class teacher. Listen carefully. Fill in the missing comments and information on the school report form. Write only one word for each blank. PARKWAY SECONDARY SCHOOL REPORT FORM NAME: Tracey Thompson CLASS: 4A YEAR: 1998-1999 CLASS TEACHER Tracey is a very _______ girl She must learn to ________ less and work ________. MATH Tracey enjoys math. Recently she has found the work _____________. BIOLOGY Tracey's work has not been up to standard of late. She must ___________ during lessons. ART Tracey's quite good at _______, but she spends too much time ________ to her friends. GEOGRAPHY Tracey is a lively member of the class. However I have not had any _________ from her all _________. ENGLISH Excellent. She does very good work. Tracey always has __________ to __________ during lessons. FRENCH If only Tracey could speak during lessons! This term she is __________ of the class. SPORT A good term. Tracey has played an __________ part in the success of the __________ team. Part ? The teacher I remember best The American educator Horace Mann once said: "As an apple is not in any proper sense an apple until it is ripe, so a human being is not in any proper sense a human being until he is educated." Education is the process through which people endeavor to pass along to their children their hard-won wisdom and their aspirations for a better world. The most important role played in education is the teacher. A You are going to hear someone telling you about his most memorable teacher. Listen to the first part of the monologue. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer each of the following questions in no more than three words or numbers. Questions 1. Which teacher do I remember best? _____________________________________________ 2. How long did I study French with him? _____________________________________________ 3. How old was I when I met the teacher? _____________________________________________ 4. What languages did I study at the university? 17 _____________________________________________ 5. What kinds of exercises did the teacher give us? _____________________________________________ 6. What kinds of facilities were unavailable in those days? _____________________________________________ 7. What course did the music teacher's wife give us? _____________________________________________ 8. What did I use to do during the summer holidays? _____________________________________________ B Listen to the second half of the monologue. While listening for the first time, take notes in the notes column. After the second listening, complete the following chart. Nationality Appearance hair ____________________ eyes ____________________ eyebrows ____________________ other features ____________________ Leisure activity music ____________________ sport ____________________ Family ____________________________________ C Now listen to the whole monologue again. Answer the question: Why can't I forget the French teacher? Though he was very ___________ and not very ___________, with him I really ___________. He was very ___________ with us. He made us ___________. Because of the limitation of the teaching facilities, his classes were not very ________, but he successfully made quite a lot of us begin to like __________________. It was mainly because of him that I went on to study ___________ at ___________. With him I learned that learning a ___________ is like ______________________ or ___________ into a ______________. And it helps us to see that the way we ___________ and ___________ in our country isn't necssarily the ___________ or, indeed, the ___________ Part ? Teachers and pupils Research commissioned by the World Bank shows that a teacher's qualifications, experience, education level, and knowledge have significant consequences for what children achieve. The trend world-wide is for all teachers to receive higher education and specialist teacher training. But a good relationship between teachers and students is also very important. A You are going to hear Christine telling you the advantages and disadvantages of teaching as a job. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the notes column. After the second listening, complete the following chart. Advantages ? There are so many enjoyable _______________ things. 18 ? Students are so ___________. ? It's very rewarding. Disadvantages ? It's ___________ work. ? It's awfully tiring __________, and ______________ at times. B Now you are going to hear Christine telling you the changes that have taken place in the relationship between teachers and pupils. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the notes column. After the second listening, complete the following flow diagrams. According to Christine, there have been two major changes in the relationship between teachers and pupils: ?. THE QUALITY OF RELATIONSHIP (Fill in the blanks.) Teachers have become more ________, more _________, and more prepared to allow the students ______________ as individuals. As a result the relationship is more _________, more _________, and less _________. Therefore students are involved much more in their own _________ and their own __________________. ?. THE CLASSROOM (Tick the right box.) Nowadays, teachers ? try to rule using fear, punishment and threat ? try to win and earn the respect of children to build up ? a relaxed relationship and relaxed classroom ? an authoritarian classroom, which means ? low expectations. ? purposeful quality work. C Now listen to the whole speech again. According to Christine, what makes a good teacher? According to Christine, a good teacher: ? enjoys instead of fearing the _________ things that can't be planned for; ? is a good listener; 19 ? is someone that students _________ as a _________; ? teaches students about "____________" they're going into, and about ______________ and _________ as well as what is written in the textbook; ? treats students __________ and is able to develop __________ relationships with students; ? is able to take the students into a whole world which is __________ and __________; ? really __________ for students; ? is skillful enough to organize a well-ordered, ___________, __________ and ______________ classroom; ? trusts students as _________________; ? __________ students to know more about him/her as an __________; ? takes students' __________ on board, and listens to students' _________ which he / she finds a __________ resource in __________ and __________ his / her own work; ? is able to earn the __________ of students, and therefore builds up a __________ relationship with them; Part ? More about the topic: Computers and University Life Computers are increasingly used in classrooms in combination with traditional modes of instruction. Computer-aided education can dramatically increase a student's access to information. Many students benefit from the immediate responsiveness of computer interactions and appreciate the self-paced and private learning environment. The following short passage is about the relationship between computers and university life. Supply the missing words while listening. Computers are an increasing part of life in ___________ and ____________. Many students and teachers depend on their electronic ___________. Computers can search the world for _____________ stored in electronic _________ and the Internet computer system. They can help __________ complex scientific ________. They can also make simpler tasks easier like writing __________ and ___________. American colleges and universities spent more than _________ dollars on computers last year. They also spent almost _________ dollars on computer programs. Some colleges and universities __________ each student to _________ a computer. Some _______ computers to their students. Computers are used a lot for electronic mail called ___________. Some professors like to _______________ with their students or ___________ reports by e-mail. Students also write to _________ and _________. Students use the Internet computer system to do _________, and at some schools, students can use their computers to _________ their _________ and to ________ up for ___________. In fact, with computers, students do not even have to go to class anymore. The class can ____________ to them. Paul Levenson is a _________ professor. He also helps run an __________ called "connected education". It teaches college classes in __________, __________ and other subjects by computer. More than _________ students have taken these classes since _______. For such a class, a professor prepares __________ for students to read on their computers any time of _____________ or __________. Students also learn the ________ of the class. They communicate with the ___________ and other ____________ by e-mail. Professor Levenson says the students 20 can learn as ____________ or ________ in ____________ months as they can in __________ or ________ months of traditional classes. Yet, he ________ there are __________ with this technology. Many who take _________ classes are known as non-traditional ________ and have a ___________ and a _________ students. These students are generally ___________ to support. __________ of higher education students in America now are __________. Part ? Memory test: Children of a Decade Memory is the process of storing and retrieving information in the brain. The process is central to learning and thinking. Four different types of remembering are ordinarily distinguished by psychologists: recollection, recall, recognition, and re-learning. Do you have a good memory? Can you remember the days when you were in your primary school? Jack and Shirley are appearing on a radio program about childhood. They are both going to be interviewed about their memories. Listen carefully. Complete the following chart by filling in Jack and Shirley's answers to each question listed. What do you remember about: Jack Shirley Your first holiday? _______________ _________________ Your first day at school? _______________ _________________ Your school days _______________ _________________ Your favorite teacher? _______________ _________________ Your worst teacher? _______________ _________________ Your last day at school? _______________ _________________ Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? quit counselor anxious make the grade anxiety reluctant let sb. down image intelligent get knocked out chess well above concentrate explanation oral give up on sb. comment positive guide biology go to pieces geography come bottom average look on the bright side attitude hockey Part ? count grammar strict make... easy vocabulary friendly video in spite of cassette bushy rugby Part ? plan for lesson plan unexpected 21 turn into hoot entertaining come out relationship amazing treat downside physically imply drop emotionally breed standard appropriate involve familiarity magic take sth. on board contempt relaxed lose out assessment formal hand over feedback violently demand youngster supportive take risk threat vice versa achieve expectation vital shout at submission authoritarian purposeful Part ? depend on electronic brain complex search electronic library computer-based require internet communicate program sign up electronic mail (e-mail) admit requirement technology Part ? keep in touch with decade homesick soak teddy favorite come to chap worst put sb. off Lake District marvelous bring tears to porridge shy emblazon incident stupid goody-goody hymn Unit 5 Going to School (?) Part ? Getting ready Reading is an activity characterized by the translation of symbols, or letters, into words and sentences that have meaning to the individual. The ultimate goal of reading is to be able to understand written material, to evaluate it, and to use it for one's needs. Mature readers bring to the text their experiences, abilities, and interests; the text, in turn, allows them to expand those experiences and abilities and to find new interests. A The following words and phrase will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. receptive; willing to consider new ideas 2. intrigue: interest greatly, especially because strange, mysterious, or unexpected 3. elementary: concerning the first and most simple part of something 22 4. course: a set of lessons or studies 5. freshman: a student in the first year at college or university 6. objective: an aim, especially one that must be worked towards over a long period 7. revision: the work of studying again lessons already learnt 8. literature: written works which are of artistic value 9. regulate: make work at a certain speed 10. small hours: the early morning hours just after midnight you are going to hear several dialogues describing problems in reading English. B Listen carefully and complete the following chart with all the problems and advice mentioned. Problem Advice 1. _______too much on_________ 1. Try to read a text without using a ________________the____________time you read it. 2. Can't find the____________in 2. ___________________quickly first to an______________or a_______. get an idea of____________________, and don't__________________. 3. Not______if the writer is 3. Read_________________possible. being_______ or not. 4. Read too________________. 4. Set yourself a _________________and try to read___________________you can within the______________. Part ? How to write well? Writing is a method of human intercommunication. Writing can be achieved in either limited or full systems. Limited systems are used for purposes such as keeping accounts, recalling significant facts and conveying general meanings. Such systems are characterized by a high degree of ambiguity. Full systems are capable of expressing un-ambiguously any concept that can be formulated in language. A You are going to hear a monologue on how to write well. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column; after the second listening, answer the questions. Questions 1.The human brain is divided into two parts according to the speaker. What are they? __________________________________________________ 2.Which part of the brain does a successful writer use to write a story? __________________________________________________ 3.What are the major things necessary to make up a story according to the speaker? __________________________________________________ 4. According to the speaker, a successful writer is usually in the habit of doing all the following except A) wanting to become one of the characters he/she creates. B) sitting quietly and waiting for a story to come to him. 23 C) imaging himself/herself living in the setting of his/her story. D) drinking and smoking while writing to seek inspiration. B Listen to the monologue again. Complete the following procedure on how to write a good story with the help of the above notes. Imagine that you are a_________ ________. Sit quietly while your mind_______ over the._________ Be_________to the______________ that emerge. Write about the first_______________ you have chosen. Sit quietly in the place that your ______________________ has chosen. Wait for a ____________to approach you. Sit on the ____________of the scene. _________,_________,_______and record what happens before your eyes. Become one of the_______________and feel what happens from a particu- lar______________________________. Become one of the other char- acters and_______________ from that person's_______________. Find your own way into the_____ in whatever way your right brain ________to you. Begin to___________your story and let the story________as you write. Part ? Visiting Britain Programs through which people visit foreign countries to further their study or training, to teach, or to perform if they are artists or athletes are called exchange programs. All over the world, numerous educational, industrial, public, and private organizations take part in and conduct such programs. Among these are the British Council and the Institute of International Education in America. 24 A You are going to hear an interview in which someone gives advice to foreign students who want to study in Britain. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer the questions. Questions 1. If you go to a British Council office abroad and ask them about courses in Britain, which of the following can you expect them to do? 1) Give you a list of courses and some general advice. 2) Give you detailed advice on which course to choose. 3) Register you for the course you choose. 2. The speaker mentions two things a student can do himself to make sure he goes on a course that suits him. What are they? 1) ___________________________________ 2) ___________________________________ 3. The speaker mentions three kinds of schools that offer courses for foreign students. What are they? 1) ________________________________________________________ 2) ___________________________________ 3) ____________________________________ 4. Why is it a good idea to stay with an English family? It's the best way to ____________________. 5. Why should you choose your family carefully? Otherwise you might find yourself with a family who ________________ or who _________________. 6. Why is it a good idea to bring 1) a raincoat? In case _______________________________. 2) one or two pullovers? In case _______________________________. 3) travelers' cheques? In case _______________________________. B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the interview. Complete the following sentences with the help of the above notes. 1. There are a variety of courses from____________ right down to.________________. and perhaps one of the best ways of_______________about them is first of all to go to your local___________________office. 2. ...basically I think the foreign student has to______________for himself by writing to_____________________that he might get from the British Council 3....as far as_______________is concerned, it's a good idea to stay if possible in an_________________. 25 4.As much you learn______________in Britain, you still need the experience of practicing English in a _____________________________, and staying with an English family is______________________the best way of__________________ that kind of practice. 5....as for choosing a school, it's important to get a____________________ try and find a family that one of your friends has already _______________or that you're______________________or that somebody has ______________. Part ? More about the topic: Personal Aims and Values Values, in ethics, means standards or qualities considered worthwhile and desirable. University students are usually considered to be God's favored ones. Their academic studies will directly influence their future career. Besides academic studies, their personal aims and values in life are as important or more. The following short passage is about a "Freshman Report" given by the American Council on personal aims and values. Supply the missing words while listening. To many researchers the most interesting part of the American Council's "Freshman Report" is the one that shows what these students said about their__________and ___________in life. Each student was asked to "________________the importance to him ___________of each of the following": Becoming _____________ in one of the performing arts (acting, dancing, etc.) Becoming an _________________ in my field __________________ the political structure _________________ other people's social values _________________ a family Having an ________________ social life (going to parties, etc.) Having friends with different __________________________ from mine Having ______________________________ for the work of others Becoming ________________________ Helping others who are in _________________________ Making a ________________________ to science Writing _________________ works (poems, stories, etc.) Never _________________ anything to anyone ____________________ artistic works (painting, music, etc.) Keeping up-to-date with _________________________ affairs Being _____________________________ in a business of my own Helping in programs to clean up the ____________________________ Developing a good ___________________ of life Helping with a ________________ action program Getting ____________ within the next five years Seven of the above were rated "__________________" by more than half of the young men and women. Each of the ________ appears below with the __________ of freshmen who considered it important. 26 _____________ with political affairs ____ Having an active _________________ ____ Being an authority in my __________ ____ Having _____________ different from me ____ Raising a _____________ ____ _________ others in difficulty ____ ____________ a philosophy of life ____ It is interesting to note which _______________ were not rated very important by large numbers of these_____________________college students. There was no strong ___________ to become rich, or to be successful in ____________, or to ________ others what to do. Helping to _____________ the environment came close to being included in the list; it was _______________ very important by _______ of the students. Above all, however, the students indicated a ___________ for helping others and for ________________ how life should be lived. Part ? Memory test: Study Habits Habit is an act acquired by experience and performed regularly and automatically. Habits include mannerisms, such as moving the hands when talking; satisfying psychological cravings such as smoking or overeating; and even characteristic reading preferences, such as that for Shakespearean tragedies. Do you know your study habit? You are going to hear two teachers in a staffroom discussing how they used to study when they were at the university. Draw two flow-diagrams to show their study habits. WOMAN MAN ________________ incredibly early. _____________ fairly early, around _____________ _____________ a bit. Have_____________________________ Have_________________ Get himself______________________ ________________a bit. Work solidly for__________________ without________________. Do______________,etc. Have lunch. Have_________in the afternoon. Have _________ Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? look up in rely on consultant business management copy out sense of humor 27 set a limit speed reading Part ? imagine setting receptive consult character specific wander story-line particular emerge plot approach image proceed location intrigue edge unfold point of view perspective script Part ? work out course advanced make a selection variety elementary collect British Council various accept register overseas concern alternative basically acquire accommodation in case get on with recommendation get thrown out pullover risk Part ? indicate American Council original influence freshman up-to-date make contribution performing art owe political structure rate social value consider responsibility environment philosoph community desire concern Part ? revise revision technique amazingly share with rock music opposite potter about small hours incredibly have fun brunch solid(ly) regulate literature unpleasant re-read sensible select classical plough through regardless Unit 6 The Computer: a Necessary Evil? Part ? Getting ready A computer is a machine that performs calculations and processes information with astonishing 28 speed and precision. A computer can handle vast amounts of information and solve complicated problems. It can take thousands of individual pieces of data and turn them into more usable information with blinding speed and almost unfailing accuracy. A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. process: put (information, numbers, etc.) into a computer for examination 2. program: supply (a computer) with a list of instructions that must be given to a computer in order to make it perform an operation 3. laptop: a computer small enough to be held on one's knees for use 4. electronic mail (e-mail): an electronic system which joins a group of computers, allowing people to send messages to each other on their computers 5. keyboard: several rows of keys on a computer 6. Internet: an international network of computer databases 7. World Wide Web (WWW): a popular system that makes it easier for people to find and use information on the Internet 8. browser: a computer program that lets you find and use information on the Internet 9. silicon ship: a very small piece of silicon containing a set of electronic parts and their connections, which is used in computers 10. Integrated Circuit: a very small set of electrical connections printed on a single piece of semiconductor material, such as a chip B You are going to hear a short passage about the different sizes of computers. Write down every word as a dictation. It will be read three times. First reading, read from beginning to end. Second reading, read with pauses. Third reading, read without pauses again. (You may find the following words hard to spell: mainframe computer [主机计算机], microprocessor [微处理器].) C You are going to hear the first part of a conversation between a school headmaster and the chairman of the board of directors of the school. They are arguing about the plan for buying a computer for the school. Write down all the pros and cons. Pros Cons ?can be used for storing school ?rather pricey (expensive) __________, lists of _________ ?would be __________ to spend the and details of _______________ money on more ________, ________ ?can save the ___________ a lot equipment and __________________ of ___________________________ ?just like _____________ machines ?children can work out their own ?waste children's ____________ on ____________________ which will ________________________________ stimulate their ____________ in ?children won't ________ anything ______________ and help them to from it the subject better ?_______ studies are getting very popular in the _________ schools and ____________________________ 29 Part ? Airlines are wiring up for travelers "Laptop" is a newly coined word for portable computer. Another word for "laptop" is "notebook". Though laptops are comparatively small in size, they are almost as functional as big ones. You can check your e-mail, and reply to those that require a response. You can send a message of your own to a friend in another city. You might also read a few articles in some of the worldwide discussion groups. A You are going to hear a report on the use of laptop computers in planes. First listen to the topic sentences. Fill in the blanks while listening. 1. Ten years ago, it was unusual to see people in a ____________ working on ____________ Now they are ____________. 2. It all ____________ when they began to have a consistent policy about the use of ____________ during flight. 3. Then came the ____________ phone. 4. Finally airlines are starting to offer _________ power sources for _________. 5. _________ and _________ -flight facilities at airports have been trying to _________. 6. New aircraft will all have a modem point and ____________ at every seat. Ant phones will get __________ satellite links. B Now listen to the whole report. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left- hand column. After the second listening, decide whether the statements are true or false. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets. Statements ( ) 1. Now it is very common to see people in a plane working on laptop computers. ( ) 2. Today many passengers work on laptops in a plane, but only very few will make phone calls, send faxes, check e-mail or surf the World Wide Web. ( ) 3. As soon as you board a plane, you may begin use of your laptop. ( ) 4. Laptop computers first appeared in scare stories. ( ) 5. Passengers are not allowed to use their laptops during take-off. ( ) 6. The on-board phone not only allows passengers to make urgent last-minute calls to the office but also allows full data communications to fax machines, corporate computer networks and the Internet. ( ) 7. With in-seat power sources for notebooks, battery life is no longer the biggest challenge for notebook users. ( ) 8. Though people can work on laptop computers in a plane, they are forbidden to use them at airports. ( ) 9. Using the modem point, people in a plane will be able to write e-mail and send data. ( ) 10.It is expected to cost about ,700 050 000 to fit the modem links, telephone handsets and modify seats in one aircraft. C Now listen to the report again, and correct all the false statements in activity B. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 30 __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Part ? Techno-chat The Internet is the name for a group of worldwide information resources. These resources are so vast as to be well beyond the comprehension of a single human being. Not only is there no one who understands all of the Internet, there is no one who even understands most of the Internet. Using the Internet means sitting at your computer screen and accessing information. But do you know Internet can sometimes act as a match-maker? A You are going to hear Tom and Jason talking about Internet and techno-chat. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer the questions in no more than five words or numbers. Questions 1. Where do the beauty and utility of Internet lie? ________________________________________________ 2. What are the two main functions of the Internet according to the conversation? ________________________________________________ 3. What is Internet compared to in the conversation? ________________________________________________ 4. How did one of the speakers meet his girl friend? ________________________________________________ 5. What's the name of the bulletin board? ________________________________________________ 6. How long has it been around? ________________________________________________ 7. How much computer time will one dollar buy? ________________________________________________ 8. Who are you going to talk to on a computer network? ________________________________________________ 9. Is it possible for you to have a private conversation on a computer network? ________________________________________________ 10. What's the main advantage of talking through a computer? ________________________________________________ 11. What are the rush hours for techno-chat program? ________________________________________________ 12. What does Tom mean by saying "Look in the mirror, man."? ________________________________________________ B Now listen to the conversation again. Complete the following summary about Internet and 31 techno-chat programs by writing in the missing words with the help of the above notes and answers. The Internet is a computer _________. It is the _________ and most _________ achievement in the history of _________. Its _________ and _________ lie in the _________. The Internet _________ millions of people all over the world to _________ and to _________. You communicate by either _________ and _________ electronic mail, or by _________ a connection to someone else's computer and _________ messages _________ and _________ You share by _________ in discussion groups and by _________ the many programs and information _________ that are _________ for free. The techno-chat programs on the Internet allow you to talk to people whom you _______ wouldn't talk to, and let you talk about __________ with __________, without prejudice. Part ? More about the topic: Computer Technology and Individual Computers handle many tasks in business, education, manufacturing, transportation, and other fields. They provide scientists and other researchers with a clearer understanding of nature. They give people who work with words an effective way to create documents. They enable designers and artists to see things that have never been seen before. But sometimes computers are offensive enough to interfere with people's private life. The following short passage is about how individual privacy is affected by modern computer technology. Supply the missing words while listening. Most people agree that modern computer _________ is a very successful way to _________ information. Information that used to take _________ or _________ to find can now be found in a few _________ or at most a few _________ using a computer. Yet computer experts say that this technology has developed so _________ that present _________ do not _________ some basic _________. Now there is _________ about the _________ that computers are being used to gather _________ information about _________. The following story will help _________. The person is not _________, but the story shows what kind of __________ can be gathered. Our story is about a young man named John. John works for a large __________. John likes his __________. He enjoys his __________. He likes the other __________ in his office and he thinks he receives fair __________. John just found out that his company has gathered information about him. He _______ that company officials have all his _________ records for the past __________ years. They also know all the __________ John has ever lived. They know what ___________ he has made. They even know he was _________ when he was only __________ years old. The arrest was a __________, and the _________ against him were dismissed. But the _________ of his arrest still _________. John also discovered the company has gathered information about his _________ and _________. It has his _________ record, his _________ records and _________ records. It also has a list of all the _________ calls John has made for the _________ year. In fact, John discovered that the company has _________ information about him than John has about himself. John was _________. John _________ to his supervisor. The supervisor _________ how John _________, but he 32 said that gathering such information is _________ and there was really _______ John could do. That story is not really true. However it _________ to people like John every day. Many large companies now gather information about their _________. Many companies now _________ all telephone calls made by their workers. Company ___________ want to know if the worker is ________ the telephone only for _______ business. They also record what ___________ or ________ the worker has in his or her _________. If the worker _________ and _________ electronic-mail, the company may want _________. The companies say they want to know if a worker is using __________ computer equipment for _________ than company business. Companies say they are not _________ on their workers. They say they are ___________ their workers are _________. The _________ is: "Does the company have the _________ to seek this kind of information?" Some experts say _________ is the best protection of _________. They say people must learn what kind of information can be gathered _________. And they must develop _________ ways to best _________ themselves against the illegal _________ of their privacy. Part ? Memory test: Who Invented the First Computer? Computers are tremendously important in a variety of ways. They simplify many difficult or time-consuming tasks to an extraordinary degree. They provide businesses, governments, individuals, and institutions with an efficient way to manage large amounts of information. Nevertheless, very few people know who invented the first computer and when it was invented. A You are going to hear a short passage about the history of computers. First get familiar with the following names. Alan Turning Blaise Pascal Charles Babbage Gottfried von Liebnitz B Now listen to the passage. While you listen, don't forget to add more key words in the notes column. After listening, write down briefly what happened in each year listed below with the help of the notes. 2000 years ago: __________________________________ 1642: ____________________________________________ 1671: ____________________________________________ 1834: ____________________________________________ 1936: ____________________________________________ 1946: ____________________________________________ 1960s: ___________________________________________ C You are going to hear a monologue about computer systems. Listen carefully and complete the following chart. Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? perform mainframe pricey process microprocessor reasonable 33 spare chip in minutes hunt in space invader reassuring work out electronic game stimulate catalogue filing cabinet Part ? check laptop computer/notebook odd surf fax gradual creak open e-mail consistent fly over World Wide Web (WWW) initially keep pace keyboard scare spring up suspicion modest modify electro-magnetic radiation urgent data on-board Internet in-seat power source built-in terminal in the region of web browser modem satellite link Part ? share achievement absolutely establish mankind significant tag along industrial revolution impressive participate utility wondrous guarantee techno-chat program available for free match-maker fantastic chat session private cappuccino sipper inhibition prejudice Part ? gather concern shocked protect extent (il)legal dismiss individual costly protest investment spy on charge financial record tax record supervisor Part ? compute abacus mathematical add infants' school external multiply valve computer internal divide integrated circuit arithmetic program silicon chip logic break code RAM / ROM principal input output monitor disc drive floppy 34 scanner joy stick component light pen Central Processing Unit (CPU) Unit 7 Earning and Spending Money Wisely Part ? Getting ready With the improvement of people's living standards, the consumption of goods has been increasing year by year. In order to meet people's need in this aspect, more and more department stores, shopping centers, supermarkets and grocery stores appear. At these places, bargain prices are offered for different goods at different times. Therefore, if one has a very clear idea of them, he/she is bound to save a lot of money. A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. bargain: something offered, bought, or sold at a price favorable to the buyer 2. mail order: an order for goods to be sent by mail 3. postage: the amount charged for mailing a letter or package 4. delivery: taking (letters, parcels, goods, etc.) to houses, to the buyer(s) 5. credit card: card issued by a bank, allowing the holder to draw money from its branches and to charge bills at certain restaurants, airlines, hotels, gas stations, etc. 6. expense: money used or needed for something, financial cost, fee 7. fair: a gathering of people held regularly for the sale of goods 8. profit: money gained in business, etc. 9. in stock: on hand, available for sale or use 10. refund: repay, give back or pay back (money, etc.) B You are going to hear some announcements made in a big department store. After that some questions will be asked. Please write down the answers in no more than five words. 1. _____________________________________________. 2. _____________________________________________. 3. _________________________________ and teacups. 4. _____________________________________________. 5. _____________________________________________. 6. _____________________________________________. 7. _____________________________________________. 8. _____________________________________________. Part ? Mail order Have you ever read any magazines or advertisements where there are pictures as well as brief introductions of fashionable dresses or attractive book covers? This is a new type of sales service ?mail order. If you are interested in any one of these items, you can either telephone or 35 write to the company telling them in detail what you would like to buy and then the goods will be delivered or posted to you pretty soon. Isn't that very convenient? In this section you are going to hear a woman telephoning a mail order company. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the notes column. After the second listening, fill in the priority order form with the help of the notes. Priority Order Form Name: _____________________ Initials: ________________________ Address: ______________________________________________________ Postcode: _______________ Date for the Order: ______________ Goods Code No. Color Quantity Size Unit Price Postage & Delivery tracksuit _______ ______ _______ _____ _________ __________ D.I.Y Tool Kit _______ ______ _______ _____ _________ __________ ________ _______ ______ _______ _____ _________ __________ ________ _______ ______ _______ _____ Total: __________ Telephone No.: __________________________ Grand Total: ________ Way of Payment Cash Credit Card Check (use a tick) ______________ ___________ _____________ ____________________ ______________ ___________ _____________ ____________________ ______________ ___________ No.: No.: Time Limit for Delivery: _______________________________________ Part ? A claim for expenses As an employee in a company, sometimes you may have to go away on official business. In this case, the company will usually pay for your meals, transportation fares and accommodation fees. However, this does not mean you can spend money in whatever way you like. The accountant will examine your claim for expenses very carefully, trying to make sure that you have spent all the money properly, A You are going to hear a conversation between a young employee and a senior cashier of the firm he works for. While listening for the first time, focus on the numbers and add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer the questions briefly. Questions 1. When was the one-day course held? 2. At what time did the one-day course begin? 36 3. At what time was the one-day course supposed to end? 4. How much was the train fare from London to Westhampton? 5. How much did David pay altogether when he stayed at the hotel called the "Crown"? 6. When did David stay at the Park Hotel? 7. How much did David pay for bed and breakfast at the Park Hotel? 8. How much did David pay for the dinner he had at the Park Hotel? 9. What were the total expenses? 10. How much did the lunch at the school cost? B Now listen to the conversation again and decide whether the statements after the conversation are True or False. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets. 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( ) Part ? More about the topic: Junior Achievement Junior Achievement is an old organization in the United States offering all kinds of programs to teach young people how to do business. In the early 1990s, demand for the programs increased in many countries. Today, Junior Achievement International operates programs in more than 100 countries. More than 800 000 students outside the U.S. are taking part. Now let's have a look at what it is doing inside the U.S.! The following passage is about an American organization offering business education to the young generation. Supply the missing words while listening. Woman: An organization in the United States has been teaching young people about the American business system for almost __________ years. Now we operate in more than __________ other countries. Woman: Junior Achievement is the world's oldest, ___________, and fastest growing economic educational organization. It began in __________ in Springfield, Massachusetts. The group's first program was for high school students after school ___________. Its goal was to show young people how businesses are organized and ____________. The students learned by ____________ their own companies. Local business people advised them. Man: First, the students _________ a product. Then they sold chairs in their __________. They used this money to buy the materials needed to make the product. They produced the product and sold it. Finally they returned the _________ to the people who __________ shares in the company. The Junior Achievement "Company Program" was very successful. It continues to teach young people about American __________ by helping them operate their own companies. Woman: In __________, Junior Achievement began teaching students in their classrooms about business. Today, there are programs for students of all ages from __________ to _________. More than ______________ American students are involved in Junior Achievement. They are taught by more than ____________ business advisors who are not paid. Man: Junior Achievement has programs for young school children ages _________ through _________. Volunteer business advisors teach the main ________ of successful businesses. They teach how businesses are organized. They teach how products are made and __________. They 37 also teach about the American economy, the system of money, ________ and trade. And they teach students how the economy affects their families and their __________. Woman: Junior Achievement has programs for middle school students ages _________ to ___________. A volunteer business expert teaches the students once a week. One program is called "Project Business". It is about economic theories. Students learn about __________ and __________. They learn about corporations. And they learn about world ____________. Woman: Another Junior Achievement program for __________ to __________ -year-old students is called "the Economics of __________ in School". It is for students who may be thinking about __________ before completing high school. These students learn the importance of continuing their education. First they play a __________. The game shows what kinds of jobs people have. It shows how much education is needed for each ___________. And it shows how much money each job __________. The students learn that workers with more education get better jobs and _______more money. Then the students learn how much money they need to __________ the things they want. They realize that they probably will not earn enough money if they do not ________ high school. Part ? Memory test: Radio Advertisements In our highly commercialized society today, no business can be successful without advertising, one way or another. With advertisements, more people get to know about the product; with advertisements, more people get to know how good the product is; and with advertisements, people achieve confidence in the product. You are going to hear some radio advertisements for a variety of commodities (preferable only one time). After that some questions will be asked. Find the right answers as quickly as possible according to the notes you have taken while listening. 1. a. 59.9 pounds. b. 6.99 pounds. c. 5.99 pounds. d. 69.9 pounds. 2. a. 24 hours. b. 12 hours. c. 4 hours. d. 1 hour. 3. a. Medicine. b. Candy. c. Milk. d. Frozen food. 4. a. 5300388. b. 5033808. c. 5303808. d. 5308308. 5. a. 30 pounds. b. 13 pence. c. 30 pence. 38 d. 13 pounds. 6. a. Soap powder. b. Shampoo. c. Beauty soap. d. Cleanser. Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? scratch bargain non-stick scrape frying-pan hand-held basement once-in-a-lifetime hairdryer switch dressing-gown treat suites Part ? mail order medium catalogue in case priority initial tracksuit Do-It-Yourself Tool Kit postage delivery grand total credit card fortnight Part ? go over to cashier junior stay on clerk worthwhile break down claim awful tow away expenses reasonable be booked up fare astronomical lift trade fair Part ? be involved in goal affect profit advisor volunteer project supply and demand corporation Part ? develop a film video latest computerize title in stock refund obligation competitive 39 pop photoprocessor genuine tune catch professional renovate craftsman on the premises break away synthesizer newsagent cuff stain gravy Unit 8 Choice Versus Chance Part ? Getting ready Anyone who works regularly has a vocation. Making a choice, however, offers the opportunity to have a vocation that is satisfying and rewarding. The alternative is a job that is a matter of chance, depending only on what can be found easily. Leaving the choice to chance generally proves unsatisfactory and leads to boredom with work and difficulty in performing the job well. A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. career: the general course of a person's working life 2. make a fortune: earn a great amount of money, possessions, etc. 3. torture: severe pain or suffering caused in the mind or body 4. shift: a group of workers who take turns with one or more other groups 5. aptitude: natural ability or skill, especially in learning 6. team work: the ability of a group of people to work together effectively; (work done through) combined effort 7. client: a person who buys goods or services 8. survey: a general examination or study (of conditions, opinions, etc.), especially carried out by asking people questions 9. cross-section; a part or group that is typical or representative of the whole 10. brainstorm: have a sudden clever idea B A new friend of yours is telling you about his career. Listen carefully. Rearrange the following events in the order of time, and then complete the following flow diagram. A. Go to university B. Leave school C. Become a teacher D. Go into the army E. Look for anew job F. Work as a clerk in a small office G. Finish the university course at 18 ->from 18 to 20 ->at 20 ->at 25 ->at 29 ->after graduation ->now _____ _____________ _____ _____ _____ ________________ ___ 40 Part ? Summer jobs The knowledge of the world of work will be very helpful for a student's future career. Ignorance of the many ways in which people earn a living has been a great deterrent to freedom of occupational choice. To solve this problem, many students find holiday jobs to gain actual work experience as part of their educational preparation. A You are going to hear an interview with some students who are doing holiday jobs in Brighton. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer the questions. Questions 1. Where have the following people been working? a. Christine: ________________ b. Kevin: ____________________ c. Kevin's brother: __________ 2. How much has Christine earned? 3. In which part of the day has Christine been working mostly? 4. What has Christine done in the hotel? 5. Which of these statements about Christine are true and which are false? ( ) a. The most enjoyable part of being in Brighton for her has been the job. ( ) b. She has had free meals and accommodation. ( ) c. She has made a fortune in Brighton. ( ) d. She hasn't spent much money. ( ) e. She has been working as a waitress some of the time. ( ) f. She finds Brighton an interesting place. 6. Kevin's been doing two different kinds of work. What are they? 7. What was Kevin's main reason for coming to Brighton? 8. What has Kevin's brother done in Italy? 9. Why is Kevin's brother particularly lucky? B Now listen to the interview again. Write in the missing words with the help of the above notes. Interviewer: And have you been _________ it? Or has it been rather _________? Christine: No, it hasn't been _______. I've found it _________ here, in fact. Not so much _________, but ________ I've got to know and _________ I've made, and I've managed to do lots of things in my __________ too. It's a ____________, so there's been quite a lot ________ in the evenings-you know, _______, ________, ________, and so on-and on my ________ I've been doing quite a bit of _________. Part ? Jobs: my idea of hell, my idea of heaven Job satisfaction in employees is extremely difficult to measure. Tasks that bore some people interest others and some people will work hard even though they are dissatisfied with their work (for example, to earn more money). Levels of punctuality, rates of absenteeism, and the rate of labour turnover are perhaps the best indicators to measure job satisfaction. 41 A You are going to hear three people describing the jobs they would hate to do. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, tick the places that they consider as hells in the right- Places that offer job vacancies an abattoir (屠宰场) an AIDS clinic a factory a nuclear power station a casino (赌场) a university a chicken battery (层架式鸡笼) B Now listen to the same three people describing the jobs they would really like to have. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, write down their ideal jobs in the right-hand column. Ideal Jobs First speaker: _________________________________ Second speaker: _________________________________ Third speaker: __________________________________ C Now try this: listen to some more authentic versions of the monologues. Pay close attention to the reasons given by each speaker. Complete the following chart with the help of the above notes. Reasons given for jobs Reasons given for undesirable jobs desirable 1st speaker It would be too repetitive. I'm paid a lot of ________. It would drive me ________. I can _________ and see ___ ______________. 2nd speaker It would be so The New York Mets is the___ It would be too much ______ ________ in the world. __________ for me. 3rd speaker I could be _____________ of I can have an opportunity to doing it. _____________. It would be like a form of I can be __________ and work _________. on my ________. Part ? More about the topic: Occupational Outlook The availability of occupations depends on shifts in the national economy and increasingly on economic developments worldwide. There are several ways to measure their effects, including the rate of unemployment, the international balance of trade, and the productivity of workers. The following short passage is about the occupational outlook in America. Supply the missing words while listening. For many people their lifework, or ________, is a matter of _________ rather than ________. Yet there is great variety in the world of work. The task of _________ the right work from 42 the thousands of available choices takes ____________. Individuals need to know many things about themselves and many things about ______________________. After they have this information in hand, the ____________ of the work can be matched against the _________ and potential qualifications of each individual, and a choice can be made. This procedure requires ______, ______, and _____, but the _______ are great. There are several ________ to be considered when choosing a vocation: aptitudes, ______, education and ________, wages and ________, and physical demands. Each is __________ to making a good vocational choice. Based on the Occupational Outlook Handbook, some American occupations are expected to _______ in the future and others are likes to __________ sharply. Changes are related to the Unites States __________. The occupational areas expected to be in greatest _____________ will be in response to __________ predicted in American society for the coming years. The following occupations are expected to have the fastest growth: ___________(会计师) and auditors (审计师); Actuaries(保险精算师); Computer _________, operators and technicians; Corrections ________ (管教罪犯的警官); Electrical and electronic _________ and technicians; ___________ and legal assistants; __________ practitioners (开业医生) and managers; __________ specialists; Securities and ________ analysts; __________ programmers; Travel __________. Occupational areas expected to decline include jobs that require _________ skills, those that do not _________ computers or other technologies, and those that are unable to _______ to changes in society. This does not mean that there will be no jobs in these areas-simply fewer _____________ and fewer _________. They include: ________ and meat cutters; Industrial truck and trailer (拖车) __________; ______________ carriers and postal clerks; Statistical ________________; Stenographers (速记员) Telephone _________ and repairers. Part ? Memory test: My Line of Work You are going to hear three people describing the work they do. Listen carefully, and decide what each job is. Make notes of the aspects of their jobs the speakers like and dislike. Job Likes Dislikes 1st speaker _________ ______________ _________________ 2nd speaker _________ ______________ _________________ 3rd speaker _________ ______________ _________________ 43 part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? criticize career unemployed stay in economy increasingly gather location various remain at home aspect community Part ? make fortune accommodation boring plus bowling obviously peel sunbathing reasonable hire out suntan fantastic courier Part ? melt down abattoir day in and day out be capable of nuclear power station mad comprehend casino revolting pinpoint AIDS clinic self-explanatory beat boredom sane work on one's own responsibility independent chicken battery amongst night shift torture archaeologist anthropologist third baseman photographer contact Part ? select requirement available have sth. in hand reward vocational match factor present consider aptitude potential expect decline accountant essential relate auditor sharply be in response to actuary electrical predict programmer electronic rely on technician legal respond to medical practitioner financial public-relations manual specialist industrial security postal analyst statistical stenographer installer Part ? stick behind client beforehand deal with viewing impersonal 44 handle readership figure varied build up survey creative admit cross-section in hell of persuade brainstorming session expensive count team work tremendously dry up campaign tedious get the sack drawback bother front man / woman move on character overload grapevine battle-ax Unit 9 Review (?) Activity 1 Children's jokes You are going to hear three jokes. Answer the following questions. 1. How did the lad explain why he was on crutches? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 2. Can you imagine what happened in the end? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 3. What does the cab driver mean by the last sentence? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 4. Which joke do you like best? Why? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Activity 2 Hope you don't mind my asking You are going to hear part of a radio program in which three different people are asked some personal questions. Listen carefully, make notes in the following chart to help you to remember what each speaker says. Make your notes as brief as possible. First speaker Second speaker Third speaker What do you enjoy most _____________ ______________ _____________ in life? What is your greatest _____________ ______________ _____________ ambition? What has been your greatest _____________ ______________ _____________ achievement? 45 Which person do you admire _____________ ______________ _____________ most? Who do you get on with best _____________ ______________ _____________ of all? What was the nicest thing that _____________ ______________ _____________ happened to you yesterday? Activity 3 Who'll get the job? A You are going to hear Mrs. Grey, the Personnel Manager, and Mr. Toms interviewing Jane Langley. Listen carefully and answer the following questions. 1. What does "conscientious" mean according to Jane Laneley? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 2. Why did she leave her last job? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ B You are going to hear Mrs. Grey, the Personnel Manager, and Mr. Toms interviewing Michael James. Listen carefully and answer the following questions: 1. Why do you think Mr, Toms interrupt Mrs. Grey? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 2. How often does Michael play football and golf? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ C Now listen to the Personnel Manager and Mr. Toms discussing Jane and Michael after they have interviewed them. Then answer the following questions. 1. Who are they going to give the job to? Why? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 2. Do you agree with their choice? Why? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Activity 4 Market survey You are going to hear about a market survey that took place in a supermarket on ways of killing time. Listen carefully. Make notes in the following chart to help you to remember what each speaker says. Make your notes as brief as possible. 46 Question How do you kill the time in a supermarket queue? Stan ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Judy ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Alice ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Activity 5 Men and women A You are going to hear someone talking about things she thinks women usually do better and things she thinks men do better. Listen carefully and make two lists. Things Women Do Better Things Men Do Better _______________________ _________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _______________________ _________________________ _______________________ _________________________ B Listen to the conversation again. Complete the following chart. Differences Between Men and Women Women Men doing boring domestic __________ _____________ things attitude towards the __________ _____________ universe early age __________ _____________ conversation __________ _____________ Unit 1O Smoking Kills Part ? Getting ready It is a fact that can not be denied: smoking kills. Cigarette smoke contains many chemicals which are harmful to your body. It can give you lung cancer, heart attack, and it can make you cough and become breathless. That's why smoking should be prohibited in all public places. A The following words and phrase will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. vulnerable: weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally 2. inhale: breathe in 3. clot: a sticky lump that forms when blood dries up and becomes thicker 4. artery: any of a branching system of the muscular tubes that carry blood away from the heart 47 5. exposure: a situation in which you are affected or influenced 6. block: stop, hinder 7. zone: an area that has particular features or characteristics 8. at the expense of: giving up something for the sake of something else 9. enforce: compel observance of (实施，执行) 10. addict: devote or give (oneself) habitually or compulsively Smokers are not the only ones to run the risk of smoking-related diseases. Passive smokers also suffer increased risk of poor health. Do you know what passive smokers are and what they can do to protect themselves? B You are going to hear a short passage about non-smokers. Write down every word as a dictation. It will be read three times. First reading, read from beginning to end. Second reading, read with pauses. Third reading, read without pauses again. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ There is a close relation between smoking and heart diseases. Then how much do you know about your heart? Do you know what a heart attack is? C You are going to hear a dialogue. Supply the missing words. A: I once heard people talk about coronary heart disease. What is coronary? Could you tell me ________ about it? B: Well, our _________ is a muscular organ. It's just like a pump. It pumps blood to every part of our ______. There are two small arteries that bring ________ carrying food and oxygen to the ________ muscles. They are called the coronary arteries because they look like a "corona" or crown _________ the heart. If a branch of the coronary arteries is _________ blocked, part of the heart muscles gets too _________ food and oxygen. There will be _________ heart pain. A: Is it a heart attack? B: Not exactly. If a branch of the coronary arteries is ________ blocked, part of the heart muscles _____________ getting food and oxygen. Then there will be ________ heart pain or a heart attack. A: So in either case, the person is said to have coronary heart ________. Is it right? B: Yes. A: But what blocks the arteries? B: Arteries are usually blocked by _________ fat-like substance called cholesterol. When we eat too much _________ or when we are overweight, cholesterol is deposited on the inner 48 _________ of our arteries. This build-up of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries is called atherosclerosis. A: I think no one wants this to happen to _________. B: So let us reduce our risk of getting a heart ________ in adulthood by starting now to live a healthy life _______ -eat wisely, exercise regularly, learn to relax and never, never smoke. A: Why never smoke? B: To make it simple, ________ smoke makes the heart pump faster and allows less oxygen to reach the heart muscles. Part ? The ASH man As early as the 19th century, isolated reports were circulated that cigar and pipe smoking caused cancer of mouth. Nowadays, more and more people have realized the harmful effects of tobacco smoking. As an individual, what can you do to combat smoking? A You are going to hear an interview. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the notes column. After the second listening, complete the questions. Questions 1. Why do you _________ people smoking? 2. If I smoke, it doesn't ________ other people's health, does it? 3. And the most vulnerable passive smokers are ___________? 4. Suppose you were at a ________, and people started smoking. Would you take a ___________ on it? 5. Do you think that people will _________ smoking altogether in your _________? B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the interview. Complete the answers by the ASH man. 1. The smokers are breathing out __________ different chemicals into the air which I didn't actually choose to breathe in. 2. Smoking is by far the largest preventable cause of _________, premature death, and indeed ______. 3. If people smoke __________ a day from their late teens for the rest of their life, _________ of them will go to an early grave. 4. Scientists are now in no doubt at all that regular ________ to other people's cigarette smoke is a _________ to non-smokers. 5. Those children actually inhale the equivalent of about __________ cigarettes a year in cigarette fumes, cigarette particles and so forth. 6. If I'm very __________ by it, I just make my _________ and leave. 7. Smoking will be something that people may keep to do in the __________ and privacy of their own _________. 8. I do want people to have the real _________ to learn information without counter propaganda by the tobacco industry. Part ? Heart attack A heart attack causes people a lot of pain. People often die of a heart attack. Therefore, a heart 49 attack should be treated as an emergency. A You are going to hear the first part of a talk. While listening the first time, focus on the cause of a heart attack. While listening for the second time, pay more attention to the symptoms. Take down key words in the notes column. After listening, complete the following chart in note form. The number in brackets indicates the number of words you can use. B Now listen to the second part of the talk which gives advice about what to do if someone suffers from a heart attack. The following phrases describe what you should do and should not do when dealing with a heart attack. Put these phrases into the correct column. Pay attention to the order. ? Leave the patient alone. ? Call an ambulance immediately. ? Travel to the doctor yourself. ? Put pillows or cushions behind the patient's head and neck, bend the knees. ? Lift the patient into a half-sitting position. ? Try mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration (if necessary). ? Give something to eat or drink. ? Press down on the patient's chest to force blood around the body. ? Stay with the patient. ? Loosen any tight clothing around the neck, chest and waist. ? Keep the patient warm and as calm as possible. Do's Don'ts ________________ __________________________ ________________ __________________________ ________________ __________________________ ________________ __________________________ ________________ __________________________ Part ? More about the topic: Tobacco Smoking and Atherosclerosis Nicotine is known to contract the blood vessels and to release hormones that raise the blood pressure. Both effects could have an adverse influence on the heart. Smokers have distinctly higher levels of carbon monoxide in their blood than non-smokers. It has been shown that even minute amounts of carbon monoxide decrease the exercise ability of patients with known coronary artery disease. The following science report is about the relationship between tobacco smoking and atherosclerosis. Supply the missing words while listening. A new study shows that people who _______ large amounts of tobacco are speeding up normal damage to their arteries. It _________ that the longer and more people smoke, the faster their arteries _________. And the study provides evidence that the effects may be permanent. The artery damage appears to __________ at a faster rate even after people stop smoking. The study 50 also shows that the harmful effect of other people's smoke called "environmental tobacco smoke" _________ much greater than thought. It appears to __________ the arteries of people who never smoke. The artery damage is _________ atherosclerosis. Arteries are muscular tools. They ______ blood away from the heart. The arteries harden naturally as people get older. When arteries harden, their walls _________ thicker. Blood is unable to flow to other parts of the body. The condition _________ to a sharply increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. The American Medical Association _________ atherosclerosis is responsible for more deaths in the United States than any other condition. Doctors in Winston-Salem, North Carolina did the study. They __________ the effects of smoking on the progress of atherosclerosis. More than _________ adults took part in the study. They were from _________ years old. It was one of the largest studies ever _________ on the health effects of smoking tobacco. The journal of the American Medical Association _________ the results. The adults in the study were in ________ groups: current smokers, former smokers, non-smokers often _______ by environmental tobacco smoke, or non-smokers _________ affected by tobacco smoke. At the beginning of the study the researchers ________ the thickness of the walls of a major artery of each person. They measured the same artery ________ years later to discover the progress of atherosclerosis. The researchers found that atherosclerosis got worse ________ faster in current cigarette smokers compared with people who never smoked. The condition developed ________ faster in people who had smoked but ________. The artery walls thickened ________ faster in people who had often __________ environmental tobacco smoke than in those who had not. The researchers also found that the effects of smoking ________ greater among people with diabetes and high blood pressure. Researchers say that the effect of smoking on the progression of atherosclerosis probably is __________ to how much and how long people smoke. They believe that stopping smoking would ________ further damage to the arteries. Medical experts _________ that the importance of environmental tobacco smoke as a risk for heart disease has not been ________. Information about it was rarely collected. They say environmental tobacco smoke may be a reason why there is a history in some families of people _________ heart disease while they are young. Critics of smoking say new measures are ________ to help the public avoid tobacco smoke. The American Heart Association says the new study ________ powerful support for a ban on smoking in all public places. Part ? Memory test: Combatting Smoking One way to discourage smoking was to increase taxation. In some countries, especially in Europe, the tax on a pack of cigarettes increased dramatically in the late 20th century. A You are going to hear a short piece of news. Listen carefully and choose the correct answers as quickly as possible. 1. What is Dr John Carforth's call? a. Canceling travellers' tax-free cigarette allowances. b. Increasing travellers' cigarette price. c. Reducing the amount of travellers' tax-free cigarette allowances. 51 2. Dr John Carforth's call was made on __________. a. Britain's ninth national day b. great national no smoking day c. Britain's ninth national no smoking day 3. ______ people now do not smoke in this country. a. Three out of four b. Two out of five c. Two out of three 4. ________ of smokers actually try to give up smoking on at least one occasion. a. 60% b. 70% c. 75% 5. _________ of all smokers are really determined to quit smoking. a. Two thirds b. Half c. Three fourths 6. The purpose of Dr John Carforth's call is to ________. a. combat smoking b. put the price up c. cancel travellers' rights Although more and more people have realized the ill effects of smoking, there is a trend that the number of teenagers who smoke is increasing. This is a problem that we can't afford to neglect. B Now listen to a piece of news about the situation of smoking by teenagers in the U.S. Pay attention to all the numbers. Match column A with column B. Column A 1. before age 18 2. 30% of high school seniors 3. in 1976 4. 420 000 Americans 5. 3 million adolescence 6. 1 million adolescence 7. half of eighth graders Column B __ dying from cancer or other diseases linked to smoking __ annual surveys began __ not believing there is a great risk with smoking __ most adults who smoke began the habit 52 __ using chewing tobacco/smokeless tobacco products __ smoking cigarettes now in the U.S. Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? breathe in no smoking zone at the expense of enforce steward mild block coronary artery severe deposit crown wisely pump oxygen regularly reduce the risk of cholesterol relax inner wall atherosclerosis Part ? object to passive smoking in close confines meet/go to an early fume in no doubt grave chemical additional inhale circle altogether take a hard line on counter propaganda by and large play the rules glossy package believe it or not make one's excuses mix Part ? loosen heart attack bursting press down blood clot out of breath take sb. straight to emergency dizzy recover artificial respiration Part ? speed up environmental tobacco permanent harden smoke stroke diabetes rarely high blood pressure progression public place Part ? scrap news conference with regard to coincide with annual survey eventually combat high school senior impose the ban on adolescence kick the habit chewing tobacco addict smokeless tobacco products persist respiratory ailments retarded lung function alcohol marijuana Unit 11 Eating the Right Things Part ? Getting ready One of the reasons why we eat food is to get energy. When the amount of food we eat balances the 53 amount of energy our body needs, there is no surplus to be changed into body fat. This is the ideal situation. A The following words and phrase will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. excessive: too extreme 2. deficiency: not having as much as needed 3. efficacy: capacity to produce a desired effect 4. caffeine: a chemical substance found in coffee, tea, and cocoa, which makes your brain and body more active 5. decaf: coffee that has had most of the caffeine removed from it 6. obesity: the condition of being extremely fat 7. kebab: food that consists of small pieces of meat and sometimes vegetables that have been put on a thin metal rod and grilled 8. polystyrene: a very light, plastic substance used especially to make containers or as an insulating material ([化]聚苯乙烯) 9. organic food: food free from chemical injections or additives 10. yoghurt: a slightly sour, thick liquid which is made from milk that has had bacteria added to it To grow and maintain healthy we must eat the right kinds of food and the right amounts as well. A balanced diet is one that has the right amount of all the food needed by the body. It has some food for growth, some food for energy, some food for protection against disease and some water. So what kinds of food should we eat every day? B Before listening to this extract from a lecture, listen to some words. Make sure you know their pronunciation and the meaning. After listening to the lecture, make proper ticks to show what nutrients each food contains. carrot: 胡萝卜 carbohydrate: 碳水化合物 liver: 肝脏 protein: 蛋白质 date: 枣 vitamin: 维他命 rose-hip: 玫瑰果，蔷薇果 mineral: 矿物质 molasses: 糖蜜，糖浆 calcium: 钙 lentil: 小扁豆 iron: 铁 citrus fruit:柑桔类水果 iodine: 碘 Carbohydrates Protein Fat Vitamins Minerals (Animal fat) Va Vc Ca Fe Bread _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Meat _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Carrots _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ 54 Liver _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Milk _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Dates _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Cheese _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Rose-hips _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Molasses _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Sugar _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Butter _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Potatoes _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Lentils _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ Fruit (esp. citrus fruit -oranges) _____________ _______ ____________ ____ ____ ___ ____ About one-third of the people in the world drink coffee. It comes from the fruits of a small tree grown mainly in parts of South America and Africa, especially in Brazil and Kenya. The fruits usually contain two seeds, which we call coffee beans. They have to be roasted and ground to powder before they can be made into a drink. Do you like coffee? Is it good for your health? C You are going to hear a dialogue. Supply the missing words. A: How about a cup of _________? B: No, thanks. I don't drink coffee. A: Why not? B: I am trying to cut down on my _________ consumption. A: Caffeine consumption? I can't do a thing until I've had my __________ cup of coffee. B: Caffeine is just the beginning. I used to drink coffee until I read that it contains _________ chemicals, including tannins, caramelized __________ and carbon dioxide. A: No way. You're pulling my leg. B: I'm dead serious. A: I think I'm going to switch to ___________. B: Even decaf contains a small amount of caffeine. A recent Today has linked heavy coffee drinking with _______ trouble. It said that persons who drink more than ______ cups a day have an increased risk of heart attack and _______. 55 A: But I thought Americans love their coffee and cappuccino. B: We do. The USA drinks more coffee than any other country and _________ love their caffeine. But most _________ don't realize how addictive and dangerous it can be. Caffeine is rapidly absorbed in the_______, appearing in all tissues and organs within about _______ minutes. By the way, how many cups do you drink a day? A: Okay, okay. I'm swearing off coffee. So how about a _______? B: Are you kidding? Coke has ________ as much caffeine as coffee. Moreover, it's not just the caffeine, but the amount of sugar that's in soft _______. All that sugar and caffeine can't be good for you. A: You're turning into a real _______ fanatic, you know. B: I just want to take care of _______. Maybe you should start being more health-conscious. A: Then how about a _______ in the park? B: I thought you'd never ask. Part ? Health food Nowadays, many new products are in the "health" category, and the main focus is on reduced fat and calorie content and increased dietary fibre. Do you think it is necessary to consider these factors when buying food? A The following words are used in a mini-talk. Listen to the words first. Study the definitions carefully. 1. sweetener: an artificial substance used in drinks instead of sugar 2. additive; a substance added to foods or other substances in order to improve them 3. fertilizer: a substance spread on the ground in order to make plants grow more successfully 4. insecticide: a chemical that is used to kill insects 5. hormone: a chemical that is produced in your body (荷尔蒙) 6. allegation: a statement 7. toxic: poisonous 8. antioxidant: a chemical compound or substance that inhibits oxidation(抗氧剂) 9. anti-fungal: capable of reducing or destroying a kind of plant which has no leaves or green coloring like mushrooms and mold (抗真菌) 10. moldy: covered with a soft grey, green, or blue substance that sometimes forms on old food or on damp walls or clothes B Now listen to the mini-talk. While listening for the first time, take down key words in the notes column. After the second listening, complete the following chart. Terms Usage of the term Examples Health food General term / _______ of Whole grain/_________ healthful foods /corn oil ____________ _________ classification/ _____________________ between types of ________ Organic food Narrowest classification/ Fruit/vegetable-treated most ____________ with______________/ no 56 insecticides /not______ ________/fish / dairy / poultry-animals fed organically-grown feed / no ________ C Now listen to the mini-talk again. Answer the following questions with the help of the above notes. 1. According to health food advocates, is bread an organic food? Why or why not? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 2. What happens to food when it is processed? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 3. When buying food, on what do people usually base their choice? And what should be considered first? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Part ? Fast food survey Fast food has come into our life rapidly. Because of its speed and convenience, people like it everywhere. In almost every big city, you won't miss hamburgers, fried chips and so forth. A You are going to hear a market survey on fast food. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the notes column. After the second listening, complete all the questions. Questions 1. Do you ever ______________? 2. What __________ fast food do you eat? 3. __________ do you eat fast food? Every day? More than once a __________? Less than once a week? 4. What time of ___________ do you eat fast food? 5. Do you only eat it as ____________ or do you snack between meals? 6. What do you __________ fast food? A. It's __________. B. It __________ good. C. It's good for you. D. It's an _________ way of eating. E. It creates litter. B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the dialogue. Complete the survey. Yes No ( ) ( ) 1. Do you ever eat fast food? 57 ( ) ( ) 2. What kind of fast food do you eat? ( ) ( ) 3. How often do you eat fast food? Every day? More than once a week? Less than once a week? ( ) ( ) 4. What time of day do you eat fast food? ( ) ( ) 5. Do you only eat it as a main meal or do you snack between meals? 6. What do you think of fast food? Definitely True True False A. It's convenient. ? ? ? B. It tastes good. ? ? ? C. It's good for you. ? ? ? D. It's an expensive way of eating. ? ? ? E. It creates litter. ? ? ? Part ? More about the topic: Organic Foods When you are buying food, what do you consider first: the nutrients, the color or the price? Do you believe in organic foods for which you may pay more? The following report is about organic foods. Supply the missing words while listening. Americans buy ________ million dollars worth of food in a year. About ________ of that money is spent on organic foods. People who buy _______ foods often consider them better and safer than non-organic foods. Organic foods are produced as naturally as possible. Man-made ________ are not used on the crops. Since organic foods often require more farm ______, they usually cost more. Yet the Organic Trade Association says organic food ______ in the United States have increased. This group says sales of organic foods have been increasing between _______ and _______ each year. Organic crops are being grown on small ________ operated by families. Some big companies are using part of their ________ for organic farming. And many private farm cooperatives are joining in organic __________. Successful. Farming Magazine says producers believe the _________ is increasing for organic foods. Organic goods used to be limited mostly to small ________, selling only natural foods. But now they can be found in some large food stores too. Experts say _________ is generally keeping up with demand. Business seems to be especially good these days for ________ of organic dairy products. Americans are demanding more __________, cheese, ________ and yoghurt that do not contain chemicals. Organic __________ also are more common. Farmers are raising more cows and _________ with organically-grown feed and without anti-biotic _________ or chemicals that increase growth. Yet growing crops without chemical __________ or insect poisons can be difficult. ________ often are limited at first. Farms must meet requirements before their crops can be declared organic by a private _________. Chemicals must not have been used on the farm for __________ years. And the same crops can not be grown in the same __________ year after year. Since the organic farming industry is still small, there are also ______________ problems. Farmers often must drive their __________ farther to be processed or sold than crops normally have to travel. But industry experts say they expect __________ as more big food companies recognize the growing _______ for organic foods. Part ? Memory test: The British Diet 58 In different countries of the world and among different peoples, there is a wide range of foods which can be combined in order to provide a balanced diet. The type of diet a person adopts depends on what foods are available, how much they cost and on religious and cultural beliefs. Do you know what average British people eat? Do they eat a balanced diet? The following dialogue is about the British diet. Listen carefully and complete the flow-diagram which, when completed, will tell you why the British diet is not good. The British Diet high in _____________ low in ______________ having a link to ________ _________________________ _______________ and so on inappropriate for long-term health Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? convert carbohydrate starchy put forward protein excessive allege mineral addictive cut down on tissue building health-conscious pull one's leg deficiency switch to cholesterol absorb fatty deposit swear off substitute carrot rose-hip liver citrus fruit efficacy calcium iron iodine anaemia caffeine consumption decaf cappuccino soft drink Part ? spray whole grain widely corn oil poisonous raw honey toxic 59 sweetener anti-fungal refined sugar moldy canned fruit preserving additive fertilizer insecticide poultry organically-grown feed hormone (un)processed food allegation antioxidant alternative Part ? send out for burger convenient pizza kebab litter litter bin plastic polystyrene Part ? operate organic food keep up with farm labor declare private farm cooperatives yoghurt Part ? highlight obesity inappropriate neglect intake remarkably decade Unit 12 Are you Fit and Healthy? Part ? Getting ready Health is freedom from disease. However, to be just healthy is not enough. If you are overweight, you're more likely to develop some diseases than people with normal weight. When you're worried too much, it's more likely for you to suffer from headaches and difficulty in sleeping. Therefore, you should also try to keep fit so that you are able to meet the physical needs around you. A The following words and phrase will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. junk food: food that is not very good for your health but is easy and quick to prepare 2. obese: extremely fat 3. waist: the narrow part of your body above your hips 4. quit: stop 5. sneeze: take in the breath and then blow it down the nose noisily 6. resistance: the power to remain unharmed or unaffected 7. workout: a period of physical exercise or training 8. vigorous: energetic; lively 60 9. toss: move repeatedly from side to side 10. pulse: the regular beating of blood through the body, which can be felt in particular parts of the body We eat food every day. However, if we eat too much food we get overweight. It is usually caused by the consumption of more calories than the body can use. The excess calories are then stored as fat. Being extremely fat can also lead to a serious medical problem. B You are going to hear a dialogue. Supply the missing words. Yume: Mike, why are so many Americans________? Mike: Well, that's a good question, Yume. You'd think that with the current __________craze in the U.S. there wouldn't be so many overweight Americans. Yume: Just how many people are overweight? Mike: About _______ of Americans are overweight. Interestingly, one study said that low-income groups have a __________ percentage of overweight people than higher income families. Yume: Are there any other ________ like that in the study? Mike: Yes. The study also said that the ______ the climate, the lower the percentage of obese people. Yume: That makes sense. When it's hot, you usually don't feel like eating ___________. Mike: Is that why Japanese people are typically skinnier than Americans? Yume: Well, our diet has a lot less fat and _____ than American food. And Americans eat a lot more ______ than we do. Mike: You're right. And we also eat more __________ and junk food. But there's another reason why so many Americans are fat. Yume: What's that? Mike: Nobody _________ anymore-not even kids. The average American home has the TV on for _______ hours a day! Yume: Wow! No wonder you Americans are so fat. You don't get enough _____________. Say, Mike, aren't you getting a little bigger in the waist? Mike: Yeah, I guess so. Yume: You really need to watch _______ you eat and get some exercise. Mike: Hey, I started a diet and lost ________ pounds. Yume: So what happened? Mike: I quit and gained it all back plus ________pounds. We are under stress when we are faced with a demand and do not know how to handle it. Stress may be caused by life's events, such as, starting school, examinations, a new job, sickness, and death. Situations can cause stress too. Besides, the environment ?noise, heat, overcrowding ?and ourselves, like our personality, our beliefs, are also some of the causes of stress. Since stress is part of life, we cannot get rid of it. But we can learn how to control stress. C You are going to hear a short passage, focusing on the stressful situations involved and the four ways to control stress. Supply the missing information. 61 __________ problems -> disagreement between people; how to______ people Stressful situations __________ problems -> problem solving;____ ___________ Money problems -> not enough to _____; disagreement over___ _________________ Part ? Stress and catching colds Life's events, such as losing a job, sickness, examinations, cause stress because they bring about changes in our lives. A little stress makes us think and try harder. But too much stress or stress that goes on for a long time can affect our mental health and physical health as well. It can make people nervous, worried, depressed or bad-tempered. It can also cause difficulty in sleeping, loss of appetite, or headaches. A You are going to hear a science report in which scientists explored the relationship between stress and colds. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the notes column. After the second listening, match column A with column B. Column A Column B 1. Colds can result from __ at a higher risk of developing a cold 2. People who feel extreme tension __ the risk of a cold for a period of time may (be) 3. Signs of a cold include __ lack of exercise, poor diet, or working too hard 4. Severe stress lasting a month or __ coughing, sneezing and a blocked nose more increases B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the report. Complete the experiment report. Experiment Report Project: Link between stress and colds Researchers: Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh Subjects: ________ people Age: ____________ Procedure: 1. Subjects were given _______ -physical -social - _______ - _______ 2. ________ were placed in the noses. 3. The next five days ?examining to find out who became infected & ____________. Findings: 1. Stress lowers ____________. 2. Severe stress lasting ____________ increases ____________. 3. People suffering from stress caused by ____________ are more likely to get 62 sick. 4. Two causes of stress- ____________ -increase the risk ____________. Part ? "So you wanna keep fit, huh?" Exercise strengthens your heart and lungs. When you exercise, your muscles become stronger and your joints more flexible. However, if you want to get the most benefit out of an exercise, you also need to make a plan for it. Do you know how to do that? A You are going to hear the first part of a radio feature, focusing on the time and the five golden rules. While listening for the first time, take down key words in the notes column. After the second listening, supply the missing information. How long? What for? Warming-up exercises ____________ ______________ Vigorous activity ____________ ______________ Cool-down exercises ____________ ______________ The five golden rules: 1. Always wear ____________ clothes when you're exercising. You need to feel ____________. 2. You should always do some simple _________ first. To get your body ready for ________________. 3. Never try to do ___________. Take it nice and easy now. There's ___________ about this. 4. Don't forget to relax completely for ___________ when you've finished your workout. You need to __________ after you've been exercising. 5. _______________ if you feel any pain in your ___________. B Now listen to the second part. What is that exercise that Crystal Collins shares with us? Pick out the correct pictures that describe the exercise and arrange them in correct order. Part ? More about the topic: Are You Fit and Healthy? To keep fit and healthy is everybody's life goal. Then how can we achieve that? Does it just mean that we do a lot of exercise now and then? The following passage is about health, diet and exercise. After listening for the first time, decide whether the statements are true or false. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets. After the second listening, try to find out the English equivalents of those expressions in the material. True or false ( ) 1. The average adult needs nine hours sleep per night. ( ) 2. If you can't sleep, get up and do something active. ( ) 3. Crash diets are good for you if you want to lose more weight. ( ) 4. The most important point of the "high protein" diet is that you mustn't cook the food with oil, butter or any fat. ( ) 5. The orange and milk diet includes oranges, oil and one litre of milk. 63 ( ) 6. If you want to keep fit, you need to do a lot of exercise now and then. Chinese English 弥补失去的睡眠 _____________________ 薄荷茶 _____________________ 辗转反侧 _____________________ 一茶匙 _____________________ 均衡多样的饮食 _____________________ 减少使人肥胖的食物 _____________________ 彻底戒除食糖 _____________________ 替代品 _____________________ 不粘煎锅 _____________________ 深呼吸 _____________________ 一段楼梯 _____________________ 感觉气喘嘘嘘 _____________________ Part ? Memory test: How Much Exercise Is Enough Exercise? How much do we need to exercise for fitness? How often? How hard? How long? Is it the longer the better? Our body gets enough exercise only when our heart is working at a certain speed. Mild exercise may be better than nothing, but it also cannot improve our fitness. You are going to hear a short passage on exercise. Work out your own target heart speed range. Then arrange the fitness effect checking process in its correct order. Your own target heart speed range: My target heart speed range is between ____________ and _________ beats per minute. Check whether your exercise gives you the fitness effect 1. starting energetic exercise 2. stopping 3. 5 minutes' warm-up exercise 4. checking pulse rate 5. 10 minutes' energetic exercise 6. counting pulse beats _______-> _______-> _______-> _______-> _______-> _______ Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? make sense junk food plus feel like obese quit Two heads are gain better than one. sacrifice Part ? infect virus severe 64 affect coughing sneezing a blocked nose resistance Part ? relax warming-up exercise vigorous take it nice cool-down exercise golden take it easy heart rate step up rush workout Part ? catch up on herb tea toss a (tea)spoonful of Part ? multiply stretch exercise upper keep in mind pulse rate lower pulse beat minus accurate Unit 13 About yourself Part ? Getting ready Our body is made up of different parts, such as face, hands and feet. Body words have been widely used figuratively in some phrases. And these phrases often create very vivid images. A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. grind to a halt: stop moving 2. abdomen: the part of your body below your chest where your stomach and intestines are 3. coil up: wind into a continuous series of loops 4. dehydrate: remove all the water 5. contaminated food: food becoming impure, unhealthy, or harmful 6. bacteria: very small organisms which can cause disease (MM ) 7. gobble up: eat up quickly and greedily 8. reserve: a supply of something that is available for use when it is needed 9. lash: hit violently B You are going to hear several short dialogues. Pay attention to the numbers and body words in the phrases. Then guess the meaning of the phrases with body words. 1. A: Do you know how many ________ you've got? B: How many teeth? Ooh, ooh. ________? More? (A: Yes) _______? A: Yes. 2. A: Do you know how many _________ there are in your body? B: How many bones? I'll take a guess.________. A: _________. 3. A: How often does your ________ beat? 65 B: _______ times a minute. A: No, ________ times a minute. 4. Bob: Do you know what the boss thinks you should do, Billy? Billy: Just you keep your great _______ out of this, Bob, will you? (Meaning: __________________________) 5. Anne: Steven Kent, I never, never want to see you in my life again. Steven: Oh no. Mary: You really have put your ________ in it, haven't you? (Meaning: _____________________________________________) 6. Kate: Dave! Can you give me a ________, please? Dave: What? Kate: I said can you give me a _________. Dave: All right, I'm coming. No need to shout. (Meaning: ____________) 7. Max: Are there any jobs going in your company then, for an intelligent, hard-working young man like my son Julian? Frank: No, I haven't heard of any at all recently. Max: Well, could you keep your _________ open, just in case? (Meaning: ____________) 8. Carol: Have you heard about Maggie then? Norma: Maggie? Maggie Thatcher? Carol: No. Maggie Brown. She's in love again. Norma: Oh not again. Who with this time? Carol: With her boss. _______ over heels in love with him, she is. (Meaning: ______________) 9. Nick: Have you ever lent any money to Mick? Jill: Mick? Huh! I wouldn't lend him any if I were you. Nick: Why not? Doesn't he pay it back? Jill: No. Never. He's up to his ________ in debts. (Meaning: __________________) 10. Liz: She's a very good doctor. Never looks at her watch. Never complains. Nothing's too much trouble for her. Pat: I know, yeah. Not many like her about. She's all ______, really. All ________. (Meaning: ___________________________________ ) Part ? The digestive system and diarrhea The human body is a highly complex self-generator, that is to say, provided it is given the right fuel, it is capable of both curing and warding off disease. The food we eat helps to give us energy. 66 It has a long journey to make before all its goodness has been taken into our body. The food takes up to six hours to be digested in the stomach, depending on the size of the meal. The complete digestive process takes about 24 hours. But sometimes the system can go wrong. A You are going to hear a talk on the digestive system and diarrhea. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the notes column. After the second listening, match column A with column B with the help of the notes. Column A Column B 1. gut symptoms __ absorbing digested rood into blood stream __ contaminated rood 2. the digestive system __ drinking enough __ a long tube coiling up in the abdomen 3. causes of diarrhea __ carrying away waste products __ constipation 4. jobs of the digestive system __ infection by viruses or parasites __ breaking down food 5. treatment for diarrhea __ adding enzymes __ diarrhea B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the causes and treatment of diarrhea by a doctor. Complete the statements. Causes of diarrhea ? There are infections, and this is ______________, which is caused by sort of bacteria or organism. ? Some foods ______ might irritate _________ and tend to give you diarrhea. ? Some people when they ________ and _____________ tend to get diarrhea. ? People who suffer from the irritable bowel syndrome tend to get tummy pains and ________. Treatment of diarrhea ? Most attacks of diarrhea are not __________ and they ____________ by themselves within __________. ? The most important thing is to ________________. ? It is better not to __________ and not to worry about that. ? Ideally, the fluids you drink should contain a little bit of _________. ? You can get special rehydrating fluids, which are ____________. ? You can get your own fluids by adding just a teaspoonful of ____________. Part ? Immunity The environment contains many potentially destructive microorganisms. It is impossible for us to avoid contact with microbes. That's why our body is constantly under attack from invading germs and infections. Then why don't we suffer from constant illness? Do we have our own defense system? 67 A The following words and phrases are used in a discussion on the immune system. Listen to the words and phrases first. Study the definitions carefully. 1. germ: 微生物，细菌 2. defense system: 防御系统 3. cell: 细胞 4. white blood cell: 白细胞，白血球 5. molecule: 分子 6. bone marrow: 骨髓 7. antibody: 抗体 8. measles: 麻疹 9. polio: 小儿麻痹症 10. tuberculosis: 肺结核 11. AIDS: 艾滋病 B Now listen to the following discussion. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer the questions. Questions 1. Since we have the immune system, why do we still need vaccinations? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 2. How does a vaccination work? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 3. Can we produce vaccines for any disease? Give an example. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 4. Why is it so difficult to attack AIDS? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ C Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the discussion. Complete the diagram. Then put the number of each phrase below in the proper place. 1. the virus that causes AIDS 2. remembering the chemical makeup of invading germs and attacking them very quickly 3. fighting invading disease 4. destroying the body's immune system 5. protecting the body against specific infections 6. putting the body at greater risk from other common infections Part ? More about the topic: The Circulatory System 68 To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into eight systems such as the muscles, the circulatory and respiratory systems and the digestive system. The following short passage is about the circulatory system. Supply the missing words while listening. All ________ of our body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their ________ products must be removed before they accumulate and poison the __________. The circulatory system distributes ________ materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the _________, blood vessels, and blood. The blood is also part of the body's ________ system. It has antibodies and white blood _________ that protect the body against foreign ________. The heart is a muscle that is divided into _________ nearly identical halves: one half receives blood from the _______ and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends _______ that has traveled through the body ______ to the lungs. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into _______ and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins. Materials enter and leave the blood across the thin _________ of capillaries, which are located near every _________ of the body. In almost every case, blood leaving a group of capillaries travels to the _________ and then to the lungs for more _________ before it returns to the capillaries. The one exception is _________ that has traveled through capillaries in the ________ system. The vein from this system, called the portal vein, carries blood directly to the __________, where nutrients are stored before the blood returns to the _________. Part ? Memory test: Hair Nobody's really sure why people go bald, but some scientists believe that people may inherit baldness. If you are interested, check out your mother' father. Your hairline may look like his when you get older. Now listen to this radio phone-in. Complete the following chart. Caller's name _________________________________ Problem _________________________________ Caller's doctor's opinion _________________________________ Solution _________________________________ Advice _________________________________ Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? take a guess bone head over heels keep one's nose out of up to one's neck put one's foot in all heart give sb. a hand keep one's ears open Part ? over-tax digestive system insufficiently grind to a halt fuel rusty 69 coil up mechanism sluggish digest abdomen efficiently break down digestion watery squeeze muscle irritable dehydrate gut reasonable irritate bowel obviously clear up intestine enzyme feces symptom diarrhea constipation contaminated food virus parasite dehydration fluid life saver bacteria syndrome tummy pains a pinch of Part ? lash immunity constant (ly) come into play germ literally assist reserve backup bone marrow antibody measles polio tuberculosis Part ? accumulate nourishment identical distribute capillary directly contract vein nutrient Part ? comb hair shampoo bald baldness ridiculous patch wig Unit 14 Safety First Part ? Getting ready Wherever you go, whatever you do, safety is always first. It is therefore important for us to be able to identify potential hazards and learn some ways of removing or remedying the problem. 70 A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. adhesive dressing: sticky covering put on a wound to protect it while it heals 2. pillion rider: a person who sits behind the one controlling the motor-cycle 3. pinch: squeeze between the thumb and a finger 4. tilt: cause to slope, as by raising one end 5. publicize: make widely known to the public 6. fracture: a crack or break in something, especially a bone 7. vomit: eject part or all of the contents of the stomach through the mouth 8. anaesthetic: a substance that stops you feeling pain either in the whole of your body when you're unconscious or in a part of your body when you're awake 9. fatal: capable of causing death 10. exhaust: gas that is produced when the engine of a motor vehicle is running When you run and play in the field, you may sometimes fall and bruise your knee. Small cuts and minor grazes are unavoidable in our daily life. Such cuts and grazes will usually need little or no treatment. The bleeding will clean the wound naturally, and it should stop within a few minutes, as the blood clots and dries. More serious cuts may need to be gently cleaned with soft cotton and warm water. They should then be dressed with a clean cotton bandage. B You are going to hear a checklist of questions about simple first aid. Supply the missing words. Follow this simple checklist of questions. Ask yourself each of these questions in order to make sure you treat cuts and grazes properly: First. Is the cut on the _______? If it is, call a doctor as soon as possible-especially if the ________ is injured. Second. Is the cut bleeding badly? If it is, put a clean piece of ________ wool over it and press down firmly for about _________ minutes. Thirdly. Ask yourself if the cut is still bleeding _______. If it is, dress it with a clean cotton bandage and call a doctor as ________ as possible. Fourthly. Is the cut a ________ one, and is it wide open? If it is, clean the cut _______, with clean cotton wool and a little warm water, then hold it ________ with an adhesive dressing. Fifth question. Was the cut made by a _______ or a long, sharp piece of wood? If it was, there may be some ________ in the cut. Let it bleed for a while, to clean itself. Then clean it with cotton wool and warm water and dress it with a clean cotton ________. Finally, don't forget that young ________ can become very easily upset or shocked by a cut-especially if it is a serious one. Try to keep them ________ and quiet. Don't give them anything to drink, but keep their lips ________ with a little water. A bicycle is a very useful transportation tool. Cycling is also a good exercise for your health. Nevertheless, it is important to learn some knowledge to cycle safely. Always check the condition of your bicycle. Ride a bicycle which is of the right size and suitable for your cycling ability. 71 Remember to keep your bicycle in a safe place and to lock it whenever it is left unattended. Observe all the traffic rules. C You are going to hear someone giving you some advice on cycling. Supply the missing information. Before you cycle Check to see that your bicycle is in good working order before you use it, Check these things: ? Is the chain _________? ? Is the seat too high or too _________? ? Is there a _____________ at the rear? ? Are the ______________ well adjusted? ? Are the _________ pumped up? ? Does the bell _________? ? Do the brakes _________? When you are cycling ? Ride safely ... not too _________. ? Use your brakes gently to control your _________. ? Ride carefully on _______ roads. ? Keep both ________ on the handlebars. ? Keep a __________ from other vehicles. ? Obey all traffic _________ on the road. ? Use a carrier or _________ to carry all packages. ? Watch out for doors ____________ when cycling near a parked vehicle. ? ___________ as you are approaching a junction. ? _______ the bell to let pedestrians know that you are coming. ? _____ clear hand signals. Remember ? Never cycle ________ the flow of traffic. ? Never __________ a pillion rider on your bicycle. part ? Kiss of life Anyone whose breathing has stopped needs artificial respiration at once. Breathing can stop from one of many reasons: drowning, electric shock, poisoning, suffocation or a sudden illness such as a heart attack. Lack of oxygen can cause brain damage within only three to five minutes and longer oxygen starvation leads to death. A You are going to hear someone telling you how to give artificial respiration. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the notes column. After the second listening, arrange the pictures in the correct order. To check whether a person is breathing, you may put your ear close to his nose and mouth: you should be able to hear air passing in and out of his throat. Or you may put a mirror close to his 72 lips: if he is breathing, the mirror mists over. B Now try this: listen to an authentic version of a dialogue. A swimming instructor is demonstrating artificial respiration for two students. Listen carefully. Complete each step for artificial respiration. ? Get the person lying ___________. Check for breathing. Listen at ___________. ? Lift the neck ___________ and press down ___________. ? Pinch ___________ and keep ___________ on the forehead, with the other hand to keep ___________. ? Make ___________, Give ___________ as quickly as possible. ? Breathe ___________ and keep ___________. Part ? Climbing Mountain climbing is the sport of attaining high points in mountainous regions, mainly for the pleasure of the climb. It differs from other outdoor sports in that nature alone provides the field of action for the participant. Some people say climbing is safe, but others say it is a dangerous pastime. What do you think? A The following words and phrase will appear in a radio feature. Listen to the words and phrase first. Study the definitions carefully. 1. Mont Blanc: a mountain, 4 810 meters high, in the Alps on the French-Italian border 2. massif: a large mountain mass or compact group of connected mountains forming an independent portion of a range 3. ascent: an upward journey 4. staggering: surprising 5. bicentenary: a 200th anniversary or its celebration 6. Chamonix: a town in S. E. France, in the Alps at the foot of Mont Blanc 7. unforeseen: unexpected 8. gendarme: a member of French national police organization constituting a branch of the armed forces with responsibility for general law enforcement 9. footing: a secure placement of the feet in standing or moving B Listen to this radio feature carefully. Pay attention to all the numbers and their relevant information. While listening for the first time, take down key words in the notes column. After the second listening, complete the chart. Figures Relevant information 2 _________________________________ 9 _________________________________ 30 _________________________________ 245 _________________________________ 1000+ _________________________________ 31 _________________________________ 40 _________________________________ 80% _________________________________ 73 3/4 _________________________________ C Now listen to the radio feature again. Answer the questions. The words and phrases in the brackets may help you do the exercise. (ascent/ unforeseen conditions/ waitress in Chamonix/ down the mountain/ slips/ weather conditions/ climbers themselves/ tired) 1. What happened in 1786? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2. Who was the first woman to conquer the mountain? When? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 3. When do most of the accidents happen? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 4. What are some of the causes of accidents? What is the most common cause according to the speaker? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Part ? More about the topic: Treating Shock When you suddenly have an experience which is unpleasant, upsetting, or very surprising, you have a shock. However, in medicine, shock is a serious physical condition in which your blood cannot circulate properly, for example, because you have had a bad injury. The following passage gives you some hints on how to treat shock. Supply the missing words while listening. Right, tonight we're going to look at the problem of shock. In medical terms, ______ isn't just emotional upset. It is a very definite physical condition in which the ______ and the circulation gradually lose _______ Gradually the patient becomes pale and cold, drowsy, and perhaps he or __________ even loses consciousness. Shock can result from all major __________ -bleeding, wounds, burns and fractures -and the speed of the patient's deterioration depends on the severity of the _______ So whenever someone has been badly injured, you must do ________ things: you must give specific help for the actual ________ itself, and you must also do something to halt or at least to try and ________ the shock process. Now here's one or two hints on ______ to do this. First of all, you _______ move the patient unless you absolutely have to. If you're in a burning house or in the middle of a motorway, you'll have to ______ him, of course. But otherwise treat him where he is until the doctor or the ambulance _______. And the next thing to remember is that 74 you should position the patient ______ down with his head low and his feet raised. This is to ______ the blood flow to the heart, lungs and brain. But _______, of course, be tempted to move any part that might be fractured. Be careful always of that. _________ any tight clothing, such as braces, belt, collar, or even-you'll be surprised to learn nowadays-corsets. This will ________ the patient more comfortable and allow him to ________ more easily. Keep the patient warm by _________ a blanket or coat loosely over them. If he's lying on a cold surface, then try to _________ something underneath him as well. But again, do that very gently. _________ use hot-water bottles, because hot-water bottles actually _________ blood away from the internal organs towards the skin surface. So although that may sound like a commonsense thing to do, it actually ________. Reassure the patient, this is very important, by being _________ yourself, confident, methodical and, above everything, sympathetic the whole time. Even if the patient seems to be _________, they may be able to hear any unfavorable comments you make, in _______ fact. And if he hears or sees you whispering, then he's bound to imagine the worst. He'll be in a very ________ state and this will make his condition _______ too. And the final ______ to remember is that you must not give anything at all by ______. Any sort of drink, whether alcohol or tea or ______, may be vomited up, causing choking. And it may also complicate _________ if an anaesthetic is needed later in _________. So all the old wives' tales you've heard about administering brandy, forget them. If the ________ feels dry and he says he's thirsty, or you suspect that they may be thirsty, you can allow him to suck gently a ________ or a sponge moistened with water. Part ? Memory test: Surviving in the Snow It's not impossible for us to be stuck in bad weather some day like storms and snowfalls. Do you know how to deal with that? The following radio feature gives you some advice on how to survive in the snow. Listen carefully. Decide whether the statements are true or false. Put "T" or "F" in the brackets. ( ) 1. According to the presenter, it is even more tragic when we consider most of the deaths could not be avoided. ( ) 2. Since the car is the most important piece of survival equipment, don't leave it unless you can see your destination. ( ) 3. If you know you're going to hit bad weather, remember to bring blankets, a sleeping bag and, ideally, hot drinks. ( ) 4. In order to keep the car ventilated, have the window on the side away from the wind open a little. ( ) 5. It's dangerous to use the car heater to keep warm because the exhaust can kill you in a few hours. ( ) 6. If you know you're setting off in bad weather, ring up your destination to the police in case something happens on the way. Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? press down graze at the rear 75 keep a distance from cotton bandage upwards approach adhesive dressing pump up hand signal adjust flow of traffic pillion rider junction pedestrian Part ? drain artificial respiration backwards pinch nostril tilt victim take a deep breath make a tight seal seal off keep a steady rhythm Part ? give much publicity sporting activity due to publicize massif unforeseen take sufficient ac- nationality liable to count of bicentenary ascent rescue operation footing slip Part ? depend on fracture drowsy lose consciousness deterioration pale reassure circulation confident vomit up hint methodical halt choking sympathetic suck anaesthetic the old wives' tales moisten sponge Part ? break down survival equipment in for get caught destination away from get lost drift fatal suffocate snowfall apart from ventilate sleeping bag set off shovel ring up hot drink take a turn for exhaust fume Unit 15 Sportsmanship and Championship Part ? Getting ready Sports mean competitions of physical strength, skill, or endurance against opponents or against an objective standard such as time, height, or distance. Sports can be divided into professional sports and amateur sports, or team sports and individual sports. 76 A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. sports fan: a very keen follower or supporter of a sport 2. championship: a competition held to find the champion 3. dynamic: of force or power that causes movement 4. referee: a judge in charge of some games 5. foul: an act that is against the rules 6. penalty area: (in football) a space in the shape of a rectangle which is in front of the goal 7. commentary: spoken description (with opinions and explanations) that is broadcast with, and at the same time as, an event, occasion, football match, etc. 8. final: the last and most important in a set of matches 9. stamina: the strength of body or mind to fight tiredness, discouragement, or illness 10. deuce: (in tennis) 40 : 40; 40 points to each player. After deuce has been reached, one of the players must then get two points in a row to win the game. B You are going to hear a news item about a basketball tournament. Write the scores in the circles. Which team wins each game? Which is the champion team? Write Part ? Yoga exercises Classical yoga is a doctrine that is theistic and emphasizes purification through meditation. A yogi, or practitioner of yoga, meditates in order to achieve true bliss, which involves a complete withdrawal from the world. Yogis assume the bodily posture that affords them the most stability and the least effort. The yogi strives to transcend body and matter through consistent meditation. A You are going to hear a conversation between two students Paul and Lisa about some yoga exercises. Listen carefully. Match the names of the yoga postures with proper pictures. ( ) candle / shoulder-stand ( ) plough ( ) fish ( ) forward bend ( ) cobra ( ) locust ( ) bow ( ) headstand B Listen to the conversation again. While you listen, add more key words in the left-hand column. After listening, complete the descriptions for each yoga posture. Descriptions 1. Candle Start by ________ on your ________ and then ________ your ________ up till all the weight's ________ on your ________ and your ________ are straight up in the air. 2. Plough Start by _____ on your ________ and then ________ your ________ over till your ________ the floor behind you. 3. Fish Start by ________ on your ________ and then ________ your ________ and ________ the weight on the ________ of your ________. 4. Forward Bend Start by _______ straight and then ________ forward. 77 5. Cobra Start by _____ on your _______ and then _____ your ________ into the air. 6. Locust Start by ________ flat on your ________ with your ________ by your sides and then ________ your. 7. Bow Start by _____ on your ________and then ________ your ________ and your ________ till you can ________ your ________ with your ________. 8. Headstand ________ on your ________. C Listen to the conversation once more. Complete the following chart with the help of the above notes. Yoga Posture Time Benefits Candle ________ - Plough ________ ________________ Fish ________ - Forward Bend ________ ________________ Cobra ________ ________________ Locust ________ ________________ Bow ________ ________________ Headstand ________ ________________ Part ? Signals used by referees and linesman in football Football (or soccer in America) is a team sport played with the object of driving the ball into the opponent's goal. The ball is controlled and advanced primarily by using the feet. A player can also use the thigh, the chest or the head. Only gcalkeepers are allowed to handle the ball. Football is the world's most popular sport, with millions of fans throughout the world. A You are going to hear a conversation between a football course tutor and several students about signals used by referees and linesmen. Listen carefully. Which signals in the following pictures are mentioned? Match them with the explanations by writing the correct numbers in the brackets. ( ) Direct free-kick ( ) Hand-ball ( ) Offside ( ) Start the game ( ) Foul in penalty area ( ) Stop the clock ( ) Foul near linesmen ( ) Indirect free-kick ( ) Match nearing end ( ) Throw-in ( ) Goal kick ( ) New ball ( ) Player must leave field ( ) Time up ( ) Play on ( ) Player is to be substituted B Listen to the conversation again. While you listen, add more key words in the left-hand column. After listening, complete the descriptions for each signal. 78 Descriptions 1. Play on Hold the ________, at ________ height, with the ________. 2. Direct free kick Blow the whistle and point with ________ towards the ground. 3. Indirect free kick Hold __________ firmly ________ at the side, and ________ straight ________ in the air, with the ________. 4. Foul near linesmen Hold the flag ________ and wave it ________ and ________. 5. Foul in penalty area Hold the flag ________ the ________, ________ towards the ________. 6. Offside Hold the flag _______________ the line of play in the direction in which the offside took place. 7. New ball Hold the _________, _____________, in front of his ________. Part ? More about the topic: Women in Sports Basketball is another team sport played generally indoors by two teams of five players each. One of the most popular sports in the world, basketball is played by men and women of all ages and ability levels in more than 200 countries. The WNBA is said to be evidence of the increasing popularity of women sports. More women are succeeding as athletes. The following short passage is about professional women basketball players in America. Supply the missing words while listening. The Woman's National Basketball Association played its first ______ this past summer. The WNBA was _________ by the man's National Basketball Association. The WNBA is called the little ______ of the NBA. There're _______ teams in the women's league. They play in _______ major American cities. The women's basketball games have been more _______ than expected. An average of almost _______ people attended the _______ games during the __________ season. ________ American television networks also _________ some of the games. ________ of people watch them. Major companies pay to _________ their products during the broadcasts of the games. The WNBA ________ a lot of women. Female __________ describe the _________ during the games. Female __________ make sure the players _________ the rules. The WNBA is the _______ professional women's basketball league now playing in the United States. An ___________ group started the American Basketball League last _______. The ________ ABL teams play in the ________ and _______ in smaller cities. An average of ________ people attended the ABL games last year. The League is not as _______ as the WNBA. However, several members of both _________ are well known. They played for the United States on the women's basketball team that won a __________ during the _______________ in Atlanta, Georgia. 79 How is women's basketball different from men's basketball? One former college men's basketball _________ says, " Women's basketball is _________ to watch than men's basketball. It is more _________. It has more ____________. And the players work together more as a ________. It costs much ________ to attend a WNBA game than a men's _______ basketball game. So many _____________ attend the women's games. More _________ and young ________ also attend the games. Many young girls ________ the women's basketball players to be their _________. The players are _________ of another thing that women can do well." Another__________ between men's and women's basketball is that female players have a ________ relationship to the people who come to watch them ______. For example, female players spend _________ after the games _________ their fans and _______ their names for them. However female players ________ much less money than male professional basketball players. Last year ABL players earned an average of ________. The average pay for a male NBA player's is more than __________ a year. A star of the New York Liberty Team of the WNBA _________ the difference between men's and women's basketball this way: "Women play a _______ game- ______ basketball. Right now women are still playing for the ________ of the game." People who attended the WNBA games could buy many kinds of basketball _________ and other products. One shirt described professional basketball this way: "________ by man, ________ by woman." Part ? Memory test: Which Sport? Historically, a rigid distinction has been made, between amateur athletics and professional sports. This distinction has become less rigid with time. Major league baseball, basketball, and football are the chief professional games. Skiing, swimming, and the various forms of tennis and running rank as the most popular individual amateur sports. A Below is a list of popular sports and a set of sports pictures. Listen carefully. Match the sports with their pictures. sumo; bowling; cricket; golf; rugby; squash; tennis; baseball; hockey; skiing; snooker; swimming; hurdling; basketball; football; boxing; running; table-tennis; B Listen to some extracts of sports commentaries. Decide which sport is being played in each extract you hear. You may find the above list helpful. 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? beat sports fan Vs(versus) play championship win over hawk panther comet bowling 80 Part ? take it easy yoga posture dynamic run through candle / shoulder-stand absent-minded lie on back/stomach plough hold on the crown of head stretch circulation arch cobra bend digestive system hypnotize miracle straighten locust have high opinion of bow trunk Part ? involve referee complicated start off linesman / linesperson vital catch one's eye free kick firmly indicate foul lethal penalty area offside thigh Part ? attend association major broadcast WNBA / ABL / NBA former advertise league traditional consider announcer professional sign structure invent evidence perfect average Olympic Games Part ? glance back rugby smoothly over one's shoulder snooker confidently lob hurdling steadily smash commentary deuce serve commentator unmarked umpire fit final full stretch jab center pocket cue ball loose ball full back lineout goal line stamina Unit 16 "Have Fun!" 81 Part ? Getting ready Entertainment has various forms: games, e.g. bingo, cards, dice games; dancing, e.g. ballet, folk dance, popular and social dance; music, e.g. folk music, MTV, opera; outdoor recreation, e.g. camping, skiing, swimming, tennis; reading, e.g. comics, novels, periodicals; movies and theater, e.g. motion pictures, drama; electronic home entertainment, e.g. radio, television, video games; and community celebrations, e.g. festivals, holidays. A The following words and phrase will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. classical: (of music) written with serious artistic intentions and having an attraction that lasts over a long period of time 2. documentary: a film or television or radio broadcast that presents facts 3. coverage: the amount of time and space given by television, a newspaper, etc., to a particular subject or event 4. cast: the actors in a play, film, etc. 5. subtitles: words printed over a film in a foreign language to translate what is being said 6. pageantry: splendid show of ceremonial grandness with people in beautiful dress 7. satire: (a work of) literature, theater, etc., intended to show the foolishness or evil of some person, organization, or practice in an amusing way 8. installment: a single part of a book, play, or television show which appears in regular parts until the story is completed 9. sports enthusiast: a person who is habitually full of enthusiasm for sports 10. speciality: a particularly fine or excellent product B People in the United States spend their free time in different ways. You are going to hear some short conversations discussing the popularity of some leisure activities. Listen carefully. Tick the correct answers and write down detailed information with numbers or percentages in the brackets. 1. Which type of music do more people ? classical ( ) enjoy? ? country and western ( ) ? rock ( ) 2. Why do most people listen to the radio? ? for news ( ) ? for entertainment ( ) 3. What type of magazines do more people ? TV guides ( ) read? ? news magazines ( ) 4. Which sport is more popular? ? swimming ( ) ? jogging ( ) 5. Which is true of more people? ? They never exercise.( ) ? In their free time, they like to be active. ( ) Part ? What's on the box? Television is the most widespread form of communication in the world. Though, most people will never meet the leader of a country, travel to the moon, or participate in a war, they can observe these experiences through the images on their television. Television has a variety of applications in society, business, and science. The most common use of television is as a source of information 82 and entertainment for viewers in their homes. A You are going to hear a television critic recommending some of the programs. Look at the TV program guide below and tick the programs that are recommended by the critic. While you listen, don't forget to add more key words in the notes column. BBCl BBC 2 7:00 The Rockford Files 7:00 News and Weather 7:50 Football 7:15 The Private Life of the Bee 9:30 News 8:00 Madam Butterfly 9:45 Murder at the Vicarage 10:00 Match of the Day 11:00 The Roaring Twenties (1939) 10:45 Kramer Versus Kramer (1979) ITV Channel 4 7:00 Love Story 7:00 Watch Your Step 7:30 Detective 7:30 Stranger than Fiction 8:30 MI5 8:15 Science Now 9:30 World in Action 9:00 Hamlet 10:00 News at Ten 11:00 Psycho (1960) 10:30 High Plains Drifter (1972) B Now listen to the conversation again. Give further information to each program recommended. Complete the following chart. Program Channel Time Further Information _______________ ITV 8:30 a __________ about the ________ and _____ of the British Secret_______- the growth of Military Intelligence _________ into the UK equivalent of the ________ or ________ World in Action _________ _____ a ___________ about an _________ of multinational _______ -concentrates on the ______ and ______ industries _______________ Channel 4 7:00 _______ teams of university _______ _______________ and ______ have to survive for ____ in the _____of Scotland and they've got to solve various problems-find ______, solve _______, work out how to______, how to______, make a____, cook ______ -to reach their goal Football _________ _____ live _______ of ________ Vs________ _______________ BBC 2 10:00 the ________ of today's ______ play _______________ High Plains _________ 10:30 a really _______ film starring Clint Drifter Eastwood with superb________; a kind 83 of _____ of the battle between _____ and _____ _______________ Channel 4 9:00 a television production of _______'s Hamlet, with a cast of ______ actors and __________ Part ? What's on? London, situated at the head of the Thames River estuary, west of the river's mouth on the North Sea, is the capital city of Great Britain. Being as one of the world's most important financial and cultural centers, London is noted for its museums, performing arts, exchange and commodity markets, and insurance and banking functions, as well as a host of specialized services. A You are in England and telephone the Teletourist number for information about events and places of interest in and around London. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, complete the blanks in the statements. Statements 1. All the events you hear about are on today. Today is _________. 2. At the Hayward Gallery there is an exhibition of works by a famous _________ Sir Edwin Lutyens. 3. If you want further information, the number of the __________ Information Center is _______. 4. The changing of the guard outside Buckingham Palace today takes place at _________. 5. This evening the London Philharmonic Orchestra is playing at the _________________. 6. The composers in the program given by __________ Isaac Stern and _______ Andrew Wolf this evening will be 7. One of the two theaters that are on Charing Cross Road is _________. 8. The Royal Shakespeare Company is not performing Romeo and Juliet; it is performing ___________. 9. If you want information about times, admission prices and travel details of the events, the number to ring is ________. 10. If you want information about events and activities of interest to children, the number to ring is _________. . B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the recorded telephone information. Complete the following chart. Entertainment Place Content Exhibition ________________ Works by British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens British Museum ___________________________________ Passmore Edwards ___________________________________ Museum British Library ___________________________________ Gallery Pageantry ________________ A general changing ceremony 84 Horse Guards ___________________________________ Parade Greyhound ________________ - Racing _____________ ________________ The London Philharmonic Orchestra perform works by _______, _________ and _________. Isaac Stern and Andrew Wolf present a program of works by ____________, _________ and ________. Show Wyndham Theater ___________________________________ Garrick Theater Comedy: ________________ ________________ Political satire: _________________ Shakespeare ________________ The Royal Shakespeare Company present Richard ?. Ballet Royal Opera House ___________________________________ Sadler's Wells The ____________________ 's program Theater Part ? More about the topic: American Unusual Museums Museum is a Latin word, derived from the Greek mouseion, originally meaning a temple dedicated to the nine Muses. Not until the Renaissance was the term applied to a collection of objects of beauty and worth. The United States has thousands of museums. Some museums show large collection of art, some show objects of science or history. Other museums show collections of unusual things. The following short passage is about the unusual museums in America. Supplying the missing words while listening. Museums show collections of __________ art or objects of _________ or value. The large ________ museums show thousands of different kinds of things. Some of the small museums throughout the United States show collections of one kind of ________. Many of them are ________ subjects for a museum. One such museum is called the "Museum of Bad Art". The museum has more than _________ terrible looking ________. Another unusual art museum is called the "American Visionary Art Museum". The works of art in this museum are _______, but they are _________ from those in __________ art museums. Visionary art is produced by people without any art ________. Many small museums in America have collections of _______ things. One example is the "Dolls House and Toy Museum". It has many old ______ and _______. It has small versions of _______ that are common play things for young children. It also has small toy houses with ______ and _________ inside. The "American Sanitary Plumbing Museum" has a collection of _______ -the devices people 85 use in their homes and offices to __________ human wastes. The museum shows the history of the American _________________. Many kinds of old toilets and plumbing tools are in the museum. Other museums have collections of _________ things found in a home. For example, the "Lock Museum of America" has _________ devices that held doors or other objects _________. Some of the locks open only at __________ time. Other locks use many kinds of mechanical ________. Some of the locks are ________ or _________ of years old. They are from many different countries including ________, _________ and _________. There also is a museum for devices that measure ___________. It is called the "World's Only Thermometer Museum". The museum has more than ________ thermometers. The thermometers are in many different _________ and __________. Several interesting American museums are about _________ subjects. One is the "National Museum of Dentistry". The museum tells about the history of the medical treatment of _________. Some frightening devices that once were used to _________ infected teeth can be seen. Most people do not consider a visit to the _________ their idea of a _________. However, the director says he wants to make the museum a ___________ to visit. He says he also wants to ______ visitors about the importance of _______________ their teeth. Another museum has a collection of devices that help people _________. The "Hearing Aid Museum" has almost _________ hearing aids from around the world. They include and _______ devices. Some old _______ were made to look like other objects. That is because people did not want anyone to know that they were _______ a hearing aid. Some popular _________ in America also have museums. One is the "Jello Museum". Jello is the name of a popular American food that shakes when you move it. Jello tastes like different kinds of _________. Jello was invented in _________. The museum tells about the history of the _______. There is another unusual museum that tells about a popular food product-mustard. Mustard is a _________ substance made from seeds. People have added it to their food for _________. The "Mustard Museum" has more than _________ different kinds of mustard. There are mustards from almost every American ________ and from several foreign ________. The museum shows how mustard is made. Visitors can taste ________ kinds of mustard. If you visit one of these small museums, you'll not find ___________. But you'll find visitors who think these collections are not only _______ but also very ___________. Part ? Memory test: Entertainment Announcements All sporting, artistic, and recreational activities carried out in non-working hours are leisure activities. Traditional leisure activities include many forms of sports, gardening, fishing, collecting hobbies, card games, and eating out. Since the 1960s the shorter working week, better diet and health care, greater mobility through car ownership, and the growth of cheap air travel, have encouraged tourism and outdoor leisure pursuits. You are going to hear four kinds of entertainment announcements: cinema announcements, radio announcements, restaurant announcements and holiday announcements. Listen carefully, and complete the following charts. 86 Chart 1 ABC Whiteladies Cinema Announcement Cinema Film Certificate Doors Open ABC1 _________ ___________ weekdays: Sundays: ABC 2 _________ ___________ weekdays: Sundays: ABC 3 _________ ___________ weekdays: Sundays: Late show _________ ___________ ___________ for Fri. Chart 2 Radio Announcement Radio Program Broadcasting Time Radio 1 ______________________ ____________ Radio 2 ______________________ ____________ Radio 3 ______________________ ____________ Radio 4 ______________________ ____________ ______________________ ____________ ______________________ ____________ Chart 3 Restaurant Announcement Restaurant Main Feature Price Opening Hours Booking Number King Street ____________ _____________ ______________ Bistro (fixed) Castle ____________ _____________ ______________ Restaurant (average) Chart 4 Holiday Announcement Place Price Duration Main Features Tel. Number Becktano _____ ________ in the__________; 204653 _____ ________ beside a________; _____ ________ in the _________; _____ ________ near the________; _____ ________ by a____________; _____ ________ on a____________; _____ ________ with lots of____; _____ ________ no______________; _____ ________ no______________; _____ ________ no______________; _____ ________ no______________; _____ ________ no______________. Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit 87 Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? body builder classical Red Cross pop action movie attendant soda Part ? make public concen TV critic further -trate on recommendation right away survive documentary amazing appreciate equivalent originally release CIA / KGB multinational mention investigation daft take the bold step of clue Vs (versus) puzzle remarkable live coverage superb allegory little-known cast distracting subtitle Part ? be keen on exhibition mounted present gallery royal architect contemporary archaeological currently pageantry available ceremony Buckingham Palace greyhound orchestra rundown political satire admission Part ? carry away visionary art scientific hold sth. closed plumbing industry historical add...to human wastes terrible looking mechanical device traditional dentistry frightening hearing aid infected Jello spicy mustard seed Part ? produce installment spectacular conduct mission freshly deliver audience fixed book enthusiast luxurious dream about commentary in advance 88 credit card swindle menu speciality all-in holiday Unit 17 For a Gleaner planet Part ? Getting ready Pollution problems in many countries have gone beyond acceptable limits. The world's forest cover greatly lessens, the soil suffers serious erosion, the quality of the air is unsatisfactory, surface and underground water is contaminated, traffic noise is far too high. All these problems call for stronger control over forest, air, water, soil and noise pollution, and much improved protection of the environment, especially in areas of concentrated population and industrial growth. A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions. 1. rainforest: a hot, wet, evergreen forest in tropical areas where rainfall is heavy and there is no dry season 2. extinction: destroying or being destroyed, dying out, as a species of animals 3. species: sort, biological group having some common characteristics able to breed with each other but not with other groups 4. equator: an imaginary circle around the earth, equally distant at all points from both the North and South Poles: it divides the earth's surface into the Northern and Southern Hemisphere 5. substance: matter of a particular kind or chemical composition 6. air conditioning: a method of supplying a room, building, railway coach etc. with air that is purified and kept at a certain temperature and degree of humidity 7. recycle: treat or process in order to use again 8. additive: substance added to another in small quantities to produce a desired effect 9. fuel: any material, such as coal, oil, gas, wood, etc., burned to supply heat or power 10. release: let go or let loose B Here is a conversation between a mother and son from which you can learn something about the rain forests. After that some questions will be asked. Supply the missing words in answering them. 1. He is making a poster to save the _____________. 2. They cover _________ of the Earth's land. 3. They are mainly loggers, _________, and ________. 4. _________ of the world's plant and animal species live in rain forests. 5. There is almost no change in _________ or growing ________. 6. About _________ to _________ inches per year. 7. ____________________. 8. He wants to buy _________. Part ? The Campaign for Clean Air (CCA) 89 There are more and more organizations all over the world striving to make the earth a cleaner place for people to live on. Due to their untiring efforts, most cities are cleaner than they were 10 years ago, major strides have been made in the technology to control pollution, and people are becoming more and more aware of the necessity to protect the environment. A You are going to hear some words and phrases taken from a radio interview. Listen and read the explanation of their meaning. Try to familiarize yourself with these words and phrases. 1. pollutant: something that pollutes, esp. a harmful chemical or waste material sent off into the water or atmosphere 2. sulfur dioxide: SO2, a heavy, colorless gas which may cause difficulty in breathing (二氧化 硫) 3. acid: sharp and biting to the taste, sour 4. emission: something that is sent out, given forth or discharged 5. carbon dioxide: CO2, a colorless, odorless gas that cannot be burned, somewhat heavier than air (二氧化碳) 6. carbon monoxide: CO, a colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas, produced by the incomplete burning of certain materials; it burns with a pale-blue flame(一氧化碳) 7. dose: amount (of medicine, drug, etc.) to be taken at one time 8. reflex: ability to react quickly and effectively 9. greenhouse effect: the warming of a planet (温室效应) 10. icecap: a mass of ice that spreads slowly out in all directions from a center B You are going to hear a radio programme in which Peter Whitehead interviews Frances Kelly on the problem of air pollution. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, fill in the gaps in the summaries. Summaries In this passage, Mr. Frances Kelly has altogether mentioned three kinds of _______________: sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. 1. sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide emissions mainly come from ___________ stations. It will lead to acid rain which kills off ___________ and _________ life in lakes and destroys the ____________. 2. carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is mostly produced by ________ vehicles. It may cause ____________ and a ____________ of the reflexes. Moreover, scientists are almost sure that it has an effect on the ____________ of children. 3. carbon dioxide More and more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will bring about the ______________ Effect. With the climate becoming warmer, there will be the ______________ of the polar icecaps and subsequent _____________ of low-lying areas. In order to solve these problems. Mr. Frances Kelly thinks that the government should have far stricter ___________ on these emissions and __________ should also be made to help deal with these problems. Part ? Traffic pollution Nowadays, noise has become an annoying problem, since it is heard almost everywhere in modern 90 cities. Jet aircraft, heavy trucks, and sirens all contribute to loud, unpleasant sounds. Noise control has become a global concern of considerable significance. A In this section you are going to hear several people discussing the problem of traffic pollution with a government official, Barbara Fielding. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the left-hand column. After the second listening, answer the questions. Questions 1. Why are there traffic congestion and pollution on the road? Because there are too many ____________ on the road. 2. In the first caller's opinion, what is the most effective solution? The most effective solution is not to build ___________, but to improve our ________________ instead, such as more buses, more ________, and shared _________. 3. What is the real problem according to the second caller? The real problem is _________. 4. What does she think of what the government is doing now? She considers it as ____________. 5. What is the general suggestion she puts forward? She suggests that the government try their best to make people ____________ their cars. 6. What concrete measures does she mention? She mentions several measures such as limiting ________ in towns, making the roads _________ instead of _________, and making the city centers just for pedestrians and ________. B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the telephone conversation and decide whether the statements after the conversation are True or False. Put a "T" or "F" in the brackets. 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) Part ? More about the topic: The Indoor Air Pollution Although there are automatic air pollution monitoring systems in many cities to guide pollution control efforts, one always fails to realize that many sources of air pollution are inside one's house such as refrigerators, gas cookers, and air conditioners. In fact, the air pollution they bring about is no less insignificant than that outside. The following passage is about indoor air pollution. Supply the missing words while listening. More than ___________ scientists, public health officials and other experts from _________ countries met near Washington D.C. earlier this month. They discussed the _________ problem of indoor air pollution. Many countries have spent thousands of ________ of dollars during the past 20 years to make the outside air ________ to breathe. Experts say, however, that air inside buildings is often _________ times more dangerous than the air outside. The air inside is full of carbon monoxide, substances from tobacco _________ and biological materials such as _________, insects and moulds. These harmful substances exist in all kinds of buildings, houses, schools, hospitals and offices. _________ them can lead to lung cancer, breathing disorders, 91 ________, stomach sicknesses or ear and _________ problems. Some of the worst indoor air pollution exists in developing countries where _________ and coal are used for _______. Scientists say breathing these substances may be responsible for almost _________ of the deaths around the world. Experts at the recent conference said _________ of indoor air problems are caused by _______ and _______ systems, but they agreed that the problem of indoor air pollution is a _________ one. So they said the solutions must be local. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency is spending more than __________ dollars over _________ years to establish environmental health centers at several universities. Scientists at the centers will __________ indoor air pollution and work with local officials to improve the air ___________ in local buildings. James Hill is a former president of a professional group of American heating and air-conditioning experts. He says experts have learned how to improve indoor air in the past ___________ years. They also know how to ___________ and take care of buildings so that the air inside will be ___________. Mr. Hill says that knowledge now should lead to ___________. He says the goal is to teach designers, builders and the public how to keep from polluting indoor air. Conference delegates ___________ that health experts, builders and engineers need to work together to ___________ indoor pollution. They called for a better use of current technology to produce ___________, ___________ air inside buildings. Part ? Memory test: Old Tires More and more attention is now being given to reducing pollution, maintaining a natural ecological balance and recycling wastes. Naturally, an important way to achieve this is to expand the use of cleaner fuels. Thus, gas is being more widely used to replace raw coal, cheap and clean solar energy is being studied, and with the development of science and technology, even old tires may become a kind of clean fuel one day. You are going to hear a passage about how to deal with old tyres. After that some questions will be asked. Find the right answers as quickly as possible according to the notes you have taken while listening. 1. a. In the house. b. Wherever one likes. c. In the land field. d. In the garage. 2. a. 24 000 000 b. 42 000 0000 c. 340000 000 d. 240 000 000 3. a. The tires can catch fire. b. The tires can carry diseases. c. The tires can become a home for insects. d. The tires can trap water. 4. a. They should be buried underground. 92 b. They should be recycled. c. They should be repaired. d. They should be thrown away. 5. a. Because tires have long been used as a fuel. b. Because people may run out of other fuels. c. Because burning tires can send out good chemicals into the air. d. Because in the future, it is possible to make the tires burn cleaner. Part ? Reminder of key points in this unit Verb & Verb Phrase Noun & Noun Phrase Other Part ? cover rain forest tropical be impressed project work on petition extinction logger species equator donation Part ? issue air pollutant in the longer term kill off sulfur dioxide damaging impose on acid rain polar emission subsequent carbon monoxide low-lying carbon dioxide dose reflex build-up Greenhouse Effect icecap flooding Part ? be aware traffic pollution in my opinion discourage from congestion positive carry on public transport drastic collapse pedestrian realistic Part ? lead to substance local be responsible for tobacco current investigate mould keep from disorder call for air-conditioning Part ? deal with automobile unwanted throw away vehicle worldwide trap waste material open-air recycle threat 93 melt particle rip asphalt release additive fuel chemical Unit 18 Review (?) Activity 1 Preferences A interviewer is interviewing Sarah on preferences. Listen carefully. What things does Sarah like? Write down her answers in proper places. 1. School subjects: __________________________________ 2. Places to live: ___________________________________ 3. TV: _______________________________________________ 4. Food: _____________________________________________ 5. Vacations: ________________________________________ Activity 2 Do you believe it? A Listen to several newspaper headlines. Write them down. 1. _______________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________ 3. _______________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________ B Listen to the news. What information is in the stories? (Tick a or b.) Do you think they might be true? Tick to show your opinion. (Open-ended) True? Maybe Probably not. Impossible 1. a. Videotape of UFO sports show found on earth. ____ ____________ __________ b. People on earth saw a TV sports show from a UFO. ____ ____________ __________ 2. a. The school was damaged, and many students were hurt. ____ ____________ __________ b. The school was damaged, but no students were hurt. ____ ____________ __________ 3. a. The statue looks like a rock star. ____ ____________ __________ b. The rock star was Greek. ____ ____________ __________ 4. a. He stopped eating. ____ ____________ __________ b. He only ate one kind of food. ____ ____________ __________ 5. a. The elephant performs tricks before soccer games. ____ ____________ __________ 94 b. The elephant is a good soccer player. ____ ____________ __________ Activity 3 Inflight service You are going to hear two people talking on an airplane about inflight service. Listen carefully. Answer the following questions. 1. How long is the film? ___________________________________________________ 2. What is the certificate of the film? ___________________________________________________ 3. How much will the passengers pay to see the film? Dollars: ______ Sterling:_________ Francs:________ Marks:_________ 4. What is the title of the film? ___________________________________________________ 5. What kind of film is it? ___________________________________________________ 6. Where do some of the scenes in the film take place? ___________________________________________________ 7. Where is the bar? ___________________________________________________ 8. Besides the film and the bar what other service does the plane have? ___________________________________________________ Activity 4 Match of the day A You are going to hear three sports commentaries. Decide which sport is being 1. __________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________ B Listen to the commentaries again and complete the following sentences. 1. Onokuni, also known as _____________, is fighting against Fujino shin, whose nickname is _____________. Fujino shin weights _____________, but Onokuni is _____________ heavier. _______________ wins the fight. 2. The match is being played in _____________. The two teams are _____________ and _____________. Higuita _____________ from the goal to try to get the ball, but this allows 95 ______________ to __________. So the score is _________, and _________ are almost certain to win. This means they will play in the _____________. 3. With 80 meters to go, Glenda Walsh is _____________. But _____________ overtakes her and ________________ . Her time is _____________, which is a good win because it's only her ________________ this summer. Activity 5 You and your community You are going to hear part of a radio program called "You and Your Community' Listen carefully and answer the multiple choice questions. 1. What does the Chief Superintendent mean by a "jobber"? a. Anybody who does jobs free for others. b. A workman who only wants to be paid cash for a job. c. Someone who offers to do a job but who probably doesn't finish it. d. A builder who advertises jobs "done cheaply" in the newspaper. 2. What does the Chief Superintendent say about young householders? a. They are more careful than old people. b. They tend to keep a lot of cash in their houses. c. Most pay by check for building jobs to their property. d. Many are deceived as easily as old people. 3. Why do the police want people to tell them about "jobbers"? a. Because it will help them to prevent crimes. b. So that they can warn professional builders about them. c. Because they want to inspect their work. d. So that they can talk to the jobbers about unsolved crimes. 4. What did "jobbers" do to one old person? a. They attacked his cat. b. They threatened to break up his house. c. They did something very unpleasant to his dog. d. They tried to make him tell them where his money was. 96