英国文学选读课后答案

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________英国文学选读OfStudiesP181.Wearenowlivingintheageof“informationexplosion”.WhatlessonscanwelearnfromBacon’s<ofstudies>inouraccesstoinformation?Ourplanetisdevelopingforward.Thefast-movingdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologymakesitmoreconvenientforstudentstogetsufficientandeffectiveinformationbycountlessways.Thatistheexternalconditionforourstudy,whichwecanappropriatelymakefulluseof.Butwhatwehavetokeepinmindisthattheeternalmasterofstudyisnoonebutourselvesintheprocessofstudying.2.Inwhatsensedoesreadingmakeafullman?Readingmakesafullman.Historiesmakemenwise,poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.Readinghistoriesmakespeoplelearnlessonsfromtheancienttime,avoidmakingthesamemistakesandpredictthedevelopmentofthings.Peoplewhoreadhistorieswillbewiserthanthesewhojustactaccordingtotheirownpreferenceswithoutlearningfromhistories.Readingpoemsmakespeoplelearnthebeautyoflanguage,thebeautifulclassicalstyleofartandliveapoeticlife.Peoplewhoreadpoemswillbewittierthanthesewhohaven’tfeelthebeautifulmoodandpurelife.Readingmathematicsmakespeoplefocusontheaccuratecalculation,developascientificattitude,andformapragmaticspirit.Peoplewhoreadmathematicswillbemoresubtletoconsiderthingsfromallaspectsanddothingsfromthedropcarefullythanthesewhodon’tread.Readingnaturalphilosophymakespeoplepursuetruth,exploretheunknownmystery,andpracticeactively.Peoplewhoreadnaturalphilosophywillbedeeperthanthesewhodon’tlearnthetheoryofreflectingthetruth.Readingmoralmakespeoplelearnthewayofharmonyliving,formtheprincipleofethicalbehaviorsanddevelopcorrectoutlooksonvalues.Peoplewhoreadmoralwillbegraverthanthesewhobehavewithoutcorrectprinciplesandcan’tdealwithdifferentrelationships.Readinglogicmakespeoplemastertherulesofthinking,dealingwithdifferentthingsandexploringobjectivereality.Peoplewhoreadlogicwillbemorecontendtohaveclearideas,matertheprinciplesofobjectivetruththanthesewhodon’tactaccordingtorules.Differentkindsofreadingmaterialsplaydifferentrolesinmakingafullman.Peopleshouldgetintodifferentreadingfieldsandtrainthemselvestobecomeacomprehensivetalent.Readingwilldogoodtoone’sphysicalhealthaccordingtosomereadingmaterialsofphysicaltraining.What’smoreimportant,readingpromotesthedevelopmentoflogicthinkingandmorality.Peoplecanbecalledafullmanonconditionthattheyhavefinequality,delicateself-cultivationandstrictmorality.Trytoreadextensivelyandbecomeafullman.Poems:HamletP81.Whyissleepsofrightening,accordingtoHamlet,sinceitcan“end”theheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks”?Nobodycanpredictwhathewilldreamofafterhefallsasleep.Deathmeanstheendoflife,youmaygotoorunknownworldandyoucan’tcomeback,.Ifhedies,Hamlet'scan'trealizehiswill.Though“sleep”canendtheheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks,itisastateofmind.Hamletdidn’tknowatall.Heisfrightenedbythepossiblesufferinginthelong“dream”.Hecan’tpredictwhatwillhappeninthesleep,maybegoodmaybeevil.2.Whywouldpeopleratherbearallthesufferingsoftheworldinsteadofchoosingdeathtogetridofthem,accordingtoHamlet?Deathissomysteriousthatnobodyknowswhatdeathwillbringtous.Maybebittersufferings,greatpains,heartbreakingstories…Becausepeopleholdthesameidea"togruntandsweatunderawearylife,butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath-theundiscover’dcountry,formwhosebournnotravelerreturns-puzzlethewill,andmakeusratherbearthoseillswehavethanflytoothersthatweknownotof?”Peoplealsoarefrightenedbythemythsinanotherworldafterdeath.3.What,afterall,makespeoplelosetheirdeterminationtotakeaction?Pleaseexplaininrelationtotheso-calledhesitationofHamlet.Conscienceandover-considerations.Hewantstorevenge,butdoesn’tknowhow.Hewantstokillhisuncle,butfindsittoorisky.Helivesindespairandwantstocommitsuicide.However,heknowsifhedies,nobodywillcomforthisfather’sghost.Heisinfaceofgreatdilemma.Theydon’tknowtheresultaftertheirtakingtheaction.SuchasHamlet,hedoesn’tknowwhatwouldhappenifhekillshisuncleorkillshimself.SoHamletwashesitated.Sonnet18P131.Howdoesthepoetanswerthequestionheputsforthinthefirstline?(Page14)Thepoetopenswithaquestionthatisaddressedtothebeloved,"ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?"Thisquestioniscomparing“thee”tothesummertimeoftheyear.Itisduringthistimewhentheflowersareblooming,treesarefullofleaves,theweatheriswarm,anditisgenerallyconsideredasanenjoyabletimeduringtheyear.Thefollowingelevenlinesinthepoemarealsodedicatedtosimilarcomparisonsbetweenthebelovedandsummerdays.Inlines2and3,thespeakerexplainswhatmainlyseparatestheyoungwomanfromthesummer'sday:sheis"morelovelyandmoretemperate."(Line2)Summerdaysaresometimesshakenby"roughwinds"(line3)whichhappensandisnotalwaysaswelcomingasthewoman.Howeverinline4,thepoetgivesthefeelingagainthatthesummermonthsareoftentooshortbysaying,"Andsummerleasehathtooshortadate."Inthesummerdays,thesun,"theeyeofheaven"(line5),oftenshines"toohot,"ortoodim,"hisgoldcomplexiondimmed"(line6)as"everyfairfromfairsometimedeclines."(Line7)Thefinalportionofthesonnettellshowthebeloveddiffersfromthesummerinvariousaspects.Herbeautywillbeonethatlastsforever,"Thyeternalsummershallnotfade."(Line9),andneverendordie.Atlasttwolines,thepoetexplainshowthebeloved'sbeautywillaccomplishthiseverlastinglifeunlikesummerdays.Anditisbecauseherbeautyiskeptaliveinthispoem,whichwilllastforever.Itwilllive"aslongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee."(Line13)thepoemisoutwardlyasimplestatementofpraiseaboutthebeautyofthebelovedwomanandperhapssummertothespeakerissometimestoounpleasantwiththeextremesofwindinessandheatthatgoalongwithit.However,thebelovedinthepoemisalwaysmildandtemperatebyhernatureandnothingatalllikethesummer.Atlast,thepoetstartstopraisethatthebelovedissogreatandawingthatsheistoliveforeverinthissonnet.Thebelovedissogreatthatthespeakerwillevengoasfarastosaythat,"Solongasmenbreathe,oreyescansee,solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.”(line13、14)thatthebelovedisdeservingtoliveonforever.2.Whatmakesthepoetthinkthat“thou”canbemorebeautifulthansummerandimmortal?Attheverybeginning,thepoetputsforthaquestion:“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?”Thenhegivesananswer:“Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.”Ontheonehand,“RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;”ontheotherhand,“Sometimetoohottheheavenshines,andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed.”Sofromtheabovetwoaspectsthepoetthinksthat“thou”canbemorebeautifulthansummer.Inaddition,“Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,bychance,ornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed.”Comparedwithimmortal,“Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st,norshalldeathbragthouwand’restinhisshade,whenineternallinestotimesthougrow’st.”Therefore,thepoetdrawsaconclusion:“Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.”Inthispoem,thepoetmakes“thou”morebeautifulthansummerandimmortalbecauseofhisbeautifullines.Sointhiscase,“thou”inthepoemcanberegardedasfemalebecauselovecanbeautyeternal.Or“thou”canbereferredtomale,forfriendshipcanmakebeautyeverlasting.Even“thou”canbeabstract“love”or“beauty”whichwillbecomeeternalinthewonderfulpoem.TheTigerP501.WhydoesthepoetmentiontheLamb?DoyouthinkboththeLambandtheTigercanilluminateeachother?TheTygeriscorrespondingtoTheLamb.Boththepoemsshowthepoet’sexploration,understandingandplaintofthemysteriouscreation.Inthispoem,theauthorimpliesthattheTigeriscreatedbyGodaswellastheLamb.SoeithertheTigerortheLambisessentialtoGod.IthinkboththeLambandtheTigercanilluminateeachother.AlthoughtheLambcanrepresentthekind“innocentsociety”,itwillbelackofenoughmotivationtomakeprogress.WhiletheTigerwillcausesocialmisery,unrestorevendisruption,butitcanmakepeoplereleasetheircreativity.SothepoetbelievesthattheTigeristhesymbolofstrengthandcourage.Andhealsopraisesitspassion,desireandalltheloftybeauty.2.Whatisthesymbolicmeaningofthetiger?Whatideadoesthepoetwanttoexpress?ThesymboloftheTygerisoneofthetwocentralmysteriesofthepoem(theotherbeingtheTyger’screator).Itisunclearwhatitexactlysymbolizes,butscholarshavehypothesizedthattheTygercouldbeinspiration,thedivine,artisticcreation,history,thesublime(thebig,mysterious,powerfulandsometimesscary.Readmoreonthisinthe"ThemesandQuotes"section),orvisionitself.Really,thelistisalmostinfinite.Thepointis,theTygerisimportant,andBlake’spoembarelylimitsthepossibilitiesThetigeristheembodimentofGod'spowerincreation:theanimalisterrifyinginitsbeauty,strength,complexityandvitality.Thepoemisdividedintosixparts.Inthefirstpart,theauthorimaginedthathemetaterribletigeronadarknightandwasfrightenedbyitsawfuleyesight.Therearecreationsandcreators.Howgreatthecreatoristhathecouldcreatesuchanawfulcreationliketiger!Inthesecondpart,theauthorcontinuestoask,wherecomestheeyesightlikefire,seaorsky?Thefollowingtwoparts,theauthordescribesthecreatorasasmith.Hecreatesthetiger.Whatbehindthequestionsisthefrighteningandrespectoftheauthortothecreator.Inthefifthpart,theauthorchangeshistoneandaskswhenthestarsthrowdowntheirspears,whytheyarenothappy?Thelastpartisassameasthefirstpart,thecreatoristoomysterioustounderstand.Thetigershowsitsoutstandingenergy.It’sthevitalitywhichtheauthorthinkshighlyof.Thekeysentenceofthepoemis"DidhewhomadetheLambmakethee?"Itchallengestheone-trackreligiousviewsofthe18’scentury.Theviewonlyconcludedthatgodcreatethelame,heissokindafather.Butitdidn’tknowgodalsocreatethetoughtiger.Hecanalsobeveryserious.Thegodissomeonewhocan’tbetrulyunderstoodbyhumanbeings.IWanderedLonelyasaCloudP571.Whatistherelationbetweenthepoetandnatureasdescribedinthepoem?<Reference>ThemeofManandtheNaturalWorld:Wordsworthisthegranddaddyofallnaturepoets,andhe’sintopformin"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud."Inherjournalentryaboutthedayinquestion,Wordsworth'ssisterDorothywroteabouttheirsurpriseatfindingsomanydaffodilsinsuchastrangeplace,nexttoalakeandundersometrees."How’dthosegetthere?"shewondered,evenguessingthatmaybetheseedsfloatedacrossthelake.Theeventisoneoftheminormiraclesthatnatureproducesallthetime,asanyonewhohasseenthedocumentaryPlanetEarthortheDisneymovieEarthknows.Wordsworth’snatureisfulloflifeandvitality.Heappreciatesitswildnessandunpredictability,buthehumanizesthelandscapeandfitsittohisownmind.ThemeofHappiness"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud"isapoemthatjustmakesyoufeelgoodaboutlife.Itsaysthatevenwhenyouarebyyourselfandlonelyandmissingyourfriends,youcanuseyourimaginationtofinenewfriendsintheworldaroundyou.AsJohnMiltonfamouslywrote,"Themindisitsownplace,andinitself,canmakeheavenofHell,andahellofHeaven."Thespeakerofthispoemmakesaheavenoutofawindydayandabunchofdaffodils.Hishappinessdoesnotlastforever–he’snotthatunrealistic–butthedaffodilsgivehimalittleboostofjoywheneverheneedsit,likerecharginghisbatteries.ThemeofSpiritualityThe19thcenturyScottishwriterThomasCarlylecoinedthephrase"naturalsupernaturalism,"whichhasbeenusedbylatercriticstodescribehowtheRomanticpoets,andespeciallyWordsworth,viewedthenaturalworldasaspiritualrealm.TheideaisthatHeavencomesdowntoearthandisviewedaspartoftheworld.Thispoemillustratestheprincipleofnaturalsupernaturalism.Thedaffodilsarelikeangelsandtwinklingstars,andthe"bliss"ofheavenoccursinspeaker’simagination.HeusesChristianideasandimagestomakeanodetonaturewithoutanyreferencetoGod.ThemeofMemoryandthePast"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud"isalmostlikeasimplerversionof"TinternAbbey,"oneofWordsworth’sothermostfamousworks.Inbothpoems,thememoryofbeautifulthingsservesasacomforttothespeakerevenaftertheexperienceofviewingthemhasended.Hecanalwaysdrawonhisimaginationtoreproducethejoyoftheeventandtorememberthespiritualwisdomthatitprovided.Inthecaseof"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud,"wedonotrealizejusthowfarinthefuturethespeaker’sperspectiveislocateduntilthefourthstanza,whenhedescribesjusthowoftenthedaffodilshavecomfortedhim.2.Doyouthinknaturecanhavehealingeffectonmind?Ithinknaturecanhavehealingeffectonmind,butthepreconditionisthatthenatureshouldbepeacefulandearthly.Let’simagineascene.Attheverybeginning,wefeltalittlesad.Then,weplaceourselvesatapeacefulandcleanlake.Wesitonthecomfortableandgreengrass.Thereareseveralwildflowersonthegrass.Somelittlebirdsarewalkingnearuswithchirp.Wecanbreathethesmelloftheearth.Whenwearewatchingitglisteninginthesunshine,theremaybeasmileonourfaceagain.Nobodywillbenottouchedinthisconditionunlessthereissomethingwrongwithhismind.Itisjustlikeapicture.Oritisjustlikeacleanbracingandetherealmelody.Wecancloseoureyestolistentoitwithoutanydistractingthoughts.Italwayscancomfortourhearts,andwewillnotfeelthatdesperate.EverytimeIfeelnothappyIwilllistentoapieceofpianomusic.Thatmakesmegood,allmyfidgetingwillgoawayfromme.SometimesIwillreflectwheretheproblemis.Peacefulmusicisjustlikethenature.Boththeycangivemeakindoffeelinglikemother.Donotbescaredatall.SometimesIsupposeifthecriminalcanliveinthenatureandexperienceit,theywillnotdothatevil.Inanotherhand,thoseartistsmaybecannotcreatetheworks.Astheauthorsaid,ahostofgoldendaffodilsbesidethelake,beneaththetrees,flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.Thememorymadehimexcitedandbroughthislonelyhearthappiness.Ifawriterdoesnotwatchanybeautifulscenery,Ibelieveheorshecan’tbeagoodwriter.Peacefulnatureisaplacepeoplecanreleasethemselvesandremovetheunhappiness.Inthiscircumstance,thewriterdigstheirinspiration.Yes,Ithinkso.Somepeoplemaythinkthatournaturehasbeenhighlypollutedbyourhumanbeings.Anditwon’thaveanyeffectsonus.Theothersmaythinkthenaturehasbadinfluenceonourbodiesbecauseofthecontamination.ButIthinknaturemusthavealotofhealingeffectonmind.Asthedevelopmentofthesociety,peoplemaymeetmoreandmoredifficulties,anditmayleadtomorestress.Forexample,whenapersonhasworkedforalongtime,itishardforhimtodomore.Hewouldliketospendsometimetravellingtosomewhere.Theplaceisbesttobebeautiful,clean,comfortable,withclearskyandgreengrass.Peoplecanbreathethefreshairthere.Whenheliesonthegrassandwatchesthesky,hemayforgetallthestressonwork.Theonlythinghecandoistoenjoythecharmingsceneryandgreatnature.Naturealsocanaffectpeoplewhentheyareillespeciallyseriousdisease.Thepatientmayfeeltheirlifemeaningless.Atthattime,theirfamilieswilltakethemtoaremoteplace.Theymayalsoletthepatienthaveapet.Duringthefeedingperiod,thepatientmayfeelthatalifeissodifficulttobringup.Hewillhealthespirittolive.Differentpeoplehavedifferentideas.Ican’tsaythatnaturedoesn’thavemischief,butinmyopinion,itsgoodeffectsaremore.Novels:TheCanterburyTales1.Howisthesettingofthetalesdescribed?Withsuchasetting,couldyoupredictthegeneraltoneofthetales?Earlyspring.Generaltone:happy,easy,lively,humorous.2.CharacteroftheKnight?Theknightdisplaysmanytraitswhichmakehimseemalmosttoogoodtobetrue,andatruegentlemanthatrarelyexistsinreality.Theknightholdsfourmainadmirabletraits,makinghimthemostlikedtravelerin"TheCanterburyTales,"andalsoamplyingthedoubtofhisrealism.Fromthecharactersimpressiveintroduction,itisclearthatthismanisthemostvaluedandhonorabletraveleramongthegroup.Thisperfectgentlemanholdsaloveofidealsthatareoftennotdisplayedbypeople.Firstandforemost,hebelievesintheidealsofchivalry,andalwaysstaystruetoitsprinciples.Healsofeelsthatoneshouldbehonest,truthfulandfaithful,whichmanypeoplearenotalloftheseideals.Theknightthinksoneshouldonlydowhatisright,andwhatwillgainhimhonorandreputation.Thischaracteralsobelievesinfreedomandgenerositytowardsall,anddisplaysthisidealrepeatedlythroughoutthenovel.Andlastly,theknightalsostronglyfeelsthatanyproperpersonshoulddisplaycourtesyandeleganceatalltimes.Anotheraspectofthischaracter'slifewhichmakeshimseemtooprestigioustobetruthfulishisimpressivemilitarycareer.Hefoughtintheholywar,Theknightobviouslyheldaveryrespectablereputation,andwastreatedwithmuchhonorandrespect.Hewasaperfectgentleman,showingkindnessandunderstandingtoeveryonehecameincontactwith.Theknightwasextremelywell-mannered,alwaysbeingonhisbestbehavior.Hisappearancewasthe"finishingtouch,"addinghonorandintegritytohiscourageousandgentlespirit.Thismaincharacterwasclothedstillinhisarmor,wearingatunicofharshclothandhiscoatofmailisrust-stained,clearlyshowingremainingsignsofpastbattles.TheLifeandSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoeP331.WhatdoyouthinkofCrusoe’swayofmarkingtime?Whyisitimportantforhimtokeeptrackoftime?Agoodway.Hedoesn’twanttoforgettime.Foracivilizedman,timeisprecious.2.Fromthisexcerpt,whatdoyoufindadmirableinRobinsonCrusoe?Strong-minded,careful,capable,persevering,optimistic,ambitious,self-reliant,clever,practical,adventurous,patient,rational,sympathetic,hardworking,imaginative,energetic,courageous,amiable(kind-hearted).PrideandPrejudiceP651.Doyouagreewiththestatement“itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife”?What’stherelationshipbetweenmoneyandmarriage?Idonotagreewiththestatement.Ithinkitiswrongtogetmarriedformoneyandposition,butatthesametimeitisidiottodonotconsidermoneyandposition.Inthisnovel,wecanseetheheroDarcyproposedmarriagetoElizabutfailedeverytime.BecauseElizahasprejudiceonDarcyandhatedhisprideactually.Thiskindofprideisareactionfromposition’sdifferences.Unlessthepridedisappears,itwillbepossiblethattheycouldgetmarried.ThenElizaobservedDarcy’sdoing,especiallyfoundhischangingonhispride.SheremovedherprejudiceandgotmarriedwithDarcy.FromthedistinctattitudestoDarcy,It’snotdifficulttofindElizamaintainedwomenshouldpursuetheirrightofpersonalityindependenceandfairness.AndthisattitudereflectedAusten’sviewofmarriageaswell.Therefore,shemaintainedthatwecannotgetmarriedformoneyandseemarriageasagame.Shestressedthesignificanceofidealmarriage,andloveisthecornerstone.ThroughthisnovelJaneAustentriedtotellpeoplemusttakesomeactionandreflect,thentherewillbehope.Becauserespectionisnotnative,wecanonlygetitfromouractionandreflection.Here,wecaneasilydiscoverauthorthoughtwomenshouldhaveselfrespectandbeindependent.Whatwomenwantisnotjustmoney,theyalsoneedtherespectandright.Marriageisnotatrade.ItisimpossiblethatIgiveyoumoney,thenyouwillmarryme.Thereisathirdthing——love.Iftwopeopleloveeachother,theywillnotbreakupbecauseofhowmuchmoneyheown..2.WhatdoyouthinkofMrs.Bennet?Howcanyoucharacterizeher?Mrs.Bennet’smindwaslessdifficulttounderstand.Shewasawomanofpoorunderstanding,littleinformationanduncertaintemper.Whenshewasdiscontented,sheimaginedherselfnervous.Thebusinessofherlifewastogetherdaughtersmarried,thesolaceofherlifewasvisitingandnews.MrsBennetisawomanwhocaresfornothingmorethantohaveherdaughtersmarriedoff.Areferencefromthelastchapterbookwhichsupportsthisstatementis"HappyforallhermaternalfeelingswasthedayonwhichMrs.Bennetgotridofhertwomostdeservingdaughters."IalsoseethatMrsBennetisextremelyfickleandchangeshermindquickly.MrsBennetisawomanwhothrivesongossip.Itisalmostallshecaresabout.3.WhatmakesElizabethfeelsogratefultoDarcy?HowdoesDarcyrespondtoher.(P71)Elizabeth’ssisterLydiahasalwaysbeenfrivolousandsherunsawaywithWayne,whoispoorandhypocritical.ThisbehaviorisnotrecognizedatthattimewhichdestroystheBennet’sreputation.Thewholefamilyfeelsashamed,especiallyElizabeth.AlthoughLydiahastheplantomarryWayne,Wayne,asaplayboy,considerseverythingasagame.Elizabethissoworriedwithherpoorsister,soshedecidestoleaveherhometowntofindhersister.Fortunately,Darcygivesahelpinghand.HefindsthemandtrieshisbesttoconvinceLydiatocomeback.FacedwithWayne’sgreedy,hedoesn’tflinch.HepaysthedebtsforWayneandgivesLydiaalargeamountofmoney.Inordertohelpthem,healsobuysanofficialpostforWayne.Besidesthese,Darcyisalsoverygentle,hedoesn’texposeWaynesoastoprotectthewholefamily’sreputation.HedoeseverythingforElizabeth,hedoesn’twanthertobeharmed.Darcyisproudatthebeginning,whichmakesElizabethhatehimsomuch,butafterhehasdonesomanythings,Elizabeth’sprejudiceiseliminatedandshefeelssogratefultoDarcy.Darcyfeelssorryatthebeginning.Heisalsosurprisedandexcited.Originally,Darcydoesn’twantElizabethtoknoweverything.Hedoesn’thelphersisterforcertainpurpose.Generally,heisdelightedthatElizabethisnotsoindifferenttohimasbefore.Hehasneverwantedtogethergratitude,butthistimehefeelshopeful.HetellsElizabeththatallhisdonewasforheronly,becauseit’sonlyherinhisheart.HeshowshisaffectionstoheragainwhichmakesElizabethsoembarrassed.Darcyalsoapologizesforhisprideinthepasttime.Now,theyhaveclearedupthemisunderstanding.It’saturningpointoftheiremotionaljourney.参考资料：Unit1Chaucer---TheCanterburyTales1.Symbol:Springtimethebeginningofthingsisexactlywhatthepoememphasizesinitsdescriptionofspringtime,talkingabouthowthewindspreadstheseedsthatpeektheirheadsabovethesoilastheybegintogrowintocrops,andhowbirdsbegintheirmatingseason.Thepoemmightstartthiswayinordertoremindushowpilgrimagesarealsoastartofnewbeginnings.See,theideaofapilgrimageisthatyoustartonajourneyofrepentance,beginninganewlife,onefreefromsin.Inthebeginningofthepoem,then,thespringtimeisasymbolofthenewbeginningsandthecreationofnewlivesthepilgrimsareabouttoundertake.2.Allegory寓言:PilgrimagefromLondontoCanterburyIt'sprobablethatthepilgrims'journeyfromLondontoCanterburyrepresentsanotherjourneythatwasveryimportanttoamedievalperson:thejourneyfromEarthtoHeaven.Asthejourneybegins,wehaveasinfulgroupofpilgrims,manyofwhomarehidingvariousvicesanddirtysecrets.Theirpilgrimageismeanttobeajourneyofrepentance,sothatbythetimetheyreachCanterbury,theywillbefullycleansedofthesesins.Thus,inthisallegory,thetavern客栈representsthesinfullifeonEarth,whileCanterburyrepresentsthesin-freelifeinheavenallpeoplearetryingtoreach3.SocialsignificanceofthepoemTheCanterburyTalesismorethanamerecollectionoftrue-to-lifepictures.Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,Chauceraffirmsmenandwomen’srighttopursuetheirhappinessonearthandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisedman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofthetime,asthedegenerationofthenoble,theheartlessnessofjudgeandsoon.WithespeciallyformidableforceChaucerattacksthecorruptionofthechurch.Unit2Shakespeare----Hamlet哈姆雷特是莎士比亚精心塑造的人文主义者的形象，他对人自身、对人类的明天满怀热爱和信心,有着无比的智慧,人文主义教育使他胸怀远大抱负但突破其来的巨变，使他遭受了那样多的不快，他无忧无虑、明朗爽快的性格发生了变化。他渴望用进步的人文主义思想改造社会，却又觉重任难当，难以施为。踌躇难决之下，他苦思焦虑，性格一变而为忧虑沉闷，更因复仇的证据不足，一时也找不复仇的时机，无法贸然行动，这使得他优柔寡断，但他采取的一系列措施无不现了他的机智勇敢、镇定缜密以及超人的智慧。Shakespeare'sHamletisthebestshapeintheimageofhumanism,fullofloveandconfidenceinthefutureofmankind.Heusedtohaveimmensewisdomandhumanisteducationinmindformshisambitious.Butafterhesufferedovernighttremendouschanges,hisopenandforthrightcharacterchanged.Hewaslookingforwardtousingtheideaofhumanismtochangethesocialprogress,buthefelthecouldn’tdeserveit.Monologueofastrongsenseofguiltreflectshispainandcontradictorystateofmind.Alsosomeofhisstepstakentoassassinatehisuncleshowhisingenuity,courageous,calmcarefulandsuperhumanknowledge.1.Themes:MadnessMadness–bothrealandfeigned–isattheheartoftheplay.Hamlet's"anticdisposition"hasfamouslysparkedascholarlydebate:DoesHamlettrulygo"mad"orisitallanact?Animpossiblemystery,it'soneofmanyunansweredquestionsraisedbytheplay.Nevertheless,thecomplexityandsheerambiguityofHamlet'smentalstateanderraticbehavioriscompellingandseemstospeaktotheplay'soverallatmosphereofuncertaintyanddoubt.Ophelia'scleardescentintomadness(andsubsequentdrowning)issomewhatofadifferentissue.CriticstendtoagreethatOpheliaseeminglycracksunderthestrainofHamlet'sabuseandtheweightofpatriarchalforces,whichhasimportantimplicationsfortheplay'sportrayalof"Gender"and"Sex."RevengeHamletgearsuptobeatraditionalbloodyrevengeplay–andthenitstops.ThebulkoftheplaydealsnotwithHamlet'sultimatelysuccessfulvengeanceonhisfather'smurderer,butwithHamlet'sinnerstruggletotakeaction.Theplayconcludeswithabloodbaththat'stypicalofrevengetragedy,butHamlet'sinfamousdelaysetsitapartfromanythingthat'scomebeforeit.Hamletisalsonotableforthewayitweavestogetherthreerevengeplots,allofwhichinvolvesonsseekingvengeancefortheirfathers'murders.Ultimately,theplaycallsintoquestionthevalidityandusefulnessofrevenge.MortalityHamlet'smusingsonsuicide,especiallythe"tobeornottobe"speech,arelegendaryandcontinuetodirectdiscussionsofthevalueoflifeandthemysteryofdeath.ButHamlethimselfnevercommitssuicide.ItisOphelia,whonevermentionsthepossibilityoftakingherownlife,whodrowns,seeminglyasaresultofsomecombinationofmadnessanddespair.DeaththreadsitswaythroughtheentiretyofHamlet,fromtheopeningscene'sconfrontationwithadeadman'sghosttothebloodbathofthefinalscene,whichleavesalmosteverymaincharacterdead.Hamletconstantlycontemplatesdeathfrommanyangles.Heisbothseducedandrepelledbytheideaofsuicide,but,inthefamousgravediggerscene,heisalsofascinatedbythephysicalrealityofdeath.Inaway,HamletcanbeviewedasextendeddialoguebetweenHamletanddeath.ReligionHamletisnotnecessarilyaplayabout"religion"butitdoesregistermanyofreligiousideologiesandspiritualanxietiesofthe16thcentury.Herewe'retalkingabouttheeffectsoftheProtestantReformation,andChristianideasabout"Mortality"andtheafterlife,allofwhichhavemajorimplicationsfortheplay'sportrayaloftheghost.HamletisalsointerestingforthewayitweavestogetherChristianattitudestowardmurder,suicide,andrevenge,whichdon'tnecessarilysquarewiththebasictenetswetypicallyfindinthe"Genre"ofRevengeTragedy.LiesandDeceitHamlet,morethanalmostanycharacterinliterature,hatesdeceptionandcraveshonesty.ItisoneofthebrilliantironiesoftheplaythatHamlet,anabsolutistinhisquestfortruth,istrappedinaseamypoliticalworldwheredeceptionisanecessarypartoflifeandpolitical"spin"rulestheday.Thiscontrast,fascinatingtotheaudience,isatormenttoHamlet.DeceptionisnecessaryforandusedbyeverycharacterinHamlet,foreverypurposerangingfromlovetoparentingtoregicide.ArtandCultureLiterarycriticsconsiderHamlettobeoneofShakespeare'smost"self-reflexive"plays,whichistosaythatHamletself-consciouslyreferstotheworkingsofthetheaterandalsodrawstheaudien...Sonnet18莎士比亚诗歌的两个主题：时光不饶人，青春和美丽是短暂的；只有诗歌才有力量使美丽与爱情永存。(theme:只有文学可与时间抗衡)Change,Fate,andEternityHowevermuchitmightlookhe’spraisingabeloved,thispoetisdefinitelymoreconcernedwithtootinghisownhorn.Really,youcouldsumupthepoemlikethis:"DearBeloved:You’rebetterthanasummer’sday.ButonlybecauseIcanmakeyoueternalbywritingaboutyou.Love,Shakespeare."Thatmessageiswhyimagesandsymbolsoftime,decay,andeternityarealloverthispoem.Whetherornotwethinkthebelovedisactuallymadeimmortal(orjustmoreimmortalthanthesummer’sday)isupintheair,butit’scertainlywhatthespeakerwantsyoutothink.Line4:Thisiswherethespeakerstartspointingtohowshortsummerfeels.Usingpersonificationandmetaphor,thespeakersuggeststhatsummerhastakenoutaleaseontheweather,whichmustbereturnedattheendofthesummer.Summeristreatedlikeahome-renter,whiletheweatheristreatedlikeareal-estateproperty.Lines7-8:Theselinesgiveustheproblem(everything’sgoingtofadeaway)thatthepoetisgoingtoworkagainst.Lines9-12:Theselinesarefullofallsortsoffigurativelanguage,allpointingtohowthespeakerisgoingtosavethebelovedfromthefateoffadingaway.Thebeloved’slifeisdescribedinametaphorasa"summer,"andthenhisorherbeautyisdescribedinanothermetaphorasacommoditythancanbeownedorowed.Deathisthenpersonified,astheoverseeroftheshade(ametaphoritselfforanafterlife).Finallythe"linestotime"areametaphorforpoetry,whichwillultimatelysavethebeloved,and"eternal"isaparallelwith"eternalsummer"inline9.Lines13-14:What’ssointerestingabouttheselinesisthatit’shardtotellwhetherthespeakerisusingfigurativelanguageornot.Doesheactuallymeanthatthepoemisalive,andthatitwillkeepthebelovedalive?Well,itdependswhatwemeanby"alive."Ifwereadalivescientifically,asinbreathingandthinking,wellthenaliveisdefinitelyametaphor.Butifwereaditasdescribingacontinuedexistenceofsomekind,wellthenmaybehedoesmeanitliterally,sincesurelythepoemandthebelovedexistforusinsomesense.Sonnet18dealswiththeconventionalthemethatnaturalbeautywillsurelybeknockedoutwiththepassingoftimeandthatonlyart(poetry)canbringeternitytotheonethepoetlovesandeulogizes.Unit3Ofstudies（注意看书上的p16“赏析”）修辞手段,如排比parallelism、省略omission和类比analogy以及语言节奏的文体效果进行了分析,指出这些修辞手段的综合运用使语言简洁易懂,气势充沛,重点突出,论述深刻。同时,我们发现有些修辞手段提供的节奏是作者表达思想不可多得的重要载体carrier,因此,对作品进行文体分析时不应忽视语言节奏产生的效果。(语言风格和文体修辞入手)如：1Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.---排比parallelism、省略omission2Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.3elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.----明喻.simile4文章最后一段---类比analogy，stondorimpedimentinthewit,类比为diseasesofthebodyUnit5Defoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》ThethemesofRobinson'sCrusoea.man'sstrugglesagainstnatureb.glorificationofthebourgeoismenwhohasthecourageandwilltofacehardshipanddeterminationtoimprovehislivelihood.c.Glorificationoflabor(Robinsonlivesonhisownhands)ThestyleofRobinson'sCrusoea.realisticstyle,truetolife,indetailsb.smooth,simple,colloquiallanguagec.longsentencesareloose;shortsentencesareplain,easytounderstandd.presentsfactsinorder,themeaningisclear主要人物性格特征：鲁宾逊是一个充满劳动热情的人，伟大的人，坚毅的人。孤身一人在这荒无人烟的孤岛上生活了27年。面对人生困境，鲁宾逊的所作所为，显示了一个硬汉子的坚毅性格与英雄本色，体现了资产阶级上升时期的创造精神和开拓精神，他敢于同恶劣的环境作斗争。鲁宾逊又是个资产者和殖民者，因此具有剥削掠夺的本性。strong-minded,careful,capable,persevering,optimistic,ambitious,self-reliant,clever,practical,adventurous,patient,rational,sympathetic,hardworking,imaginative,energetic,courageous,amiable(kind-hearted)“星期五”本是个野人，是勤劳、对人真诚的人，被鲁宾逊从土著人手中解救并教化后，又成了他忠实的仆人和朋友，成了“文明人”的奴隶。InRobinsonCrusoe,DefoetracesthegrowthofRobinsonfromanaïveandartless（simple,innocent）youthintoashrewdandhardened(strong-minded)man,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.TherealisticaccountofthesuccessfulstruggleofRobinsonsingle-handedlyagainstthehostilenatureformsthebestpartofthenovel.Robinsonisherearealhero:atypicaleighteenth-centuryEnglishmiddle-classman,withagreatcapacityforwork,inexhaustibleenergy,courage,patienceandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles,instrugglingagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment.Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.Unit6WilliamBlakeTheTygerThemeofReligionYoucan’tgetawayfromreligionin"TheTyger."InBlake’sday,religiousindividualsandtheirinstitutionsheldgreatswayoverpeople,farmorethantheydonowinEurope.QuestioningGod’sabsolutesupremacywasprettyrare,andwasallbutpoliticalsuicide.Blake,ontheotherhand,hasnoproblemquestioningGod,ordabblinginreligiousarenasthatdon’tautomaticallyassumethattheChristianGodisactuallyalphaandomega("thebeginningandtheend"oftheGreekalphabet).Thus,Blakequestionswho"could"createtheTyger,castingasidethenotionthatsuchabeingisomnipotent(all-powerful).Healsochallengeshewho"dares"forgetheTyger,andcontain("frame")its"fearfulsymmetry."Blakeisnotafraidofreligiousvisions,sincethispoemisfullofthem,buthe'snotinterestedinsimplyrehashingtheChristiandoctrine.Rather,heinteractswithChristianreligionbychallengingitsassumptions.ThemeofAweandAmazementCloselyrelatedtothethemeofreligion,aweandamazementarewhatthedivineorsublimeinspire.Thesublimeisaspecifictermthatusedtomeanmorethanitdoestoday.Now,youcansayabowloficecreamis"justsublime,"butbackintheday(say,late18thcenturyEngland),peoplewouldhavenoideawhatyoumeant.Tothem,thesublimeis(typically)big,scary,mysterious,awe-inspiring,and,yes,amazing.Youcouldgetpublishedwritingabookabouthow"TheTyger"isaboutthesublime–FearfulSymmetryisinfactthetitleofoneofthemostinfluentialbooksaboutBlake'spoetry.Thesublimeisbigandunabletobe"framed."It’sscaryand"fearful,"fullof"deadlyterrors."It’smysterious,lurkinginthe"forestsofthenight,"forcingyoutoputthirteenquestionmarksinyourpoem.Itisawe-inspiringandamazing.Thus,"TheTyger"isinpartaboutthefactthatitismysterious.Itisabouttheaweandamazementthatsuchmysteryandsublimityinspires.ThemeofLiteratureandWritingWhenapieceofliteratureisaboutliteratureingeneral,thingscangetalittletricky.Whatitmeansforapoemtobeaboutpoetryisthatitscontentsomehowreflectsontheprocessorcraftofitscreation.Take,forexample,asongaboutwritingasong:"Ohhhh,it’ssohardtowriteasoooong,abouthowmuchIlooooooveyooouu,ooohooh,"etc.It’sasongaboutwritingasong.Inthesameway,anypoemcouldbeabouttheprocessofwritingapoemorartisticcreationingeneral.Inoneway,"TheTyger"isapoemaboutwritingacertainkindofpoetry.Blakeisveryinterestedinvisionarypoetry,thekindthatcommunicatesdeeptruthsabouttheuniverse,oftenconcerningthedivineorahigherpower.Knowinganythingaboutthesesubjectsisreallyhard,so"TheTyger"canbereadasapoemabouthowharditis.IfwethinkoftheTygerasthedivineorastheknowledgeofthedivine,andthecreator("he")asapoet,thenthepoemisaboutthespeakerquestioninghowapoetcouldever"frame"orpossesstheknowledgeofthedivine,letalonewriteaboutitinapoem.TheSickRose两个四行诗节押韵形式为ABCB，这种简短的二节拍诗行给人一种不详、恐惧的感觉。在这首诗中，玫瑰是一种美丽的自然事物，受到了虫子的侵害，她也可以是一种文学意义上的玫瑰，也就是传统意义上爱情的象征。虫子的形象类似于《圣经》中的毒蛇，同时也可以暗指阴茎像。虫子生活在大地上，它代表着死亡与衰退。这里的床不但象征了自然中的花床，同时也象征着爱人的床，玫瑰病了，这将意味着爱人也病了，然而玫瑰对此却一无所知。当然实际上的玫瑰是不可能知道自己病了，所以象征的重点就自然是指爱情并不知道它已经出了问题。因为虫子的破坏一方面看不见的，另一方面是因为它是晚上偷偷地来到了床上。“深红色的欢乐”不仅指性的快乐，而且指性的羞耻。因此玫瑰对于爱情欢乐的态度也就被我们文化中富于爱情的羞耻和隐秘所破坏。在这首诗中也暗含了人类本性中的阴暗面，以及由此而来的死亡主题。玫瑰被很多因素所破坏——“看不见的虫子”和“狂吼的暴风雨”，面对这些力量，玫瑰显得无能为力。“深红色的欢乐”或许是和人类的死亡所紧密联系的，指对于血的渴望。很多学者也认为这里的玫瑰指的是诗人居住的那条街上的“玫瑰”共和党，“看不见的虫子”指在晚上在“狂吼的暴风雨”中透过墙壁传来的喧哗声——如果“它发现了你的床，就回破坏你的生活”。这首诗也指工业革命期间的英格兰，它正在被迅速发展的工业革命所破“深红色的欢乐”也可指爱情与激情。同时这首诗也指所有的美都会遭到破坏，或者其自身也有破坏力。这提醒了我们所有的事物都有其两面性，爱情是欢乐的同时也是痛苦的，所有的生命都会走向死亡。这首诗的另外一个解释就是，诗歌运用花园作生活和某种关系的隐喻。全诗给人的感觉是，连个人曾今充满了爱情，但是现在爱情已经“病了”，“虫子”就是一个非常好的隐喻。花园是美丽与和平的象征，这和两个爱人的关系极为相似。但是，在花园中总会有虫子伺机破坏美丽的爱情，这在现实中往往也是确实存在的。在两情相悦时，这种隐喻可以解释为相爱的一方对另一方的背叛与欺骗所带来的痛苦与心碎。WilliamWordsworthIwanderedlonelyasaCloudStillconcernedin1815,heattachedanotetothepoeminhisfirstCollectedWorks."Thesubjectofthesestanzas,"heasserted,"isratheranelementaryfeelingandsimpleimpression[...]upontheimaginativefaculty,thananexertionofit"(qtd.inStillinger539).Nevertheless,intheprefacetothe1815collectionWordsworthnotonlyarguesthattheimaginationisruledby"sublimeconsciousness"(Stillinger486),buthealsoplaces"IWandered"amongpoemscategorizedby"Imagination."Indeed,manycriticsignoreWordsworth'scommentsonthepoemandinsteadreaditasrepresentingamomentinnatureofspiritualinsightthatrecursduringalaterimaginativere-creation(Joplin68-69,Stallknecht81-82,Hartman5).Moreprecisely,though,"IWanderedLonelyasaCloud"dramatizesanexperienceofthesublimeinitsfirstthreestanzas,whichthepoetrecollectsandre-experiencesasa"spotoftime"inthelaststanza.Unit7PrideandprejudicePrideandPrejudiceThemeofLoveMr.Darcy’sfirstdeclarationofloveforElizabethisaperfectillustrationofhowlovefunctionsinthisnovel:"YoumustallowmetotellyouhowardentlyIadmireandloveyou[despiteyourawfulfamilyandyoursociallyinferiorposition]."TherearemanyobstaclesontheroadtoloveinPrideandPrejudice,nottheleastofwhichare…prideandprejudice.ButJaneAustenpensahappyending,showingusthatthere’ssomethingaboutlovethatenablesittoovercomealltheprideandprejudicethatsocietythrowsinitsway.PrideandPrejudiceThemeofMarriageIntheworldofPrideandPrejudice,marriageisanecessity(forwomenatleast)–andagoodmarriageislikewinningthelottery.Noticethatwedidn’tmentionthel-word(thatwouldbe"love").MarriageiscelebratedinPrideandPrejudiceasagoalinandofitself.PartofwhatmakesElizabeth,theprotagonist,suchaninterestingcharacterisherrefusaltoviewmarriageinthoseterms.Othercharactersshowusalternatereasonsformarrying:practicality,infatuation,etc.中心思想TherearethreemainthemesinthenovelPrideandPrejudicebyJaneAusten.ThesethemesareLoveandMarriage,GoodbreedingandSocialrank,andMoralbeliefandBehavior.Thesethemesarepresentthroughouttheentirenovel;theyaretheunderlyingmotifofthestory.ItiswidelyrecognizedthatthesethemeswerethereasonforAustenwritingthisbook,shewantedtoshowandpreservehowtheupperclasseslivedintheNapoleonicera.Shealsowantedto;criticizehowandwhypeoplemarriedinthosetimes,howtheupperclassesrelatedtoeveryoneelseandhowthevaluesofNapoleonicEnglishsocietyshapedtheirsociety.MaybehermostardentviewpointisonthethemeofLoveandmarriage.Prideandprejudiceis,firstandformost,anovelaboutsurmountingobstaclesandachievingromantichappiness.Themes:inthenovel,threekindsofattitudetowardsmarriagearepresentedformanifestation:merelyformaterialwealthandsocialposition,merelyforphysicalattraction,fortruelovewithaconsiderationofthepartner'spersonalmeritaswellashiseconomicalandsocialstatus.whatAustentriestosayisthatitiswrongtomarrywithoutconsiderationofeconomicconditions人物分析Elizabeth:Elizabethisthemaincharacterofthenovel,andthestorytracesherchangingimpressionsofothercharactersthroughoutthenarrative.WhileatfirstshefindsWickhamcharmingandDarcyproud,intheendsherealizesthatshehasbeenblindandprejudiced,andthatDarcyisthetruegentlemanwhileWickhamisnot.AboutElizabeth,JaneAustenwroteinaletter,"ImustconfessthatIthinkherasdelightfulacreatureaseverappearedinprint,andhowIshallbeabletotoleratethosewhodonotlikeheratleastIdonotknow."Jane:JaneistheeldestBennetdaughterandisconsideredquiteprettybyall.HerseemingindifferencetoBingleyinitiallydriveshimawayfromher(withthehelpofDarcy),butintheendthetwoaremarried.ElizabethoftenwishesshecouldbeasgoodandhappyasJaneis,asJaneneverthinksbadlyofanyone.Mr.Bennet:Mr.BennetisthehusbandofMrs.BennetandthefatherofElizabeth,Jane,Mary,KittyandLydia.HeisthemasterofLongbourn.Hehasasarcastichumor,andbelieveshistwoeldestdaughterssensible,whilehefindshiswifeandyoungerdaughterssilly.Mrs.Bennet:Mrs.BennetisthewifeofMr.BennetandthemotherofElizabeth,Jane,Mary,KittyandLydia.Hermaingoalistogetherdaughtersmarried,andheronlyjoyscomefromvisitingandgossip.SheoftenembarrassesElizabethandJane,assheisnotassensibleasherhusbandis.Sheismean,eagertomarryherdaughterstorichyoungmen.Darcyhashelpedhersisterandsavedthefaceofherfamily.Heisearlycondemnedasproudinthenovel,andindeedhisbehaviorseemstosuggestit,butafterElizabeth'srefusalofhim,hetakesherreproofstoheartandtriestochange.Elizabethrealizesthatsomeofwhathadbeenseenaspridewasrathershynessandrealizeswhatagentlemanheis,andintheend,people'sopinionsofhimarechanging.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。WelcomeToDownload!!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！精品资料