商务英语综合教程unit1

TheBusinessofLanguageandtheLanguageofBusinessUnit1TheBusinessofEnglish ThedevelopmentofEnglish ThedifferencebetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish TheinfluenceofEnglishResearchanddiscussion JuliusCaesar DukeofNormandy OldEnglish Latin French MiddleEnglish ATableAlphabeticall SamuelJohnson Webster OxfordThedifferencebetweenBEandAE spelling pronunciation vocabulary grammarSpelling programme catalogue honour theatre offense recognise marvellous reflexion program catalog honor theater offence recognize marvelous reflection aesthetic sceptical cheque moustache pyjamas likeable judgement esthetic skeptical check mustache pajamas likable judgmentPronounciation BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish ask [ɑːsk] [æsk] dance [dɑːns] [dæns] fast [fɑːst] [fæst] path [pɑːθ] [pæθ] can’t [kɑːnt] [kænt] BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish box [bɒks] [bɑks] crop [krɒp] [krɑp] hot [hɒt] [hɑt] spot [spɒt] [spɑt] ironic [aɪ'rɒnɪk] [aɪ'rɑnɪk] BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish car [ka:] [kar] door [dɔː] [dɔr] party ['pɑːtɪ] ['pɑrti] board [bɔːd] [bɔrd] morning ['mɔːnɪŋ] ['mɔrnɪŋ] BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish dictionary ['dɪkʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] ['dɪkʃə'nɛri] laboratory [lə'bɒrə,t(ə)rɪ]  ['læbrə'tɔri] necessarily  ['nesəs(ə)rɪlɪ] [,nɛsə'sɛrəli] preparatory [prɪ'pærət(ə)rɪ] [prɪ'pærətɔri] secretary ['sekrɪt(ə)rɪ]  ['sɛkrətɛrɪ] BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish fertile ['fɜːtaɪl] ['fɝtl] fragile ['frædʒaɪl]  ['frædʒəl] hostile ['hɒstaɪl] ['hɑstl] missile ['mɪsaɪl] ['mɪsl] BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish clerk [klɑːk] [klərk] either ['aɪðə] ['iðər] figure ['fɪgə] ['fɪɡjɚ] issue ['ɪsjuː] ['ɪʃu] leisure ['leʒə] ['li:ʒɚ] neither ['naɪðə] ['ni:ðɚ] schedule ['ʃedjuːl] ['skɛdʒul]Grammar Tense Subjunctivemood Collectivenouns Modalverbs Prepositions BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish I’vejusthadlunch. Ijusthadlunch. Haveyouwashedyourhands? Didyouwashyourhands? BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish Shesuggestedthatheshouldquitsmoking. Shesuggestedthathequitsmoking. Thejudgeorderedthatthemoneyshouldbereturnedatonce. Thejudgeorderedthatthemoneybereturnedatonce. BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish Theteamareexcited. Theteamisexcited. Thegovernmentareannouncinganimportantdecision. Thegovernmentisannouncinganimportantdecision. BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish Shedarednotstayinthedark. Shedidn’tdaretostayinthedark. Youneedn’tgowiththem. Youdon’tneedtogowiththem. BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish attheweekend ontheweekend athome home Thedoctorfeltofmypulse. Thedoctorfeltmypulse. TheplayopensonThursday. TheplayopensThursday. I’llwritetohim. I’llwritehim.Formattingofdatesandnumbers BritishEnglish AmericanEnglish 20thMarch,2015 March20,2015 Onehundredandseventyfive OnehundredseventyfiveAsmanyTEXTIasmany:ofthesamenumberTherewon’tbeasmanyfireworksthisyear.MorethanonehundredAmericancollegesanduniversitiesnowhaveeducationalexchangeswithnearlyasmanyChineseinstitutions.notasmanyaswehadlastyearorpreviousyearswithmoreorless100Chineseinstitutionsbeexposedto1.Make(something) visible by uncovering ite.g.At lowtide the sands areexposed.e.g.we needto expose our weaknesses in order to learn fromthem and growasaresult.2.Reveal the true, objectionable natureof(someoneorsomething)e.g.Hehasbeen exposedas a liar anda traitor.3.Ifsomeone isexposedto somethingdangerousorunpleasant,theyareputinasituationinwhichitmightaffectthem.e.g.Most people inthe world are non-smokers and have aright not to be exposedto otherpeople's smoke.4.Ifsomeone isexposedto anideaorfeeling,usuallyanewone,theyaregivenexperienceofit,orintroducedtoit.e.g.Hewantshischildren to be exposed to allsortsofpeoplewithdifferentvaluesandbeliefs.proficientTEXTIproficient:a.tobeproficientinsthaproficientspeakerAnt.clumsy,incompetent,unskilledn.proficiencyproficiencyinmusicCanyounamesomecommonproficiencytestsinChina?TrulythetonguespokenbackTEXTITruly,thetonguespokenbackinthe1300sonlybythe“lowpeople”ofEnglandhascomealongway.Paraphrasethesentence.Indeed,thelanguagespokenasearlyas1300sbythenativepeopleinEnglandhasdevelopedforalongtime.peopleofthelowerclass,thosewhowereatthebottomofthesocietyTextI_BG_2.1WhatdotheselanguageshavetodowithEnglish－Romance,Germanic,Norse,Celtic?TheEnglishlanguagederivesfromorisinfluencedbythem. Romance: e.g.French,Italian,Spanish,Portuguese Germanic: e.g.German,Swedish Norse: languagespokenbyScandinavianinhabitants Celtic: mainlyspokeninWales,Scotland,Ireland,CornwallandtheIsleofManTEXTIButitselasticitymakesitmessierTEXTIButitselasticitymakesitmessier,aswellasstronger.WhatrepresentstheelasticityofEnglish?e.g.Itabsorbswordsfromotherlanguagesandacceptscreatedones,thusamuchlargervocabularythanmanylanguages.Initshistory,itaccepts,bothinspokenandwrittenform,influencesfromotherlanguages,religion,lawandscience.flexibility,adaptabilityButitselasticitymakesitmessier2TEXTIHowdoestheelasticityofEnglishmakeitmessierandstronger?messier:TherearemanyvarietiesofEnglish,differencesamongtheminpronunciation,vocabulary,grammarandsoon,whichcanbeveryconfusingsometimes.Stronger:Englishcanbeusedinmanyfieldsandsoitbecomesalingualfranca,andenjoysadominantstatus.WhenitcomestoTEXTIWhenitcomestosavingtheplanetdocelebritiespracticewhattheypreach?Whenitcomestorentingorbuying,you'llspendaboutthesameamount.Whenitcomesto…asregards“to”isnotfollowedbyaninfinitive,butanounornounphrase.barrierTEXTIbarrier:n.(~to)obstaclelanguagebarrier,tradebarriertoremovebarrierstosuccesssetbarrierstocommunicationobstacle hindranceAhostofTEXTIahostofagreatnumberofahostofbillsahostofnewdevicesacrowdof,athrongof,aswarmof(ants,bees,locusts),aflockof(sheep,birds),Angst-freeTEXTIAngst-free:a.withoutangerorworry-free:notcontainingaspecifiedsubstance(oftenusedincombination)tax-free,asugar-freesoftdrinklaisser-faireattitude:laisser-faireoftenreferstotheprinciplesoffreetrade,allowingforfreedomtoagreatdegree.HereitmeanshardlyanyrestrictionintheuseanddevelopmentofEnglish.ToseeacommitteeseuptoregulatethelanguageTEXTItoseeacommitteesetuptoregulatethelanguagetosee…done:tomakesureYouwillseetheworkdoneproperly.Heisalwaysthelasttogotobedtoseeallthedoorslocked.TohavelittletodowithTEXTItohavelittletodowith:tohaveeverythingtodowith…tohavesomethingtodowith…tohavemuchtodowith…tohavenothingtodowith…Thus2TEXTITranslatethefollowingsentences.1.Ifyouthrowtheballthus,asI’mshowingyou,you’llhavebetterluckhittingthetarget.如果你像我这样扔球，命中的机会更大些。2.IhaveallthetoolsIneed.ThusIshouldbeabletofixthebikemyself.我有所有必要工具所以应该自己把自行车修好。3.Registeryourphonerightafterpurchase－thusenablingustoprovideyouevenbetterserviceincaseofquestionsorincaseofawarrantyclaim.购买后请立即登记你的电话，以使我们在你万一提出保修要求时能提供更好的服务。tr.tr.tr.All-engulfingTEXTIall-engulfing:all-knowing: knowingeverythingall-important: ofgreatestimportanceall-powerful: havingunlimitedpowerengulf： Ifonething engulfs another,itcompletelycoversorhidesit,ofteninasuddenandunexpectedway.e.g.Aseven-year-oldboywasfounddeadafteralandslideengulfedanapartmentblock.ThoughthelanguagethatnowsweepstheTEXTIParaphrasethesentence.…thoughthelanguagethatnowsweepstheworldiscalledEnglish,theculturecarriedwithitisAmerican.DifferentfromthehistoryofEnglishwhenEnglishwasspreadthroughthepoweroftheBritishEmpire,nowitisspreadthroughthecultureofadifferentpowerfulcountry–theUSA.Americanizationisequivalenttoglobalizationtoalargeextent.aspireTEXTIaspire:v.(~to)desire,hopeHumanbeingshavethepowertoaccomplishwhatevertheyintenselyaspiretoaccomplish,providedtheyadheretothemethodadvocated.n.aspirationWhatisthelife-longaspirationofthefootballplayer?a.aspiringambitiousToday,e-learningisturningouttobeagreatbusinesspropositionfortheaspiringentrepreneurs.Asthe20thcenturydrewonTEXTIAsthe20thcenturydrewon,however,andEnglishcontinuedtoencroach,Frenchwasdrivenontothedefensive.Paraphrasethesentence.Asthe20thcenturywasapproaching,andEnglishkeptonexpandingbeyondlimits,Frenchwasputinacorneredposition,havingtofightforprotection.toadvancebeyondproper,established,orusuallimitsGointoeffectTEXTIgointoeffecttobecomeeffectiveThenewtaxlawswon'tgointoeffectuntilnextyear.Otherusesofeffect:Tobring/put/carryaplanintoeffect使一个计划付诸实施Shedisapprovedoftheproposalandwrotetothateffect.她不赞成此提议，并以面形式表达此意。Hissilencewasineffectaconfirmationoftherumor.他的沉默实际上是证实了谣言。Theprescribedmedicinefailedtotakeeffect.医生开的药没能起作用。aspireTEXTIoblige:v.(~to)Thestormgotworseandworse.Finally,Iwasobligedtoabandonthecarandcontinueonfoot.n.obligationWhenteachersassignhomework,studentsusuallyfeelanobligationtodoit.TheUnitedStateswilldothatwhichisnecessarytomeetitsobligationstoitsowncitizens.Ifyou areobliged to dosomething,asituation,rule,orlawmakesitnecessaryforyoutodothatthing.InindiasomepeopleseeenglishasanTEXTIInIndiasomepeopleseeEnglishasanoppressivelegacyofcolonialismthatshouldbeexterminated.Paraphrasethesentence.IndiawasonceregardedastheJewelintheCrownoftheBritishEmpire.PeopleinIndiawouldthinktheEnglishlanguageremindsthemoftheperiodofcolonialism,whichshouldbewipedout.ButformanypeoplesthetriumphofTEXTIButformanypeoplesthetriumphofEnglishisthedefeat,ifnotoutrightdestruction,oftheirownlanguage.Paraphrasethesentence.ButformanypeoplesthesuccessorthewidespreadofEnglishmeansthedefeat,ifnotacompleteextinction,oftheirownlanguage.TextI_BG_2.1Whatishomogenisation?Homogenization,awordusedinmanyfields,meansmakingeverythingthesame.Thistextusesthetermtoreferto"homogenizationoflanguage",toshowthatEnglishhasbecomethedominantlanguageoftheworldwhileatthesametimemanyotherlanguagesfaceextinction.TEXTIhomo-:beingthesameorlikehomonymhomophonehomographhomogenoushomogenizehomosexual同音同形异义词同音词同形异义词同质的，同类的使类同同性恋的，同性恋者multilingualismTEXTImultilingualism:n.usingorabletospeakseveralormanylanguageswithsomefacilitya.multilingualamultilingualdictionaryamultilingualpersonmultinational,multi-colored,multimediamultiply:v.TextII_BG_4.2Whataretheserhetoricaldevices:humor,metaphors,analogies,andliteraryallusions?humor:TEXTIIbeingfunny,thespeechorwritingwithingenuity,verbalskill,orincongruitythatmayevokelaughtermetaphor:afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphraseisappliedtoanobjectoractionthatitdoesnotliterallydenoteinordertoimplyaresemblanceanalogy:acomparisonbetweentwosituations,processesetcthatisintendedtoshowthatthetwoaresimilarHeusestheanalogyofthefamilytoexplaintheroleofthestate.AnanalogyattributedtoSamuelJohnsonis:“Dictionariesarelikewatches;theworstisbetterthannone,andthebestcannotbeexpectedtogoquitetrue.”TextII_BG_4.2TEXTIIliteraryallusion:afigureofspeechthatmakesareferenceto,orrepresentationof,aplace,event,literarywork,myth,orworkofart,eitherdirectlyorbyimplication.Inthestockmarket,hemethisWaterloo. MartinLutherKing,Jr.,alludedtotheGettysburgAddressinstartinghis"IHaveaDream"speechbysaying'Fivescoreyearsago...";hishearerswereimmediatelyremindedofAbrahamLincoln's"Fourscoreandsevenyearsago",whichopenedtheGettysburgAddress.King'sallusioneffectivelycalledupparallelsintwohistoricmoments.multilingualismTEXTIcircumlocution:n.anindirectwayofspeaking,roundabout,ambiguousmultilingualismTEXTITextIII_Bg_3_popThestoryofthetowerofBabelisfoundinGenesis11:1-9:“Andthewholeearthwasofonelanguage,andofonespeech…Andtheysaid,Goto,letusbuildusacityandatower,whosetopmayreachontoheaven…AndtheLordsaid,Behold,thepeopleisone,andhaveallonelanguage;andthistheybegintodo;andnothingwillberestrainedfromthem…letusgodownandthereconfoundtheirlanguagethattheymaynotunderstandoneanother’sspeech…ThereforeisthenameofitcalledBabel”.WhatdoyouknowaboutthestoryoftheBabel?TEXTIIITextIII_Bg_3_popHerethetowerisasymbolofman’saspiringarrogance,rebukedbyGod.BabelinmodernEnglishsimplymeansanoisyconfusion.WhatdoesthetowerofBabelreferto?TEXTIIImanageTEXTIIImanage:v.(usedwithobject)1)tobringaboutorsucceedinaccomplishing,sometimesdespitedifficultyorhardshipTranslatethefollowingsentences.tr.工作和家庭都需要付出很多，她怎么都能做得这么好？WorkandFamilyarebigcommitments.Howdoesshemanageitall?tr.尽管两人没有见过面，但是他们还是从人群中找出了对方。Althoughtheyhavenevermet,theymanagedtoidentifyeachotheramongthecrowds.Manage2TEXTIII2)totakechargeorcareofTranslatethefollowingsentence.tr.他决定自己来掌管投资事物。Hedecidedtomanagehisinvestmentsbyhimself.tr.3)tohandle,direct,govern,orcontrolinactionoruseTranslatethefollowingsentence.tr.对于经验不足的水手来说，在大风中控制好船帆是很困难的事。Forlessexperiencedsailorsitisdifficulttomanagethesailinstrongwinds.Manage3TEXTIII(usedwithoutobject)4)tocontinuetofunction,progress,orsucceed,usuallydespitehardshipordifficulty;getalongTranslatethefollowingsentences.tr.这是艰苦的年代，但是我们挺过来了。Itwasaroughtime,butwemanaged.tr.他的太太要出差了，他既要接送小孩还要买菜做饭。他怎么办啊？Hiswifewillbeawayonbusiness,sohehastosendandpickupthekidsanddotheshopping.Howwillhemanage?perceptivelyTEXTIIIperceptively:adv.keenly,sensitivelyOtherformsoftheword:对问题深入透彻的aperceptiveanalysisoftheproblemsinvolvedperceptive:a.havingorshowingkeennessofinsight,understandina.g,orintuition察觉到危险临近perceivetheapproachofthreatperceive:v.tobeawareof,know在能预见到的未来intheperceivablefutureperceivable:a.canbeperceived,canbeseenFilteroutTEXTIIIfilterout:toremoveorseparatesthbytheactionofafilterThesoftwaremagnatehasalmostanentiredepartmentworkingtofilteroutunwantedmails.filteroutthedirt 过滤出脏东西filteroutimpurities 滤除杂质LondonsrichlinguisticmedleyTEXTIIILondon'srichlinguisticmedleypassesthrough,andisconnectedby,EnglishbutsincetheEnglishdon'tspeakdifferentlanguages,cosmopolitanismisinLondonbutnotreallyofit.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?InLondonthereisalargevarietyoflanguagesused,togetherwithEnglish,andisconnectedbythiscommonlanguage.ButtheEnglishpeoplecanspeakonlyonelanguage,soLondonisnotarealinternationalcityalthoughitappearsorsoundsso.NowaboveallwhatoncesoundedTEXTIIINow,aboveall,whatoncesoundedlikeajoyousbabelcantakeonamoresinisterring.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?ThesentencereferstotheprevioussentencethatregardsEnglishas“atwo-edgedsword”.Beingthenativespeakeroftheworldlanguage,English,usedtobebliss.Nowithasbecomeacursewhentheydonotunderstandanyotherlanguages.Laisser-faireattitudeTEXTIdebilitate:v. Ifyou aredebilitated by somethingsuchasanillness,itcausesyourbodyormindtobecomegraduallyweaker. StewarttookoveryesterdaywhenRussellwasdebilitatedbyastomachvirus.2.To debilitate anorganization,society,orgovernmentmeanstograduallymakeitweaker.TheirmadeeffortstodebilitatethepoliticalwilloftheWesternalliance.debilitatingadj.SusceptibletoTEXTIIIsusceptibleto:easilyinfluencedandaffectedTranslatethefollowingsentences.tr.Somepeoplearemoresusceptibletosymptomsofanxiety,andstressinducedillnesses.有些人更容易出现焦虑的症状，或者其它由于压力而引起的疾病。tr.年轻人更容易受到毒品的诱惑。Theyoungaresusceptibletotheallureofdrugs.FallingoffacliffTEXTIIIfallingoffacliff:asharpdecrease,asuddendroptothebottomTranslatethefollowingsentences.tr.上个月美国的经济如同上演了一场惊悚秀，经济数据急转直下。ThelastmonthhasbeenahorrorshowfortheU.S.economy,witheconomicdatafallingoffacliff.tr.如果发达市场的经济发展突然跌入谷底，新兴市场的经济发展能够挽救世界经济吗？Ifeconomicgrowthindevelopedmarketsweretofalloffthecliff,wouldgrowthinemergingmarketssavetheworldeconomy?TheadageyoucanbuyinyourownTEXTIIIWhatdoesthesayingmean?Inforeigntradeitputsyouinanadvantageouspositionifyoucandobusinessinthelanguageofyourclients.Ifyouwanttosellyourgoods,you’dbetterunderstandyourcustomerverywellandthegoodunderstandingcanbereflectedinyourmasteryoftheirlanguage,whichmeansasuccessfuldeal.…theadage'youcanbuyinyourownlanguage,butyoumustsellinthelanguageofyourcustomer',isgraphicallyillustratedintheUK'sexportfigures.Theadageyoucanbuyinyourown2TEXTIIICanyouparaphrasethesentence?ThesayingprovestobetrueifyoulookattheexportfiguresoftheUK.InBritain,sincethenativespeakersofEnglishfailtomasteranotherlanguage,theycannotdowellinexport.Forexample,in2008,thevalueofUKexporttotheworldwasus$466.3billion,comparedtoa$639.3billionimport.In2009,bothdeclinedto$351.3billionand473.6billionrespectively.In2010,exporttotaled428.6billionandimport477.9billion.AnglophoneTEXTIIIAnglophone:n.anEnglish-speakingperson,especiallyanativespeakerofEnglishspeech,soundWhatdoes“phone”meaninnounslike“telephone”,“microphone”,and“gramophone”?Anglo-Saxon,FrancophoneForallthethetoricTEXTIIIDespitealltheimportanceoflanguage,thesituationthattheEnglishdonotspeakanyotherlanguagewillnotbeimproved.Meanwhile,thesestubbornorinappropriatemotivationsaresignificantinthedecisionmaking.forall:despiteCanyouparaphrasethesentence?Foralltherhetoric,therewillbenoimprovementwhiletheseperverseincentivesexerttheirhiddentyranny. MyauntisasoldagainasIam. Therearefivetimesmorebooksinourlibrarythaninyours. We’veproducedtwiceasmuchcottonthisyearaswedid10yearsago. Thegrainoutputinthatvillageistwiceoverthatof2005. Inthisworkshop,theoutputofJulywas4.5timesthatofJan.. Theproductionisnow3timeswhatitwas10yearsago. Comparedwith1980,thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolhasincreased4times/by3times.单击此处添加标题 配色修改：配色方案在【格式】-->【幻灯片设计】-->【配色方案】-->【编辑配色方案】下调整。 LOGO的添加：Logo添加修改在【视图】-->【母版】-->【幻灯片母版】下调整。直接选择logo图片删除或修改。 字体格式的设置：标题和文本格式的设置在【视图】-->【母版】-->【幻灯片母版】下调整。 默认设置：首页主标题40号（中文宋体Arial）加粗加阴影；副标题20号（中文宋体英文Arial）加粗内页标题36号（中文宋体英文Arial）加粗加阴影；内页内容文字32号（宋体）ThankYou！知识回顾KnowledgeReview