大学英语四级考试15选10专项训练方法加实战

大学英语四级考试15选10专项训练方法加实战 不及物 4 n./pron. link v./be adj.前名后形容，be动样卷结构 试题内容 答题时间 或系动 分数 5 to v. 前有to，后原型 Part I Writing 注意:确定空白处为动词，还需根据上下文确定正 30 minutes 106分 确形式 Part II Fast-reading 以下情况，空白处为分词: 15 minutes 71分 ,过去分词: ,has/have/had p.p(完成时态) Part III Listening Comprehension 35 minutes ,be p.p(被动语态) 249分 ,p.p n.或 n. p.p(过去分词做形容词，表示被Part IV Reading in Depth 25 minutes 动或已发生) 178分 ,现在分词: Part V Cloze ,be -ing(进行时态) 15 minutes 71分 ,-ing n.或n.-ing(现在分词做形容词，表示主 动或正在进行) Part VI Translation 5 ,prep. –ing(介词宾语) minutes 35分 以下情况，空白处为名词: 题型分析: (名词通常做主语或动词介词宾语) ,篇章词汇理解是大学英语四级考试中出现的一,a/the n. 前有冠词 种新题型(这种题是在一篇长度为,,,个的,n. V. 空白后为谓语动词 文章中留出,,个单词的空格，要求考生从,,个,prep. n. 空白前为介词，则空白处为名词或备选单词中选出,,个填入空格处，使文章语句通动名词 畅，表达正确( (注意:根据空白处前的冠词和上下文判断所填名 词的单复数;根据空白处后的谓语动词的形式判断,测试重点:考生对连贯性一致性及逻辑关系等语 篇语段的整体特征以及单词在实际语境中的理所填名词的单复数) 解(既考查宏观结构，又考查微观理解( 以下情况，空白处为形容词: ,15个单词中3个名词正确答案+1个名词干扰答,adj. n. n. adj. 空白前后是名词 案、3个动词正确答案+1个动词干扰答案、3个形容,adv. adj. 空白前是副词 词正确答案+2个形容词干扰答案、1个副词正确答,link v.,be adj. be动或系动后考虑形容词做 案+1个副词干扰答案。 表语 以下情况，空白处为副词: 解题步骤: ,adv. v.或 v. adv.副词修饰动词，表示程度状,通读全文，抓住中心(首段，首句原则) 态 ,adv. adj.副词可修饰形容词 ,阅读选项，词性分类(注意分析动词时态) ,adv.从句，有些副词做句子的状语，表示转折因,全盘考虑，灵活选择(根据所需词性缩小范围， 每词只能用一次) 果等逻辑关系 ,复读全文，核查答案(快速复读，用语感判断是 否通顺准确) 答题技巧二: 确定考点需要积极意义还是消极意义，继而缩小 答题技巧一:确定空白处词性 选择范围，节省大量时间( ,以下情况，空白处为动词: Sample: 1 n./pron. Vt. n./pron. 前有名后有名，中间The classroom (offers) opportunities for 谓动 children to replace angry, violent behaviors 2 n./pron. Vi. 前名后无名，谓动不及物 with , peaceful ones. 3 n./pron. Vi. adv./prep.前名后介副，谓动(根据语法判断此处为形容词，与peaceful有一样 具有积极意义，与前文的angry, violent词义色彩 相反，那么comprehensive, cooperative, entire答题技巧六: 应选择cooperative) 注意一词多性: 答题技巧三: 词库中的词有的既是名词又是动词，有些分词 介词后一定是名词或动名词做宾语( 也可以充当形容词，确定空白处所需单词词性后要 注意 to (介词&动词不定式) 全面考虑词库中的单词词性，不能遗漏( to的短语接动名词 :abandon oneself to(沉溺于), (respect, result, range) adhere to(坚持), stick to(坚持，信守), cling to(坚持，忠于), admit to(承认), confess to (承认), contribute to(做贡献), feel up to (感觉能胜任), get down to(开始着手做), give one’s mind to(专心), give way to(让步), yield to(屈服), lead to(导致), look forward ,,,,,年6 月24日新四级考试 to(渴望), object to(反对), take to(开始 EI Nino is the name given to the 从事，喜欢), turn to(求助), succumb to(屈mysterious and often unpredictable change in 服), see to(照顾，料理), get used to, be the climate of the world. This strange 47 accustomed to, be addicted to, be committed to, happens every five to eight years. It starts be dedicated to, be devoted to, be opposed to, in the pacific Ocean and is thought to be be reduced to, be subject to(受支配的，常遭caused by a failure in the trade winds(信风), 受), submit to(顺从，屈服) which affects the ocean currents driven by 答题技巧四: these winds. As the trade winds lessen in 利用不定冠词(a/an)判断考点是否为元音开头，48 , the ocean temperatures rise, causing the 缩小选择范围 Peru current flowing in from the east to warm Sample: up by as much as 5?(degrees centigrade). Husband and children now do some of these jobs, a ____ that has changed the target market for The warning of the ocean has far-reaching many products. effects. The hot, humid (潮湿的)air over the (scale, potential, gap, extreme, purchase, ocean causes severe 49 thunderstorms. The situation) rainfall is increased across South America, 50 floods to Peru. In the West Pacific, there 答题技巧五: 充分利用词库中的近义词或反义词 are droughts affecting Australia and (若词库中出现一对近义或反义词，其中一个必定Indonesia. So while some parts of the world 是干扰项(反义词考查学生对文章语境色彩的辨prepare for heavy rains and floods, other 析，只要辨析考点单词是积极还是消极意义，就不parts face drought, poor crops and 51 . 难排除(近义词考查考生对词汇搭配用法的掌握， 需要学生牢记近义词的各种用法及搭配。) EI Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. The 1982-83 EI Nino brought the most Sample: A) gravely B) respect C) limited D) 52 weather in modern history. Its effect was specialize E) seriously F) promoting G) worldwide and it left more than 2,000 people involves H) relieved dead and caused over eight billion pounds 53 I) significant J) magnificent K) of damage. The 1990 EI Nino lasted until June range L) issues 1995. Scientists 54 this to be the longest M) result N) determining O) EI Nino for 2,000 years. complicated Nowadays, weather experts are able to forecast when an EI Nino will 55 , but they Today, we take pain______. are still not 56 sure what leads to it or (此处应用副词做状语，考查近义词辨析(Take sth. Seriously为固定搭配) what affects how strong it will be. 其选项如下: 是形容词后缀) ,A) estimate; B) strength; ,副词:C和I(ly加在形容词后为副词后缀) ,C) deliberately;D) notify; ,注意:即使从没见过，也想办法看能否判断其词,E) tropical; F) phenomenon; 性，词的性质有时比词义还重要。词的性质并不总,G) stable; H) attraction; 是固定的，有些不认识的或无法确定的，如N) worth ,I) completely; J) destructive; (adj./n.)，可先搁置，不要过度纠缠。 ,K) starvation; L) bringing; ,M) exhaustion; N) worth; ,O) strike 二、综合解题 ,将选项分类之后，就得从文章中来寻找对应的线 索了。选项与文章匹配的因素有两个，第一是词性， 解题方法 第二是词义。所以在读文章时，要通过各种手段来 一、辨析词性 确定空格的词性与意义。 ,把十五个选项按词性分别归入名词、动词、形容(一)确定词性，确定选项的选择范围 词、副词等类别。 1)关于动词的判断 ,纵观样题和真题，我们知道15个词汇都属于最重 前后都是名词短语，中间是动词 。 要的四类实词。我们要学会每种词汇的基本搭配和 根据一句(包括从句)有且只有一个谓动的 基本用法。 原则，其它地方如无谓语动词，则需要谓语动词; ,辨性要注意下面几点。 反之则不需要谓语动词。 1. 遇到动词进行二次分类:确定时态，确定是第,Nowadays, weather experts are able to 三人称单数还是非第三人称单数;但应注意动词forecast when an El Nino will 55 , but..(will+ed型的有两种可能性，动词或形容词;遇到名词后面必然是原形动词，一起构成谓语) 55. O strike 要确定单数还是复数。 ,Scientists 54 this to be the longest El Nino 2(不认识的单词，看后缀。构词法中，前缀表明for 2,000 years.(此句后只有一个to be，是非意思，后缀表明词性。所以看一个词的后缀，往往谓语动词，故空格必为谓语动词;且空格前后均为能大致分出词性。请参照附件“英语后缀”。 名词性，也基本确定它是动词。) 54. A estimate 3(词性一时无法确定的，暂时搁置，不必纠缠， 影响全局。 一个完整的句子之后再跟逗号，后面一般是非4(作出相应的标记。可直接用自己最清楚的符号谓语动词短语。 清楚标在每个词前后。不清楚的都标问号。 , The rainfall is increased across South America, 50 floods to Peru. (前面是一个完整 以真题为例辨词性 的句子，逗号后跟的，一般是非谓语动词短语。此 ,A) estimate;B) strength; 题选项中非谓语动词只有一个，故直选之。) 50. ,C) deliberately;D) notify; L bringing ,E) tropical;F) phenomenon; 2)其它词的判断 ,G) stable;H) attraction; 形容词或名词修饰名词，限定词(the, this, ,I) completely;J) destructive; ,K) starvation;L) bringing; that, a, my之类)后必有名词 ,M) exhaustion;N) worth;, ,This strange 47 happens every five to eight ,O) strike years. (这个/种奇怪的,，当然要一个名词了) 47. F phenomenon ,名词:B,F,H,K,M(B的后缀th, H、K、M的tion,The hot, humid (潮湿的) air over the ocean 都是名词后缀) causes severe 49 thunderstorms.(严重的,风,谓语动词:A,D,O(A的-ate极可能是动词，D的暴，可能是形容词，也可能是名词)49. E tropical -fy为动词后缀) ,非谓语动词:L(-ing结尾) ,El Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. ,形容词:E, G, J(E的-cal, G的able, J的tiveThe 1981-83 El Nino brought the most 52 weather in modern history.(前面是最高级的修饰语，自 空格与前面两个名词并列，意味着意思相近。 然是形容词。) 52. J destructive 与干旱、收成不好一致的，很容易选出starvation 饥荒. 51. K starvation 副词修饰形容词或动词 ,„, but they are still not 56 sure what leads 2(前文(指代等、句间连词) to it or what affects how strong it will be.,This strange 47 happens every five to eight (修饰形容词sure, 当为副词) 56. I completely years. This告诉我们，此处是重提前面讲到过的某个 谓语动词前有名词主语 东西。前面讲到过的核心概念就是El Nino, 无疑 ,This strange 47 happens every five to eight 是一种天气“现象”。47. F phenomenon years.(happens是谓语动词，也可知前面为名词 短语，缺一个核心名词。)47. F phenomenon ,表示可从前文找相应线索的有两类。 与this一大类的还有:This/these/such; the same/similar; worse/better/more/less等。 介词后面必有名词 ,还有就是表示逻辑关系的句间连词，或者叫连接 ,As the trade winds lessen in 48 , the ocean 副词。主要的如下。 temperatures rise, causing the Peru current 递进: flowing in from the east to warm up by as much Moreover/furthermore/what’more/besides/in as 5 ?C. addition/even/also (在介词in的后面，当为名词无疑，此处整个短语 转折:however/but/rather/instead 来修饰lessen减少，当为在某个方面减少。) 因果: 48. B strength therefore/consequently/accordingly/thus/hen ce (二)句里句外，猜测词义 一看搭配:主谓宾、主系表与修饰 词直接的搭3(后文 配关系决定着词的意义。所以先看它被谁修饰，与,El Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. 谁形成主谓宾关系。看一种关系不行就看另一个，The 1981-83 El Nino brought the most 52 weather 灵活处之。 in modern history. Its effect was worldwide ,This strange 47 happens every five to eight and it left more than 2,000 people dead and years. caused over eight billion pounds 53 of damage. strange修饰47，也许看不出来是什么，再看47 段落开始部分，提出一个总的概括性的说法。 与happen形成主谓关系，能够发生的是什么,最好往往在下文有分述。El Nino究竟带来的是什么样 的当然是现象。47. F phenomenon 的天气，后面一句就交代得十分清楚。 52. J destructive (dead , damage) 二看逻辑: 三看习惯用法:固定搭配 ,Its effect was worldwide and it left more 1(句内(状语从句，解释，并列等) than 2,000 people dead and caused over eight ,As the trade winds lessen in 48, the ocean temperatures rise, causing the Peru current billion pounds 53 of damage. flowing in from the east to warm up by as much 53. N worth as 5 ?C. 此处考的是worth这个词的特殊用法。它本是一个 此句有一个状语从句，as表示的时间或因果关形容词，但可用„worth of sth, 来表明价值某物系，是重要的解题线索。风的什么减少，温度就上的某东西。 升，当然是风的速度或风力。 48. B strength e.g. The fire caused thousands of pounds' damage. worth of ,So while some parts of the world prepare for heavy rains and floods, other parts face 三、带项检查 drought, poor crops and 51. ,带入已选答案，重新通读文章以核对其是否逻辑 语意正确。 15) –cy: bankruptcy， literacy， democracy 16) -ship, 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，,选择填空考的是猜测词义的能力，其核心在于通职业” hardship, membership, friendship 过各种线索来确定词性和意义，从而实现成功匹17) -th, 表示"动作，性质，过程，状态" depth, 配。解题方法也相应产生。 wealth, truth, length, growth ,先通过词的后缀等对选项进行合理的分类，分不18) -tude, 表示"性质，状态，程度" latitude, 出的可先模糊处理。 altitude(海拔) ,再通过文章逐一确定空格所需要的词性和意义。19) -ure, 表示"行为，结果" exposure, pressure, 它需要看句子中此词所处的位置，它的周边环境。 failure, procedure(手续) ,有时甚至需要跳出此句，看前文或后文。如指代20) -grapy, 表示"„„学，写法” biography, 词/句间连词告诉我们要向前寻找;而段首的抽象calligraphy, geography 表达可能要从下文找到钥匙。 21) -ic, ics, 表示"„„学„„法" logic, mechanics, electronics, linguistics 22) -ology, 表示"„„学„„论”biology, 1. 名词后缀 zoology, technology(工艺学) 1) -or/er/ess/crat/cis:做某件事情或职业的人23) -nomy, 表示"„„学„„术" astronomy, 或物:worker, debtor economy, bionomy(生态学) 2) -acy, 表示"性质，状态，境遇" democracy, 2. 形容词后缀 accuracy, diplomacy , 带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义 3) -ance, -ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，1) -able, -ible: visible, flexible 总量，程度” importance, diligence, 2) 名词-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish difference, obedience (注意accomplish, vanish) 4) -ancy, -ency, 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程3) –ive: active, sensitive, productive " frequency, urgency, efficiency, 4) –like: manlike, childlike 5) -bility, 表示"动作，性质，状态" possibility, 5) 名词-ly: manly, fatherly, scholarly, flexibility, feasibility, motherly 6) -dom, 表示“等级，领域，状态” freedom, 6) –ory: satisfactory， illusory kingdom, wisdom 7) –ic: realistic， specific， poetic， energetic 7) –age: package， shortage， marriage 8) –ant: assistant， accountant， 8) –ical: physical， classical， economical inhabitant 9) –some: troublesome, handsome 9) -hood, 表示"资格，身份, 年纪，状态" 10) –ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, childhood, manhood, falsehood truthful 10) -ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示11) –ous: dangerous, generous, courageous, 12) –ent: violent "行为的过程，结果，状况" action, solution, 13) –most: foremost, topmost conclusion, destruction, expression, correction 14) -less: 表示否定，countless, stainless, 11) -ism, 表示"，主义，学说，信仰，行为" wireless socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism 15) –al: personal， internal， critical， 12) -ty, 表示"性质，状态，程度” purity, accidental， reality, ability, loyalty， identity 16) –ary: necessary， primary， secondary 13) -ment, 表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结17) –ious: religious， furious， precious 18) –y: dirty， healthy， rainy， thirsty， 果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, sunny argument 14) -ness, 表示"性质，状态，程度" goodness, 3. 动词后缀 kindness, tiredness, friendliness 1) -ize, ise, 表示"做成，变成，„„化“: know what the inside of their house is like, having modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize never "stepped across the threshold," as the old 17 2) -en, 表示"使成为，引起，使有” : quicken, phrase has it. The family hearth is 18 for weaken, soften, harden the family itself, and those who are "something to 3) -fy, 表示“使„„化, 使成” : beautify, us"(another favorite formula) and who look in for a purify, intensify, signify, simplify talk or just to sit. Much of the free time of a man and 4) -ish, 表示"使，令”: finish, abolish, his wife will 19 be passed at that hearth. Just staying diminish, establish in is still one of the most common leisure-time 20 5) -ate, 表示“成为„„，处理，作用” : A. B. professiC. sense D. neverthele separate, operate, indicate happens ons ss 4. 副词后缀 E. F. distance G. immediH. usually ,(形容词)-ly:bad?badly严重地/恶劣地，fashioned ate careful?carefully小心地 I. J. preserveK. imitate L. provide ,-wise:clock?clockwise(a./adv.)顺时针方向occupationd 的(地);like?likewise同样地 s ,-ward(s):out?outwards向外面地，north?M. N reserved 0. contrib northwards向北方地 therefore ute Unit Two 大学英语四级考试15选10专项训练 Passage 2 Unit One Flying over a desert area in an airplane, two scientists Directions: In this passage there are ten blanks. You looked down with trained eyes at trees and bushes. are required to select one word for each blank from a After an hour's 11 one of the scientists wrote in his list of choices given in a word bank following the book, "Look here for 12 metal. " Scientists in another passage. Read the passage through carefully before airplane, flying over a mountain region, sent a 13 to making your choices. Each choice in the bank is other scientists on the ground, "Gold possible. " identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding Walking across hilly ground, four scientists reported, letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single "This ground should be searched for metals. " From line through the centre. You may not use any of the an airplane over a hilly wasteland a scientist sent back words in the bank more than once. by radio one word, "Uranium. " Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following None of the scientists had X-ray eyes they had no 14 : passage. powers for looking down below the earth's surface. Looking back on years of living in a They were 15 putting to use one of the newest working-class home in the North of England, I should methods of 16 minerals in the say that a good living room must 11 three principal ground—using trees and plants as 17 that certain things: homeliness, warmth and plenty of good food. minerals may lie beneath the ground on which the trees The living-room is the warm heart of the family and and 12 often slightly stuffy to a middle-class visitor. It is plants are growing. not a social centre but a family center; little This newest method of searching for minerals is entertaining goes on there or in the front room, if 18 on the fact that minerals deep in the earth there 13 to be one; you do not entertain in anything may 19 the kind of bushes and trees that approaching the middle-class 14 The wife's social grow on the surface. life outside her 15 family is found over the At Watson Bar Creek, a brook six thousand feet high washing-line, at the little shop on the corner, visiting in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, a relatives at a moderate 16 occasionally, and perhaps mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. now and again a visit with her husband to his pub or Boxes were filled with small branches from the trees. club. Apart from these two places, he has just his work Roots were dug and put into boxes. Each bag and box and his football matches. They will have, each of was 20 marked. In a scientific laboratory the parts of them, friends at all these places, who may well not the forest trees were burned to ashes and tested. Each small part was examined to learn whether there were A. B. measurC. popular D. together minerals in it. completeles A. BsufficClocating D. affect y signs . iently . E. honor F. manufaG. schedulH. reward E. Fmagic Ghints H. carefully cture e merel. . I. J. principlK. embarrL. technical y celebrated es assed I. J. messaKflight L. probable M. N conditio0. discour findinge . voluntary ns aged g Unit Four M. Nbased Oinformation Passage 2 reveal. . Sophy Brent came to visit me nearly every day. She ing made me feel uneasy most of the time. She smoked 11 Unit Three and never used an ashtray. She followed me into the . kitchen while I made tea or coffee or supper and 12 Passage 2 herself to the children's orange juice. She made a great America's most famous woman is the Goddess of hit with my two-year-old daughter Flora, who would Liberty, i. e. the Statue of Liberty. It was 13 about her for hours and refer to her lovingly as first thought of in 1865 by Edouard de "sofa", and she was always talking about my husband Laboulaye and designed by another Frenchman, and asking me where he was. Frederic Bartoldi. They wanted to 11 I could not decide why she chose my 14 , although I liberty and friendship. realized that nobody else paid her very much attention. It was hoped that the monument would be completed Her situation was very difficult in that she was 15 out by 1876 when America 12 its centennial. Fund raising of drama school and only nineteen, but being 16 to and the 13 of the statue in France went slowly. It was play a leading part in a company of fairly 17 and 1885 when the 214 crates containing the statue experienced actors. They would not have liked her reached New York. much even if she had been good, and as, from all Americans were initially 14 for they had accounts, she was not good so they took every 18 to not raised the money to pay for the erection of the run her down. I think she thought that I was the only base. Fund raising by popular subscription was person around who was both unconnected with the behind 15 . One fund raising method used was theatre and tolerably 19 . To associate with me was to have popular Americans write letters which were not, at any rate, to step down the scale. And for my then sold in public. part, although I felt troubled by her I did not dislike The base and statue, 16 272 feet tall, her. There was something genuinely outstanding in were completed in 1886. From a 17 standpoint, her personality, and she had such physical 20 that with the statue is a marvel. The inner structure was me she could get away with anything. She was nice to designed by the French engineer, Alexandre Eiffel. have around, like flowers or a bowl of fruit. His design for the stressed copper skin of the statue A. B. BconstDtreated anticipated many of the 18 utilized in helped smart . antly . modern aircraft. E. F. Ghang Hcharm After a century, the monument began to show signs of requiresuprem. . getting worse in 19 . Just as Frenchmen had d e created the Statue, so it was with restoration. I. J. KopporLdisting A Frenchman noted the decay and continucompan. tunity . uished French and American craftsmen and ally y contributions brought about the renewal of the Statue M. N. Odisap in time for its centennial.Liberty is still 20 straight partner . point in France and the United States. ed over the windows, a store of wood 13 up outside, dry chopped wood inside, utensils and cutlery, and above Unit Five all, a small store of food. All these things must be Passage 2 completely in 14 whenever the hut is Many people often enjoy eating out either before or left. after a visit to the theatre. However, most of us would It makes no 15 if it is only the middle of July. That 16 rather keep the two 11 separate. One man who thinks hut may not be visited again before the winter. A door that they can be successfully combined has not only left open can lead either to snow filling up the hut to expressed his ideas in a recent book, but also set up an the ceiling, or 17 still, wind blowing the roof off. establishment where the theory is put very 12 into Unfastened shutters leave the windows an easy prey practice. The man is Paul Thornton, and the place is for polar bears 18 for food and the result is again the Hollics, an old farmhouse. snow in the hut. The ready-chopped wood is also very Whenever I visit a new restaurant, I feel the same important. excitement that keen theatre-goers must experience on A traveler visiting the hut in the middle of the dark opening night. I had this feeling last Friday evening at time and perhaps in bad weather, his feet, hands and dusk, as my wife and I were taking a walk in the face bitten by the frost, will have his difficulties beautiful gardens of the restaurant 13 after we had doubled if the wood he left has been used up by others arrived. Dinner was as excellent as we had been 14 . and he had nothing with which to 19 a There is no menu, for Mr. Thornton creates his meals fire. rather as a director produces a play. Nevertheless, the Ten or more years ago there were enough hunters to various combinations of 15 at each course are always look after most of the huts, but now many buildings 16 as if they were done by magic. He and his team of have become useless because there is no one to repair highly skilled helpers serve, cut and cook the food, them and because of 20 moving about the "stage" as confidently as 17 actors. The meal is as different from what one finds in A. worse BpeculiaC. laid D. light ordinary restaurants as a 18 performance of A . r Midsummer Night's Dream would be from a E. F. order G. particuH. conventi second-rate television production. generally lar ons May I offer a few words of advice in case you are I. JdiffereK. built L. fashions thinking of paying him a visit. Try not to arrive just carelessne( nce after noon, as Mr. Thornton does not serve a normal ss lunch. His "brunch" which 19 the M. NordinarO. result best 20 of a traditional English searching . ily breakfast, is served around eleven o'clock and is so Unit Seven plentiful that lunch is unnecessary. Passage 2 A. features B. shortly C. potential D. definitely Most of us trade money for entertainment. Movies, E. perfect F. promoted G. live H. professional I. concerts and shows are enjoyable but 11 .If you think characters that you can't have a good time without spending a lot J. promised K. choices L. includes M. pleasures N. of money, read on. A little resourcefulness and a few vigorously minutes of newspaper-scanning should give you some O. substitutions pleasant surprises. Unit Six People may be the most interesting show in a large Passage 2 city. 12 through busy streets and see what everybody Student expeditions do a great deal of good work on else is doing. You will probably see people from all the Arctic islands but from time to time cause trouble over the world; you will 13 see people of every age, in the huts, probably because students are not familiar size, and shape, and you'll get a free fashion show, too. with the 11 of the little wooden huts dotted all over Window-shopping is also a 14 sport if the stores are the islands of the Spizbergen group. closed. Each hut 12 has an inner and an outer door, shutters Check the listings in your neighborhood paper. Local colleges or schools often 15 the public to hear an psychiatrists call "depressive illness. " Depressive illness is more 16 and lasts longer than common interesting speaker or a good 16 . The film or concert listless feelings. Sometimes a serious 17 of depression series at the local public library probably won't cost you a penny. Be sure to check commercial can begin with the loss of a loved one or a change of advertisements too. A flea market can provide hours job. Many times, in very of pleasant looking round. Perhaps you can find a free 18 cases, there doesn't seem to be any circumstance cooking or crafts 17 in a department store. serious enough to have caused the depression. Plan ahead for some activities. It is always more Some psychiatrists suggest that the key feature pleasant not to have people in front of you in a in depression is change. The person becomes different museum or at a zoo. You may save some money, too, from the way before the onset of his depression. He since these places often 18 aside one or two free 19 may even become the opposite of his usual self. There days at slow times during the week. Make sure that are many examples: the businessman who becomes a you are including the indispensable 20 wanderer, the mother who wants to 19 her children that people travel miles to see. If you feel like taking and herself. Instead of seeking satisfaction and an interesting walk, find a free walking tour, or plan pleasure, the depressed person 20 it. one yourself. A. B. Wonder C.debD. admissio A. ever Bescape Cintense Dresponse expensivate n . . . e E. avoids Feven Gexpress Hrealization E. set F. Wander G.safe H. addition . . . I. J. dispute K.welL. confiden I. severe Jlessen Kdense Lperiod valuable come tly . . . M. sights N. demonstraO.cert M. harm Nlack Onormal tion ainly . . Unit Nine A growing world population and the discoveries of science may 11 this pattern of distribution in the future. As men slowly learn to master diseases, control floods, prevent famines, and stop wars, fewer Unit Eight people die every year; and in 12 the population of the world is 13 increasing. In 1925 there were about 2,000 Passage 2 million people in the world; by the end of the century When a person feels low, blue, or down in the there may well be over 4,000 million. clumps, it usually means he has been hurt, When numbers rise the 14 mouths must be fed. New disappointed, or saddened by something that causes a lands must be I bought under cultivation, or land confused and listless feeling. There is 11 a type of already farmed made to 15 larger crops. In some areas music called "the blue", a low, mournful, sad sound to the accessible land is largely so intensively 16 that it 12 these universal human feelings. will be difficult to make it provide more food. In some Depression is another name for this mood. areas the population is so dense that the land is Feeling depressed is a normal and natural 13 to parceled out in units too 17 to allow for much experiences of loss, failure, and undeserved bad luck. improvement in farming methods. Were a larger part Indeed, it has been pointed out that without depression, of this farming population drawn off into industrial we would 14 much of the world's great tragic occupations, the land might be farmed much more literature, music, and art. productively by modern methods. In some cases, however, depression becomes There is now a race for science, technology, and something more than just 15 feelings of blues or industry to keep the 18 of food rising faster letdown. A large number of people suffer from what than the number of people to be fed. New strains of crops are being developed which will thrive in A. highly B. engageCcustomarDsocial 19 climates; irrigation and dry-farming ment . y . methods bring poor lands under the plough, dams hold E. inform F. invitatiGadvance Habsence back the waters of great rivers to 20 water on . . for the fields in all seasons and to provide electric I. J. associatKexpected Lassumes power for new industries; industrial heavily e . . chemistry provides fertilizers to suit M. N. arise Ocommun particular soils; aero planes spray crops to destroy habitual . icates insects and many plant diseases. Unit Eleven A. ensure B. violently Passage 2 C. alter D. harmful E. Personality is, to a large extent, inherent—A-type cultivated F. unique parents, usually bring about A-type children. But the G. transplanted H. yield environment must also have a 11 effect, wince if I. consequence J. output competition is important to the parents it is likely to K. extra L. steadily M. tiny become a major 12 in the lives of their children. N. unfavorable O. produce One place where children soak up A characteristics is Unit Ten school, which is, by its very nature, a highly Passage 2 competitive institution. Too many schools 13 the " In the United States, it is not 11 to telephone someone win at all costs" moral standard and measure their very early in the morning. If you telephone him early success by sporting achievements. The current 14 for in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the making children compete against their classmates or time of the call shows that the matter is very important against the clock produces a two-layer system, in and requires immediate attention. The same meaning which competitive A types seem in some way better is attached to telephone calls made after 11: 00 p. m. . than their B-type fellows. Being 15 keen to win can If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he have dangerous consequences: remember that 12 it's a matter of life and death. The time chosen for Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead the call 13 its importance. seconds after saying; "cheers, we conquer!" In 14 life, time plays a very important part. In the U. S. By far the worst form of competition in schools is the A. , guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if extreme 16 on examinations. It is a rare school that the 15 to a dinner party is extended only three or four allows pupils to 17 on those things they do well. The days before the party date. But it is not true in all merits of competition by examination are somewhat countries. In other areas of the world, it may be 18 , but competition in the certain knowledge of considered foolish to make an appointment too far in failure is positively harmful. 16 because plans which are made for a date more than Obviously, it is neither 19 nor desirable a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of that all A youngsters change into B's. The world time differs in different parts of the world. Thus, needs types, and schools have an important duty to try misunderstandings 17 between people from cultures to 20 a child's personality to his possible that treat time differently. future employment. It is top management. Promptness is valued 18 in American life, for example. A. enough B. fit C. emphasD. practical If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as is impolite or not fully responsible. In the U. S. no one E. F. G. adopt H. questionab would think of keeping a business 19 waiting for an innumerable concentrate le hour, it would be too impolite. A person who is 5 I. J. factor K. too L. substance minutes late is 20 to make a short profound apology. If he is less than 5 minutes M. passion N. O. fix late, he will say a few words of emotion explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the UNIT 12 sentence. Passage 2 because they have been seriously studying the As the 11 of life continues to increase, we are fast meaning of color preference, as well as the effect that losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in habit of colors have on human beings. They tell us, among rushing through life, being on the go from morning till other 13 , that we do not choose our favorite color as night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is we grow up—we are born with our preference. If you essential for a healthy mind and body. happen to love brown, you did so, as soon as you Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no opened your eyes, or at least as soon as you could see way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is clearly. often 12 to be. A certain amount of stress is 13 to Colors do 14 our moods—there is no doubt about it. A provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only yellow room makes most people feel more cheerful when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red poor 14 and ill health. dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter The amount of stress a person can 15 depends very day. On the other hand, black is 15 .A black bridge much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of over the Thames River, near London, used to be the stress, and such characters are 16 prime material for 16 of more suicides than any other bridge in the managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the area—until it was repainted green. The number of first signs of 17 difficulties. When exposed to stress, suicide attempts immediately fell 17 ; perhaps it in whatever form, we react both chemically and would have fallen even more if the bridge had been physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or done in pink or baby blue. "flight" and in more primitive days the choices made Light and 18 colors make people not only the difference between life or death. The crises we happier but more active. It is meet today are unlikely to be so 18 , but however little an 19 fact that factory workers work the stress, it involves the same response. It is when better, harder, and have fewer 20 when their such a reaction lasts long, through continued 19 to machines are painted orange rather than black or grey. stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious A. bright B. scene C. wholly D. Favor conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease E. facts F. G. accidenH. Interf have established links with stress. Since we cannot 20 depressing ts ere stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even I. J. incidents K. disgustiL. Sharply if we could) , we need to find ways to deal with it. established ng Acancel B. pace C. extreme D. M. N. tend O. influenc . automatically enjoys e Eremove F. vital G. H. supposed Unit Fourteen . performancPassage 2 e Women are also underrepresented in the I. rate J. exposure K. L. unusual administration and this is because there are so few achievemenwomen 11 professors. In 1985, Regent Beryl Milburn t produced a report blasting the University of Texas M obviously N O harsh System administration for not 12 women. The withstand University was rated among the lowest for the system. Unit Thirteen In a 1587 update, Milburn 13 and praised the progress Passage 2 that was made and called for even more 14 What is your favorite color? Do you like yellow, One of the positive results from her study was a orange, red? If you do, you must be an optimist, a system-wide program to inform women of available leader, an active person who 11 life, people and administrative jobs. excitement. Do you prefer greys and blues? Then you College of Communication Associate Dean, Patricia are probably quiet, shy, and you would rather follow Witherspoon, said it is important that woman be 15 than lead. You 12 to be a pessimist. At least, this is when it comes to relocating if they want to 16 what psychologists tell us, and they should know, in the ranks. Although a woman may face a chilly 17 on campus, education research and scholarship to improve their many times in order for her to succeed, she must rise practice. above the problems around her and concentrate on her As members of learning communities, teachers work. contribute to school effectiveness by collaborating Until women make up a greater 18 of the senior with other professionals. They take ___20 positions in the University and all academia, of inequalities will exist. community resources, cultivating knowledge of "Women need to spend their energies and time doing their school's community as a powerful resource for scholarly activities that are important here at the learning. University. " Spirduso said. "If they do that they will A. B. advice C. quantitD. committe be 19 in this system. If they spend their time in little employ y d groups mourning the sexual discrimination that they E. F. consultG. manual H. approxim think exists here, they are 20 wasting valuable study command ed ately time. " I. J. advantaK. multiplL. accordingl A. full B. recalled C. improveDrise concerned ge e y ment . M. N. embracO. quality E. F. flexible G. recognizHidly individual e encouragined . g Unit Sixteen I. ratio J. persuadK. movable Lpossibly Passage 2 ing . If you are looking for information, library shelves are M. N. climate O. percenta a good place to start. But if you need up-to-the-minute successful ge data or have specialized needs, you may find a Unit Fifteen computerized database more useful, less expensive, Passage 2 and less time 11 .A database, a file of information on In October 1987, the National Board for Professional one subject or family of subjects, can be stored and 12 Teaching Standards began its work to set in a computer's memory. The speed of the computer new standards of accomplishment for the then 13 you to recall any item in this file almost teaching profession and to improve the 11 14 of education available to all children in the United The three main types of databases are statistical, States. bibliographic, and full text. Statistical databases store Teachers are 12 to students and their learning. They 15 amounts of numerical data, such as wage and price must act on the belief that all students can learn. They indexes, census information, foreign 16 rates and must recognize 13 differences in their students and bond prices. Bibliographic databases store references adjust their practice 14 . They must know that their to and summaries of articles in periodicals and mission extends beyond developing the cognitive newspapers. Full-text databases offer the complex capacity of their students. They must be 15 with their texts of such 17 as newspaper, magazine, and students' self-concept, with their motivation, and with journal articles. the development of character. Thousands of databases exist today, and their numbers Teachers must know the subjects they teach and how are growing. Many companies have their in-house to teach them. They must 16 specialized knowledge of database, which is 18 to employees through computer how to convey a subject to students. Teachers are terminals or microcomputers. In addition, several responsible for managing and monitoring student hundred commercial databases are now available to learning. They must call on 17 methods to meet their the 19 , with literally millions of items of information goals, knowing and being able to 18 a variety of readily obtainable. These databases 20 specific fields, instructional skills. Teachers must think such as law and financial forecasting, or general systematically about their practice and learn from information, such as sports and weather data. experience, seeking the 19 of others and drawing on alone . . e . A. Bpublic CinstantDcover I. JindiffeKwithdraLProg exchange . . ly . mobile . rently . w . ressive E. F. consuGremainHmaterial M. NaccouOdraw enables ming . ed . s regular . nts . I. hide J. intensiKvast Lcommun vely . . ications Unit Eighteen M. Naccessi0. mainta Passage 2 exhaustin. ble ined Social customs and ways of behaving change. Things g which were considered impolite many years ago are now 11 . Just a few years ago, it was Unit Seventeen 12 impolite behavior for a man to smoke on the street. Passage 2 No man who thought of himself as being a gentleman No one knows exactly how many disabled people would make a 13 of himself by smoking there are in the world, but 11 suggest the figure when a lady was in a room. is over 450 million. The number of disabled people Customs also differ from country to country. Does a in man walk on the left or the right of a woman in your India 12 is probably more than double country? Or doesn't it 14 ? What about table manners? the total population of Canada. Should you use both hands when you are eating? In the United Kingdom, about one in ten people have Should you leave one in your lap, or on the table? some disability. Disability is not just something that The Americans and the British not only speak the happens to other people: as we get older, many of us same language but also 15 a large number of social will become less 13 , hard of hearing or customs. For example, in both America and England have failing eyesight. people shake hands when they meet each other for the Disablement can take many forms and occur at any first time. Also, most Englishmen will open a door for time of life. Some people are born with disabilities. a woman or offer their seat to a woman, and so will Many others become disabled as they get older. There most Americans. 16 is important both in England and are many 14 disabling diseases. The longer time goes in America. That is, if a dinner invitation is for 7 on, the worse they become. Some people are disabled o'clock, the dinner guest either arrives 17 in accidents. Many others may have a period of to that time or calls up to explain his 18 disability in the form of a mental illness. All are The important thing to remember about social affected by people's attitude towards them. customs is not to do anything that might make other Disabled people face many 15 barriers. Next time you people feel uncomfortable— 19 if they are your guests. go shopping or to work or to visit friends, imagine There is an old story about a man who gave a formal how you would 16 if you could not get up steps, or on dinner party. When the food was served, one of the to buses and trains. How would you cope if you could guests started to eat his peas with a knife. The other not see where you were going or could not hear the guests were amused or shocked, but the 20 traffic? But there are other barriers; 17 can be even calmly picked up his knife harder to break down and ignorance 18 represents by and began eating in the same way. far the greatest barrier of all. It is almost impossible for the able-bodied to fully appreciate what the A. B. attainabCclose Ddelay severely disabled go through, so it is important to 19 especially le . . attention to these barriers and show that it is the E. F. host GdeliverHPreparati individual person and their ability, not their disability, considere. y . on which 20 d I. share J. fool KspecifiL. acceptablA. BevaluaCestimateDmanage . cally e inevitabl. tions . s M. matter N. Prompt0. care y ness E. Fcounts GprejudicHphysical Unit Nineteen Solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy will play a Passage 2 large role in the years to come. The economy of the United States after 1952 was the Solar energy is available in 13 forms. Buildings can economy of a well-fed, almost fully employed people. be heated and cooled by direct use of solar radiation, Despite 11 alarms, the country escaped any postwar crops and trees, which are the most efficient depression and lived in a 12 of boom. An economic converters of sunlight into energy, can be grown for survey of the year 1955, a typical year of the 1950's, their energy potential, wastes can be burned as 14 , may be typical as 13 the rapid economic growth of the sunlight can be converted into DC (direct current) decade. The national output was 14 at 10 percent electricity, electric power can be 15 from the above that of 1954(1955 output was estimated at 392 sun-warmed surface waters of the ocean, and lastly, billion dollars). The production of manufactures was solar radiation can be converted into heat that will about 40 percent more than it had 15 in the years drive electric power generators. Serious problems still immediately following World War I . The country's remain as to 16 and storage of solar energy. business spent about 30 billion dollars for new Geothermal energy is the energy contained factories and machinery. National income 16 for within the earth. Heat is abundantly available spending was almost a third greater than it had been in deep in the earth's core and is constantly being 1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that produced. However, this heat is usually located at too is about 700 million dollars a day, or about deep a level for 17 exploitation. In short, twenty-five million dollars every hour, all round the very little is known on the use of geothermal energy, 17 . Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a and it has 18 been exploited. little more than two million wanted jobs but could not Nuclear energy is produced in nuclear power plants. find them. Only agriculture 18 that it was not sharing At these plants atoms of uranium are split, thus in the boom. To some observers this was a sad 19 masses of energy. Another source of reflection of the mid-1920's. As farmers' share of their energy products 19 , marketing costs rose. But there were, under development is the nuclear fusion of certain among the observers of the national economy, a few atoms of hydrogen. This could eventually 20 who were not as confident as the majority. Those natural gas as a source of energy. few seemed to fear that the boom could not last long A. rarely BtransformaCfuel D. replace and would . tion . 20 lead to the opposite—depression. E. led Falternative GcommercH. briefly . . ial A. B. averagCgraduDstate I. derived J. various Krelieving L. releasing eventualled . ally . . y M. Nfinancial Odescribed E. valued F. form GdecliHoccasional transportation . . Unit one . ned . I. Y 2. N 3. Y 4. NG 5. N 6. I. J. argued KdesceL. complaineY 7. N casual . nded d 8. to bargain over the price 9. brake and M. clock NavailabOillustr transmission 10. a new-car dealer . le . ating 11. L 12. M 13. A 14. C 15. G 16. F 17. E 18. N 19. H 20. I 21. B 22. Unit Twenty A 23. D 24. B 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. B Passage 2 Unit Two Growth of trade will depend greatly on availability of I. NG 2. Y 3. N 4. N 5. N 6. energy sources. There may still be a trillion barrels of Y 7. Y recoverable oil in the Middle East. But the oil 8. in developing countries 9. smoke free seat crisis of 1974 has 11 to renewed interest 10. encouraged II. K 12. L 13. J 14. F 15. E in coal and to a search for 12 sources of energy. 16. C 17. A 18. N 19. D 20. H 21. B II. C 12. I 13. L 14. K 15. H 16. 22. C 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. A 27. D E 17. M 18. J 19. N 20. A 21. C 22. 28. A 29. A 30. A B 23. B 24. B 25. B 26. C 27. C Unit Three 28. C 29. B 30. D I. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. N 5. Y Unit Ten 6. N 7. NG 8. 80,000,000 9. split the I. N 2. Y 3. NG 4. N 5. Y ranks 10. 40% 6. N 7. N 8. take breaks 9. positive 10. II. E 12. I 13. F 14. K 15. G 16. under-exertion D 17. L 18. J 21. D 22. A 23. B II. C 12. L 13. O 14. D 15. F 16. 24. D 25. D 26. A 27. A 28. D G 17. N 18. A 19. J 20. K 21. A 22. Unit Four C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. I. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. Y 5. N C 29. D 30. A 6. NG 7. N 8. 528,431 9. liberalized Unit Eleven 10. public charges I. N 2. NG 3. Y 4. N 5. Y II. I 12. A 13. G 14. J 15. M 6. Y 7. N 16. E 17. L 18. K 19. B 20. H 21. C 8. persuasive spoken word 9. distract 10. 22. D 23. C 24. D 25. C 26. A 27. C fails to stick 28. A 29. B 30. C II. I 12. J 13. G 14. M 15. K 16. Unit Five C 17. F 18. H 19. D 20. B 21. D 22. I. N 2. Y 3. N 4. Y 5. Y B 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. B 6. N 7. NG 8. protein 9. less important 28. C 29. A 30. C 10. beta carotene Unit Twelve II. M 12. D 13. B 14. J ' 15. K 16. E 1. N 2. Y 3. Y 4. Y 5. NG 6. 17. H 18. G 19. L 20. A 21. D 22. C N 7. N 8. had to form 9. found in the 23. D 24. B 25. D 26. B 27. D 28. clouds 10. tiny bits of dust C 29. B 30. A 11. B 12. H 13. F 14. G 15. N 16. M Unit Six 17. L 18. C 19. J 20. E 1. N 2. Y 3. Y 4. N 5. N 6. 21. C 22. D 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. C Y 7. NG • 364 • 27. A 28. D 29. B 30. C 19. N 20. C 29. B 30. C Unit Thirteen 8. failed to perform properly 9. the highest I. Y 2. N 3. Y 4. Y 5. N salaries 10. 1960s 6. NG 7. N 11. H 12. E 13. C 14. F 15. J 16. 8. sanitation, lighting 9. $25 to $30 10. G 17. A 18. M 19. D 20. I Hamlin Garland 21. D 22. B 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. A II. M 12. N 13. E 14. O 15. F 16. 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. C B 17. L 18. A 19. I 20. G 21. C Unit Seven 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. D 26. D 27. I. Y 2. N 3. Y 4. N 5. Y C 28. C 29. A 30. D 6. N 7. NG Unit Fourteen 8. hydroponics 9. purifying sea water I. N 2. Y 3. N 4. Y 5. Y 10. transmitting communications across the globe 6. N 7. NG II. A 12. F 13. O 14. G 15. K 16. 8. barred the way 9. possessiveness 10. C 17. N 18. E 19. D 20. M 21. C 22. certainty and continuity A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D II. A 12. E 13. G 14. C 15. F 16. 28. A 29. B 30. D D 17. N 18. O 19. M 20. H 21. C 22. Unit Eight A 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. C 27. D I. N 2. Y 3. Y 4. N 5. Y 28. B 29. D 30. B 6. N 7. NG Unit Fifteen 8. comprehensive high schools 9. John Dewey I. NG 2. N 3. Y 4. Y 5. Y 10. preschool training 6. N 7. N 8. one acre 9. rate of increase II. F 12. G 13. D 14. N 15. O 16. 10. 1/5 C 17. L 18. I 19. M 20. E 21. B II. O 12. D 13. M 14. L 15. I 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. C 27. D 16. E 17. K 18. A 19. B 20. J 21. C 28. C 29. A 30. B 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. A 26. A Unit Nine 27. C 28. C 29. D 20. D I. Y 2. N 3. N 4. Y 5. NG Unit Sixteen 6. Y 7. N 8. show respect 9. give up I. N 2. Y 3. Y 4. NG 5. N 10. punting 6. N 7. Y 8. learn to stand 9. similar to 10. two II. F 12. O 13. E 14. C 15. K 16. A 17. H 18. N 19. B 20. D 21. A 22. A 23. C 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. B Unit Seventeen I. Y 2. N 3. Y 4. NG 5. N 6. Y 7. N 8. uninterested 9. sibling relationship 10. energy II. C 12. E 13. I 14. L 15. H 16. D 17. G 18. A 19. O 20. F 21. C 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. B 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. A 30. A Unit Eighteen 1. N 2. Y 3. N 4. Y 5. N 6. N 7. NG 8. 400 years 9. satellites 10. be objective 11. L 12. E 13. J 14. M 15. I 16. N 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. F 21. B 22. C 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. D 30. C Unit Nineteen I. N 2. Y 3. Y 4. N 5. Y 6. NG 7. N 8. little influence 9. three elements 10. twelfth-century Provence, France II. H 12. D 13. O 14. E 15. B 16. N 17. M 18. L 19. G 20. A 21. A 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. B Unit Twenty I. Y 2. NG 3. Y 4. Y 5. N 6. N 7. N 8. computer languages 9. human teachers 10. database manipulation packages II. E 12. F 13. J 14. C 15. I 16. M 17. G 18. A 19. L 20. D 21. D 22. B 23. C 24. C 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. A