考研考博-英语-河南科技大学考试押题卷含答案详解荟萃

山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-河南科技大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！卷I一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题Aftercompletingthebigdictionarywhichwaspopularlyreceivedbyreaders,thisfamousscholarsetouttocompilea（）toit.问题1选项A.complementB.supplementC.accessoryD.helper【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A:complement“补足物”；B:supplement“增补，补充”；C:accessory“附件”；D:helper“助手”。句意：在完成了这部被读者普遍接受的大字典之后，这位著名的学者打算对其补充。根据句意判断出B为正确答案。2.问答题Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addoword,ordeleteaword.MarkoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsintheblanksprovidedontheAnswerSheet.Ifyouchangeaword,underlineitandwritethecorrectwordinthecorrespondingblank.Ifyouaddaword,putaninsertionmark()intherightplaceand-writethemissingwordintheblank.Ifyoudeleteaword,underlineitandputaslash(/)intheblank. 【答案】1.brand改成brands2.distinguish改成differ3.manufacturer改成manufacturer's4.at改成in5.much改成little6.to改成with7.their改成its8.unpleasant改成pleasant9.need改成needs10.advertised改成advertising【解析】1.词汇错误—单复数。根据前面的“severaldifferent很多不同的”可知，此处的brand应该是复数名词，故应该是brands“品牌”。2.搭配错误。distinguishAfromB表示“区分A和B”，但是，此处表示“两者差别不大，两者没有什么不同”，因此，根据搭配应该为：differfrom“与……不同”。3.语法错误—比较结构平行关系。此处是比较两个“manufacturer’stoothpaste厂商的牙好”，因此，后面的manufacture应该加上“s”的所有格，与前面保持一致，即需要体现比较对象“牙膏”。4.固定搭配。varyin在…方面变化；在…方面有差异。5.词汇错误—程度形容词。该处句意为:这些因素使得店家没有太多理由去选择某一种商品。故much应该改成little才符合句意。6.固定搭配。beconfrontedwith面对。7.代词错误。主语是“eachmanufacturingcompany”,而后文的代词指的就是“每个生产公司”，故代词应该用单数，即its。8.词汇错误—形容词。前文谈及两种广告类型，目的是吸引买者或潜在买者，因此，此处应该是用“somethingpleasant愉快的东西”来吸引买者。9.语法错误—主谓一致。因为该句主语是one,所以，谓语动词应该使用第三人称单数，即needs。10.词汇误用。advertised是过去分词，而此处是形容词修饰strategy；因此，应该是advertising“广告（业）的”，表示“广告策略”。3.单选题Theheatinsummerisnoless（ ）hereinthismountainregion.问题1选项A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.intensive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。concentrated意为“集中的”；extensive意为“广泛的”；intense意为“激烈的，强烈的，非常的”；intensive意为“加强的，集中的”。句意：这个山区夏天的酷热也同样强烈。4.单选题BecausepartsofthecontinentofSouthAfricaarestillcoveredwiththickforests,（）tosomepartsofitisstilldifficult.问题1选项A.orientationB.voyageC.processionD.access【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项orientation“方向，定向”；B选项voyage“航行”；C选项procession“队伍，行列”；D选项access“通道，入口”。根据句意：由于南非大陆的一些地区仍然覆盖着茂密的森林，进入其中一些地区仍然很困难。表示通往某地的入口用access，所以选项D正确。5.填空题Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommunicationwithotherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhich[1]weliveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagreeing[2]conventionsastothewayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedto[3]conveyaparticularmessage:theEnglishspeakerhasinhisdisposal[4]avocabularyandasetofgrammaticalruleswhichenableshimto[5]communicatehisthoughtsandfeelings,inavarietyofstyle,tootherEnglishspeakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththatwhichheusesactivelyandthatwhichherecognizes,increasesin[6]sizeashegrowsold,asaresultofeducationandexperience.But,whetherthelanguagestoreisrelativelysmallorlarge,thesystemremainsnomorethanapsychologicalrealityfortheindividual,[7]unlesshehasameansofexpressingitintermsabletobeseenbyanothermemberofhislinguisticcommunity;hehastogivethesystemaconcrete[8]transmissionform.Wetakeitforgrantedthetwomostcommonformsoftransmission—bymeansofsoundsproducedbyourvocalorgans[9](speech)orbyvisualsigns(writing).Andtheseare[10]amongmoststrikingofhumanachievements.【答案】1.agreeing改为agreed2.words改为these/thosewords3.in改为at4.enables改为enable5.style改为styles6.old改为older7.seen改为understood8.删除it9.And改为However10.moststriking改为themoststriking【解析】1.语法题。根据句子结构可知，agreeing作前置定语修饰conventions，agree和conventions之间存在被动关系，所以要用agree的过去分词形式agreed“一致的，同意的”。Agreedconventions“一致的惯例”。2.语法题。根据上文的astoreofwords，可知下文再次提及words，应该添加指示代词表特指。又因为words为复数，所以选用指示代词these或者those。3.固定搭配。根据固定搭配atone’sdisposal“由……支配”，所以inhisdisposal介词搭配错误。4.语法题。根据句子结构，可知which引导的定语从句，先行词为avocabularyandasetofgrammaticalrules，为复数，所以定语从句中的谓语动词不能用第三人称单数形式。5.语法题。根据avarietyof“各种各样的”，用来修饰名词的复数形式。这里要用名词style的复数形式。6.语法题。根据句意，“特别是他的词汇量，无论是经常使用的还是他认识的，随着年龄的增长，由于教育和使用经验，词汇量也会增加”。可知这里的old应该用比较级的形式。7.上下文语义。根据句意“除非他能够运用一种能够被语言社区中的其他成员所理解的表达方式”，所以这里要表达的意思是“理解”，而不是seen“被看到”。8.固定搭配。根据固定搭配takesth.forgranted“认为某事是理所当然的”。根据下文提到的thetwomostcommonformsoftransmission“两种最常见的交流方式”，可知文章要表达的意思是“认为这两种最常见的交流方式是理所当然的”，所以这里的it为多余的代词。9.上下文逻辑关系。上文提到Wetakeforgrantedthetwomostcommonformsoftransmission，“我们认为这两种最常见的交流方式是理所当然的”，下文提到theseareamongmoststrikingofhumanachievements,“这是人类最显著的成就之一”。可知前后两句存在转折关系，而不是并列关系。所以并列连词误用，应改为转折连词。10.语法题。文中moststriking应该要表达的意思为“最显著的”，为形容词的最高级形式。形容词的最高级前面应该加上定冠词the，为英语的习惯用法和表达。6.问答题Apessimistmightargue:whyseektopreservethehumanspecies?ShouldwenotratherrejoiceintheprospectofanendtotheimmenseloadofsufferingandhateandfearwhichhashithertodarkenedthelifeofMan?Shouldwenotcontemplatewithrejoicinganewfutureforourplanet,peacefulatlast,sleepingquietlyatlastaftercoiningtotheendofthelongnightmareofpainandhorror?Toanystudentofhistorycontemplatingthedreadfulrecordoffollyandcrueltyandmiserythathasconstitutedmostofhumanlifehitherto,suchquestionsmustcomeinmomentsofimaginativesympathy.Perhapsoursurveymaytemptustoacquiesceinanend,howevertragicandhoweverfinal,toaspeciessoincapableofjoy.Butthepessimisthasonlyhalfofthetruthandtomymindthelessimportanthalf.Manhasnotonlythecorrelativecapacitiesforcrueltyandsuffering,butalsopotentialitiesofgreatnessandsplendor,realized,asyet,verypartially,butshowingwhatlifemightbeinafreerandhappierworld.IfManwillallowhimselftogrowtohisfullstature,whathemayachieveisbeyondourpresentcapacitytoimagine.Poverty,illness,andlonelinesscouldbecomeraremisfortunes.ReasonableexpectationofhappinesscoulddispelthenightoffearinwhichtoomanynowwanderlostAndwiththeprogressofevolution,whatisnowtheshininggeniusofaneminentfewmightbecomeacommonpossessionofthemany.Allthisispossible,indeed,probable,inthethousandsofcenturiesthatliebeforeus,ifwedonotrashlyandmadlydestroyourselvesbeforewehavereachedthematuritythatshouldbeourgoal.No,letusnotlistentothepessimist,for,ifwedo,wearetraitorstoMan’sfuture.1.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsMan’sfuture?2.Accordingtotheauthor,ourgoalshouldbe（ ）.【答案】1.观点态度题。由文章最后一段中“Butthepessimisthasonlyhalfofthetruthandtomymindthelessimportanthalf.No,letusnotlistentothepessimist,for,ifwedo,wearetraitorstoMan’sfuture.”可知作者对人类未来的态度是积极的。试题答案：Theauthor’sseesMan’sfutureinanoptimistic,happyandhopefulattitude.2.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“ifwedonotrashlyandmadlydestroyourselvesbeforewehavereachedthematuritythatshouldbeourgoal”可知我们的目标应该成熟。试题答案：mature7.单选题Afterfouryearsinthesamejob,hisenthusiasmfinally（）.问题1选项A.deterioratedB.dispersedC.dissipatedD.drained【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项deteriorate“恶化，变坏”；B选项disperse“分散；消散”；C选项dissipate“驱散；放荡”；D选项drain“逐渐消失；流干”。句意：在做同样的工作四年后，他的激情逐渐消失了。根据句意可知D选项正确。8.单选题Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasaglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”:toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute.Itwasquiterighttoemployasimilarmatterthatlinkeddemographic(人口统计学)growthto“along,thinpowerfusethatburnssteadilyfromtimetotimeuntilitfinallyreachesthelimit,andexplodes”.Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory.Wefindthatpopulationhavebeenreallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whereinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.Thispatternisimportanttoknow.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighrateofdeath.Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8000B.C.tillapproximately1650A.D.Andaperiodofrapidgrowthsince1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9,600years,thepopulationincreasedformsome8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2020therewillbe8billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.1.Accordingtothepassage,“populationasaglobalissue”（）.2.Itcanbeinferredfromtheexampleofapowerfusethat（）.3.Whatleadstoastablegrowthofpopulationformostofhumanhistory?4.Thereasonforarapidgrowthofpopulationliesinthefactthat（）.5.Howmanypeopleareborneverysixhoursatpresent,accordingtotheauthor?问题1选项A.isquiteunlikethepopulationproblemandthusdoesn’tneedourconcernB.focusesontrackingdownthereasonofrapidpopulationgrowthC.dealswiththesameproblemarousedbythepopulationproblemD.willmanagethepopulationgrowthproblemfromglobalperspectives问题2选项A.toomuchpopulationwillonedayleadtothedoomofhumanbeingsB.thetrendofpopulationgrowthwillkeepunsteadyuntilthedestructionofEarthC.demographicgrowthwillfollowacertainpatternofupsanddownsD.itislikelyinthenearfuturethatpopulationwillreducegradually问题3选项A.SpeciescompetitionB.LowfertilityC.TribalfightsD.Highrateofdeath问题4选项A.peoplearepermittedtohavemorechildrenB.peoplecanlivebetterthanbeforeC.newbornbabiesdielessthanbeforeD.wehavefoundthesecretoflongevity问题5选项A.Eightymillion.B.EightthousandC.FiftythousandD.Fivemillion【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。原文首段第一句提及“Wecanbeginourdiscussionof‘populationasaglobalissue’withwhatmostpersonmeanwhentheydiscuss‘thepopulationproblem’…当大多数人在讨论‘人口问题’的时候，我们也可以开始‘人口作为一个全球问题’的讨论。”由此可知，这两个问题是一样的，都是由人口问题引发的，所以选项C正确。2.判断推理题。根据关键词“powerfuse”定位到第一段最后一句“Itwasquiterighttoemployasimilarmatterthatlinkeddemographicgrowthto‘along,thinpowerfusethatburnssteadilyfromtimetotimeuntilitfinallyreachesthelimit,andexplodes’.它很正确地使用了一个类似的问题，即把人口增长与‘一根又长又细的电源保险丝，它不时地稳定燃烧，直到最终达到极限并爆炸’联系起来。”由此可知，作者是想通过电源保险丝的例子告诉我们，人口过多总有一天会导致人类的灭亡，所以选项A正确。3.细节事实题。根据第二段的倒数第三句“Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whereinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.在人类历史的大部分时间里，很少会有十分之一的人活过四十岁，而在这个时期，婴儿期和儿童期是特别危险的。”也就是说，导致人口稳定增长的原因是高死亡率，选项D符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据第三段的内容：它不仅从历史的角度看待目前的人口增长问题，它表明了近年来人口快速增长的原因不是人们突然想要生更多的孩子，而是因为改善了传统上造成高死亡率的状况。由此可知，人口快速增长的真正原因在于死亡率的改善，所以选项B符合题意。5.细节事实题。题干问的是“目前每六小时有多少人出生?”根据最后一段的最后三句“Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.公元前8000年—1650年间，世界人口平均每年只增加5万人。目前，这个数字每六小时增加一次。每年大约增加8000万人。”由此可知，现在每六个小时有5万人出生，所以选项C正确。9.单选题Accordingto（）sources,theLeaningTowerofPisaistobeuprightedunderarestorationplanbytheItalianGovernment.问题1选项A.conformedB.confirmedC.informedD.transformed【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。conformed"一致的,顺从的";confirmed"确定的,坚定的"";informed"消息灵通的,见多识广的";transformed"转变的"。句意：据可靠消息,在意大利政府的一项恢复中,比萨斜塔将得到修复。选项B符合原文。    10.单选题Hedoesnot___asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.问题1选项A.equalB.matchC.qualifyD.fit【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项equal“等于；比得上”；B选项match“相配，相称；相似；与……成对；配对；”；C选项qualify“限定，修饰；使具有资格；证明……合格”；D选项fit“安装；使……适应；使……合身；与……相符”。句意：他不能___英语教师的工作，因为他的发音很糟糕。本句表达“他没有资格作为英语老师”，因此C选项正确。11.单选题Luckily,therewerenosecondaryinfectionsandbothofthepatients（）.问题1选项A.livedB.revivedC.survivedD.existed【答案】C【解析】句意:幸运的是没有继发感染且这两位病人活下来了。考查动词辨析。四个选项均为对应动词的过去式。Live住,居住,生存;revive(使)苏醒,复活,重新使用;survive生存,存活,继续存在,幸存;exist存在,实际上有,生活。故C符合句意。12.单选题Iwassupposedtogotoaconcertwithyoursistertheothernight,butyoursisterdidn’tturnup.Ican’tbelieveIhavebeen（）.问题1选项A.givenupB.stoodupC.leftupD.takenup【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。giveup“放弃”；standup“坚持；站起来”；leaveup“放某人鸽子”；takeup“占据”。句意：那天晚上我本来要和你妹妹去听音乐会的，但是你妹妹没有来。不敢相信我居然被……。因此C选项符合句意。    13.翻译题Theintimacybetweenmanandnaturebeginswiththebirthofmanontheearthandbecomeseachcenturymoreintelligentandfar-reaching.Tonature,therefore,weturnastotheoldestaimmostinfluentialteacherofourrace,fromonepointofviewonceourtask-master,nowourservant,fromanotherpointofview,ourconstantfriendinstructorandinspirer.Theveryintimacyofthisrelationrobsitofacertainmysteryandrichnesswhichitwouldhaveforallmindsifitweretherewardofthefewinsteadbebeingtheprivilegeofthemany.Tothefewitisineveryage,fullofwonderandbeauty;tothemanyitisamatterofcourse.【答案】从地球上出现人类开始，人与自然之间的亲密关系也随之诞生，而且不断地被发扬光大，这种关系每一世纪都比以前变得更为明智而深远。所以，我们求助于自然，并把自然视为人类的最年长和最有影响力的老师。从某一个观点来看，自然曾一度是我们的监工，现在却变为我们的奴仆。但从另一个观点来看，自然一直是我们最忠实的朋友、教导者和启发者。这种和谐紧密的关系，如果仅仅是少数人的特权，而大多数人并不能享有，那便会在人们心目中引发一种神秘和情趣。但是事实上，这种亲密关系是被天下所有的人共享的，这就使那和谐紧密的关系失去了神秘和情趣。对于少数人来说，这种关系在每个时代都充满了奇妙和美好；对于多数人来说，这种关系只是理所当然的一件事。14.单选题Contrarytotheopinionofthecommitteemembers,thechairmaninsistedonappointing      A                                                             Bwhomeverhethoughtcoulddothejobthemostadequately.    C                                       D问题1选项A.ContrarytoB.onC.whomeverD.themostadequately【答案】C【解析】考查关系代词。句中的“hethough”可以看做是一个插入语，从句中缺少主语，因此用whoever引导宾语从句。试题答案：C;whoever15.单选题Incontrasttounmonitoredworkersdoingthesamework,（ ）withoutexceptionidentifiedthemostimportantelementintheirjobsascustomerservice,themonitoredworkersandsupervisorsallrespondedthatproductivity（ ）thecriticalfactorinassigningratings.问题1选项A.which...areB.who...wasC.that...wereD.which...is【答案】B【解析】考查主谓一致。第一个空格指代前面句子中的名词unmonitoredworkers。第二个空格处做宾语从句中的谓语动词，主语是productivity，因此只能用三单形式。因此B选项符合题意。16.单选题Einstein’stheoryofrelativityseemed______whenitwasfirstintroduced.问题1选项A.impressiveB.unaccountableC.inconsistentD.incredible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项impressive“感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的”；B选项unaccountable“无责任的；莫名其妙的；不可理解的”；C选项inconsistent“不一致的；前后矛盾的”；D选项incredible“不能相信的，难以置信的；极好的，极大的”。句意：爱因斯坦的相对论刚被提出时似乎令人难以置信。因此D选项正确。17.单选题Theroomwasfullofpeopleandsmoke,shestartedtofeel（）withtheheatinside.问题1选项A.cranedB.congestedC.confrontedD.oppressed【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。craned是crane的过去式和过去分词形式，不是形容词；congested“堵塞的；拥挤的”；confronted是confront的过去式和过去分词形式，不是形容词；oppressed“受压制的”。根据前半句“房间里挤满了人并且到处是烟”，可知在这样的环境下人会感到压抑，因此选项D符合题意。18.单选题（）whethertheloanproposalismadebyagovernment,stateenterpriseorprivatecorporation,anappraisaloftheeconomicandpoliticalsituationoftheborrower’scountrymustbemadetoassesstheriskinvolved.问题1选项A.DependingonB.NotwithstandingC.irrespectiveofD.Onaccountof【答案】C【解析】从属连词词义辨析。dependingon“取决于”；notwithstanding“尽管”；irrespectiveof“不论，不顾”；onaccountof“由于，因为”。句意：不管是由政府提出的贷款，国有企业还是私营企业的贷款，必须对借款国的经济和政治情况进行评估，以预估所涉的风险。选项C符合题意。19.单选题OnceRenaissancepaintersdiscoveredhowto（ ）volumeanddepth,theywereabletoreplacethemedievalconventionofsymbolic,two-dimensionalspacewiththemoreillusionofactualspace.问题1选项A.reverse...conventionalB.portray...abstractC.deny...concreteD.render...realistic【答案】D【解析】词义辨析题。第一个空的选项：reverse“颠倒，倒转”；portray“描绘，扮演”：deny“否认，拒绝给予”；render“提供，以……回报，描绘，处理（绘画等的主题）”，第二个空的选项：conventional“传统的，习惯的”；abstract“抽象的”；concrete“具体的，有形的”；realistic“现实的，实际的，实事求是的”，根据关键词“volumeanddepth”“symbolic”和句意‘当文艺复兴的画家们发现如何描绘体积和深度之后，他们就能够使用更现实的实在空间感来取代中世纪的象征意味的、二维空间的绘画习惯了’确定D选项正确。20.填空题Onceinsidethevirtualclassroom,youhaveaccesstoachatfeature,an________whiteboardandavideowindowwheretheycanseeandhearthetutorinlivevideoandaudio.(interact)【答案】interactive【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】横线部分和white修饰board，指的是用来上课的交互式白板，interactive意思为“交互式的”，符合语境。【句意】一旦进入虚拟教室，你就可以使用聊天功能、交互式白板和视频窗口，学生就可以看到导师的实时视频，听到音频。21.单选题IdecidetogotothecinemaassoonasI（ ）.问题1选项A.finishwhatIdidB.wouldfinishwhatIwasdoingC.finishedwhatIdidD.finishedwhatIwasdoing【答案】A【解析】考查动词时态。“assoonas”引导的为时间状语从句，由主句的谓语动词decide可知主句为一般现在时，根据主从句时态呼应，即主句用现在时，从句也用现在时，因此选A。句意：我决定一完成我所做的事情就去看电影。22.单选题Thegeocentricideawasabandonedintheseventeenthcentury,partlyasaresultofthewritingsofCopernicus（）observationsmadebyotherastronomers.问题1选项A.andalsowereB.notonlybecauseofC.alsobecausewereD.andalsobecauseof【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据题干关键词partly可知，空格后面表示另一部分原因，因此两个原因应该用并列连词and连接，排除B和C。前面由asaresultof引导第一个原因，后面可用becauseof与其并列。故选D项。句意：地心说在17世纪被抛弃，部分原因是哥白尼的著作，也因为其他天文学家的观测结果。23.单选题TheSpaceAge_____inOctober1957whenthefirstartificialsatellitewaslaunchedbytheSovietUnion.问题1选项A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedD.commenced【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项initiate“开始，发起”，一般指活动，团体的产生；B选项originate“起源于，来自，产生”；C选项embark“上船，装船，从事”，后面常接介词on/upon；D选项commence“开始”，指重大事件及历史时期的开始。根据TheSpaceAge（太空时代）和thefirstartificialsatellite（第一颗人造卫星）可知是一件重大事件，因此选D。句意：太空时代始于1957年10月，当时苏联发射了第一颗人造卫星。24.不定项选择题Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluentSocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarⅡ,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil”.It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeserving,rich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.Peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican”,asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopianpossibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlessphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity.Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.1.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?2.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause______.3.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?4.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Para.5)?5.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?问题1选项A.Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B.Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.C.Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D.Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.问题2选项A.publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpectedB.thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevilC.theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD.materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety问题3选项A.Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B.Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C.Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweentherichandthepoor.D.HeathcareandeducationalCosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.问题4选项A.Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B.Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C.PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D.Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.问题5选项A.Renewedeconomicsecurity.B.Asenseofself-fulfilment.C.Newconflictsandco